ORGANIZED BY

Why Does the Past Matter?CHANGING VISIONS, MEDIA, AND RATIONALES IN THE 21ST CENTURY

MAY 4-7, 2011 @ UMASS AMHERST

U M A S S A M H E R S T C E N T E R F O R

HERITAGE & SOCIETY

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.................................................................................................................................Sponsors 2-3.................................................................................................................................Supporters 4

.......................................................................................................................................Themes 5......................................................................................................................Special Honorees 6

...........................................................................................................................Local Services 7..........................................................................................Schedule of Sessions and Events 9

...................................................................................................................................Maps 10-11...................................................................................................................................Program 12

Table of Contents

Elizabeth S. Chilton, Co-organizer (echilton@anthro.umass.edu)Neil A. Silberman, Co-organizer (nasilber@anthro.umass.edu)

Heidi Bauer-Clapp, Conference Coordinator (hbauercl@anthro.umass.edu)Angela Labrador, Program Designer and IT Developer, (alabra@anthro.umass.edu)

Organizing Team

Jessica AitherChrista BurdickGrace Cleary

Chris DouyardRobin Gray

Rebecca Lantelme Dan Lynch

John MortonHannah Oldenberg

Lydia RobertsMark Roblee

Alin RusJordan Russ

Honora Sullivan-ChinDannielle Tompkins

Stephania VillarJulie Woods

Volunteers

About the Center for Heritage & SocietyWelcome to the University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) and to the UMass Amherst Center for

Heritage and Society (CHS). UMass Amherst is an ideal home for serious, long-term multidisciplinary efforts to craft new approaches to heritage conservation and communication, both within the United States and abroad. The Center is a multidisciplinary initiative to craft new approaches to heritage conservation and communication around the world. CHS offers research opportunities for scholars working in heritage-related fields such as archaeology, history, environmental science, landscape architecture and regional planning, European studies, Native American Indian Studies, Afro-American Studies, Classics, legal studies, public health, and public policy. Additionally, the Center provides undergraduate and graduate students with training and experience in heritage planning and management. Our goals are threefold: research, teaching and training, and outreach.

To learn more about the UMass Amherst Center for Heritage and Society, please visit our website at: http://www.umass.edu/chs.

UMass Amherst Center for Heritage and Society215 Machmer Hall, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003

phone: 413.577-1605  fax: 413.545.9494

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Sponsors

UMASS AMHERST GRADUATE SCHOOL The University of Massachusetts Amherst, founded in 1863 and located in the picturesque

Connecticut River Valley has offered graduate study since 1896, awarding more than 12,900 doctoral and 44,200 master's degrees. With a Graduate Faculty of 1,100 the Amherst campus, the major research institution in the Five-Campus University System, offers 51 programs leading to a doctorate and 73 programs toward a master's degree. Enrollment in all graduate programs exceeded 5,600 in the Fall 2010 semester with an additional 500 non-matriculated students enrolled in classes.

UMASS AMHERST COLLEGE OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCESThe College of Social and Behavioral Sciences at UMass Amherst is home to departments

and programs leading to the Bachelor of Arts. The College focuses on behavior and organization from cultural, social, and biological perspectives. Students anchor their knowledge in at least one discipline, but are encouraged to expand their understanding through various enriching experiences inside and outside the classroom. Graduates of the College have strong analytic and problem-solving abilities, good human relations skills, and confidence in their ability to learn and grow in new work situations.

FONDAZIONE ROMUALDO DEL BIANCOThe Mission of the Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation is to contribute to International

Integration. The Foundation organises international meetings and activities in Florence for young people, through which persons from different Countries and Cultures may meet, get acquainted and understand each other in order to favour mutual knowledge and friendship and, hence, contribute to promoting world peace.

LIFE BEYOND TOURISM‘Life Beyond Tourism’® for Intercultural Dialogue is the upshot of over 10

years of activity on the part of the Fondazione Romualdo Del Bianco, in the implementation of its motto:  “International integration, without competition, respecting individual identities – Discovering the past together, working to build a shared future”. Cooperating with over 350 academic institutions and universities in some 50 countries worldwide, the Fondazione has fostered meetings, communication, discovery and knowledge, and consequently also respect for diversity, the safeguarding of identity of place, and the enhancement of our tangible and intangible cultural heritage.

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSOxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It

furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford University Press had its origins in the information technology revolution of the late fifteenth century, which began with the invention of printing from movable type. Today, the Press is one of the largest publishers in the UK, and the largest university press in the world.

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SponsorsARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

The AIA promotes a vivid and informed public interest in the cultures and civilizations of the past, supports archaeological research, fosters the sound professional practice of archaeology, advocates the preservation of the world’s archaeological heritage, and represents the discipline in the wider world. A nonprofit organization, the AIA also seeks to educate people of all ages about the significance of archaeological discovery and is committed to preserving the world’s archaeological resources and cultural heritage.

CULTURAL HERITAGE PARTNERSWe share our clients’ belief in the power of cultural heritage— art,

archaeology, architecture, folkways and traditions —to foster wisdom, prosperity and progress globally. Acting as trusted advisors and counsel, we help individuals, institutions, businesses and governments achieve innovation, sustainability and impact. Experience makes the difference.

INTERNATIONAL COALITION OF SITES OF CONSCIENCEThe International Coalition of Sites of Conscience is a worldwide network

of “Sites of Conscience” – historic sites specifically dedicated to remembering past struggles for justice and addressing their contemporary legacies. The Coalition provides member sites with direct funding for civic engagement programs; organizes learning exchanges ranging from one-on-one collaborations to international conferences; and conducts strategic advocacy for sites and the Sites of Conscience movement.

MANEY PUBLISHINGManey delivers personalised service to authors, societies, readers

and libraries for the publishing and international dissemination of high quality, peer-reviewed scholarship and research. Specialising in print and electronic journal publishing, Maney is committed to technical and editorial innovation combined with traditional values of quality and collaboration.

SUSTAINABLE PRESERVATION INITIATIVEThe Sustainable Preservation Initiative (SPI) seeks to preserve the world's cultural

heritage by providing sustainable economic opportunities to poor communities where endangered archaeological sites are located. SPI believes the best way to preserve cultural heritage is creating or supporting locally-owned businesses whose success is tied to that preservation. SPI was incubated at and is strongly supported by the Archaeological Institute of America and the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.

LEFT COAST PRESSLeft Coast Press, Inc., is a publisher of academic and professional materials in

the humanities, social sciences, and related professional disciplines. We produce a wide range of products in a specific set of fields, including anthropology, archaeology, museum studies, and qualitative research.

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Supporters

UNESCO UNESCO works to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and

peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. It is through this dialogue that the world can achieve global visions of sustainable development encompassing observance of human rights, mutual respect and the alleviation of poverty, all of which are at the heart of UNESCO’S mission and activities.

US/ICOMOSThe U.S. National Committee of the International Council on Monuments

and Sites fosters heritage conservation and historic preservation at the national and international levels through education and training, international exchanges of people and information, technical assistance, documentation, advocacy and other activities consistent with the goals of ICOMOS and through collaboration with other organizations.

ICOMOS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON THE INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES (ICIP)

The main task of this committee is to study the evolving technologies and techniques of public interpretation and presentation, evaluating their potential to enrich contemporary historical discourse and to heighten sensitivity to the universal values and particular modes of human expression embodied in cultural heritage sites. The work of the committee explicitly focuses on the experiential dimension of visits to cultural heritage sites, particularly by means of various media and methods of public communication.

THE LAWYER’S COMMITTEE FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE PRESERVATIONThe Lawyers’ Committee for Cultural Heritage Preservation (LCCHP) is a nonprofit

organization of lawyers, law students and interested members of the public who have joined together to promote the preservation and protection of cultural heritage resources in the United States and internationally through education and advocacy.

THE ENAME CENTEROn a global level the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation

has built up a solid reputation by creating an international platform that brings people together from all over the world to exchange knowledge and expertise on heritage themes and to put these into practice. Thanks to its experience of many years in Flanders as well as elsewhere in the world the Ename Center for Public Archaeology and Heritage Presentation became the driving force behind the ICOMOS Charter for the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites, known world-wide as the ICOMOS Ename Charter.

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Why Does the Past Matter?May 4-7, 2011 @ UMass Amherst

UMASS AMHERST CENTER FOR HERITAGE & SOCIETY

THE THEMESThe goal of this

conference is to bring together a wide range of academics, public officials, planners, educators, heritage professionals, and community leaders to examine the practical value of the past—by means of a rigorous humanities and social science reexamination through five distinct thematic lenses.

IDENTITYIn what ways do the

conservation and

commemoration of heritage help foster a sense of modern identity among individuals and communities? Is heritage-inspired identity something imposed from the outside or does it nurture feelings that are already there? What is the demonstrable relationship between feelings of heritage identity and modern behavior? Is it more likely to produce more productive educational, social, and economic behavior? What indicators can be used to evaluate this?

CULTURETo what extent do the

present laws and policies of historic preservation reinforce or impose a "mainstream" or majority

definition of heritage that excludes indigenous peoples, minorities, and immigrant groups?

How can the commemoration of the past facilitate the

coexistence of distinct cultures,

rather

than emphasize the historical and cultural boundaries between them? Can heritage initiatives actually help preserve the fabric of disintegrating cultures and communities?

ECONOMICSAre the monuments

and traditions of the past viable resources for local economic development? Are the benefits of heritage tourism equitable—or even thoroughly understood? Is tourism the only index of economic benefit to be derived from heritage initiatives? What are its hidden costs to a community and does the investment-return ratio for heritage development really make sense? Can alternative economic activities and benchmarks for the benefits of heritage within the local community be identified?

ECOLOGYHow can the collective

reflection on the past help maintain a balance between intergenerational rights and

responsibilities? How do we maintain a sustainable balance between appreciation of the past and

awareness of the challenges

of the future? Is there a link between the guiding principles of the environmental movement and the prospects for a refashioned approach to Heritage? How do we finally dismantle the artificial partition between “Nature” and “Culture”? And what could be the social and environmental result?

CIVIL SOCIETYCan inclusive heritage

policies, encouraging all sectors, stakeholders, and communities to participate in heritage planning and commemoration, have a positive social effect? Does the "democratization" of heritage participation also encourage democratic public discourse? How can policies and projects designed to enhance community identity, sustainable cultures, and local economies serve as tools for the wider cause of social development and positive social change?

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Why Does the Past Matter?Special Honorees

A special feature of this year’s conference will be the recognition of the achievements of three outstanding heritage professionals for their contributions to a more inclusive, more sustainable public awareness of the significance of cultural heritage in contemporary society. In addition to presenting thematic plenary addresses, they will be honored at a special evening event:

Henry CleereMentor, teacher, and friend to

a generation of heritage professionals throughout the world, is being honored for his dedication to the cause of World Heritage and to his contributions to international heritage policy and practice. Professor Cleere began his career in archaeology after working in the steel industry for nearly twenty years, eventually obtaining his PhD in 1980 at the Institute of Archaeology of University College London (where he has been Honorary Professor of Archaeological Heritage Management since 1998).

He was Director of the Council for British Archaeology from 1974 to 1991, followed by eleven years (1992 to 2002) in Paris as World Heritage Coordinator for the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). Since that time he has been a consultant on the management aspects of World Heritage and other urban and archaeological sites in a number of countries, including Bahrain, China, Ireland, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Tunisia, and Ukraine. He has edited two major works on heritage management: Approaches to the Archaeological Heritage (Cambridge, 1984) and Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World (London, 1989). A founder member and first Secretary General of the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA), he was the recipient of its European Heritage Award in 2002. In 2010 he received the annual Conservation and Management Award of the Archaeological Institute of America. He is currently a Senior Advisor to the US-based Global Heritage Fund.

Barbara LittleFor her prolific and

fundamental work in public archaeology, issues of public outreach and involvement, evaluation and official designations of archaeological places, and on the public relevance of archaeology.

Her book Historical Archaeology: Why the Past Matters (2007) was named an "Outstanding Academic Title" by Choice in 2008. Her other recent publications include "What can archaeology do for justice, peace, community and the earth?" a forum inHistorical Archaeology (2009) 43(4) and "In the Public Interest: Creating a more activist, civically-engaged archaeology," co-authored with Larry Zimmerman, inVoices in American Archaeology (2010, Society for American Archaeology 75th Anniversary Volume).

In a related work, Little explores intersections between civic engagement, social justice, and archaeology in Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement (2007), co-edited with Paul A. Shackel. Heritage of Value, Archaeology of Renown: Reshaping Archaeological Assessment and Significance(2005), co-edited with Clay Mathers and Timothy Darvill is a call to the international archaeology profession to re-engage and re-invigorate discussions about site significance and public involvement in evaluation and assessment. Little also edited Public Benefits of Archaeology (2002), a collection of viewpoints on the value of archaeology for the public.

David LowenthalRecent recipient of the

prestigious Forbes Prize of the International Institute of Conservation, is being honored for his pathbreaking works on the significance of the past in the present and for his enormous influence on the heritage field.

He is emeritus professor of geography and honorary research fellow at University College London, is a gold medalist of the Royal Geographical, the Royal Scottish Geographical, and the American Geographical societies, a Senior Fellow of the British Academy, and honorary D. Litt. Memorial University of Newfoundland. He was previously Secretary of the American Geographical Society, has taught at a score of universities on both sides of the Atlantic, and has been a Fulbright, a Guggenheim, a Leverhulme, and a Landes Fellow.

Among his books are West Indian Societies (1972), Geographies of the Mind (with M. J. Bowden, 1975), Our Past before Us: Why Do We Save It? (with M. Binney, 1981), The Past Is a Foreign Country (1985; 2d ed forthcoming), Landscape Meanings and Values (with E. C. Penning-Rowsell, 1986), The Politics of the Past (with P. Gathercole, 1989), The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (1996), George Perkins Marsh, Prophet of Conservation (2000), The Nature of Cultural Heritage and the Culture of Natural Heritage (with K.R.Olwig, 2005), Passage du temps sur le paysage (2008), and Undiscovered Country: Reclaiming the Future (forthcoming).

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LOCAL AREA TRANSPORTATIONThe local public bus transportation line is PVTA. Schedules are available at the Campus Center

Information Desk: http://www.pvta.comTaxi service is available from these local companies: Green Cab Co. (413) 586-0707, http://www.thegreencab.com Green Taxi (413) 461-3099, http://www.greentaxiamherst.com Tik Tak Taxi (413) 256-4500, http://www.amherst-taxicab.com

CHILD CAREIndividuals in the Amherst area willing to provide baby-sitting can be found via: http://www.sittercity.com/babysitters/ma/amherst.html

Why Does the Past Matter?Local Services & Attractions

LOCAL MUSEUMSAmherst Histroy Museum, AmherstEmily Dickinson Museum, AmherstEric Carle Musem of Picture Book Art, AmherstHampshire College Art Gallery, AmherstHistoric Deerfield, DeerfieldMead Art Museum of Amherst College, Amherst

Mount Holyoke College Art Museum, South HadleyNational Yiddish Book Center, AmherstThe Porter-Phelps-Huntington House, HadleyThe Pratt Museum of National History, AmherstSmith College Museum of Art, NorthamptonUniversity Gallery at UMass Amherst, AmherstThe Words and Picture Museum, Northampton

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WEDNESDAY MAY 4, 2011WEDNESDAY MAY 4, 20111:00-2:30 Registration*, Campus Center First Floor (at the bottom of the escalators)2:00-3:30 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor3:30-4:00 Break 4:00-4:15 Opening Remarks, Campus Center Auditorium4:00-6:00 Plenary Address, Campus Center Auditorium6:00-7:30 Welcome Reception, Campus Center Auditorium

THURSDAY MAY 5, 2011THURSDAY MAY 5, 20118:30-9:00 Registration*, Campus Center First Floor (at the bottom of the escalators) 9:00-10:30 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor10:30-11:00 Break11:00-12:30 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor12:30-2:00 Buffet Lunch, Student Union Ballroom2:00-4:00 Plenary Address, Campus Center Auditorium4:00-4:30 Break4:30-6:00 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor6:30 Bus Departs, Circle West of Campus Center (advanced registration required)7:00-10:00 Dinner & Awards Ceremony (advanced registration required), Deerfield Inn

FRIDAY MAY 6, 2011 FRIDAY MAY 6, 2011 8:00-8:30 Registration*, Campus Center First Floor (at the bottom of the escalators) 8:30-10:30 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor10:30-11:00 Break 11:00-1:00 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor1:00-2:30 Buffet Lunch, Student Union Ballroom2:30-4:30 Plenary Address, Campus Center Auditorium4:30-5:00 Break 5:00-7:00 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor

SATURDAY MAY 7, 2011SATURDAY MAY 7, 20118:00-8:30 Registration*, Campus Center First Floor (at the bottom of the escalators) 8:30-10:00 Plenary Address, Student Union Ballroom10:00-10:30 Break 10:30-1:00 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor1:00-2:30 Boxed Lunch, Student Union Ballroom2:30-4:00 Simultaneous Sessions and Workshops, Campus Center First Floor4:00-4:30 Break 4:30-6:00 Closing Reception, Campus Center Amherst Room, 10th floor

Why Does the Past Matter?Schedule of Sessions and Events

* Registration desk will be open all day.

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CAMPUS CENTERFirst Floor

CAMPUS CENTERSecond Floor (Concourse Level)

STUDENT UNIONFirst Floor

Wireless internet available

Auditorium

Registration& Vendors

Info

Why Does the Past Matter?Session ScheduleAll rooms on the first floor of Campus Center unless otherwise indicated.

Wednesday, May 4th

3:30pm2:00pm - 101

Heritage Policies in Global PerspectiveGeneral Session, Chaired by James Boyce,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

2:00 How Does the Past Matter: TheQhapaq Ñan or Main Andean Road asCase StudyAlberto Martorell-Carreño.University of San Marin de Porres,Peru

2:20 The State, Cultural Significance andManagement of Built Heritage Assetsof South-eastern TanzaniaElgidius Ichumbaki Bwinabona,University of Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

2:40 Evaluating Our Public: The Market forArchaeology in Contemporary Britain Gabriel Moshenska, UCL Institute of Archaeology, UK

3:00 The Inclusion of Minority HeritagePlaces in Australian HeritageFrameworksSally Anne Winkler, DeakinUniversity, Australia

3:30pm2:00pm - 163C

Interpreting IdentityGeneral Session, Chaired by MichaelSugerman, University of MassachusettsAmherst, USA

2:00 Cultural Heritage in Japan: WhichPast? How is it Transmitted?Matteo Dario Paolucci, HoseiUniversity, Japan

2:20 Promoting Heritage, PreservingIdentity: History, Archaeology, andDemographic Imbalance in the UnitedArab EmiratesJeffrey Szuchman, Zayed University,United Arab Emirates

2:40 Bet Shearim - Heritage Inscribed inStoneNurit Lissovsky, Dumbarton OaksFellow, USA

3:00 Heritagization and Local Identity: TheClassification, Enlightenment, andMemory of World Heritage in FujianTulouHaiming Yan, University of Virginia,USA

3:30pm2:00pm - 168C

Initiatives for Memory Recovery, anApproach to Post-Conflict Period: TheGuatemalan CaseOrganized and Chaired by Andrea BolañosVargas, Consejería en Proyectos; GlendaGarcia Garcia, Consultant, Guatemala

2:00 Initiatives for Memory Recovery inGuatemala: An Approach to PostConflict PeriodAndrea Bolaños Vargas, Consejeríaen Proyectos

2:20 The Guatemalan Case: The OralTradition in Mayan KaqchiquelCommunityGlenda Garcia Garcia, Consultant,Guatemala

2:40 Memory and EducationCarolina Rendon, Consultant,Guatemala

3:00 We the New Generations: A LivingTestimony to the Memory Maya- kaqchikelAngela Jacobo, Independent Scholar,Guatemala

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4:15pm4:00pm - Auditorium

Opening RemarksElizabeth S. Chilton and Neil A. Silberman,Center for Heritage & Society

Welcome from the Chancellor ofUMass AmherstChancellor Robert C. Holub

Welcome from the Dean of the Collegeof Social and Behavioral Sciences,UMass AmherstDean Robert S. Feldman

Welcome from the Dean of theGraduate SchoolDean John R. Mullin

6:00pm4:15pm - Auditorium

David Lowenthal: An AppreciationPlenary Session, Chaired by David Glassberg,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

Prizing the Past for the Present andthe FutureDavid Lowenthal, University ofLondon, UK

DiscussantDavid Glassberg, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantMax Page, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantRolf Diamant, Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park,USA

Thursday, May 5th

10:30am9:00am - 101

Community Empowerment throughHeritage, Part IGeneral Session, Chaired by Amilicar Shabazz,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

9:00 Building a Community ArchaeologyProgram in Jericho: A Long TermVision for a City and a SiteIman Saca, Saint Xavier University,USA

9:20 Identities, Diversity, and Work withCommunities in the BrazilianSoutheastAline Carvalho, University ofCampinas, Brazil

9:40 That's Interesting, But is it Important:Reflecting on Recent Interviews aboutArchaeology and HeritageKatie Kirakosian, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

10:00 This is No Antiques Roadshow:Heritage Planning and the Struggle forSocial Change in Newfoundland,CanadaJenne MacLean, Yale University,USA; Jane Severs, Jane SeversInterpretive Planning, Canada

10:30am9:00am - 162-75

Overcoming European Civil Wars: ThePatterns of Consolidation in DividedSocieties, 1800-2011, Part IOrganized by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary; Pablo Sánchez Léon,Universidad del País Vasco in Bilbao, Spain;Árpád Welker, City Archive, Budapest, Hungary/Helsinki University, Finland; MeikeWulf, Maastricht University, The NetherlandsChaired by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary

9:00 Overcoming European Civil Wars: ThePatterns of Consolidation in DividedSocieties, 1800-2011Iván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary

9:20 Political Cultures and "Regimes ofMemory" in Modern Spain, 1808-2008: An OverviewPablo Sánchez León, Universidad delPaís Vasco in Bilbao, Spain

9:40 Consensus as a Tradition:Commemoration and Reconciliation inFinnish Political CultureArpad Welker, City Archive,Budapest, Hungary/HelsinkiUniversity, Finland

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10:30am9:00am - 163C

Rethinking Theory in Heritage Studies,Part IGeneral Session, Chaired by Isabelle Vinson,UNESCO

9:00 When Does the Past Matter?Diane Barthel-Bouchier, StateUniversity of New York at StonyBrook, USA

9:20 Heritage, Identity and the Past--ThreeInterdependant Constructions Gabi Dolff-Bonekaemper, TechnicalUniversity Berlin, Germany

9:40 Invented Pasts Matter Just as Much!Cornelius Holtorf, LinnaeusUniversity, Sweden

10:30am9:00am - 165-69

Not Epiphenomena: Economics andSecurity as Central Drivers of PreservationOrganized and Chaired by Lawrence S. Coben,Univeristy of Pennsylvania; SustainablePreservation Initiative, USA

DiscussantLawrence S. Coben, Univeristy ofPennsylvania; SustainablePreservation Initiative, USA

DiscussantCynthia Schneider, GeorgetownUniversity; Brookings Institute, USA

DiscussantLawrence Rothfield, University ofChicago, USA

DiscussantPaul Burtenshaw, Univeristy CollegeLondon, UK

10:30am9:00am - 168C

Creating a New England DigitalArchaeological Archive (NEDAA), Part IOrganized and Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity,Arizona State University, USA

ModeratorFrancis P. McManamon, Center forDigital Antiquity, Arizona StateUniversity, USA

DiscussantNicholas Bellantoni, StateArchaeologist, Connecticut, USA

DiscussantHolly Herbster, Public ArchaeologyLaboratory, USA

DiscussantBrian Jones, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantSteve Mrozowski, University ofMassachusetts Boston, USA

10:30am9:00am - Auditorium

What Does Heritage Interpretation DO?Part I Sponsored by ICOMOS ICIPChaired by Neil A. Silberman, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

9:00 Interpretation as a Social ActJane Clark Chermayeff, Consultant,USA

9:20 Whose Heroes? House Museums,Magic and PowerLinda Young, Deakin University,Australia

9:40 Twittering the PastJenny Gregory, University ofWestern Australia; National Trust ofAustralia (WA)

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11:00am9:30am - First Floor Lobby

Poster Session I

Historical Sites as Vehicles andVenues for Contemporary Healing:Genocide and the Case of WatSamroung Knong, Battambang,CambodiaJennifer Bombasaro-Brady, HarvardUniversity; Johns HopkinsUniversity, USA

Cognition of the Values of HistoricalFabric is the First Step to RegenerateThem: A Case Study of the OodlajanNeighborhoodLeila Shahbazi, Tehran University,Iran

Foodways and Ethnicity in the SouthLevantine Iron Age II (10th-7thcenturies BCE): A MicroscopicPerspectiveMary Larkum, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

Heritage Research on a CommunityLevel at Federally Designated NationalHistoric Sites USAAntoinette T. Jackson, University ofSouth Florida, USA

12:30pm11:00am - 101

Community Empowerment throughHeritage, Part IIGeneral Session, Chaired by Patrice Jeppson,Cheyney/West Chester University of Pennsylvania, USA

11:00 Living With the Past: Heritage Sitesand HistoryBarbara A. Mathews, PocumtuckValley Memorial Association, USA;Darlene Marshall, Pocumtuck ValleyMemorial Association, USA

11:20 A Democratized CelebrationSherwood McCaskie, CaribbeanBroadcasting Corporation, BarbadosW.I

11:40 Participatory Archaeology andCultural Production: An Evaluation ofParticipant Outcomes, Port AdelaideSouth AustraliaAdam C Paterson, FlindersUniversity, South Australia

12:00 The Value of Community ArchaeologyFaye Alexandra Simpson,Manchester Metropolitan University,UK

12:30pm11:00am - 162-75

Overcoming European Civil Wars: ThePatterns of Consolidation in DividedSocieties, 1800-2011, Part IIOrganized by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary; Pablo Sánchez Léon,Universidad del País Vasco in Bilbao, Spain;Árpád Welker, City Archive, Budapest, Hungary/Helsinki University, Finland; MeikeWulf, Maastricht University, The NetherlandsChaired by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary

11:00 Clashing Memory Regimes in theBaltic StatesMeike Wulf, Maastricht University,The Netherlands

11:20 Case Study from HungaryIván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary

11:40 DiscussionIván Zoltán Dénes, University ofDebrecen, Hungary

12:30pm11:00am - 163C

Rethinking Theory in Heritage Studies,Part IIGeneral Session, Chaired by Tracy Ireland,University of Canberra, Australia

11:00 Heritage Stewardship: Preservation asa Means to a Greater EndPhilip C. Marshall, Roger WilliamsUniversity, USA

11:20 Past Matters as it is an Integral Part ofthe PresentGamini Wijesuriya, ICCROM

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11:40 Cultural Heritage in the Virtual World:Law, Identity and Video GamesGabrielle L Goodwin, IndianaUniversity Maurer School of Law,USA

12:30pm11:00am - 165-69

Why Cultural Landscapes Matter: OurCultural/Natural CommonwealthOrganized and Chaired by Patricia M.O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP, IFLA, ICOMOS,Heritage Landscapes LLC, USA

11:00 Why Cultural Landscapes Matter: OurCultural/Natural Commonwealth Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP,IFLA, ICOMOS, Heritage LandscapesLLC, USA

11:20 Iconic Landscapes of Our Nation &States: A Commonwealth to SustainGregory DeVries, ASLA, ICOMOS;Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP,ICOMOS, Heritage Landscapes LLC,USA

11:40 Historic Urban Parks & Parkways forSustainable CitiesPeter Frank Viteretto, ASLA; PatriciaM. O’Donnell FASLA, AICP, HeritageLandscapes LLC, USA

12:00 Celebrating Modernist DesignedLandscapes: A 20th Century Legacyfor the FutureSarah LeVaun Graulty, MSHP,ICOMOS; Patricia M. O'Donnell,FASLA, AICP, ICOMOS, HeritageLandscapes LLC, USA

12:30pm11:00am - 168C

Creating a New England DigitalArchaeological Archive (NEDAA), Part IIOrganized and Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity,Arizona State University, USA

DiscussantGiovanna Peebles, SHPO and State Archaeologist, Vermont, USA

DiscussantSteven Pendery, LowellArchaeological Center, NortheastRegion, NPS, USA

DiscussantCharlotte Taylor, Rhode IslandHistoric Preservation Commission,USA

DiscussantBrona Simon, SHPO and State Archaeologist, Massachusetts, USA

12:30pm11:00am - Auditorium

What Does Heritage Interpretation DO?Part II Sponsored by ICOMOS ICIPChaired by Neil A. Silberman, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

11:00 Throw Us a Rope!: Classroom Interpretation to Anchor Young Adultsto Place and PastJennifer McStotts, University ofArizona, USA

11:20 Regaling the Dragon: CelebratingChinese Heritage on the GoldfieldsMichele Summerton, DeakinUniversity, Australia

11:40 Presentation and Discussion of ICIPActivitiesNeil A. Silberman, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

4:00pm2:00pm - Auditorium

Honoring Henry Cleere: World HeritageYesterday and TomorrowPlenary Session, Chaired by Gustavo Araoz,ICOMOS

The 1972 UNESCO World HeritageConvention: A Success or a Failure?Henry Cleere

Heritage Management and the State inMexico: Planning as a SubversiveParadigmNelly Robles Garcia, NationalInstitute of Anthropology andHistory, Mexico; Jack Corbett,Portland State University, USA

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Do World Heritage Sites Protect thePast? Some Lessons from Babylon,Pompeii, and MiradorLawrence Rothfield, University ofChicago, USA

Contradictions in ComparativeAnalysis as an Indicator ofOutstanding Universal Value: A CaseStudy from the Fiji IslandsAnita Smith, La Trobe University,Australia

6:00pm4:30pm - 101

Beyond the Visitor Center: The Historyand Future of a Ubiquitous Approach toHeritage InterpretationOrganized and Chaired by Ethan Carr,University of Virginia, USA; Shaun Eyring,National Park Service, USA; Randall Mason,University of Pennsylvania

DiscussantEthan Carr, University of Virginia,USA

DiscussantRandall Mason, University ofPennsylvania, USA

DiscussantShaun Eyring, National Park Service,USA

6:00pm4:30pm - 162-75

Practicing and Teaching HistoricPreservationGeneral Session, Chaired by Steve Schriber,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

4:30 Using Heritage-Based EducationalPractices for Improving PreservationPedagogyBarry Stiefel, College of Charleston;Clemson University, USA

4:50 Raising Public Awareness: SavingAntiquities for Everyone: A Case StudyCindy Ho, SAFE/Saving Antiquities for Everyone, USA; Elizabeth Gilgan,SAFE/Saving Antiquities forEveryone, USA

5:10 Final Departure?: Adaptive Use ofAmerican Railroad StationsCatherine Boland, RutgersUniversity, USA

5:30 Local Identity from HeritageConservation: Case Study on DongVillages in ChinaXiaomei Zhao, Tsinghua University,China

6:00pm4:30pm - 163C

Private Landscapes: CulturalExpressions of Place, Space, and IdentityOrganized and Chaired by Elizabeth Brabec,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

4:30 Home Landscapes of Belize: Maya,Creole and GarifunaElizabeth Brabec, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

4:50 Reading the Home Landscape of anImmigrant Community: The Case ofCity of San Fernando Zeynep Toker, California StateUniversity, Northridge, USA

5:10 The Ecological Yards of theQuilombolas: A Cultural andEcological Understanding of Identity,Home Landscape and Territorial BuildingMaria Geralda de Almeida,Universidade Federal de Goiás,Brazil; Elizabeth Brabec, Universityof Massachusetts Amherst, USA;Ismar Borges de Lima, UniversidadeFederal de Goiás, Brazil; FábioVenturoli, Universidade Federal deGoiás, Brazil; Ronan Borges,Universidade Federal de Goiás,Brazail; Silvana Lucato Moretti,Universidade Federal de Goiás,Brazil; Lara Cristine, UniversidadeFederal de Goiás, Brazil

5:30 Migration, Urban Growth, Place andGender Issues: Caldas Novas Case Study, BrazilOlga Cabrera, João de Deus; Alex Ratts, Universidade Federal de Goiás,Brazil

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6:00pm4:30pm - 165-69

The Heritage of Human Rights and SocialJusticeGeneral Session, Chaired by Kathleen A.Brown-Perez, University of MassachusettsAmherst, USA

4:30 The Past Matters, But It's Not Why We're HereConnie Pinkerton, Savannah College of Art & Design, USA

4:50 Excavating Counter-Memory: ThePolitics of Remembering the Nazi PastMaria Theresia Starzmann,Binghamton University, USA

5:10 Freedoms Lost and Gained: EntwiningPrison History into the Future ofLorton Arts FoundationChristine Henry, University ofMaryland, USA

5:30 The Local Past Matters, Too!:Remembering and MemorializingLocal History in WesternMassachusettsLinda M. Ziegenbein, David RugglesCenter; University of MassachusettsAmherst, USA

6:00pm4:30pm - 168C

The Role of Heritage in Changing UrbanEconomiesGeneral Session, Chaired by Peter Stott,Massachusetts Historical Commission, USA

4:30 Contribution of Kota Tua Heritage Siteto the City of JakartaTeguh Utomo Atmoko, University ofIndonesia, Indonesia

4:50 Economic Development in ZabidUrban Development ProjectZouka Karazoun, AntiquitiesDirectorate, Syria

5:10 Revitalization Dichotomy of the OldBantern Area: Between the OldFormer Sultanate of Banten’sArchitecture, Colonial StructureRemains and the New FutureDevelopmentsDita Trisnawan, University ofIndonesia, Indonesia

5:30 Role and Responsibilities of UrbanPlanning in Protecting and SustainingArchaeological Heritage: A Case ofIzmir -TurkeyAysegül Altınörs Çırak, Izmir DokuzEylül University, Turkey

Friday, May 6th

10:30am8:30am - 101

Future Stewardship, Present Purpose:Past Matters in Heritage ConservationOrganized and Chaired by Angela Labrador,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA;Brian Donahue, Brandeis University, USA

8:30 Conserving New England: Connectingwith our Heritage of LandscapeProtectionJames Levitt, Harvard University,USA

8:50 Guiding and Motivating New EnglandConservation with Ecological HistoryDavid R. Foster, Harvard University,USA

9:10 Pennsylvania Wilds: Development of aConservation LandscapeBrenda Barrett, PennsylvaniaDepartment of Conservation andNatural Resources, USA

9:30 New England’s Pastoral Heritage andthe Future of Sustainable FarmingBrian Donahue, Brandeis University,USA

9:50 Agricultural Land Conservation as aTool for Cultivating Shared HeritageAngela Labrador, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

10:10 A European PerspectiveJane Grenville, University of York,UK

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10:30am8:30am - 162-75

Indigenous Women from New EnglandReflect on Indigenous Women of the PastOrganized and Chaired by Jean S. Forward,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

8:30 Gladys Tantaquidgeon: QuietRevolutionaryMelissa Tantaquidgeon-Zobel,Mohegan Medicine Woman andTribal Historian, USA

8:50 “Her Dress Was Mostly Indian:” TheWomen in Samson Occom's LifeKathleen Brown-Perez, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

9:10 Contested Places: Transformation andPreservation of Hassanamisco byCisco Family womenD. Rae Gould, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA;Nipmuc Nation

9:30 Eunice Mauwee: Her Struggle ofResistance Was Our Path to SurvivalTrudie Lamb Richmond,Schaghticoke Education Consultant inResidence at Mashantucket PequotMuseum & Research Center, USA

10:30am8:30am - 163C

Heritage Impacts on ContemporarySociety, Part IGeneral Session, Chaired by Marta de la Torre,Independent Heritage Consultant

8:30 Learning from the PastBerenice Aguilar, UniversidadNacional Autónoma de México

8:50 Space and Representation of CulturalHeritage in Vernacular Housing atPátzcuaro Lake Basin and SierraPurépechaEugenia Maria Azevedo Salomao,Universidad Michoacana de SanNicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico; LeticiaArista Castillo, Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México; FranciscoJavier Fuentes Farias, UniversidadMichoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

9:10 The Silk Road Unravelled: The Politicsof World HeritageAllison Cuneo, Boston University,USA

9:30 An Infrastructure for Shared RegionalHeritage: The Jordan River Peace ParkAndrei Harwell, Yale Urban DesignWorkshop, USA; Elizabeth KochYa'ari, Friends of the Earth MiddleEast, Jordan

9:50 Archaeology as a Value: Examplesfrom DenmarkRikke Marie Rau, Odense CityMuseums, Denmark

10:30am8:30am - 165-69

Identity and Heritage Management, PartIGeneral Session, Chaired by Neil A. Silberman,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

8:30 Decolonising NgarrindjeriRuwe/Ruwar (land, body, spirit): NewStories, New HistoriesSteve Hemming, Flinders University,Australia

8:50 Can Top-Down Conservation Producea Sense of Identity and Belonging? ACase Study from Old AcreYael Fuhrmann-Naaman, IsraelAntiquities Authority

9:10 Kuta-Negara, the Identity ofIndonesian CityAntony Sihombing, University ofIndonesia, Indonesia

9:30 Why Protect the Past? A HumanRights Approach to Cultural HeritageProtectionJanet Blake, University of ShahidBeheshti, Iran

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10:30am8:30am - 168C

Collective Memory in a GlobalizedWorld, Part IGeneral Session, Chaired by Jane Anderson,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

8:30 Heritage as Transmission: TowardsAchieving a More Dominant Narrativeof InclusionKarel A Bakker, University ofPretoria, South Africa

8:50 Discourse of Cultural Memory andHeritage: Local Place Identity in theWest Gate Neighborhood, QuzhouCity, ChinaYuting Zhang, Zhejiang University,China

9:10 Roman Past and Contemporary Brazil:How Classics Shape Modern IdentityPedro Paulo Funari, Campinas StateUniversity, Brazil; Renata SennaGarraffoni, Paraná FederalUniversity, Brazil

9:30 Identity of Migrants and theVernacular Architecture Heritage inMichoacan, MexicoClaudia Rodríguez Espinosa,Universidad Michoacana de SanNicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico

9:50 Influence of the CommunityInvolvement on the Revitalization ofPlace IdentityKatarina Kogoj

11:00am9:30am - Lobby

Poster Session II

Why Heritage Matters: Peace Buildingand Reconciliation After Post ElectionViolence Through HeritagePerformances in KenyaJulias Juma Ogega, NationalMuseums of Kenya, Kitale Museum,Kenya

Beyond the Historicism: Identity as“Mutuomorphomutation” of Futureand PastLaura Gioeni, Politecnico di Milano,Italy

Contextualizing Greek MuseumsShannon M Dunn, The ColoradoCollege, The Bruce Museum, USA

The Bukharim Neighborhood inJerusalem, Israel: A Case Study forExamining the Relationship BetweenForming a Responsibility for the BuiltHeritage to Residence in a HistoricNeighborhoodAdi Sela Wiener, ColumbiaUniversity, USA

1:00pm11:00am - 101

Heritage of Death: Cultural Meanings ofDying, Death, Bereavement, andMemorializationOrganized by Heidi Bauer-Clapp, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA; Alan Swedlund,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAChaired by Heidi Bauer-Clapp, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

11:00 The Russian Influenza Pandemic(1889-90) and the Margins of MemoryAnn Herring, McMaster University,Canada; Sally Carraher, McMasterUniversity, Canada

11:20 Remembering Epidemics: CemeteryHistories and Diseased Identities inthe Commemoration of Leprosy inCanadaNadia Densmore, McMasterUniversity, Canada

11:40 Mourning Practices in Victorian NewEnglandAlan C. Swedlund, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

12:00 From Bones to Stones: Materiality,Personhood and the Preservation ofHistoric CemeteriesKatherine Cook, McMasterUniversity, Canada

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12:20 Until They Are Home: Repatriationand Commemoration of Military WarDeadJulia Fan, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

12:40 Body as Memory: The Use of HumanRemains in Sites of Dark Tourism orHeritage of DeathHeidi Bauer-Clapp, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

1:00pm11:00am - 162-75

Cultural Heritage Law DevelopmentsWorldwideOrganized and Chaired by Lucille A. Roussin,FIT/SUNY and Benjamin N. Cardozo School ofLaw, USA

11:00 Cultural Memory, Cultural Identityand National Ownership of AntiquitiesPatty Gerstenblith, DePaul UniversityCollege of Law, USA

11:20 Intangible Cultural Heritage and theFuture Value of the PastPeter K. Yu, Drake University LawSchool, USA

11:40 The Illicit Trade in CambodianAntiquities: Historical Trends andTheir Future SignificanceTerressa Davis, LCCHP

12:00 Restitution Roulette: RecentDevelopments in Holocaust-Era ArtLitigationLucille A. Roussin, FIT/SUNY andBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law,USA

1:00pm11:00am - 163C

Heritage Impacts on ContemporarySociety, Part IIGeneral Session, Chaired by David Mednicoff,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

11:00 Learning from the Past: PigeonTowers, Agricultural Heritage ofZayanderudNader Sayadi, IndependentResearcher

11:20 The Social Role of ParticipatoryEcotourism in the KalungaCommunities of Goias: A HistoricalProcess of Building up Human Capital,Self-esteem, and Inclusion for theBrazilian Afro-descendantsIsmar Borges de Lima, FederalUniversity of Goias, Brazil; LaraCristine Gomes Ferreira, FederalUniversity of Goias, Brazil; Peter A.Kumble, University of MassachusettsAmherst, USA; Rosiane Dias Mota,Federal University of Goias, Brazil

11:40 Living with Matter: At the Foot ofYellow MountainMei Qing, Tongji University, China;Zhang Lei

12:00 History of Public Spaces in IslamicContexts: Case Study: Women Issuesof Loft Port, Persian GulfMehri Mohebbi, University ofSemnan, Iran; Zahra Mohebbi,University of Pune, India

12:20 Linking Tangible and IntangibleCultural HeritageShelley-Anne Peleg, Haifa University,Israel

1:00pm11:00am - 165-69

Identity and Heritage Management, PartIIGeneral Session, Chaired by GaminiWijesuriya, ICCROM

11:00 Planning for Heritage, CommunityResilience, and SustainabilityFlavia Montenegro-Menezes,University of Massachusetts Amherst,USA

11:20 Paradigm Shifts and the Politics of thePast in Lebanon: Urban Archaeologyin the MakingAssaad Seif, Ministry of Culture -Directorate General of Antiquities, Lebanon

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11:40 Intangible Boundaries of Heritage:Cultural Distinctiveness WithinRegional UniquenessElisa Fariselli, University ofBirmingham, UK

12:00 Grounding Identity: UnderstandingHow Colonial Archaeological Sites areExperiencedTracy Ireland, University ofCanberra, Australia

12:20 Reconstructing National and EthnicIdentity in Central Asia Richard Taupier, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

4:30pm2:30pm - Auditorium

In Honor of Barbara Little: The PastDOES MatterPlenary Session, Chaired by Francis P.McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity,Arizona State University, USA

Robert Paynter, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

Patrice Jeppson, Cheyney/WestChester University of Pennsylvania,USA

Francis P. McManamon, Center forDigital Antiquity, Arizona StateUniversity, USA

Heritage, Resilience, and PeaceBarbara Little

7:00pm5:00pm - 101

Praxis, Identity, and Political Economy:Heritage Preservation in the 21st CenturyOrganized by Maria O'Donovan, BinghamtonUniversity, USA; Randall McGuire,Binghamton University, USAChaired by Maria O'Donovan, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

5:00 Evaluating Valuation: HeritagePreservation in PeruAmy Groleau, Colgate University,USA

5:20 Double Colonialism and Heritage inNew EnglandSiobhan M. Hart, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

5:40 From Jamaican Heritage to HeritageTourism: A Community in ActionHeidi Savery, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

6:00 Printing the Legend: A PragmaticApproach to Cultural HeritageMichael Jacobson, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

6:20 CRM and Heritage Preservation:Moving Beyond Education andIdentityMaria O’Donovan, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

6:40 Discussion and Audience ParticipationMaria O'Donovan, BinghamtonUniversity, USA; Randall McGuire,Binghamton University, USA

7:00pm5:00pm - 162-75

The Mediterranean Experience of aCommon, Collective and “Plural” PastOrganized by Riva Lava, University ofThessaly, Greece; Vassilis Ganiatsas, NationalTechnical University of Athens, Greece; DonKunze, Penn State University, USA; EfthymiosNicolaidis, International Union of the Historyand Philosophy of Science; International Academy of History of Science, NationalHellenic Research Foundation, Greece; ArisSapounakis, University of Thessaly, Greece;Ioanna Katapidi, University College London,UKChaired by Riva Lava, University of Thessaly,Greece

5:00 Universal Localities Within the LocalUniverse of the MediterraneanRiva Lava, University of Thessaly,Greece

5:20 Places, Memories and Monuments asStrongholds of IdentityVassilis Ganiatsas, NationalTechnical University of Athens,Greece

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5:40 Border Transmissions in theMediterraneanDon Kunze, Penn State University,USA

6:00 The Migration of Scientific Ideas in theMediterraneanEfthymios Nicolaidis, InternationalUnion of the History and Philosophyof Science; International Academy ofHistory of Science, National HellenicResearch Foundation, Greece

6:20 Mediterranean Places and NetworksAris Sapounakis, University ofThessaly, Greece

6:40 Urban Regeneration of Historic Citiesin the MediterraneanIoanna Katapidi, University CollegeLondon, UK

7:00pm5:00pm - 163C

Digital Heritage in the Information AgeGeneral Session, Chaired by Jon Olsen,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

5:00 Communicating Heritage Online:Strategic Approaches to HeritageAdvocacy Using New MediaJeffery Guin, National Park Service,USA

5:20 Remixable Cultural Heritage: ThePromise and Problems of Open Data,and Radical Transparency for the Paston the World Wide WebEric Kansa, UC Berkeley /OpenContext.org, USA

7:00pm5:00pm - 165-69

Modernity, Identity, and the Value ofTraditionGeneral Session, Chaired by Diane Barthel-Bouchier, State University of New York atStony Brook, USA

5:00 Africville Baptist Church and the (Re)Construction of CommunityWayde Brown, University of Georgia,USA

5:40 On Issues of Identity in MacaoSharif Shams Imon, Institute forTourism Studies, China

6:00 Cultural Objects and IdentityElina Moustaira, University ofAthens, Greece

Saturday, May 7th

10:00am8:30am - Auditorium

The Future of HeritagePlenary Session, Chaired by Elizabeth S.Chilton, University of Massachusetts Amherst,USA; Neil A. Silberman, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

Life Beyond Tourism: Value BasedHeritage Tourism as an Instrument forIntercultural Dialogue Paolo Del Bianco, President,Romualdo del Bianco Foundation

Internationalized Heritage and theNeed for HistoryIsabelle Vinson, UNESCO

DiscussantGustavo Araoz, ICOMOS

1:00pm10:30am - 101

How the Past Matters: Thinking with Usabout the Legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois Organized and Chaired by Whitney Battle-Baptiste, University of MassachusettsAmherst; Dolores Root, University ofMassachusetts Amherst

Introduction and ProgramPresentationAmilcar Shabazz, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

Program PresentationWray Gunn, Friends of the Du BoisHomesite, USA

Program PresentationDavid Glassberg, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

Program PresentationBrooks Fitch, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantWhitney Battle-Baptiste, Universityof Massachusetts Amherst, USA

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DiscussantDolores Root, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantRobert Paynter, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantErik Ingmundson, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantEmily Oswald, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantJess Monti, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

DiscussantRachel Fletcher, Friends of the DuBois Homesite, USA

1:00pm10:30am - 162-75

Valuing Landscapes: The Role of Ecologyin HeritageGeneral Session, Chaired by Elizabeth Brabec,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

10:30 “Imbued With a Message From thePast:” Authenticity and the Nature–Culture ContinuumMarni Blake Walter, ICOMOS-ICAHM

10:50 Landscape, Heritage and LocalismVal Kirby, Natural England, UK;Chris Bolton, and Andrew Wharton

11:10 Risk Mitigation of Cultural Heritage:Need for a Holistic Approach: A Caseof Buxa Fort and its EnvironsBhasker Neogi, Consultant Architect,New Delhi, India; ChandraniBandyopadhyay, National Instituteof Disaster Management, Ministry ofHome Affairs, Government of India

11:30 Culturing Nature, NurturingCommons: Concepts of Managementfor the Conservation of CulturalLandscapes, a Case Study in the InkaSacred Valley in PeruMaya Ishizawa, BrandenburgUniversity of Technology at Cottbus,Germany

11:50 Living Landscapes: Heritage and theBiosphere Reserve on Menorca, SpainMarta E. Ostovich, Boston University,USA

12:10 Coastal Heritage in the 21st CenturyPeter Spearritt, University ofQueensland, Australia

1:00pm10:30am - 163C

Places of Memory and Sites ofConscienceGeneral Session, Chaired by Gabi Dolff-Bonekaemper, Technical University Berlin,Germany

10:30 The House of the People in Bucharestand Global HeritageCorina L. Apostol, RutgersUniversity, USA

10:50 The Invisible BoulevardArch Shmuel Groag, Bezalel Academyof Arts; ICOMOS Israel

11:10 Interpreting the Rohwer Japanese-American Relocation CampAnne Ketz, 106 Group, USA

11:30 Memory Building in DictatorialRegimes: The Holocaust in FrancoSpain’s Cultural Heritage (1945-1975)Salvador Orti Camallonga,University of Cambridge, UK

11:50 The Ossuary of Caiaphas and Jesus’Place of BurialBruce Chilton, Bard College, USA

12:10 Sites of Conscience: Past to Present,Memory to ActionBix Gabriel, International Coalitionof Sites of Conscience

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1:00pm10:30am - 165-69

Archaeological Resources and the SharedHeritage of PlaceOrganized and Chaired by Francis P.McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity,Arizona State University, USA

ModeratorFrancis P. McManamon, Center forDigital Antiquity, Arizona StateUniversity, USA

DiscussantEllen Berkland, MassachusettsDivision of Conservation andRecreation, USA

DiscussantJed Levin, Independence NationalHistorical Park, NPS, USA

DiscussantPaul Robinson, Rhode Island HistoricPreservation Commission, USA

DiscussantDoug Harris, Narragansett IndianTribal Historic Preservation Office,USA

DiscussantBrona Simon, SHPO and StateArchaeologist, MassachusettsHistorical Commission, USA

DiscussantNina Versaggi, BinghamtonUniversity, USA

1:00pm10:30am - 168C

Valuing and Evaluating HeritageTourismGeneral Session, Chaired by Brenda Barrett,Pennsylvania Department of Conservation andNatural Resources, USA

10:30 Breaking the Barrier: Towards theCreation of an Holistic Approach tothe Economic Value of Archaeology?Paul Burtenshaw, University CollegeLondon; Tim Schadla-Hall,University College London, UK

10:50 The Citadel of Amman in Jordan:Problems of Preservation andPresentationJoseph A. Greene, HarvardUniversity, USA

11:10 Heritage Travel in China and theLimits of AuthenticityVincent L. Michael, The School of theArt Institute of Chicago, USA

11:30 Safeguarding Intangible Heritage andCultural Tourism: A Case Study on theSustainable Development of Taoist(Daoqing) Shadow Theatre inHuanxian, ChinaChang Liu, Brandenburg Universityof Technology Cottbus, Germany

11:50 Mining Pride: Reclaiming Heritageand Place Through an Initiative inRural Tourism, a Qualitative CaseStudyLindsay Pontius, University ofVermont, USA

12:10 Management of Indian Heritage Sites :Working Towards a DecentralizedIntegrated Approach T.Lakshmi Priya, ArchaeologicalSurvey of India

4:00pm2:30pm - 101

Politics, Nationhood, and HeritageGeneral Session, Chaired by Neil Silberman,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

2:30 The Regionalization of ‘Archaeology’in Belgium: Cultural Autonomy of theBelgian Regions as Trigger for LegalActions Regarding the Protection ofArchaeological Heritage?Jonas Van Looveren, ArtesisUniversity College of Antwerp,Belgium

2:50 Sovereignty and Section 106: A TribalArchaeological Approach toIdentifying Cultural ResourcesJulie R. Labate, Seminole Tribe ofFlorida, USA; and Elliott T. York,Seminole Tribe of Florida, USA

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3:10 Some Uses of the Past in Strategies ofIdentity Affirmation: Notes on theHistory of Archaeological Practice inPalestineGabriella Rodrigues, State Universityof Campinas, Brazil

4:00pm2:30pm - 162-75

Silencing as Erasure: ReevaluatingPolicymaking on Indigenous TermsOrganized and Chaired by Amy Den Ouden,University of Massachusetts Boston, USA;Kathleen A. Brown-Perez, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USAChaired by Kathleen A. Brown-Perez,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

2:30 New Trajectories for EmbattledHistories? The Declaration on theRights of Indigenous Peoples and thePolitical Significance of“Unrecognized” PastsAmy Den Ouden, University ofMassachusetts Boston, USA

2:50 “A Strange Blast from HeavenConsuming Them:” GovernmentalPolicies and Tribal Survival in Twenty-first Century AmericaKathleen A. Brown-Perez, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

3:10 The Making of an Indigenous Categoryin IP LawJane E. Anderson, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

3:30 Commemorating 2020: Hindsight orForesight?Linda Coombs, Aquinnah Cultural Center, USA

4:00pm2:30pm - 163C

Reconciling Global and Local HeritageGeneral Session, Chaired by Elizabeth Klarich,Smith College, USA

2:30 Participatory Cultural HeritageConservationMehdi Ghafouri, ICOMOS Canada;Vanier College, Canada

2:50 Heritage Preservation and SpatialJustice: The Implications of HistoricSite Protection on Local StakeholderCommunitiesJonathan S. Bell, UCLA, USA

3:10 Heritage Branding and the LocalResponses: A Case Study of YinxuArchaeological Site in ChinaShuli Wang, University CollegeLondon, UK

4:00pm2:30pm - 165-69

Heritage and Its Widening SocialContextsGeneral Session, Chaired by Arthur Keene,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

2:30 Interpretive Master Planning for theCivil War Landscape Museum, Dalton,GAJohn Veverka, John Veverka &Associates, USA

2:50 Minding the Gap: Women andHeritageElizabeth A. Harlow, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USA

3:10 Softening the Boundaries: The Case ofBustan Khayat in HaifaRuth Liberty-Shalev, Technion IsraelInstitute of Technology, Israel

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Why Does the Past Matter?Organized Session AbstractsIn order of presentation

Wednesday, May 4th3:30pm2:00pm - 168C

Initiatives for Memory Recovery, an Approach to Post-Conflict Period: The Guatemalan CaseOrganized and Chaired by Andrea Bolaños Vargas, Consejería en Proyectos; Glenda Garcia Garcia, Consultant,GuatemalaThe concept of “memory” acquires particular importance in the analysis of the effects left by a conflictive historicalprocesses. Memory, therefore, could be understood as the expressions of the different forms in which theseconflictive situations are interpreted, particularly during the armed conflict in Guatemala from 1960 to 1996. Severalsocial actors work toward memory recovery, its acknowledgment and legitimacy, including victims and human rightsorganizations. In Guatemala, these actors have led several initiatives to recover local historical memory, some ofwhich were a follow-up to the reports of the Historical Memory Recovery Project (REMHI in Spanish), Guatemala,Nunca Más (1998), and of the Commission of Historical Elucidation (CEH, in spanish), Guatemala, Memoria delSilencio (1999). Nevertheless, communities have developed a leading role in rebuilding their collective memory, forexample through process related to truth policies, justice and reparation. However, there is a subject related tocommunity memory which has not been given the importance it deserves. Such is the case of what GuatemalanMayan peoples call “oral tradition.” The ancestral practice of conveying experience and knowledge through oralmeans in Mayan communities was strengthened during the internal armed conflict. Hundreds of families have conveyed the history of violence to generations of parents, children and grandchildren. In some cases, specific placeswhere bodies were buried were remembered and passed through generations in order for descendants to come backafterwards and prove the occurrence of violations. Clandestine cemeteries are a plain example, since many of themhave been found thanks to oral tradition. We have come to understand this ancestral practice through the work withcommunities, including Maya-Kaqchikel indigenous communities in Chimaltenango, a region located in the centralhighlands of Guatemala. Far from forgetting, there has been a great effort in keeping memory protected throughfamily and community oral tradition, and this seems to be even stronger when this memory is related to facts thathave deeply affected them. The study we propose to carry out looks to contribute to the analysis on the importance oforal tradition for collective memory in conflict situations, and to highlight the importance not only of recovering thememory of what happened, but also to underscore the communities’ ability to overcome the atrocities they havelived, finding support in their cultural traditions and making memory a living element and a crucial instrument todeal socially and psychologically with the past, for the present.

6:00pm4:15pm - AuditoriumDavid Lowenthal: An AppreciationPlenary Session, Chaired by David Glassberg, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAFor more than 50 years, David Lowenthal has been at the forefront of scholarship on why the past matters. In bookssuch as George Perkins Marsh: Prophet of Conservation, The Past is a Foreign Country, The Heritage Crusade, aswell as numerous papers and articles, Lowenthal has examined the interrelationship of historical and environmentalconsciousness.

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Thursday, May 5th10:30am9:00am - 162-75

Overcoming European Civil Wars: The Patterns of Consolidation in Divided Societies, 1800-2011,Part IOrganized by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Pablo Sánchez Léon, Universidad del PaísVasco in Bilbao, Spain; Árpád Welker, City Archive, Budapest, Hungary/Helsinki University, Finland; MeikeWulf, Maastricht University, The NetherlandsChaired by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, HungaryDivided, sometimes antagonistic, communities in officially unified nations seem to be the rule in Europe. In somecases, they conjure up the most painful memories of actual civil-war events, such as Jedwabne, Naoussa,Londonderry, or Srebrenica, but usually they constitute the common experience of most Europeans, who have livedthrough different kinds of war (wars of independence, wars for national unification, civil wars, colonial wars, worldwars), revolutions, counterrevolutions, coup d’états, dictatorships, totalitarian systems, regime changes, territoriallosses, ethnic cleansings, and exchanges of population. Almost every European nation went through theoverwhelming experience of the two World Wars—either as winners or as the defeated, sometimes as perpetrators,and often as victims. Many were defenseless against mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and more lost their homes,surroundings, neighborhoods, security, and peaceful ways of life. Many of these experiences were archetypical. Somewere related to the transition from one or another type of dictatorship to democracy, or vice versa. Others to thetwofold process of dissolving empires and creating new nations, medium- or small-sized independent countries,when major portions of populations suddenly found themselves, due to shifting borders, moved from imperialcenters to peripheries or from imperial peripheries to national centers. Many experiences had to do with weatheringcivil war and reconstruction. And we have the universal European experiences of the transformation from traditionalto modern society, of the competition and cooperation between nations, and then their ultimate integration into theEuropean Union.

10:30am9:00am - 165-69Not Epiphenomena: Economics and Security as Central Drivers of PreservationOrganized and Chaired by Lawrence S. Coben, Univeristy of Pennsylvania; Sustainable Preservation Initiative,USAConsidering both case studies and theoretical perspectives, this session will examine the potential economic andsecurity benefits from successful and sustainable preservation. While economic and to a much lesser degree securityissues are considered in site management plans, they are almost always considered as requirements for preservation,rather than as important societal benefits in their own right. This session will consider whether treating economicsand security as epiphenomena leads to optimal results for society and for preservation, primarily through thepresentation of a variety of case studies which suggest that these factors should be central to if not primary in anypreservation plan.

10:30am9:00am - 168CCreating a New England Digital Archaeological Archive (NEDAA), Part IOrganized and Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University, USAPanelists will discuss challenges and opportunities related to the creation of a multi-state digital archive fordocuments, data sets, and images related to New England ancient and historic period archaeology. The richarchaeological record of the region, running from the earliest occupation of North America to modern times, isdifficult to investigate due to a lack of integrative mechanisms and tools above the state level. Well over 2000archaeological reports have been produced in the New England states in the 60 years since 1950. However, integration of the information in this body of work for synthesis is difficult and detailed comparative investigation isimpossible due to difficulties of access and data integration. A digital archive, well-organized around a set of logicaland substantive metadata categories and values would radically improve the current situation. Such an archive alsois needed to enable simple discovery of relevant archaeological information as part of public project planning efforts.The body of available work has become too large for individuals, no matter how experienced in the archaeology ofthe region to effectively recall background information or sources. As new generations of researchers and scholarsbecome active, they will need digital search tools since they cannot take advantage of years or decades of experiencein the region. Such an archive also will open to interested members of the public information about the wealth ofNew England's archaeology that they can explore for themselves.

10:30am9:00am - AuditoriumWhat Does Heritage Interpretation DO? Part I Sponsored by ICOMOS ICIPChaired by Neil A. Silberman, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAThis two-part session will present a range of perspectives by members of the ICOMOS International ScientificCommittee on the Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites. In line with the main theme of theconference, it will take a step back from familiar concepts and techniques to take a fresh look at the act of heritage

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interpretation as a thoroughly contemporary behavior within a contemporary social context. Ranging from socialaction, to education, to museology, to digital social networks, and to the heritage of diasporic communities, it willrevisit some of the main themes of the ICOMOS Interpretation Charter (2008) and look ahead to new interpretiveinitiatives within the framework of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and Intangible Heritage Convention.

12:30pm11:00am - 162-75Overcoming European Civil Wars: The Patterns of Consolidation in Divided Societies, 1800-2011,Part IIOrganized by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Pablo Sánchez Léon, Universidad del PaísVasco in Bilbao, Spain; Árpád Welker, City Archive, Budapest, Hungary/Helsinki University, Finland; MeikeWulf, Maastricht University, The NetherlandsChaired by Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, HungarySee Part I

12:30pm11:00am - 165-69Why Cultural Landscapes Matter: Our Cultural/Natural CommonwealthOrganized and Chaired by Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP, IFLA, ICOMOS, Heritage Landscapes LLC, USACultural landscapes have a broad legacy as designed, evolved, relic and associative properties in the United Statesand the world. Simply stated, cultural landscapes are the combined works of humanity and nature. Those ofperceived societal value are often preserved or mourned when degraded or lost. The initial paper in this sessionprovides a global view of trends where cultural landscapes and the values imbedded in them matter to today and thefuture. In a world of apparent change, cultural landscapes provide continuity and a sense of place to our planet andinhabitants. Varied, unique cultural landscapes cover our globe. Recognition of the importance of these diverseauthentic places, urban, rural, remote and archeological, is increasing worldwide. Relevant global trends are:- Urban Dwellers= 50% & growing global city populace, City Landscape Valued - Earth Justice= Right to and Rights of Landscape & Democratic Access- Health & Food= Recognition of Local, Organic, Green Agricultural Landscape & Food Quality- Climate Change & Green Sustainability= Healthy Landscape as Mitigation- Tourism & World Heritage= Authentic, Unique Landscape as Destination- Culture-Nature Continuum= Landscapes are cultural and natural heritage combinedThis overview explores broad trends, to frame the focus for specific papers addressing the values of iconic publiclandscapes, parks and parkways and modern landscapes. From a professional perspective the challenges ofpreservation work require stepping beyond personal design values and constructs and immerse in those of thehistoric place. Each designed landscape has an origin, character, design ideas and qualities that are unique, similarto a fingerprint, it is a Place-Print. While valued cultural landscapes of all types holds interest, for landscapearchitects and all preservation professionals addressing the designed landscapes of our communities as a sharedcommonwealth is the focus of this session. In three separate papers, the realms of iconic public landscapes of ournation and states, of historic parks and parkways that have shaped our cities and the legacy of modern landscapes from our recent past are explored.

12:30pm11:00am - 168CCreating a New England Digital Archaeological Archive (NEDAA), Part IIOrganized and Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University, USASee Part I

12:30pm11:00am - AuditoriumWhat Does Heritage Interpretation DO? Part II Sponsored by ICOMOS ICIPChaired by Neil A. Silberman, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USASee Part I

4:00pm2:00pm - AuditoriumHonoring Henry Cleere: World Heritage Yesterday and TomorrowPlenary Session, Chaired by Gustavo Araoz, ICOMOSA special session honoring Henry Cleere's influential work in the field of World Heritage with reflection on the pastand future of the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention and its impacts on heritage in the practice and management of heritage in the contemporary world.

6:00pm4:30pm - 101Beyond the Visitor Center: The History and Future of a Ubiquitous Approach to HeritageInterpretationOrganized and Chaired by Ethan Carr, University of Virginia, USA; Shaun Eyring, National Park Service, USA;

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Randall Mason, University of Pennsylvania

The U.S. national park “visitor center” has been the centralized arrival and orientation point for park visitors for overfifty years. The building type, its program, and its name were invented by National Park Service (NPS) planners andarchitects in the 1950s as part of the “Mission 66” program of park modernization and expansion, and in fact many of the buildings that exist today date to the Mission 66 era. Mission 66, and the visitor center which was its architectural centerpiece, were planned to facilitate the huge increase in automotive tourism that national parksexperienced following World War II. Since the NPS introduced the visitor center, this prototype has become thefacility of choice for many heritage landscapes throughout the U.S. and all over the world. In the twenty-firstcentury, the visitor center seems to have grown more essential than ever to park management, yet changing values,technologies, demographic patterns, and environmental conditions demand we look anew at this entrenched model.By asking what lies “Beyond the Visitor Center,” this panel will explore past and future visions for how and whypeople should visit and experience national parks and other heritage landscapes. Should that experience remain centered on personal vehicles for transportation? Does the idea of park “interpretation” remain the best model forhow to orient visitors and assure they have a meaningful appreciation of heritage landscapes? Should visitorexperience remain centralized, or would a more decentralized mode of experience be preferable? How effectivelydoes the centralized visitor center attract and accommodate the growing diversity of cultures visiting heritagelandscapes? How do new communications and information technologies open new ways of thinking aboutstructuring and informing visitor experience?

6:00pm4:30pm - 163CPrivate Landscapes: Cultural Expressions of Place, Space, and IdentityOrganized and Chaired by Elizabeth Brabec, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USADomestic gardens reflect the attitudes, values and world view of the people who inhabit and create them. Theowners, as creators, reveal their attitudes about nature, community structure, family relationships, and desire forand structure of social interaction through the forms they choose for their gardens. Gardens are microcosms of thelarger cultural landscape, therefore in them can be read similar themes prevalent in public spaces, community andurban form and the regional landscape created by man. Gardens may serve a variety of functions, individually andconcurrently: as ecological open space and habitat; reflection of and connection to a cultural past; as a reminder of aculture, landscape and “home” that was left behind; a space to support the food needs of the family, and/or a spaceto conduct the functions of daily living. However, gardens are an area of the cultural landscape that is poorly studiedand consequently poorly understood. Garden spaces are infrequently studied in either heritage, design, sociology oranthropology, often seen as too insignificant for serious research. Since gardens provide an entre into the worldview of individuals in a culture, and in commonly held attitudes and values, garden spaces provide an opportunity toidentify fundamental cultural assumptions about space, place, society and our role in nature. This session willpresent a number of case studies of communities displaced by a variety of forces: enslavement, emancipation, war,development pressures, public projects and migration. While each cultural group was displaced and required to re-establish itself in a new environment, given self-determination they did so in a way that supported their culturalattitudes and values. Through an analysis of the defining elements of home landscapes such as boundaries, spatialforms and populating elements, each case study will explore the realities created in home yards, gardens andgrounds.

Friday, May 6th10:30am8:30am - 101

Future Stewardship, Present Purpose: Past Matters in Heritage ConservationOrganized and Chaired by Angela Labrador, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; Brian Donahue,Brandeis University, USATraditionally, heritage protection efforts have been split into separate strategies for addressing natural and culturalresources that have worked toward distinct, and sometimes incompatible, stewardship goals. However, recentscholarship in the environmental sciences, humanities, and social sciences has brought out the historicalinterconnections between nature and culture. Thus, advocates have been challenged to formulate alternative, holisticmodels for the sustainable stewardship of heritage resources that reconcile the conflicting goals of environmentalconservation and cultural heritage preservation. We suggest that to imagine an integrated heritage stewardshipmodel for the future one must engage with the past, and that doing so can move us beyond isolated economic,environmental, or aesthetic rationales for heritage protection. The papers in this session explore the role thatenvironmental histories and collective memories play in the conservation of heritage landscapes and ecologicalsystems.

10:30am8:30am - 162-75Indigenous Women from New England Reflect on Indigenous Women of the PastOrganized and Chaired by Jean S. Forward, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

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This session includes four Indigenous female scholars in New England presenting research on Indigenous Women ofthe past. Issues of the presenters will cover a range of reasons and situations concerning the erasure/loss ofinformation in the public forum concerning Indigenous women in New England and why it is essential to bring theseher-stories into the public view. The roles of these women in the history of the Northeast are significant; theymatter.

1:00pm11:00am - 101Heritage of Death: Cultural Meanings of Dying, Death, Bereavement, and MemorializationOrganized by Heidi Bauer-Clapp, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; Alan Swedlund, University ofMassachusetts Amherst, USAChaired by Heidi Bauer-Clapp, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAFew events experienced by humans cut across all cultures with the same certainty as death. While the biologicalreality of death is more or less consistent cross-culturally, the process of dying, bereavement, and commemoratingthe deceased can vary significantly. These experiences are often encoded with cultural meaning that keeps membersof that culture connected to those who have been lost to death, to spaces and places set aside to commemorate death,or to events resulting in the deaths of many members of that social group. Death therefore generates a variety oftangible and intangible heritage expressions. This session will explore some of the critical heritage issues associatedwith dying, death, and bereavement: How do cultures respond to death? How and why do cultures create physicalspaces on the landscape (e.g. cemeteries or memorials) to commemorate death? How are the physical bodies of thedeceased brought into or kept separate from the act of remembering or commemorating death? What is the culturalvalue in having control over the disposition of the deceased of that culture? How is the bereavement processinterrupted when cultural rites of death cannot be completed? How does the experience of death on a large scale (e.g. disease pandemics or natural disasters) impact cultures? How and why are these large-scale deaths remembered?Why are some deaths imprinted on the social memory of a group while others are actively or passively erased? Bybringing participants together who represent these diverse but related questions we will develop a broad view of theheritage of death within both modern and historical populations.

1:00pm11:00am - 162-75Cultural Heritage Law Developments WorldwideOrganized and Chaired by Lucille A. Roussin, FIT/SUNY and Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, USAThe speakers will discuss current developments in Cultural Heritage law both internationally and in the UnitedStates. Speakers are distinguished professionals in the area of Cultural Heritage Law.

4:30pm2:30pm - AuditoriumIn Honor of Barbara Little: The Past DOES MatterPlenary Session, Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University, USAA special session honoring Barbara Little's influential writings and activities in the field of Public Archaeology andtheir importance for helping to shape evolving scholarly and administrative approaches to the public appreciation ofthe archaeological and historical record.

7:00pm5:00pm - 101Praxis, Identity, and Political Economy: Heritage Preservation in the 21st CenturyOrganized by Maria O'Donovan, Binghamton University, USA; Randall McGuire, Binghamton University, USAChaired by Maria O'Donovan, Binghamton University, USAHeritage preservation and management has become a central concern among groups concerned with topics thatrange from economic development and revitalization of older urban areas to land claims and environmentalpreservation. Heritage is frequently viewed as a way to create authentic senses of identity within a community, apoint of evidence in legal disputes over land, and a marketing tool to stimulate the local economies. In this sessionwe consider the ways that archaeology and the past are used in the creation of identity and as legal and economicresources within a global economy. Identity--collective, individual, group-oriented–-is a relatively loosely definedand often ill-conceived term. It has been used to justify both positive social action and highly charged and violentpolitical conflict. Without a thorough grounding within political economy and social praxis, archaeology’s role increating identity can have unintended consequences and the past can become a tool of repressive social andeconomic action. We also focus on the intersection of these two senses or aspects of the use of the past in thepresent, which can reveal contradictions that undermine the goals of heritage preservation and management.Ultimately, our goal is to critically assess archaeology’s role in these processes and suggest approaches that workwithin a framework that takes praxis within contemporary social relations seriously. Contributors are drawn fromboth academic archaeology and CRM, which is often on the front line in heritage preservation and management.

7:00pm5:00pm - 162-75The Mediterranean Experience of a Common, Collective and “Plural” PastOrganized by Riva Lava, University of Thessaly, Greece; Vassilis Ganiatsas, National Technical University of

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Athens, Greece; Don Kunze, Penn State University, USA; Efthymios Nicolaidis, International Union of the Historyand Philosophy of Science; International Academy of History of Science, National Hellenic Research Foundation,Greece; Aris Sapounakis, University of Thessaly, Greece; Ioanna Katapidi, University College London, UKChaired by Riva Lava, University of Thessaly, GreeceSince our past has been showcased in order to be preserved we suffer the consequences of a disrupted culturalevolution. Is heritage–-tangible and intangible–-something to encounter or is it something to recover? What mustone keep at bay in order to feel a sense of belonging? How simple is it for 21st century man to experience culturalaffinity with the others without having to lose himself in skin-thin mergers of cultural uniformity? It is the oldquestion of being together and being apart within boundaries which allow originality (of people, art, ways of living)to survive? The session argues that because of today’s heavy migrant flows, communities need new ways to maintain their identity and recognize themselves in others in order to live meaningful lives. Ever expanding concepts ofglobalization call for new skills and tools in order to foster a sense of self and place. How big can the world become?And how is one to be defined in it? The Mediterranean experience offers important clues to the quest for culturalexistence and coexistence today, as it is an example of mutually inclusive cultures sharing the same history andgeography; the region emerged as a local universe, with safe boundaries to the unknown. Within this universe, anetwork of places evolves into a cultural continuum to be ceaselessly revisited by merchants and travelers in theregion. The wanderers of the Mediterranean foster an open form for settlers, supported by a culture of hospitality. Anetwork of cities and ports receives Mediterranean migrants who link places to monuments; monuments turn spacesinto places and establish their universal value. Thus, the Mediterranean experience can offer a good practice for thetreatment of heritage as locator of place within a cultural continuum understood as places to be continuously re- visited.

Saturday, May 7th10:00am8:30am - Auditorium

The Future of HeritagePlenary Session, Chaired by Elizabeth S. Chilton, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; Neil A. Silberman,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA This session will reflect upon some innovative practical and theoretical trends in heritage tourism, internationalpolicy, and heritage theory that may profoundly affect the future of cultural heritage practice in the coming years.

1:00pm10:30am - 101How the Past Matters: Thinking with Us about the Legacy of W.E.B. Du Bois Organized and Chaired by Whitney Battle-Baptiste, University of Massachusetts Amherst; Dolores Root,University of Massachusetts AmherstOne of the most important ways that the past matters is to remind people of the insights and experiences of thoseindividuals who can serve as guides towards a more just future. This is particularly relevant when such visionarieshave challenged the status quo and consequently been subjected to social erasure. Such is the case with W.E.B. DuBois. In the United States there is no national memorial to W.E.B. Du Bois, the foremost African-American scholarand leader. His work spans history, the social sciences, and the arts, always centering on freedom and equality. Hisleadership in the struggle for justice for people of African descent recognized that this could be accomplished only ina better world for all. Du Bois was born in Great Barrington Massachusetts in 1868, and died on the eve of the 1963 Civil Rights March in Washington where the more than 250,000 assembled honored him. Almost fifty years sincehis death, scholars and admirers of Du Bois have come together to create a national memorial in Great Barringtonthat engages local, national and international audiences in the significance of Du Bois’ scholarship; the ways inwhich it illuminates the world we live in today with understandings that reverberate well into the future. There aremany challenges to this endeavor including the socially constructed amnesia concerning the role people of Africandescent have had in shaping world history, as well as that of the local New England history of his hometown; thelength of Du Bois’ career and the prodigious volume and span of his work; his prescient and provocative analyses;and his forceful political leadership questioning the status quo. This session will be a workshop in which scholarsand students of Du Bois’ legacy will introduce interpretive materials being designed to build broad public supportfor the creation of a national memorial. The audience will be encouraged to engage in a facilitated dialogue aboutthe content and choices made in the development of a presentation and mini exhibit on why Du Bois’ historymatters. More broadly, the discussion between project developers and audience will invite thoughtful considerationof the applicability of our strategy for addressing similar endeavors aimed at bringing intentionally forgotten aspectsof the past into engagement with the present.

1:00pm10:30am - 165-69Archaeological Resources and the Shared Heritage of PlaceOrganized and Chaired by Francis P. McManamon, Center for Digital Antiquity, Arizona State University, USAIn all but a few parts of the world the archaeological record is invisible. Most often the remains of past dwellings andother structures, places of activity, ceremony, manufacturing, and sport are covered by new buildings, roads, soil,

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and vegetation. Yet, nearly all individuals, cultures, or groups that inhabit a place leave some material trace ofthemselves and their uses of the place behind them. When discovered, carefully documented, and interpreted, thesematerial traces can be used as links to the past of a place and the peoples who occupied it. Common use of the sameplace by different groups through time can serve to connect individuals of different backgrounds and cultures. Panelists will make brief presentations of projects in which archaeological remains have served to anchorcontemporary facilities in time through the incorporation of ancient or historic period archaeological remains, orrepresentations of them in modern spatial designs. Issues of conservation; the depiction of multiple historical interpretations; the nature of representation; and the involvement of local communities and of modern descendants of ancient and historic groups in projects will be considered.

4:00pm2:30pm - 162-75Silencing as Erasure: Reevaluating Policymaking on Indigenous TermsOrganized and Chaired by Amy Den Ouden, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA; Kathleen A. Brown-Perez,University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAChaired by Kathleen A. Brown-Perez, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA

This session explores why the history of policymaking on/against Indigenous peoples and Indigenous rights both inthe American northeast and internationally matters when considering the contemporary identity or legitimacy ofthese groups. Both historic and contemporary policymaking attempts to exclude Indigenous peoples by allowingmainstream culture to define what issues require legislative and political intervention and what don’t. This hasresulted in unworkable categories and artificial legal constructions into which Indigenous claims have to betranslated in order for them to be recognized and for them to be counted as legitimate. Rather than creating anopportunity for peaceful coexistence, these policy and legislative strictures maintain colonial objectives whichattempted to erase not only the needs of entire groups of people, but also work against their continued existence.The history of these erasure attempts via policy and legislation is crucial to strategizing around dilemmas ofcoexistence in a globalized world. Awareness of these histories will serve to remove the self-imposed legitimacy ofcontinuing governmental attempts to steal land, limit sovereignty, and impose the colonizer’s culture and values onIndigenous peoples. The papers in this session will explore the ways in which specific governmental policymakingserves to silence the “less valuable” histories of Indigenous people in an attempt to legitimize certain logics andrationalities of governmental intervention.

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Why Does the Past Matter?Presentation & Poster AbstractsAlphabetical by surname

Berenice Aguilar, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoLearning from the Past

As we pose the question, Why Does the Past Matter?, we will probably tend to reflect upon the meaning of culturesfor us today. The world has been outlined according to differentiated cultures that define the diverse and vastterritories comprising our planet; their old settlements and communities. As ocean life is characterized bygeological features, geographical and seasonal temperatures, depth, light, land bottom, currents, latitude, and theirflora and fauna correspond with such factors creating rich varieties of landscapes and living environments--theland where human settlements have established throughout time, is as well, constituted by a wide variety of naturalenvironments depending upon latitude, altitude, geographical and geological elements and other factors thatdetermine climates which contribute substantially to define ways of living and solutions that offer adequate spacesfor human life. The conformation of communities, a principle upon which life is organized in systems allowingpeople to obtain benefits while contributing with their group, have created cultures, which can be understood as theway we interpret our natural environment, comprising ways of living, behaving, ancient beliefs, rituals, religious ceremonies, symbolic representations, dances, chants, ways of thinking, culinary traditions, ways of gathering, of dressing, productive and economic activities, craftsmanship and building traditions. Regionalist theories, animportant starting point nowadays, is a basis for cultural analysis and for architectonic design sensitive to culturaland natural environments. Along generations, communities have established strong links with their region, whatwe call identity; the sense of belonging to a particular place. Among well featured current regional cultures, thispaper will focus on Mediterranean, Japanese, Maghreb and Mexican Volcanic, in an attempt to emphasize culturalcontrasts. Furthermore, Critical Regional Architecture--based upon interpreting traditional building methodsthrough modern materials to fit nowadays necessities--will be part of illustrating our paper about the way the pastconstitutes a fundamental part of conceiving and conforming the present.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 163C

Aysegül Altınörs Çırak, Izmir Dokuz Eylül University, Turkey Role and Responsibilities of Urban Planning in Protecting and Sustaining Archaeological Heritage: ACase of Izmir -Turkey

Archeology and planning are two individual fields of study within the scope of today's prevailing scientificparadigms. Designing the future and planning and redesigning the past to some extent, archeology mostly comeacross, also by “today.” Once these two disciplines come across at the same time and on the same plane, negativeimpacts of fragmentation prevailing in the social science field is directly confronted today. It is necessary to ensurethe sustainability and preservation of archaeological and historical values by planning processes in order to overcome the negative effects of this fragmentation on the archaeological and historical heritage. This study aimsat discussing the role of city planning in preserving and sustaining archaeological values. Especially within amodern-capitalist urban understanding and a context in which urban land is exceptionally valuable, it is a ratherdifficult process to preserve archaeological heritage for the public interest. While planning activities are oftenshaped by economic motives, public and social aspects of planning could be neglected. In this respect, this studyfirst takes a look at the assumptions underlying the approach of modern city planning to archaeological values, tohistory and the theoretical foundations. This investigation is followed by the processual examination of therelationship between archaeology and planning in Turkey, which is rather rich in archaeological assets. Followingthe discussion on the general situation in Turkey, the focus of investigation will be the role of large and small scaleplanning activities in preserving the archaeological sites in Izmir, one of the major historical settlements with an8000-year-old history in Turkey, and its third largest city. Moreover, the approach to archaeology and the relateddiscourses of the actors responsible for planning and shaping urban development will be analyzed within aframework outlined by the concept of public interest, social archaeology approach and economic aspects/expectations of preservation.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 168C

Jane E. Anderson, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAThe Making of an Indigenous Category in IP Law

Intellectual property academics and other scholars are now almost self-congratulatory in their attention toindigenous matters as a ‘special’ kind of concern that the law must now address. This is despite a disinclination to

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 162-75

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consider the history of intellectual property law and its function as an instrument fashioned through a particularkind of colonial politics that facilitated the exclusion of indigenous interests from broader policy developments inthis field to start with. Understanding the history of this body of law, especially in regards to the very evolution ofan idea of intangible property, reframes the current debates and enables a broader appreciation of the paradox ofindigenous (historic) exclusion/(contemporary) inclusion. This paper will consider the moment when Indigenousissues become a specific subject for IP law to engage and what both informs this moment of recognition, and whatis excluded from view. As law itself has been critically involved in managing to what extent indigenous knowledgeand cultural heritage issues can even be recognized and therefore protected, the construction of indigenousknowledge within law affects how the problem of Indigenous rights in intellectual property law is configured andunderstood, and what kinds of possibilities for protecting knowledge can be imagined.

Corina L. Apostol, Rutgers University, USAThe House of the People in Bucharest and Global Heritage

Two decades after the 1989 revolutions that ended the autocratic regimes in Eastern Europe, repressed traumaticsymptoms have become manifest in visual culture and public discourse. This moment coincides with the expansionof the European Union to the East, and the necessity of former Soviet satellites to adapt to Western values. I willexamine the negotiation of communist legacy in the language of Romanian architecture, through the buildingproject that has come to symbolize the country in its capital city: the House of the People (now The Palace ofParliament) and the Boulevard of Socialist Victory (now The Boulevard of Unity) in Bucharest. At its inception inthe early 1980s, the project sought to establish a new social order of subservience to the communist system. By1989 it was a representation of the nation’s suffering and a trenchant site of negative heritage. Then, a period oftransition ensued in which the symbols of the past were renounced as new leaders sought to legitimize a democraticorder. The House of the People became the seat of the Romanian Parliament in 1997 and in 2004 it incorporated aMuseum of Contemporary Art. I will show how the ideologies of communist dictatorship continued to influencethis transition into a symbol of consumerism and signifier of Europeanism. I suggest a solution to the binary between the abuses of communism and the hedonistic appeal of capitalism--by incorporating the House of thePeople into a frame for General Culture, open for examination, re-evaluation, a site for cultural memory. Using theHouse of the People as an irreducible paradox to disrupt affirmative notions of cultural heritage and universality, Iwill imagine what a cultural examination of historicized trauma may resolve in social consciousness in Romania,enabling processes of remembrance, reconstruction and healing.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Teguh Utomo Atmoko, University of Indonesia, IndonesiaContribution of Kota Tua Heritage Site to the City of Jakarta

This paper investigates the economic nature of social impacts of built environmental heritage in the city of Jakarta,Indonesia. It is widely understood that Jakarta, like some other Asian cities, is the place to make money, but islacking the quality of urban life including sophistication, civilization, and relaxation, as its venues are placeless.Historic and heritage buildings and sites have the potential to improve the city’s reputation, mentioned above, especially if the heritage buildings and sites are not treated only as museum artifacts but used and operated just likeany other built environment. In Kota Tua, oldest part of the city and the most important heritage site in the city.Attempts to develop the city as heritage site and destination places in the city has been going on and off and onagain since early 1980s. At the moment, its viable resources for local economic development are a mix of positiveand negative. It is because the benefits of heritage tourism are not equitable—or even thoroughly understood bysome of the stakeholders, while tourism is not the only index of economic benefit to be derived from heritageinitiatives as in the case of Kota Tua. By investigating and describing the development that is taking place in KotaTua, the positive contribution of this heritage site to the city of Jakarta, economically can be improved, and the badreputation of the city erased.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 168C

Karel A Bakker, University of Pretoria, South AfricaHeritage as Transmission: Towards Achieving a More Dominant Narrative of Inclusion

This paper explores how exclusionary practices resulting from mainstream heritage preservation approaches,policies and practice, can be countered through a review of the approach to the constructing meaning and itspresentation. It will be argued that heritage meaning is socially constructed, complex and multi-faceted and that,in the process of revealing, decoding and construing meaning, an ecosystemic approach can lead to the revealing ofthe ecology within which a vessel of meaning resides, together with the multiplicity of meanings inherent to the structural relationships within the ecology. Within the above construct, vessels of meaning are given a function asmnemonic agents that are preserved to retain their potency for a continuously evolving process of re-discovery,decoding and adding layers to existing constructed meaning. A practice of inclusion is proposed as a subversivestrategy to oppose the use of heritage to create divisions and conflict through opening avenues of understanding amultiplicity of meaning. There will be an attempt at describing how current laws and policies of heritagepreservation, interpretation and presentation of vessels of value can be reviewed to be geared towards achieving

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 168C

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heritage topographies that are open-ended transmitters of meaning, knowledge, emotion and experience for thebenefit of a multiplex society, with inclusiveness as the dominant narrative. The proposed heritage preservationprocess will include for open-ended mapping, exposure and multi-vocal telling of what Dolff-Bonekämper definesas “memorable moments,” in order to reveal traces of events as a topography of memory, that can be rediscoveredin many ways over time, and from a multiplicity of cultural and sub-cultural perspectives.

Brenda Barrett, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, USAPennsylvania Wilds: Development of a Conservation Landscape

Landscapes are the new unit of measurement for historic preservation and natural resource conservation. Almostevery month new collaborative regional efforts are being announced to advance regional heritage development and conserve whole environments. There are important reasons to work at this scale. The environmental and landconservation fields pioneered ecosystem thinking, which has become more and more significant with growingconcerns about bio-diversity and climate change. In the world of cultural and historic preservation theinterconnectedness of community and economic systems means that saving one landmark or historic Main Streetat a time does not have much impact on a regions vitality, character, or sense of place. This paper reviews some theelements that make up a this new idea of landscape and looks at how this new paradigm is being used to engage onesize bigger thinking to shape a larger vision. It also examines the role of government in this new field. To look athow these issues play out on the ground, a case study is provided on an ambitious rural development initiative, thePennsylvania Wilds, and the outcome of that initiative is examined as way of looking at the opportunities andchallenges of this kind of work. Central to all of these broad sweeping ideas is that conservation and historicpreservation will be advanced and communities will prosper economically and socially if government agencies,non-profits and residents develop a holistic regional strategy that meets the needs for income generation andquality of community life.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Diane Barthel-Bouchier, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USAWhen Does the Past Matter?

For a sociologist, the question is not "Why does the past matter?" but "When does the past matter?" What are thesocial psychological forces that lead some people in some situations to value heritage conservation while others inthe same or different situations respond in negative ways. The discussion in this paper takes a Weberian approach(Weber 1925) in analyzing the human motivations leading to social action. Thus I consider first the role oftradition: not just the traditions that support the conservation of tangible and intangible heritage, but also the"tradition of the new" characteristic of modern society that has encouraged devaluation of much of the past. Weberalso recognized the importance of emotion in human agency. We have seen much evidence of the role of ethnic hatred in monument destruction, but it is also important to recognize how various forms and degrees of love andaffection inspire heritage conservation. Finally, Weber distinguished two different forms of rational motivation,one based on values and the other on practical ends. The current emphasis in heritage conservation on the positivevalue of heritage and its potential contribution to profitable economic outcomes reflects the field's participation inwhat Weber saw as the increased rationalization of society. Nonetheless, this more rational approach should notlead members of the Global Heritage Community (Barthel-Bouchier and Hui 2007) to ignore the continuing role of emotions in determining the course of heritage conservation nor the need to maintain a passionate enthusiasm forthe cause in the face of continued professionalization and bureaucratization.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 163C

Heidi Bauer-Clapp, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USABody as Memory: The Use of Human Remains in Sites of Dark Tourism or Heritage of Death

In recent decades there has been a steady increase in the commemoration of violence, violent deaths, and aftermathof these occurrences. Memorials, museums, days of remembrance, and countless other heritage or tourismproducts keep the memory of death circulating through a community and beyond. But heritage is by nature acontested field—not everyone remembers in the same way, and heritage often involves tangible and intangiblecultural values that can be difficult to recognize and communicate in a collective manner. Violence creates multipledimensions of memory—perpetrator and victim, victim and witness, community member and outsider. The strongemotional and cultural contexts attached to violence can further compound this contested nature of heritage.Heritage sites or activities can bring attention to deaths that would otherwise have been ignored, creating a sense ofsocial memory where one did not previously exist, or reinforce existing social memory of violence and serve as apowerful unifying (and possibly healing) force among those affected. More problematically, heritage can presentconflicting views on violence or ignore some voices altogether, serving to further alienate groups or individuals from each other and perhaps even continue the cycle of violence. This paper will explore the ways in which violentdeaths are presented at sites of Dark Tourism and compare the goals and motivations of tourism with those ofheritage. Of particular interest will be issues associated with the use of human remains in these sites.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 101

Jonathan S. Bell, UCLA, USA

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Heritage Preservation and Spatial Justice: The Implications of Historic Site Protection on LocalStakeholder Communities

Cultural heritage preservation unavoidably represents a socio-political intervention that not only impacts the sitesit protects, but has significant implications for the many stakeholders, past and present, who assign value to thesesites. Efforts to record intangible values assigned to physical place are an integral part of professional heritagepractice and necessarily require several iterations of assessment and stakeholder involvement. Nonetheless, therequirements of preservation practice and its funding often result in a form of social injustice, with preference forsite use and access given to non-local stakeholders (visitors, researchers, businesses) rather than local communitieswith ancestral ties and ongoing traditions of use. Relying on a theoretical framework informed by theorists such asJohn Ruskin, David Lowenthal, Henri Lefebvre, Dolores Hayden, and Edward Soja, this paper considers theimplications for social and spatial injustice of heritage practice and policy. Although recent literature exists on theconsideration of stakeholder values and conflicts arising from tourism and related development, there is littleacademic or professional discussion of social justice implications of the designation and regulation of heritage sites.Implicit in the act of designation and heritage management practice is the limitation of community stakeholderaccess to and use of sites previously regulated only minimally. Heritage regulation and efforts to protect historiccultural sites often displace and marginalize significant local stakeholder communities. The town of Qurna inLuxor, Egypt, is used as a case study to illustrate the history of a conflict between traditional communityexploitation and modern government protection of pharaonic tombs in the Valley of the Nobles. Highlighted in thepaper is the importance of integrated stakeholder involvement in heritage management practice and changes, as well as a consideration of Hassan Fathy’s failed social and architectural experiment of New Gurna, itself now thefocus of conservation efforts.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 163C

Janet Blake, University of Shahid Beheshti, IranWhy Protect the Past? A Human Rights Approach to Cultural Heritage Protection

Respect for a person’s cultural heritage is an essential element in respect for their human dignity, a fundamentalhuman rights principle. Recent discourse concerning the preservation of cultural diversity and safeguarding theintangible cultural heritage has introduced human rights issues more directly into the question of cultural heritageprotection than ever before. For example, the preservation of cultural diversity is now recognized as a right of allhumankind while safeguarding intangible cultural heritage now places a duty on States to ensure its viability. Thislatter duty, in turn, implies the recognition of a wide range of social and cultural rights of the communitiesconcerned in its creation, enactment, maintenance and transmission. My primary aim in this paper is to draw outthe explicit linkages between international protection of the cultural heritage and human rights law as an answer tothe central question--Why protect the past? To do this, I will first address certain important theoretical considerations that provide a conceptual framework for this discussion: How do we define the ‘culture’ of culturalrights?; Can the protection of cultural rights involve a collective dimension?; The role of cultural heritage inconstructing national and community identity and the complexities of this question; The special cases ofindigenous heritage and diasporae; The human rights values inherent in cultural diversity. After this, I will identifythe human rights specifically relevant to the protection of cultural heritage (both tangible and intangible) whichare, in the main, those cultural rights. I will then analyze some of the main approaches found in internationalcultural heritage protection treaties instruments and examine how these reflect the human rights aspect of culturalheritage protection and what implications this has for States and the international community.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 165-69

Catherine Boland, Rutgers University, USAFinal Departure?: Adaptive Use of American Railroad Stations

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the railway system was at the center of transportation andurbanization in the United States, serving as one of the primary factors in the economic growth and geographicalexpansion of the nation. However, by the mid-twentieth century the railroads had begun to see a decline in use andthe once prosperous railroad companies succumbed to major budget deficits and loss in profits. Railway stations,as the architectural manifestation of this railroad age, fell into disrepair and neglect. The demolition of New YorkCity’s Pennsylvania Station, while the most infamous case, was but one of the many urban stations that weredemolished. The fervent preservation efforts initiated in the 1960s and 1970s have since subsided. However, theserailroad stations are significant to the architectural, cultural and economic history of the United States. Throughadaptive use these structures can be functional in contemporary society and preserved for future generations. Todetermine the feasibility of adaptive use, I examine the economic, political and social changes that have occurredsince the 1970s that affect adaptive use of railroad stations in the United States. The fundamental questionaddressed is how to incorporate our nation’s cultural heritage into an ever-changing urban society? In consideringthe successes and failures of past adaptive use projects across the nation, this paper proposes suggestions forcurrent and future action that will integrate these buildings into the contemporary urban fabric. While this project

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focuses on railroad stations, it is applicable to the ways in which architecture functions as a product of culturalheritage.

Andrea Bolaños Vargas, Consejería en ProyectosInitiatives for Memory Recovery in Guatemala: An Approach to Post Conflict Period

The concept of ‘memory’ acquires particular importance in the analysis of the effects left by a conflictive historicalprocesses. Memory, therefore, could be understood as the expressions of the different forms in which thisconflictive situations are interpreted, particularly during the armed conflict in Guatemala from 1960 to 1996.Several social actors work toward memory recovery, its acknowledgment and legitimacy, including victims andhuman rights organizations. In Guatemala, these actors have led several initiatives to recover local historicalmemory, some of which were a follow-up to the reports of the Historical Memory Recovery Project (REMHI inSpanish), Guatemala, Nunca Más (1998), and of the Commission of Historical Elucidation (CEH, in spanish),Guatemala, Memoria del Silencio (1999). Nevertheless, communities have developed a leading role in rebuildingtheir collective memory, for example through process related to truth policies, justice and reparation.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 168C

Jennifer Bombasaro-Brady, Harvard University; Johns Hopkins University, USAHistorical Sites as Vehicles and Venues for Contemporary Healing: Genocide and the Case of WatSamroung Knong, Battambang, Cambodia

This poster presents a case study on how inclusive heritage policies uplifted the community of Ek Phnom, a villageoutside of Battambang, Cambodia. Ek Phnom is home to a UNESCO-recognized Angkorean era wat complex and one of the country's last remaining nineteenth century wooden pagodas. However, it is also a mass gravesite whereover 10,000 people were tortured and executed by Cambodia's genocidal Khmer Rouge Regime between 1975-79.Until recently, painful memories associated with the site defined the community’s relationship to the property; thetemples were allowed to decay, ruins crumbled, and the graves were overgrown. Despite its central location in thevillage and proximity to the school, the site was ignored. Only the joint United Nations/Cambodian tribunalcharged with trying those most responsible for the genocide were interested in investigating the site. In early 2010,Phnom-Penh based non-profit, the Center for Justice and Reconciliation (CJR), engaged the Ek Phnom community, public school, local Buddhist temple, and provincial government in transforming the site into a venuefor public dialogue, reconciliation, and rehabilitation. CJR collaborated with these stakeholders to hold publicforums at the site on its history and future. They also created a guidebook about the site and organized workshopsabout post-traumatic stress disorder, how to register as civil parties in the tribunal, and how to preserve and benefitfrom the area's cultural heritage. In the summer of 2010, Ek Phnom finished building a community learning center at Wat Samroung Knong. Volunteers now use the center as a venue for teaching and for selling guidebooks aboutthe site to visitors. The preservation of this heritage landmark and its ongoing stewardship by the communityresulted in a Ek Phnom's strengthening intellectually, culturally, economically and psychologically.

Thursday 9:30am, - 11:00am, First Floor Lobby

Elizabeth Brabec, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAHome Landscapes of Belize: Maya, Creole and Garifuna

Understanding culture and its attitudes and values towards space, place and nature is a critical aspect ofdetermining appropriate approaches to planning actions such as gaining support for protected areas, designing newdevelopments, and integrating tourism facilities in existing communities. But understanding the relationshipbetween cultural attitudes and culturally defined space can be difficult, falling prey to the observer’s own culturalnorms and biases. This project uses a method based on individual interviews and expert observation of physicaltraces in home grounds to develop an understanding of cultural attitudes and values towards land, nature andplace. This case study of three cultural groups in Belize--Garifuna, Maya, and Creole - compares and contrasts thepersonal landscapes of three villages--Hopkins, San Jose and Crooked Tree. About the size of Massachusetts, Belizeis home to a diverse population of ethnic groups with widely different cultures and visibly different developmentpatterns. The Garifuna, descendants of African slaves shipwrecked on St. Vincent, inhabit villages on the coast incentral Belize. The Mayan villages are predominantly two linguistic types, Mopan or Kechi and inhabit thehighlands of southern and southwestern Belize. Many moved to these areas during periods of civil unrest inGuatemala during the 20th century. The third cultural group, the Creole, located predominantly in the northernand coastal areas of Belize, are descendants of African slaves brought to Belize to work on plantations, and includeEuropean cultural heritage from plantation owner-slave parentage. Data collected through participant interviews and expert observation illustrates two critical findings: first, how widely different the living spaces and personallandscapes of three cultures can be, even when located in villages located in close proximity, and secondly, howclues in the personal, home landscapes of community members identify attitudes and values with respect to nature,land and protected areas.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 163C

Wayde Brown, University of Georgia, USAAfricville Baptist Church and the (Re)Construction of Community

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Heritage conservation in the nineteenth century was a public debate about the relative values of “original fabric”(Ruskin) and “original intent” (Viollet-le-Duc). By the mid-twentieth century, the primary value of fabric wasgenerally accepted, although the value of original intent, often acknowledged through the use of “historic reconstructions,” remained as a marginalized aspect of preservation practice. This paper suggests that intent valuemay (re)emerge in the twenty-first century as a more relevant aspect of heritage conservation, within the largercontext of community and collective identity. This paper considers a historic reconstruction currently underway inHalifax, Nova Scotia (Canada)--the Africville Baptist Church. Africville was an early-nineteenth century African-Nova Scotian community, which evolved as a relatively isolated and distinct community. The Africville BaptistChurch, established in 1849, was both the social and religious centre of the community, and a tangiblerepresentation of community identity. In the 1960s, the physical community of Africville was erased under theguise of urban renewal; several buildings were literally bulldozed into the ocean, and the Africville Baptist churchwas torn down in 1967. Residents were re-located to public housing projects throughout Halifax, however, thesubsequent generation of this localized “diaspora” coalesced as the “Africville Genealogical Society,” and pressedfor reparations, including the “reconstruction” of the Africville Baptist Church. Claims were settled in 2010, andplans for the reconstructed church have been prepared. The focus of this paper is the role played by this building inmaintaining/re-establishing community identity. It concludes that the “intent value” of the heritage resource is acrucial aspect of the “collective memory,” even in the absence of remaining historic fabric; and that this rolesuggests an emerging relevance of “heritage” in the twenty-first century, especially as “nationalism” comes underincreasing challenge as the primary reference for collective identity.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 165-69

Kathleen A. Brown-Perez, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA“A Strange Blast from Heaven Consuming Them:” Governmental Policies and Tribal Survival inTwenty-first Century America

Anti-indigenous Colonial policies witnessed by Samson Occom, Joseph Johnson, and David Fowler in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Long Island contributed to the formation of the Brothertown Indian Nation in the 1760s. In1785, the tribe formally came together on Oneida land in upstate New York. The tribe had a turbulent existencethere until 1830, finally moving west to Wisconsin amid pressures from white settlers who continually demandedmore land. In Wisconsin, the Brothertown Nation gave up its reservation, asking Congress for allotments andcitizenship in response to fears instilled by the Indian Removal Act and the Black Hawk War, which was as close as100 miles away. The tribe was continually choosing its actions in an attempt to avoid direct violence and survive thestructural violence of federal Indian policies. Then, in 2009, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued a preliminarydetermination that the tribe’s “civilized” actions, including the request for citizenship, contributed to it beingunworthy of federal acknowledgment. Having survived numerous anti-indigenous federal Indian policies, the tribecontinues in that system as it prepares to ask Congress for an act of recognition. Since it first moved to OneidaCountry over two centuries ago, the Brothertown Indian Nation has survived encroachment, allotment, and theadministrative federal acknowledgment process. This raises many issues, including whether or not theBrothertown, or any tribe, should continue to define itself within the structurally violent, unilateral, federal systemof domestic dependency. Federal acknowledgment begs the issue of the degree to which tribes are sovereign.Federal acknowledgment is not sovereignty, so why has it become the gold standard for tribal identity in twenty-first century America?

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 162-75

Kathleen Brown-Perez, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA“Her Dress Was Mostly Indian:” The Women in Samson Occom's Life

Ayhko`su wuci sqa`k--the work of women. In the Brothertown Indian Nation, "women's work" has never beenbound by western social constructions. Throughout the tribe's history, Brothertown women have had a voice.Today, they continue to be prominent in the workings of the tribe. We are tribal leaders, council members,peacemakers, doctors, and lawyers. This paper explores the contributions of Brothertown women to the tribe'slongevity and ultimately helps elucidate why we are here. Samson Occom's mother, wife, daughters, and sisterswere influential figures in his life. And his granddaughters continue to contribute to the survival of the tribe heformed in response to oppressive colonial influences. Occom acted within the confines of what was permitted incolonial society while maintaining his traditional customs outside their purview. Mary, his wife, didn't feel the samepressures to fit into his hybrid society. She was keenly aware of the juxtaposition of being a woman and an Indianin colonial America. When Occom spoke to her in English, she responded in Mohegan although she knew Englishwell. This was one of the ways she expressed resistance and maintained control. She understood the inequality of awestern hegemonic linguistic system imposed on an indigenous population. Alternatively, Sarah, Occom's motherrecognized the value in negotiating both worlds and supported his desire for western education. for too long, theinfluence of women in Brothertown culture has been suppressed by historians. the feminist history of the tribe isnot a separate history; it is an essential element to Brothertown history. It is the historian that silences the femaleindigenous voices and erases their contributions. This is demonstrated by the neo-colonialist perspective, whichobscures and diminishes the roles of Brothertown women. This forces a paternalistic, revisionist history on the

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tribe and alters the historical framework in which the Brothertown exist.

Paul Burtenshaw, University College London; Tim Schadla-Hall, University College London, UK Breaking the Barrier: Towards the Creation of an Holistic Approach to the Economic Value of Archaeology?

The economic value of archaeology is generally thought of in opposition to its cultural value. However this divide isunhelpful to the successful management of, and justification for, the conservation of archaeology. More importantlyit leads to a false barrier that is rarely surmounted. The economic values of the past can be persuasive for manystakeholders, however many of these values are not currently expressed or calculated. A consistent weakness is thelack of clarity in terms of agreed approaches and terminology, which is further complicated by a lack of consistentdata. The need for archaeologists to take more initiative in offering wider justification and illustration of thecomplexity of economic valuation of archaeology is clear, because archaeology needs better conceptual andpractical frameworks to manage and present this aspect. This paper, focusing on the UK, attempts to offer a widerand holistic view by offering a clear set of guidelines that will concentrate on the interconnections of capital/value.It will also propose the need for sound uniform data collection, both as a management tool and for providing betteradvocacy of how economic value provides value for stakeholders and decision makers.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 168C

Olga Cabrera, João de Deus; Alex Ratts, Universidade Federal de Goiás, BrazilMigration, Urban Growth, Place and Gender Issues: Caldas Novas Case Study, Brazil

With a wide discrepancy between economically thriving and economically disadvantaged states, Brazil faces theissues of migration to urban centers of many second and third world countries. In Brazil, demands for urbanplanning often take place after disorderly urban growth impacts negatively on the environment. Taking thisbackground into account, this paper deals with in-migration, urban expansion and placemaking in the poormigrant suburbs of central Brazil. The city of Caldas Novas serves as a particularly significant case study. CaldasNovas is famous for its thermal waters, and has an extensive group of tourist hotels and tourism facilities. In thehigh season the city receives as many as 100,000 tourists and at carnival as many as 300,000 people, providing a base for many jobs. Waves of poor migrants from Maranhao State, located in the northeastern portion of Brazil,are resetting to the region looking for employment and better quality of life. Since the 90s, the Jequetimar suburbhas been the latest migrant suburb to be settled by the unlawful occupation of plots. The suburb is advancing intotwo environmental reserve areas: the bush near the Serra de Caldas and the Corumbá Lake. As a result, it has driedup the streams and has changed the landscape. The suburb has neither running water nor a sewerage system; thereis no rubbish collection system, although a few places are served by a truck that delivers potable water twice a week.In this environment, families are looking for economic stability in a foreign environment. They have left a differentsocial, cultural and natural-ecological environment in the north to move to an alien city and environment. This paper will focus on the physical forms the migrants choose to establish their new communities, the social structuresthat they develop, and their attitudes to their new environment. The applied methodology takes primaryconsideration of the women and children since they carry water to their houses and take care of the rubbish alongwith the other day-to day aspects of living. With indepth site analysis of tangible physical forms, we apply a generalquestionnaire, which has allowed a better comprehension about the form of the suburb, followed by semi-structured and in-depth interviews to identify structure and meaning assigned to place.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 163C

Aline Carvalho, University of Campinas, BrazilIdentities, Diversity, and Work with Communities in the Brazilian Southeast

The present work’s goal is to analyze how issues related to identities and diversity are crucial elements in thecreation of dialogues between archeologists and communities. We defend the possibility of establishing democraticdialogues and cooperative actions among the different social agents in defense of material and immaterial heritage.In this context, the discussions regarding the concepts of identity and diversity are followed by analysis of a casestudy of the Brazilian context: the works of Public Archeology done from the memories of humanist Paulo Duarte(1899–1984). Paulo Duarte was responsible for the creation of the first Pre-History Institute in the country, theIPH. Over the near 40 years of its existence, IPH dedicated its works to the defense of indigenous groups under thebelief that they too should have their memories and heritage included in the realm of National memory. Not onlywas he the conceiver and an active militant of IPH’s ideals, Duarte was also responsible for the approval of theBrazilian archeological heritage protection law in the 1960s (a law that is valid until today). Undeniably importantto the history of Brazilian archeological science, Paulo Duarte’s memories and archives constitute a basis for theelaboration of Public Archeology works with students from public schools in the city of Campinas (state of São Paulo). Containing over 60 thousand documents, the Paulo Duarte archive works as a space for the discussion of concepts such as Archeology, Memory, Heritage, and Identities among low-income teenagers. The topic of diversityis a guideline for the discussions. We conclude, therefore, that the practice of discussions about identities anddiversity, through an archeological angle, can make the creation of new realities in young Brazilians’ everyday livespossible.

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Jane Clark Chermayeff, Consultant, USAInterpretation as a Social Act

Historic preservationists often talk about stones—that is, about structures and their environmental conditions. Butthe narratives that monuments convey are as significant to the experience of a place as the stones themselves. Thisis especially true at the historic city of Angkor—a place composed, quite literally, of stories carved in sandstone.This paper presents an alternative to the traditional monument-centric approach to conservation, with emphasisplaced instead on people for successful conservation planning and interpretation. Extensive conservation effortshave revitalized Angkor’s structures and attracted an influx of tourists. Jane Clark Chermayeff & Associates havebeen working as special consultants for interpretation in Angkor for seven years—first with the World MonumentsFund and presently for Discovery/Antenna Audio. In shaping an approach to sustainable tourism at Angkor,JCC&A relies on the power of scholars to shape site history, tourists to alter or maintain sites, communitycollaboration to sustain sites, and stakeholders, including conservators and local government, to foster anenvironment where sites are valued by all. A people-centered approach highlights the stories and layers of meaningrevealed throughout the site, how residents and visitors connect with these stories, and considers plans for asustainable economic future. As we work on this multi-dimensional model, it becomes clear that we are redefininginterpretation as a social act. For the paper, five strategic elements will be presented and evaluated, including: thedevelopment of the first director-level Interpretive Advisory Committee within APSARA, Angkor’s governingauthority; the first multi-disciplinary conference dedicated to management, interpretation and communityparticipation at the 10th-century temple Phnom Bakheng; the creation of a healing garden in a cultural landscape;a locally initiated visitor center at the 12th-century temple Preah Khan; and innovations in tour guide trainingusing social networking and media technologies.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, Auditorium

Bruce Chilton, Bard College, USAThe Ossuary of Caiaphas and Jesus’ Place of Burial

In 1990, a bulldozer took the top off a cave 1.5 miles south of Mt. Zion, uncovering a mausoleum. An adult, even ashort adult, could not have stood erect in the cave, but a pit had been dug near its entrance to allow mourners tostand while tending to their dead and praying. Corpses were laid out on a shelf, and after the flesh haddecomposed, the bones were gathered and stored. Bone-storage for the anonymous poor was in a pit dug in thecave’s floor, while the bones of wealthier, prominent people were kept in small limestone ossuaries which wereplaced in the shafts that ran outward from the central cave like spokes. One such ossuary had the name “Caiaphas”carved roughly into its side and back. A coin discovered in the cave is dated 42/43 CE (during the reign of HerodAgrippa I). If the ossuary were for Caiaphas the high priest, he would have been about 60 when he died (c. 46): and,inside the ossuary marked with Caiaphas’ name, the bones of a man aged around 60 years old were indeed found,along with the bones of an adult female, two infants, a small child and a young adult. In addition to its intrinsichistorical importance, the ossuary of Caiaphas also reinforces doubts frequently expressed in regard to the Churchof the Holy Sepulchre as Jesus’ burial site. If he was placed in the tomb of a member of the Sanhedrin after thecrucifixion, the location would be near to Caiaphas’ tomb, since he presided over that body. What are theresponsibilities and possibilities for honoring the site provisionally, while its significance is investigated? Are thepractices of the Israel Antiquities Authority best suited to the present intellectual and cultural situation?

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Katherine Cook, McMaster University, CanadaFrom Bones to Stones: Materiality, Personhood and the Preservation of Historic Cemeteries

This paper will present the results of ethnoarchaeological studies of historic Canadian cemeteries (namely Ross BayCemetery in B.C. and Hamilton Cemetery in Ontario) to outline the processes by which cultural meaning andmemory is detached from the physical bodies of the deceased and is in turn connected to the material culture ofcommemoration. This observable transference of identity and personhood to the headstones will impact thehistorical trajectory of the cemetery as living communities and individuals engage with them in different ways overtime. Using archival research, ethnographic interviews, material analysis and digital reconstructions, this paper willexplore not only contemporary attitudes towards historic cemeteries, but also the ways in which these attitudeshave changed and the impact of these transformations on physical landscapes. The social relationships that developbetween people and monuments create relational agencies that have significant implications for the preservation ofhistoric cemeteries today, influencing not only which headstones or cemeteries are maintained and interacted with,but also which are forgotten or destroyed, in whole or in part.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 101

Linda Coombs, Aquinnah Cultural Center, USACommemorating 2020: Hindsight or Foresight?

No Abstract Available

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 162-75

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Allison Cuneo, Boston University, USAThe Silk Road Unravelled: The Politics of World Heritage

For over 1400 years the Silk Road was a main artery of economic exchange that merged the cultural worlds of theEast and West. Today its legacy is embodied in the sites and monuments that still stand throughout Eurasia andare a source of pride among the inhabitants in this region. Because of its central role in shaping the people andland of this region, UNESCO seeks to preserve and protect not only the sites and monuments that were a product ofthe Silk Road, but also the landscape itself as a cultural route. At face value the Silk Road is an ideal culturalheritage landscape for inscription to the World Heritage List. However, a number of challenges impede the nomination process and put the future of these heritage sites into question. The most pressing hurdle are underlying political and economic motivations of China and Central Asia. For Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan,Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, the hope is to redefine ethnic identities and gain economic independence through the promotion of cultural tourism. Many ask if Central Asia will be able to overcome internalpolitical conflict and bureaucratic corruption to protect the Silk Road cultural landscape and sustainably develop itfor tourism. In contrast, China perceives the Silk Road landscape as inherently tied to legitimizing nationalisticpolitical ideology and defining ethnic identity. But will China's cultural heritage management policy be used topromote a unified Chinese national identity to the exclusion of ethnic minorities? This paper will explore thechallenges that UNESCO faces in inscribing the Silk Road to the World Heritage List as well as the varying ways inwhich the heritage of the Silk Road is interpreted and subsequently manipulated to further both political andeconomic agendas in Central Asia and China.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 163C

Matteo Dario Paolucci, Hosei University, JapanCultural Heritage in Japan: Which Past? How is it Transmitted?

Cultural identity and cultural heritage in Japan are issues with a unique background due to the particular history and the extremely fast development of the country in the second half of twentieth century. Such context offers thepossibility to study the evolution of cultural heritage, its protection and also the ideologies or historical reasonsbehind its conservation or destruction. The paper focuses on the evolution of cultural properties protection from the Meiji Restoration to the present in order to understand the level of achievement in such a process.Consequently it studies the relation between how cultural heritage is generally perceived or presented and its realconsistency or authenticity. The key point between the two issues is represented by the conservation policy whichcan be either extremely precise and based on scientific approach or far away from it when inspired to mereabstractions and suppositions on the “original” state. The interpretation given to justify this double approach is inthe capacity of abstraction innate in the Japanese culture and whose presence occurs in different sectors: theideograms, the arts as well the landscape architecture. In the conclusion the paper supports the idea that due tosuch innate abstraction capacity the protection of cultural heritage has accomplished much higher results in thesector of intangible properties while on the side of tangible properties the same abstraction capacity conditions thescientific approach and spoils its result bringing to results which are far away from the initial intent of culturalheritage protection.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 163C

Terressa Davis, LCCHPThe Illicit Trade in Cambodian Antiquities: Historical Trends and Their Future Significance

Archaeology is an invaluable source of human history, but to some, it is viewed primarily as a source of capital. Thisattitude has created a commercial demand for artifacts too great to be met by the existing supply. As a result,looters are reducing countless ancient sites to rubble in their search for buried treasures to sell on the internationalmarket. The resulting trafficking of these and other stolen cultural objects touches every corner of the globe. Whilethe true extent of the trade is unknown,and Interpol itself,doubts that there will ever be any accurate statistics,theU.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation ranks it among the world’s most extensive illegal enterprises. Despite its greatimportance and scale, the illicit trade in cultural property currently lacks the study given to industries of a similarmagnitude. Data and analysis is necessary to better understand thus combat the looting of archaeological sites andthe subsequent trafficking of antiquities. In particular, the study of these crimes in the past provides valuablelessons for preventing them in the future. For even if "history never repeats itself," as Voltaire said, "man alwaysdoes." With that warning in mind, this paper identifies historical trends of heritage destruction in the smallSoutheast Asian nation of Cambodia, which recently emerged from decades of civil war, genocide, and foreignoccupation. The patterns described may have broader implications for other post-conflict countries, whoselingering political instability, abject poverty, and rampant crime often threaten heritage more than outright war.But after the close of major hostilities, the international community can better counter such threats, perhaps withlessons learned from Cambodia and similar case studies.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Gregory DeVries, ASLA, ICOMOS; Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP, ICOMOS, Heritage Landscapes LLC, USAIconic Landscapes of Our Nation & States: A Commonwealth to SustainThursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 165-69

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Public parks and parkways shaped our urban green places and corridors in the late 19th and early 20th century.This historic legacy of cultural designed landscape matters to the sustainable future of our cities. Drawing on directprofessional experience, the paper will emphasize parks systems in Pittsburgh PA, Louisville KY, Baltimore, MDand Fort Wayne IN. For the past twelve years, Heritage Landscapes has collaborated with the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and its partners to shape plans and construction, staff and volunteer projects to improve the 1700acres of four Pittsburgh Regional Parks, a public green legacy. The remarkable network of Louisville OlmstedParks and Parkways was designed by the successive Olmsted firms from 1890 to 1938. Heritage Landscapes hascontributed preservation landscape architecture expertise to a dozen master plan and implementation projectssince 1992. Heritage Landscapes worked with Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation and the community onpreservation planning for seven historic parks and a boulevard. These detailed Cultural Landscape Reports werecompleted through a process of historic documentation, field investigation, community meetings, user surveys andalternatives testing. In Baltimore a legacy of regional and neighborhood parks and boulevards was the subject often years of community based plans and projects. Heritage Landscapes guided enhancement of the multiple valuesof this system of public spaces and to augment park and boulevard character. Historic urban parks and parkwaysbalance multiple values recreation, heritage, environmental quality, use, sustainability, fiscal resources, maintainability aspects of historic public parks through landscape architecture and planning skills and experience.This paper explores the integration of the historic park systems in the United States with the needs and imperativesof 21st century society looking at the green, blue and gray systems of vegetation and habitat, water, and movementcorridors in our cities today. Historic parks and parkways matter.

Paolo Del Bianco, President, Romualdo del Bianco FoundationLife Beyond Tourism: Value Based Heritage Tourism as an Instrument for Intercultural Dialogue

International organizations such as UNESCO, ICCROM, the COUNCIL of EUROPE,ICOM,IUCN and ICOMOS havestressed the importance of cultural heritage conservation to enhance the cultural identity of our societies indevelopment. International conventions join governmental forces and doctrinal texts, methodologicalrecommendations produced by ICOM (for movable) and ICOMOS (for immovable cultural heritage)set standardsand guide integrated conservation practice in different parts of the world. The most important problem of heritageconservation is to make heritage experience as widely and as deeply possible, what I would call ”opening up” cultural heritage. Whereas legal protection and sensitization of all interested stakeholders, in particular the localpopulation, are preliminary conditions for conservation practice, integration in planning, its creative continuity andits linkage with other sectors of development such as economy, tourism, cultural and social development andenvironment are part of conservation practice. UNESCO’s World Heritage sites set the examples for good and bestconservation practice. However part of “opening up” cultural heritage is its interpretation and presentation to thelocal population and to their visitors, the heritage tourists. And in this context the first question to be addressed isthe” why” question which boils down to the recognition of heritage as an expression of cultural identity, culturaldiversity, quality environment, all of which we want to enhance. Especially in a world in which the culture ofimages prevails to literature, distances have become unimportant and commercial or other sometimes conflictuousconfrontations with other cultures require knowledge of their specific character prior to successful action,conservation and communication of heritage substance and its specific values remain an important challenge.Heritage tourism, promoted by UNESCO, UNWTO, ICOMOS and ICOM offers an unique opportunity forcommunication of heritage values and mutual understanding and respect between different cultures. Charters,operational recommendations and codes of ethics, stressing the conditions and potential of heritage tourism forintellectual enrichment have been drafted. Focus on understanding of what we have today in common with othercultures, why common values have been implemented in different ways over time in these cultures and what hasbeen the impact of changing values on societies and their environments shapes bridges and can generate respect forother societies past and present, here and elsewhere. Life Beyond Tourism, developed by the Romualdo Del BiancoFoundation, intends to present heritage values as specific expressions of “the spirit of (heritage) places” in thecontext of intercultural dialogue, cultural diversity promotion and ultimately in a political context of peacefulcohabitation, peace and “re-humanization” of the world. It intends after all theoretical frameworks to offer theinternational community a platform for experience exchange of good and best practices of a new culture of valuebased and interdisciplinary heritage tourism in which tourists are received as guests and are offered substantiveheritage information: The 5 petals of the Life beyond Tourism flower--knowledge, encounter, conservation,economy and communication together shape the different aspects of integrated models of good/bestinterdisciplinary practices to implement the 8 points of its Manifesto .

Saturday 8:30am, - 10:00am, Auditorium

Amy Den Ouden, University of Massachusetts Boston, USANew Trajectories for Embattled Histories? The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples andthe Political Significance of “Unrecognized” Pasts

This paper takes up the problem of bringing embattled histories to broader public attention for the purpose ofpromoting education about the rights of indigenous peoples in the U.S. Defining embattled histories as those

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 162-75

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historical experiences and historical narrations that have been obscured or trivialized by externally imposedstandards of credibility, I offer as a crucial example the history of Native land rights in southern New England, aregion in which the popular discourse on Indianness today, which generally denies the validity of Native identities,is linked to a process of historical erasure initiated in the colonial period via policies and practices that served tomask violations of indigenous land rights. I argue that at the current historical moment, as the U.S. remains thelast of the original four “no” votes in the U.N. General Assembly that were cast in 2007 against the adoption of theDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous peoples, it is necessary to consider what new trajectories embattledhistories might take if the main themes of the Declaration were brought to bear on popular understandings of thepast and conceptualizations of rights. Might the Declaration be assessed as a “new” historical text that suggests possibilities for teaching about the contemporary political significance of ignored histories, and ignored rights? Ibuild from a major theme of the Declaration—that grappling with history is a prerequisite for justice, and essentialto the creation of policies and practices that will allow for coexistence among culturally diverse peoples—toilluminate the political relevance of the embattled histories of “unrecognized” Native communities in southern NewEngland.

Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, HungaryOvercoming European Civil Wars: The Patterns of Consolidation in Divided Societies, 1800-2011

Divided, sometimes antagonistic, communities in officially unified nations seem to be the rule in Europe. In somecases, they conjure up the most painful memories of actual civil-war events, such as Jedwabne, Naoussa, Londonderry, or Srebrenica, but usually they constitute the common experience of most Europeans, who have livedthrough different kinds of war (wars of independence, wars for national unification, civil wars, colonial wars,world wars), revolutions, counterrevolutions, coup d’états, dictatorships, totalitarian systems, regime changes,territorial losses, ethnic cleansings, and exchanges of population. Almost every European nation went through theoverwhelming experience of the two World Wars—either as winners or as the defeated, sometimes as perpetrators,and often as victims. Many were defenseless against mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and more lost their homes,surroundings, neighborhoods, security, and peaceful ways of life. Many of these experiences were archetypical.Some were related to the transition from one or another type of dictatorship to democracy, or vice versa. Others tothe twofold process of dissolving empires and creating new nations, medium- or small-sized independent countries,when major portions of populations suddenly found themselves, due to shifting borders, moved from imperialcenters to peripheries or from imperial peripheries to national centers. Many experiences had to do withweathering civil war and reconstruction. And we have the universal European experiences of the transformationfrom traditional to modern society, of the competition and cooperation between nations, and then their ultimateintegration into the European Union.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Iván Zoltán Dénes, University of Debrecen, HungaryCase Study from Hungary

Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Poland that joined the European Union six years ago have recentlybeen showing different signs of disillusionment, the loss of perspective and motivation, future prospects, as well asa lack of trust and self-confidence-based political and social relations. Twenty years after the peaceful regimechange, it is perhaps not accidental that signs of exhaustion have become visible and have appeared almostsimultaneously in these four countries. Fears on both the left and right that their umbrella parties might crumbleare not unjustified. It is probably not unlikely that the Baltic states will show similar symptoms, too. The EU’sgreatest political and economic achievement is undoubtedly the Franco-German reconciliation and partnership. Alas, it is a question how far it has been able to fill European integration with a common identity. I intend toanalyze the different types of the image of the self and of the enemy in the Hungarian political languages of recentyears . To anticipate the conclusion, we can observe a move from constitutional revolution to the symbolic civil/secular/religious war stemming from the forced repetition of negativistic political formulas, which are in turnrooted in the unelaborated traumas surfacing since the peaceful regime change and especially EU integration. Theliberal consolidation of constitutional patriotism did not shift in the direction of republican public good. Instead,there is a turn from constitutional legalism towards forms of national collectivism, including ethnicist discourse,the demand for recompensing national grievances. This is not independent of the fact that Hungarian society hasbeen split, the majority has lost its sense of security, and the parties involved in the constitutional regime changehave exhausted themselves.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 162-75

Nadia Densmore, McMaster University, CanadaRemembering Epidemics: Cemetery Histories and Diseased Identities in the Commemoration of Leprosy in Canada

The focus of my research is the social ramifications of epidemics both during life and death of victims of epidemics.Understanding the way individuals affected by epidemics are treated during their illness, and the disparate burial

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treatment they receive can be used to recognize the creation of a diseased collective identity. This collective will be,during an epidemic, treated in such a way as to disrupt or, in some cases, entirely dissolve their personal andformer community identities. This paper focuses on the commemoration of Canadian lepers at the turn of the 20thCentury in order to understand the constructed diseased collective and social memory of leprosy. The use of space,gravestones, and narratives of the lazarettos and associated cemeteries are examined. I address how the shared‘diseased’ identity of being lepers and the disparate identities of being Chinese-Canadian in the West and Euro-Canadian in the East, shaped their commemoration in death. I argue that the public attitude towards leperscoupled with the racism against Chinese immigrants is the primary factor in the disparate commemoration of theChinese-Canadian and Euro-Canadian experiences of leprosy. In addition to Leprosy my research includes thestudy of outbreaks of Cholera in the 1830’s, the 1918 influenza in Labrador, Toronto and Hamilton, andTuberculosis in Hamilton during the 1903-1905 period. I believe that this study can offer much in the way we viewdisease both privately and socially; the continued creation of a diseased collective is something that has had negative impacts on the lives and deaths of the afflicted individuals of some of these epidemics. Particularly I aminterested in the social ascription of a diseased identity and how this may be actively imposed on the afflicted.

Gabi Dolff-Bonekaemper, Technical University Berlin, GermanyHeritage, Identity and the Past--Three Interdependant Constructions

I once read a clever sentence, authored, I believe, by an American scholar. It said--"I do not worry so much aboutthe future, it is the past that keeps changing all the time." So, if the past matters, it will not be the same past foreverybody, nor will it be the same 10 or 50 years from now, because, as Goethe said, "comrades on an ongoing time, we do have to re-write history time and again." New questions will come up, long known facts may be submitted to new interpretations. The question will allwas be: who gives a report on what, who wants what pastwhen, and how does this wished-for past meet the needs for personal or group's inner and outer stability andidentity. Needs will vary in time and so will the values, attached to material remains, then recognized as culturalheritage. The whole field is moving, and marked by opposing or at least by differing currents and counter-currents,by claims for power and domination. I propose to explore past and present options for group-based and forpersonal choices in heritage and identity constructions in recent european history.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 163C

Brian Donahue, Brandeis University, USANew England’s Pastoral Heritage and the Future of Sustainable Farming

What lessons can we learn from New England’s agricultural heritage? This paper explores the ways in which NewEngland farming was sustainable or environmentally degrading in the past, the response of New England farmersto economic and ecological challenges, and what models we might find for sustainable farming in a future of limitson carbon emissions.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Shannon M Dunn, The Colorado College, The Bruce Museum, USAContextualizing Greek Museums

This poster traces the role of archaeology in the founding of the Modern Greek nation and uses an ethnography ofthe National Archaeological Museum, conducted through interviews, participant-observation, and archivalresearch, to investigate the national reliance on of art and artifact. Colonialism and tourism are also discussed, aswell as the political implications of selective history and archaeology. This poster also provides comparative studiesof the New Acropolis Museum and the Jewish Museum of Rhodes to better discuss the particular roles of museumsin both local and international communities, and to provide foils for the unique situation of the NationalArchaeological Museum.

Friday 9:30am, - 11:00am, Lobby

Julia Fan, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA Until They Are Home: Repatriation and Commemoration of Military War Dead

The overwhelming desire of people to identify and preserve their cultural heritage is a driving force behind the repatriation of human remains and cultural artifacts. The repatriation of military war dead represents a complexweb of interaction involving the public, the military, politics, identity, nationalism, and memory. The treatment ofwar dead reflects general contemporary practices and attitudes towards dying, death, and bereavement, but alsoincorporates traditions and practices unique to the military. In situations of armed combat, where bodies are oftennot recovered, families and the public at large are denied the normal processes of bereavement until the bodies ofthe missing are recovered, identified, and returned. In the United States, the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command (JPAC) is a joint civilian and military unit engaging forensic anthropologists and archaeologists torecover the remains of U.S. servicemen missing from past conflicts. Using examples from the work of JPAC, thispaper examines the ritual behavior and cultural heritage expression of repatriating and commemorating militarywar dead in American culture.

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Elisa Fariselli, University of Birmingham, UKIntangible Boundaries of Heritage: Cultural Distinctiveness Within Regional Uniqueness

Heritage can draw invisible boundaries and evoke a sense of belonging among people sharing traditions, language,folklore and food as well as monuments and landscape from the past. Cultural boundaries may not coincide withpolitical and administrative ones, and may generate sub-areas where the sense of self-identity and cohesion amongpeople are remarked by heritage. Monuments and traditions of the past can enforce the sense of self-identityamong local communities, although not all manifestations of heritage equally contribute to shape this feeling.Though the distinction between tangible and intangible heritage is objectionable, some intangible expressions andmanifestations of heritage better represent the feeling of self-consciousness and identity of a community, like in theItalian cultural region of Romagna. Moreover, in this cultural region, the presence of cultural boundaries isperceived more at local level rather than at national one, in spite of the fact that some manifestations of heritage areunderstood as a national phenomenon. Heritage as an expression of identity lays on two parallel levels: at regionallevel, some manifestations of heritage are perceived by local community as more representative of the localidentity: on the contrary, some examples of heritage, mainly monuments and sites chosen for tourism, areperceived as a national legacy little representative of the local identity. This paper will outline reasons how themany types of heritage have different roles in shaping the sense of self-identity in Romagna, and where the sense ofheritage-inspired identity comes from.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 165-69

David R. Foster, Harvard University, USAGuiding and Motivating New England Conservation with Ecological History

For more than a century researchers at the Harvard Forest have utilized historical, paleoecological andarchaeological studies to interpret the modern condition of New England forests and landscapes, to anticipatefuture conditions, and to guide management and restoration activities. In recent years these efforts have rangedfrom restoration efforts focused on individual species and landscapes of high conservation value to the evaluationof management responses to natural disturbances and from a rethinking of the role of fire in conservationmanagement to alternative approaches for managing grasslands, shrublands and successional forests across theregion. In launching “Wildlands and Woodlands: A Vision for the New England Landscape” these researchers applythese lessons and the motivating power of history to advance the permanent conservation of more than seventypercent of New England in a mixture of actively managed forests, sustainable agriculture and wildland reserves.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Eugenia Maria Azevedo Salomao, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico; Leticia AristaCastillo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Francisco Javier Fuentes Farias, Universidad Michoacana deSan Nicolás de Hidalgo, Mexico Space and Representation of Cultural Heritage in Vernacular Housing at Pátzcuaro Lake Basin andSierra Purépecha

In this paper we propose that tangible and intangible cultural heritage is characterized by the use or appropriationof space, in that sense is understood as a cultural product, according to previous patterns of vernacular housingconstruction in the Patzcuaro Lake Basin and the Sierra Purépecha, are understood as patterns of perception andinterpretation of reality, which allows to inhabitants to interact with nature and other societies. Housing revealsand reflects core values of group identity to which it belongs, as well as social and cultural practices, alsocontributes to identification and understanding of the building processes of their cultural identity. However, thedynamics of these alive societies alters the patterns of appropriation and use of space that affect the behavior of itsinhabitants, so it is necessary to understand these processes of transformation in relation to cultural penetrationexperienced by the region to respond purepecha identity concerns, sustainability and conservation of cultural heritage of one of the few indigenous regions remain in Mexico and Latin America.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 163C

Yael Fuhrmann-Naaman, Israel Antiquities AuthorityCan Top-Down Conservation Produce a Sense of Identity and Belonging? A Case Study from Old Acre

The joined project of modernizing and preserving the walled city of Acre began under the British Mandate rule. In1948 the city came under Israeli rule. A large portion of Acre’s residents fled or departed at that time, andPalestinians from nearby villages eventually took their place. The government took custody over the abandonedbuildings that are over roughly about 85% of the building inventory of Old Acre. In 2003, the Israel LandAdministration decided for the first time to restore a residential quarter in Old Acre, and selected a number ofbuildings for a “pilot residential project.” This pilot of rehabilitation process marks a transition in conserving Acre’sbuilt heritage. Until then Israeli policy makers focused on conserving the remains of the Medieval Crusaders city,that is, on the archeology that lies underneath the present city. The new approach focuses instead on the OttomanCity--the living city. This transition sheds light on the Israeli perception of the Ottoman era heritage, and requiresdifferent consideration of its Palestinian residents. The New pilot project, thus, examines and challenges the

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 165-69

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inextricable links between conservation as reshaping the past, and urban planning as spatially managing currentand future social life. The story of one building, the flagship of the pilot project, is a testing ground for thisencounter. Designated a high-priority building for conservation, it was evacuated, massively renovated, andpopulated again by its former Israeli-Palestinian residents. This conservation intervention restored the building’sappearance to its bourgeois Ottoman phase, a period hitherto neglected by the government agencies. This paperseeks to examine the changes that led to the pilot project while asking what was the role of the local community inthis project? and, does the project make any change to the inhabitant's sense of identity and belonging?

Bix Gabriel, International Coalition of Sites of ConscienceSites of Conscience: Past to Present, Memory to Action

From makeshift roadside memorials to official commemorations, places of memory draw millions looking forhealing, reconciliation, and mobilization to action. But the power of historic sites is not inherent; it must beharnessed as a deliberate tactic in the service of citizen engagement. The conscious effort to connect past to presentand memory to action is the hallmark of the Sites of Conscience movement. This presentation will introduce the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience, a worldwide network of historic sites, memorials and museumsdedicated to remembering past struggles for justice and activating their spaces to engage the public in addressingcontemporary legacies. Sites of Conscience like the District Six Museum (Cape Town) the Lower EastSide Tenement Museum (New York) and Villa Grimaldi Peace Park (Santiago) and more than 250 members in 45countries, sites share the common commitments to: interpret history through sites of memory; engage in programsthat stimulate dialogue on pressing social issues; promote humanitarian and democratic values as a primaryfunction and share opportunities for public involvement in issues raised at their site. Learn more about thedifferent approaches of Sites of Conscience around the world and the movement to connect past to present,memory to action.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Vassilis Ganiatsas, National Technical University of Athens, GreecePlaces, Memories and Monuments as Strongholds of Identity

Preservation of architectural heritage nowadays has been an urgent economic, social and cultural problem.Economic resources have to be allocated to the protection of monuments, which often appear partial and evenhegemonic and oppressive to minorities in contemporary multicultural societies. Yet we still need the permanenceof places to visit, to identify with and to return to. The archetype of Ulysses and his ‘nostos’ (returning home) aswell as the model of coexistence and interaction between Mediterranean cultures and communities for millenniacould be a starting point of a new strategy. The ‘mare nostrum’, which indicates more an intimacy rather thandominance, could be transposed to the ‘mundus nostrum’, the global village of our times. This analogy--mutatismutandis--could work, if we consider that transportation is the means for measuring regional entities andpossibility for cultural interaction. This paper intends to propose a ‘Modus Coexistendi’ between architecturalheritage and cultural minorities though an emphasis on place as the cohesive bond between different users,participants, inhabitants through history. Instead of attempting to merge or tolerate different cultures in cities, weshould rather focus on place and its potentiality to gather people in its own terms and create a model of coexistenceas a common denominator of us all. To that end a place has to present a concrete and distinct identity through timeso that to provide as the common locus, the carrier of its past--the past of all its inhabitants, as the stronghold of itsidentity and the stable basis for coexistence and interaction.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 162-75

Glenda Garcia Garcia, Consultant, GuatemalaThe Guatemalan Case: The Oral Tradition in Mayan Kaqchiquel Community

There is a subject related to community memory which has not been given the importance it deserves. Such is thecase of what Guatemalan Mayan peoples call “oral tradition.” The ancestral practice of conveying experience andknowledge through oral means in Mayan communities was strengthened during the internal armed conflict.Hundreds of families have conveyed the history of violence to generations of parents, children and grandchildren.In some cases, specific places where bodies were buried were remembered and passed through generations in orderfor descendants to come back afterwards and prove the occurrence of violations. Clandestine cemeteries are a plainexample, since many of them have been found thanks to oral tradition. We have come to understand this ancestralpractice through the work with communities, including Maya-Kaqchikel indigenous communities inChimaltenango, a region located in the central highlands of Guatemala. Far from forgetting, there has been a greateffort in keeping memory protected through family and community oral tradition, and this seems to be evenstronger when this memory is related to facts that have deeply affected them. The study we propose to carry outlooks to contribute to the analysis on the importance of oral tradition for collective memory in conflict situations,and to highlight the importance not only of recovering the memory of what happened, but also to underscore thecommunities’ ability to overcome the atrocities they have lived, finding support in their cultural traditions andmaking memory a living element and a crucial instrument to deal socially and psychologically with the past, for thepresent.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 168C

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Pedro Paulo Funari, Campinas State University, Brazil; Renata Senna Garraffoni, Paraná Federal University, BrazilRoman Past and Contemporary Brazil: How Classics Shape Modern Identity

In the last two decades Public Archaeology helped to shape new approaches to the past. The idea that Archaeologyhelped to foster a sense of modern identity and different types of nationalisms challenged archaeologists to rethinktheir epistemological approaches and also enable them to consider the political and social aspects of their practices.In this context, the aim of this paper is to examine the practical value of the Roman past in shaping Brazilianidentities. The Roman world has been interpreted since immemorial times to shape contemporary social practicesand power relations. In Brazil, Roman past is present not only in Academy and Colleges as important subjects to belearned, but also in museums such as MAE/USP (the São Paulo University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology) or the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro National Museum). Those museums have collected piecesfrom the Roman world very popular among the visitors. Considering heritage-inspired identity and the relationshipbetween feelings of heritage identity and modern behavior we shall explore how Roman world has been used toshape Brazilian’s place in Western culture and how a more critical approach to the Roman past can help us toproduce educational program. We shall argue that constructing new ways of understanding the Roman past it ispossible to waken empathy towards the subject in young people with different backgrounds and stimulate thedialogue between past and present not as simple continuity, but as other forms of living. Briefly, we will suggestthat the study of violence and excluded groups in Ancient Rome, through a critical theoretical approach, allows usto seek for political engagement to consider neglected histories in past and present.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 168C

Maria Geralda de Almeida, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Elizabeth Brabec, University of MassachusettsAmherst, USA; Ismar Borges de Lima, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Fábio Venturoli, Universidade Federalde Goiás, Brazil; Ronan Borges, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazail; Silvana Lucato Moretti, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil; Lara Cristine, Universidade Federal de Goiás, BrazilThe Ecological Yards of the Quilombolas: A Cultural and Ecological Understanding of Identity, HomeLandscape and Territorial Building

This paper presents a case study on the ‘ecological yards’ of afro-descendant communities (the Quilombolasinhabited by the Kalungas) located in the North region of Goias, Brazil. The ecological yards are part of a culturalenclave formed by people whose ancestors escaped slavery and created communities which pursued and kept a ablend of Brazilian and African values, beliefs and traditions. This type of yard becomes a space that works as anextension of the house and home, where dwellers and neighbors interact as part of their routines. Rather thanbeing a space only for food production, food security and a source of income, the ‘ecological yard’ is intrinsically anelement of the Quilombolas’ identity because it is a ‘home landscape’ in which a collective common knowledge,specific practices and traditional use have been continually revived, restored, and renewed for decades, and passedon to the young generation. The yards are one of the most visible aspects of a cultural microcosm composed ofpeople with strong identity who have ethnically made themselves sovereign entities, somewhat self-contained andself-governing. Yet, the paper shows the importance of such yards to understand the relationship of these peopleswith nature and with an outside world. The yards have an eco-social function in the Kalungas communities playinga role of guardians of the socio-biodiversity of the Cerrado, the Brazilian savannah, and reinforcing a perception ofterritorial belonging. For this study, a qualitative approach was used including site visits, interviews and participantobservation, resulting in an understanding of the layout, dynamics and implied aspects of the ecological yards. TheKalungas communities, Diadema, Ribeirao and Engenho II, situated in the municipalities of Teresina de Goiás andCavalcante were the main locations for sampling and fieldwork. The concepts of endoculturization andethnoculturization are the result of a permanent process of knowledge transmission and life learning within aculture, and serve as a conceptual framework for the case study.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 163C

Patty Gerstenblith, DePaul University College of Law, USACultural Memory, Cultural Identity and National Ownership of Antiquities

Many nations with a rich archaeological heritage vest ownership of antiquities in the nation. The recognition ofsuch ownership laws in the courts of market nations, such as the United States and England, have met with criticism, in large part because critics do not view the modern nation-state as representing a descendant community of the ancient culture that produced the archaeological remains. On the other hand, many nations drawupon the ancient past as a source of identity and inspiration and view themselves as the legitimate descendant,regardless of how outsiders evaluate questions of ethnic, religious or cultural continuity. This paper will explorenotions of cultural identity and cultural memory underlying the legitimacy of such laws, the role that such laws playin preserving the archaeological heritage, and the role of cultural identification between modern inhabitants andancient cultures that is also a key factor in preserving the past.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Mehdi Ghafouri, ICOMOS Canada; Vanier College, CanadaParticipatory Cultural Heritage Conservation

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This paper argues that participatory based cultural heritage conservation is both an indicator of the pertinence ofthe past, as well as, a means of achieving sustainable community development. The past is considered to be one ofthe foundations for the construction of social identity, well-being and sustainability, but the challenge is to identifyand conserve the past that matters and is relevant to the world views of each society. This paper argues that inorder to meet this challenge, the local population must play a role and participate in the identification of heritagevalues and their transmission. In this way, participatory cultural heritage conservation becomes a tool forinclusiveness, heritage appropriation and the improvement of overall life quality. As a place of memory, theHistoric and Natural District of Mont Royal in Montreal has played an important role in the cultural, economic,political and social development of diverse communities at a local, national and even global level. It is welldocumented and generally agreed upon that the Historic Urban Landscape of Mont Royal, including its built andnatural components, tangible and intangible elements, is an emblem, symbol and icon of cultural identity and acarrier of collective memory. However, the question remains as to what are the values and stories that should bepreserved? The main objective of this paper is to answer this question using a Participatory Cultural HeritageConservation approach. In order to assure maximum participation, thirty civil society organizations active inheritage recognition and conservation were consulted in private, informal and participatory settings. Based onthese consultations, a list of heritage values was attributed to this territory and proposed for integration in theconservation and presentation of the territory.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 163C

Cindy Ho, SAFE/Saving Antiquities for Everyone, USA; Elizabeth Gilgan, SAFE/Saving Antiquities for Everyone,USARaising Public Awareness: Saving Antiquities for Everyone: A Case Study

Saving Antiquities for Everyone (SAFE) is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving cultural heritageworldwide and founded by a lay member of the public in response to the looting of the Iraq Museum. SAFE is agrassroots coalition that brings together academics and professionals to raise public awareness about theirreversible damage that results from looting, smuggling and trading illicit antiquities. In this paper, we willexamine how the public could become a stakeholder in the preservation of the past. Can the “lay person” participatein the shared stewardship of the world’s cultural heritage? If so, how? Will there be a public discourse? Or will thetopic continue to remain only in the domain of academia? Above all, how do we raise interest—and concern—in the hearts and minds of the public about heritage issues amidst other more widely publicized social problems? SAFE’swork will be presented as a case study of how grassroots methods, on the Internet and in live events, are used toengage members of the public. The paper will review rationales for SAFE’s approach and choices. The effectivenessof its campaigns will be explored using statistical analyses, along with the challenges the organization faces.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 162-75

Laura Gioeni, Politecnico di Milano, ItalyBeyond the Historicism: Identity as “Mutuomorphomutation” of Future and Past

With the aim to define meaning and role of the past in understanding of our present identity and in the planning ofour future, with specific reference to the matter of the conservation of the architectural heritage, our researchpoints to demonstrate that we need to abandon the vision of the traditional historicism that, based on a scientificand objectivistic notion of Time, sees the past as linear accumulation of successive instants, rebuildable in itsunequivocal objectivity by the panoramic and detached eye of the historian. To overcome this concept of History wesuggest to turn our attention to the critique that crosses the modern thought, from Nietzsche, passing throughphenomenology, pragmatism and semiotic, up to the thought of the Italian philosopher Carlo Sini, whose researchproceeds in the direction of a “genealogy of knowledge.” So we can show that not only the present identity and thefuture have a past as their provenance but also that, reciprocally, the past finds its authentic meaning in its futuredestiny, in a process of “mutuomorfomutation” (Joyce) of the history and life. The overcoming of a vision of thehistory as crystallization and mummification of the past means also a new awareness of the character of thememory as project. The present identity isn’t only trivially the consequence of the past, but, rather, is the dynamicthreshold on which past and future, provenance and destiny, stay together and mutually change. So the monumentloses his character of eternal present and becomes a meaning that, dynamically open to a infinite semiosis, collectsthe infinite chain of its possible interpretations. This conception can change the restoration practice in agenealogical conservative practice and an ethic of the project (as the case of the restoration of theTemple―cathedral in Pozzuoli―Naples, Italy―can show).

Friday 9:30am, - 11:00am, Lobby

Gabrielle L Goodwin, Indiana University Maurer School of Law, USACultural Heritage in the Virtual World: Law, Identity and Video Games

Imagine this scenario: a wealthy, private citizen travels to the mountains of Peru in search of an ancient, pricelessrelic. In the course of retrieving the relic and taking it back to her own country, this treasure hunter manages todestroy innumerable archaeological resources. In fact, she is rewarded for smashing ancient vases and crumblingarchaeological structures that had, until her arrival, remained relatively untouched for centuries. She encounters no

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resistance from local authorities, nor does she receive any condemnation from the global community. Despite anever increasing awareness of national cultural heritage laws for the protection of archaeological resources and theprevention of their travel across national boundaries, such laws obviously have no teeth in the virtual world. LauraCroft spends much of her time destroying and looting the cultural heritage of various locales in all nine of the TombRaider video games, taking national treasures and archaeological resources back home for personal gain. Thiscommon scenario is duplicated in numerous popular video games, whose heroes destroy and loot the cultural heritage and archaeological resources of (usually) developing source countries. In most of these video games, theresources are celebrated for being culturally and historically unique and irreplaceable; nonetheless, they areconsidered valuable only in their capacity to aid the video game adventurer/tomb raider/treasure hunter, either asa source of profit or as a source of health or experience “power-up” through their collection or destruction. Thispaper examines the question of whether or not the destruction and looting of cultural heritage resources in thevirtual world impacts a nation’s own cultural heritage identity and other nations’ appreciation of the need forprotection of cultural heritage resources in the real world.

D. Rae Gould, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; Nipmuc NationContested Places: Transformation and Preservation of Hassanamisco by Cisco Family women

Being Indian in New England in the 19th and 20th centuries was often difficult. But for Native women, the dailytasks of maintaining home and family were compounded by the demands of tribal responsibilities. This paper willdetail the history of several generations of women from the Cisco family whose lives centered on the preservation ofa small tribal land base in Massachusetts today known as the Hassanamisco Reservation. Through the efforts ofthese women, this place was transformed from a domestic landscape into an important tribal base that is central tothe activities, identity and continuation of the Nipmuc Tribe. More importantly, preservation occurred on two levels: one for the land itself, and the second for Nipmuc people, through the continuation of a recognized tribalentity that has survived into the 21st century.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Sarah LeVaun Graulty, MSHP, ICOMOS; Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP, ICOMOS, Heritage Landscapes LLC,USACelebrating Modernist Designed Landscapes: A 20th Century Legacy for the Future

The innovative modern landscape of the 20th century are threatened treasures to document and preserve. As theNational Trust states "Day by day, a steady campaign of demolition erodes the physical fabric of the recent past,with little consideration of its community importance, design significance, or role in creating a sustainable future."Without scholarship and preservation interventions, decades of decline threaten these gems of urban culture andnature. In this paper three modernist landscapes in the USA are presented as examples of recent research,planning and implementation projects. Camden Garden Amphitheatre, Camden, ME, designed by Fletcher Steele,landscape architect, 1928 to 1931, is recognized as the first modernist landscape in the USA. Built with local laboras a Great Depression recovery project, it used native materials and regional sources, sustainable practices.Heritage Landscapes worked with the Camden Library and community to build consensus and implement theAmphitheatre phased restoration. Mellon Square, Pittsburgh, PA, designed by Simonds & Simonds, landscapearchitects, with Mitchell & Ritchie, architects, 1947 to 1955, is an early green roof over a subterranean parkinggarage and a nationally significant early Modernist park built over a parking garage. The Pittsburgh ParksConservancy, Heritage Landscapes and our team are ensuring the lasting vitality of this icon of urban design,garnering private and public investment as an emblem of city health. Kahn Bathhouse and Day Camp, Trenton, NJ,designed by Louis I. Kahn, architect, 1955 to 1956, is a synthesis of the geometry of architecture and landscape by amodern master. The Bath House, with its four equal pavilions was a breakthrough for Kahn and is an architecturaltouchstone. Heritage Landscapes, inspired by rare archival documents, worked with the team and community torenew Kahn's geometry, drawing on unrealized landscape concepts, to shape a functional, aesthetically appropriateand sustainable landscape.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 165-69

Joseph A. Greene, Harvard University, USAThe Citadel of Amman in Jordan: Problems of Preservation and Presentation

The Citadel of Amman is the principal archaeological site of the Jordanian capital, Amman. Situated on a hill nearthe center of town, it overlooks the city’s surviving Roman monuments spread out in the wadi below. Excavationson the Citadel have revealed occupation from the Early Bronze Age (late 4th–3rd millennium B.C.) to the Ayyubid(ca. 13th century A.D.). Yet despite its central setting and evident antiquity, the Citadel has proved difficult topreserve and present to the public. The reasons for this are manifold. In addition to being an archaeological site,the Citadel has also been a Jordanian military camp, a Department of Antiquities depot, a parking lot, a soccerfield, as well as the proposed location for a neighborhood school and a new national museum. Its slopes are

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engulfed by contemporary dwellings. Roads to the top are narrow and congested, making access difficult, especiallyfor large buses. Until very recently the site itself possessed only basic facilities and few signs. A small museum builton the Citadel in 1951 is wholly inadequate to the current demands placed on it for the curation and exhibition ofarchaeological collections. To address these problems, the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) and the Ministry ofTourism and Antiquities (MOTA), in concert with the USAID-funded Jordan Tourism Development Project(Siyaha) in 2009–2010 undertook a $1.5-million dollar (1.1-million Jordanian dinar) project to upgrade thetouristic infrastructure of the Citadel. This project raised questions that recur at the intersection of archaeology,society and development: preservation versus economic expansion, tourism promotion versus provision for social needs, and whether archaeological remains are to be regarded as anything other than simply another resource to exploited until exhausted. This paper will address these questions in Jordanian and regional contexts.

Jenny Gregory, University of Western Australia; National Trust of Australia (WA)Twittering the Past

Community appreciation of heritage is difficult to assess, yet the advent of Twitter, Facebook and other on-linesocial media offers previously unexplored possibilities for an analysis of feelings about the past. This paper willdraw on the experience of people engaging with on-line social media sites to discuss heritage in Perth, capital city ofWestern Australia. Many of these people are astonished by images of the city that predate the destruction of muchof the city's built heritage during resource booms of the 1960s and 1980s. For them the past is indeed a foreignplace. Their reactions can be analyzed to reflect on the role of heritage in engendering a sense of place and a senseof identity amongst individuals and modern communities.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, Auditorium

Jane Grenville, University of York, UKA European Perspective

While 40% of the European landscape is farmed in some way and 47% is forested, the proportion of the populationthat is urban is almost reversed: in England, for example, the urban population reached 89% by 2000, whilst thoseemployed in agriculture had fallen to 0.5% of the total by 2010. Yet public interest in the countryside and itsmanagement is intense, as a source of food, as a leisure resource and a diverse ecosystem. These interests are by nomeans congruent with one another, let alone necessarily sympathetic to the arguments of archaeologists andheritage managers who seek to curate surviving evidence for past land management practices. This paper willaddress European examples to consider the major threats to rural archaeology posed by farming and forestrytechniques and recent attempts to mitigate these through stewardship schemes. It will also consider areas ofmutual benefit and tension between conservationists of the human past and those of the contemporary ecosystem.In considering the multiple interests involved in countryside management, it will use the concept of ontologicalsecurity to theorise a continuing concern amongst a predominantly urban population for the cultural and naturalheritage of the countryside that surrounds their towns and cities.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Arch Shmuel Groag, Bezalel Academy of Arts; ICOMOS IsraelThe Invisible Boulevard

Jerusalem Boulevard, the main boulevard of the city of Jaffa, is a good example of the preservation dilemmasregarding the Palestinian built heritage in Israel. Although most of the boulevard’s historical buildings havesurvived, the memory of the ebullient Palestinian city that once existed there is a conflicting narrative, preservedsolely by the Palestinian community in Israel and abroad. Today's Jerusalem Blvd. has already been renamed threetimes since it was created during the First World War(1915). Initially, this ostentatious modern project was namedafter the Ottoman leader Jamal Pasha. Following the British conquest of the country in 1917, its name was changedto King George V Blvd. The Nuzha Palestinian neighborhood that developed around the boulevard became the city’ssecular and administrative center. During the 1940s, it became the culture and leisure center and home to Jaffa andthe whole Palestinian Society. A visit to Jaffa’s cultural center was a routine stop on the itineraries of renownedsingers like Umm Kulthum, who traveled on tours from Cairo to Beirut. Following the foundation of the Israeli state, new Jewish immigrants replaced the uprooted Palestinians, and were now housed in the emptied houses. Thecultural focal points of the past are not represented today in the urban sphere that is going through a gentrificationprocess. My paper will address several issues: Who is the client for preservation initiatives on the site? Is it thediasporic Palestinian community, the existing Palestinian community of Jaffa, or the majority of the Jewish Public in Tel Aviv-Jaffa? Should the Palestinian mandatoric period of Jaffa be the main focus of any future preservationproject? And how this can be executed when the political circumstances are against multilayered ideas?

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Amy Groleau, Colgate University, USAEvaluating Valuation: Heritage Preservation in Peru

Tourism is the third largest industry in Peru, with the majority of travelers partaking in cultural tourism throughvisiting pre-Columbian archaeological sites, colonial era buildings, and viewing performances of indigenous and

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creole traditions. Due to the success of attracting visitors to Inca sites in the Cusco region, many Peruvian andinternational archaeologists see the expansion of archaeological tourism as a way to incentivize site preservation.Especially in areas where looting and development threaten the integrity of archaeological resources, tourism isoffered as a mutually beneficial solution supporting economic development of surrounding communities throughsite stewardship and maintenance. This paper explores the entangled forces of poverty, ethnicity, development discourse, and international aid to problematize the tourism-as-preservation model. Simply placing economicvalue on archaeological sites does not challenge such underlying dynamics; rather tourism can even serve toheighten racism and economic disparity within an already highly stratified nation. For places with less-famousarchaeological cultures (i.e., not Inca, Moche, or Nasca); few or no monumental structures; and poortransportation infrastructure for tourist accessibility, archaeotourism is less immediately feasible. Further,Indigenous identity in Peru is often simultaneously celebrated for ancient accomplishments and mourned forpresent diminishment. In the wake of the Sendero Luminoso conflict of the 1980’s & 1990’s, indigeneity has alsobeen conflated with terrorism. Drawing on the heritage work currently taking place in Ayacucho, Peru, I discuss adecade of less-than-successful attempts by archaeologists to make the Wari site of Conchopata “valuable” to thesurrounding neighborhood and community. As a more productive space of heritage-making, I suggest that theforegrounding of recent ethnic violence through memory work surrounding the Senndero Luminoso conflict isbecoming the key for making pre-Columbian heritage relevant and meaningful within the larger community.

Jeffery Guin, National Park Service, USACommunicating Heritage Online: Strategic Approaches to Heritage Advocacy Using New Media

Heritage organizations frequently fall into two camps in their approach to today's web: leaps of faith and paralysisof analysis. The ideal lies in a coordinated approach that is rooted in the values of the organization, considers theheritage resource, and meets stakeholders where they are. It is possible to achieve these outreach goals whilekeeping sight of the organization's mission. Drawing on his experiences developing the first social media presencefor a National Park Service office (ncptt.nps.gov), and creating Voices of the Past Heritage Media (www.voicesofthepast.org), Jeff Guin will present data on how heritage professionals use the web as well as real-worldcase studies related to mission-based online engagement.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 163C

Elizabeth A. Harlow, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAMinding the Gap: Women and Heritage

Deerfield, Massachusetts, constitutes the site for a case study of the interpretation of history and commemorationthrough which conference themes such as the economics of heritage tourism as well as the gradual“democratization” of heritage participation can be explored. Multiple narratives about the past are created overtime, with some surviving into this century and some forgotten or ignored. Deerfield is a place where many suchhistories have been constructed, largely based on evidence from a rich array of documents and other materialculture, ranging from the carefully preserved and interpreted architecture of the house museums of HistoricDeerfield, Inc., to often overlooked “small finds” of historical archaeology. The village has long been a place whereinhabitants have concerned themselves with the writing of historical stories and curation of objects from the past,particularly the late seventeenth and eighteenth century colonial periods. Until recently, not as much has remained,however, of the narrative about and by the women who, over a century later, initiated historic preservation of keybuildings, spearheaded an arts and crafts revival, molded public history, and promoted the heritage tourism that made it all work together. This set the stage for a stable village economy based even today in the 21st century inlocal cultural and educational institutions. Direct connections linked late nineteenth century enterprises inDeerfield to several important national and international social movements. The value of women’s contributionshas only recently begun to form part of this story of New England’s past, yet artifacts abound to help re-create thismarginalized heritage. A study of the materiality, an anthropological archaeology, of several key Deerfield women and gender relations at the turn of the last century provides entry into a better understanding of the politics ofpublic history and, ultimately, why (and how) the past matters.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 165-69

Siobhan M. Hart, Binghamton University, USADouble Colonialism and Heritage in New England

Heritage sites in New England have long been the focus of identity and memory work for Native Americandescendant communities (resident and diasporic). In this paper, I discuss current archaeological projects in NewEngland that facilitate identity and memory work through collaborations with Native communities. I use theconcept of “double colonialism” (McGuire 2008) to historicize and contextualize these projects, linking archaeology’s complicity in nationalist uses of the past (first colonialism) to the politics of federal recognition(second colonialism). I employ this framework to point out contradictions in collaborative projects that underminetheir goals of empowerment and transformation. I suggest that, despite positive contributions made to heritagework in postcolonial contexts, the radically transformative potential of this work is hamstrung by colonialisms thatpersist in the political economy of heritage and the political consequences of diaspora.

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Andrei Harwell, Yale Urban Design Workshop, USA; Elizabeth Koch Ya'ari, Friends of the Earth Middle East,JordanAn Infrastructure for Shared Regional Heritage: The Jordan River Peace Park

In 2008, the Yale Urban Design Workshop and Friends of the Earth Middle East convened a unique meeting ofprofessionals in North Shunah, Jordan: Palestinian, Jordanian, and Israeli students, architects, and professionalscame together to develop a shared framework for a Peace Park to be built on a site straddling the Jordan River andthe Israeli/Jordanian border. Bakoura, the location of the proposed Park, just 7 km south of the Sea of Galilee, isrife with remnants of regional infrastructure and buildings embedded in a natural and agricultural landscape. Theclustering of these ruins, including bridges, a railroad station, customs house, caravanserai, hydroelectricpowerhouse, dry lake bed, canals, worker housing, and even the Jordan River itself refer simultaneously to ahistory of regional connections and cooperation in the Middle East, while their contemporary condition as war-ravaged, isolated ruins speaks to the modern disconnection and conflict in the region at large. This paper willexplore the instrumental reuse and adaptation of these former infrastructural elements within the planning of thePeace Park, to allow Park visitors to understand the site, its element and activities as part of larger cultural andenvironmental networks: rail systems, caravan routes, power grids, migratory corridors and riparian ecosystems, and to reconstruct heritage shared between constituencies beyond the borders of the Park itself. The way in whichdesign can be used to illuminate not only local conditions but carry narratives beyond their confines will beexamined.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 163C

Steve Hemming, Flinders University, AustraliaDecolonising Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar (land, body, spirit): New Stories, New Histories

In recent years the Ngarrindjeri Nation in southern South Australia have been developing a new relationship withgovernment at all levels--state, federal and local. This relationship has been negotiated through formal agreementscalled Kungun Ngarrindjeri Yunnan (listen to what Ngarrindjeri people are saying) which require recognition bygovernment of Ngarrindjeri traditional ownership of Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar. This has meant a fundamentalchallenge to the colonial histories of Ngarrindjeri Ruwe/Ruwar that have framed the relationship betweenNgarrindjeri and non-Indigenous people and institutions. To prepare the ground for transformation new historiesand new stories are being developed in a variety of contexts including heritage reports, management plans, KNYagreements, joint Ngarrindjeri/government natural resource management programs and in more conventionalsettings. This strategy has been developed as part of the new Ngarrindjeri Regional Authority’s program for livingwith, and transforming colonial histories and the myths of cultural extinction on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe. Thesenegotiations have been occurring in the context of disastrous environmental degradation in the Murray DarlingBasin region and the resulting intensification of natural and cultural resource management on Ngarrindjeri Ruwe.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 165-69

Christine Henry, University of Maryland, USAFreedoms Lost and Gained: Entwining Prison History into the Future of Lorton Arts Foundation

Across the United States there are approximately 60 historic sites in former jails or prisons interpreting the historyof our criminal justice system, yet many act only as stage sets portraying an idealized view of right and wrong. Twenty-five miles south of the District of Columbia in Virginia is a historic site that has the potential for a muchdeeper and engaging dialogue. For most of the 20th century the site held Lorton Prison, a complex of dormitories, fences, and guard towers surrounded by working farmland that housed and rehabilitated convicted criminals sentenced in the Nation’s Capital. Once rural and isolated, today this land is surrounded by a swiftly growingmiddle-class suburban community that is reshaping its identity both symbolically and physically. Most of theformer prison site has been transformed into a visual and performing arts center with one cellblock buildingremaining as a stabilized ruin, reserved for interpretation of the site history as the Lorton Workhouse Museum. Thebuildings and grounds at Lorton represent a Progressive Era attempt to inspire penance through work and provideopportunity to rejoin society. Yet they also embody a more oppressive and dark side to American justice, a systemthat weighs more heavily on some groups than others. Currently the arts center and prison museum share onlylocation. This paper will explore innovative programming which could begin dialogue about the role of self-expression in shaping culture. Interpretive themes that tie art and performances created by prisoners with artistsworking in the reused structures are analyzed as a way to bring visitors into a dialogue between past and present.The stories at Lorton revolve around issues of social justice for all parts of society, a theme that is both historicallysignificant and important for contemporary dialogue about crime and justice in a civil society.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 165-69

Ann Herring, McMaster University, Canada; Sally Carraher, McMaster University, CanadaThe Russian Influenza Pandemic (1889-90) and the Margins of Memory

During the winter of 1889-90 the people of Hamilton, Canada found themselves dealing with an influenzapandemic--the Russian Influenza--that in mere months had made its way from Eurasia to the shores of North

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America. The details of the pandemic's progress and effects were extensively reported in newspapers and medicalperiodicals. The people of Hamilton were well aware of its movements long before it reached the city. Doctors ofthe period were at a loss to explain what was causing such widespread and variable suffering. This was a time whenmedical authorities debated whether disease was caused by miasma (noxious odours and poisonous gases) or byinvisible bacteria that could only be seen with a microscope; a time in which the public was essentially left to itsown devices to treat the illness popularly known as "la grippe." Despite the fact that the Russian Influenzadisplayed all the hallmarks of pandemic influenza, including the classic w-shaped distribution of mortalityassociated with the better-known 1918 influenza pandemic, the experience of Russian Influenza seems to have beenlost from public memory. This paper explores the reasons why this epidemic has been relegated to the margins ofsocial history.

Cornelius Holtorf, Linnaeus University, SwedenInvented Pasts Matter Just as Much!

In 21st century multicultural societies and their experience economies, familiar notions of the past have becomemeaningless and even burdensome. National origins, ethnic genealogies and even evidence-based historicalscholarship about past realities are now more a liability than an asset. What matters instead, among others, areheritage alliances of contemporary human beings and creations of pastness designed to tell invented stories aboutyesterday. Such heritage alliances and created pastness are fragile and transitory fabrications of the present,liberated from past realities and with unreliable futures. In this paper I will present several examples of inventedpasts and fabricated heritage, and discuss why they matter at least as much as their ‘factual’ counterparts.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 163C

Elgidius Ichumbaki Bwinabona, University of Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaThe State, Cultural Significance and Management of Built Heritage Assets of South-eastern Tanzania

Tanzania possesses heritage assets spanning from the Pliocene to present (Russell 1980; Mturi 2005; Mabulla2005; Karoma 1996; Kamwela 2009). These assets are valued as they do assist in understanding the origin anddevelopment of humanity both culturally and biologically (Leakey 1987; Mabulla 2000). Tanzania’s assets that arerecognized to have outstanding values include Plio-pleistocene sites, upper Pleistocene and Holocene sites, rockshelters with arts, urban and architectural complex sites, ethnological and historic sites as well as Iron Age sitesdistributed throughout Tanzania (Mturi 1996; Mabulla 1996; Boyd and Joan 2000). Regardless of their types, spanperiod, and geographical locations, these assets have various cultural values (Russell 1980; Mapunda 2005b;Mabulla 2000). In appreciating their values, the Tanzanian government and her partners undertook variousconservation measures (Mturi 1996). These include but are not limited to making legislation and establishinginstitutions and departments responsible for ensuring heritage’s sustainability (Kayombo 2005; Kamamba 2005;Mulokozi 2005; Mturi 1996). However, despite such efforts, the majority of Tanzania’s heritage assets still get lostand some at an alarming rate (Mabulla and Bower 2010; Lwoga 2010; Kamwela 2009). This is a critical problemwhich necessitated research on the state, cultural significance and management of built heritage assets of South-eastern Tanzania. The research results indicate that, despite their cultural significance, more than 75% of the assetsin South-eastern Tanzania are in a derelict and dilapidated state. Thus, if not empirically addressed and the givenrecommendable solutions implemented, the world and Tanzania in particular shall loose her legacy.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 101

Sharif Shams Imon, Institute for Tourism Studies, ChinaOn Issues of Identity in Macao

After being a Portuguese colony for centuries, Macao was handed over to China and became a SpecialAdministrative Region of China in 1999. However, the handover process started in the 1970s and during theinterim period conscious attempts were made to protect the Portuguese legacy in Macao by protecting its culturalheritage. Since the handover, a sleepy backwater Macao has become the biggest gambling capital in the world. Andin 2005, the historic core of the city was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. In just about four years,between 2002 and 2006, the number of tourist arrivals in Macao jumped from ten million to over twenty million,which reached the peak of 28 million in 2009. Because of the huge expansion of the tourism-gambling industry, thenumber of foreign workers also increased significantly. During the same period, tourism-induced economicdevelopment also made the residents among the richest in the world. These changes in a city of less than 30 squarekilometers and with a population of about half a million are monumental and they may have affected the sense of identity of the local residents. By using questionnaire survey and documentary research, in general, this paper investigates the local residents’ perception of their own cultural identity and discusses how the sense of identity hasevolved during the post-colonial era and, in particular, if the local residents consider the listed cultural heritage inMacao representative of their own cultural identities. It is hoped that the paper will shed some lights on the factorsthat can distance heritage from local people in similar situations.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 165-69

Tracy Ireland, University of Canberra, AustraliaGrounding Identity: Understanding How Colonial Archaeological Sites are Experienced

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When asking how, and under what conditions, local identity is produced in the context of globalization, it has beensuggested that archaeology and its attendant discourses of heritage, science and authenticity can be combined to produce a local sovereignty that is perceived as more valid—to ratify and sustain a past which otherwise might seemmore vulnerable. This interpretation fits well with both Indigenous heritage and the ‘invention’ of colonialtradition in a range of postcolonial contexts where sovereignty and the moral authority of nations is debated in aprocess of decolonization. This paper reviews the field of colonial archaeological remains conserved in situ inurban environments, drawing on a recent survey of visitors to such sites in Australia and New Zealand which explores their perceptions about what they learn, feel and experience at such places. How does the materiality ofarchaeology, and the embodied experience of authenticity, intersect with identity in postcolonial contexts, where historical solid ground is so often sought as a counter to political and cultural debates about how and why the pastmatters?

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 165-69

Maya Ishizawa, Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus, GermanyCulturing Nature, Nurturing Commons: Concepts of Management for the Conservation of Cultural Landscapes, a Case Study in the Inka Sacred Valley in Peru

The cultural value of landscape has been recognized by international legal instruments such as the World HeritageConvention (1992) and the European Landscape Convention (2000). Landscape as part of heritage, has a role as biocultural memory keeper. Cultural landscapes include nature, culture and its dynamic relationships evolvingthrough time. Moreover, it includes the landscape, the communities inhabiting and transforming it and thetraditional knowledge behind its constant regeneration. However, cultural landscapes face problems related todevelopment and the abandonment of traditional cultural practices. Landscape management is an essentialcomponent for their conservation and this process needs to be appropriated by local inhabitants in order to besustainable. Notwithstanding development, based on modern management concepts, does not consider thetraditional cultural practices that produced heritage landscapes, resulting in their destruction. The purpose of thispaper is to explore how traditional landscape management could lead to sustainability through the conservation of biodiversity and local inhabitants participation, by studying the cultural landscape of the Inka Sacred Valley in theAndes of Peru. This area, currently transformed by land use change, preserves traditional landscape management,structured by cultural practices composed of rituals, festivities and communal labor. Categories are established inorder to compare two landscape management concepts: traditional management and modern management. In thefirst an approach to environment is found that is based in a worldview where protection is connected to nurturingand regeneration and where resources are understood as commons. Stakeholders are identified in order to outlinemanagement setups, associating the actors for each concept of management. These concepts are illustrated throughthe detection of landscape patterns by analyzing satellite images of the site. Finally, the sustainability ofconservation is assessed through maps that connect the categories of comparison and the concepts of managementto patterns in the framework of stakeholders’ participation.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Antoinette T. Jackson, University of South Florida, USAHeritage Research on a Community Level at Federally Designated National Historic Sites USA

Anthropologists are actively engaged in addressing heritage research and resource management issues facing localcommunities working as partners and participants on designated National Historic site projects. How cancommunity input in areas of interpretation for officially sanctioned National Historic sites be solicited andincorporated? What does research conducted on a community level look like and what can it teach us aboutpresentation, interpretation, and management of heritage assets and resources on local, national, and global levels?Antoinette Jackson, Director of the Heritage Research Lab at the University of South Florida, was awarded two research grants from the National Park Service--Nicodemus National Historic Site project (J6068090024-H5000085095) and Jimmy Carter National Historic Site project (J5690090007-H5000085095). These projectsinform this discussion and helps document the relationship between national heritage designation, local community engagement, and professional support—including the currency of academic resources.

Thursday 9:30am, - 11:00am, First Floor Lobby

Angela Jacobo, Independent Scholar, Guatemala We the New Generations: A Living Testimony to the Memory Maya-kaqchikel

San Martin Jilotepeque is one of Guatemala's towns that was seriously affected by the “Tierra arrasada” policiesimplemented between 1978 and 1982, by militaries governments. When projects are carried out for the Recovery ofHistoric Memory (in spanish:REMHI), and the Commission for Historical Clarification (in Spanish CEH) some local government authorities did not allow research on the country, because there is limited documentation aboutpast events of the internal conflict. However, this limitation has not been an impediment for through thekaqchiquel's oral traditions, the horror stories that they lived had been transferred. The oral tradition has become asource of strength and the custodian of culture. Angela is now a young leader who during the war was a child.Through the transferred knowledge of her father and mother, she became an excellent example of the oral tradition

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practice. Actually she has became an important leader who transfers that knowledge (experiences, culture andhistory) to the new generations.

Michael Jacobson, Binghamton University, USAPrinting the Legend: A Pragmatic Approach to Cultural Heritage

Cultural Heritage often relies on models of the past that disregard the complexities of social processes. Details ofpast identities, such as unusual practices or politically divisive issues may create a distance between the generalpublic and the past. The simplification of social identities removes this distance making the past more relatable toa larger audience. Showmanship and entertainment become the means of reaching the broadest possible audience.The result is a limited experience with the past that may in it self be alienating. The creation of models is alsoinherent in the practice of archaeology. The philosophical underpinnings of Processual and Post-Processualarchaeology help to support and define reified identities by providing justification for models that in turn shapeperceptions of social identities. Critical approaches to archaeology offer a means to overcome these dogmatic viewsof identity. Critical analysis should force those who study the past into engaging with the complexities of past socialidentities and the models that work to subvert these complexities. This paper presents Pragamatic Archaeology as one approach to critical archaeology. Pragmatic philosophy is based on the study of experience and the creation ofknowledge. It is also a philosophy that encourages experimentation and critical analysis that instead of merelycritiquing established models pushes to understand the creation and adoption of these models as a way to find better methods to engage audiences while overcoming limited models. This paper will use the example of PublicArchaeology Facility’s Newtown/Chemung Revolutionary War Battlefield Project as a study of Pragmatic Archaeology. I will discuss the methods and the project’s ability to help the public connect with the personalexperiences of various combatants. The paper will also address the limits present within the discipline ofArchaeology to the innovation promoted by Pragmatic Archaeology.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 101

Eric Kansa, UC Berkeley / OpenContext.org, USARemixable Cultural Heritage: The Promise and Problems of Open Data, and Radical Transparency forthe Past on the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web represents one of the most profound developments in information sharing since the originsof writing. In changing the media landscape, Web has provoked intense debate about intellectual property issues,privacy, and public access to scientific and government information. Different public and professionalcommunities increasingly encounter cultural heritage through the lens of the Web. This paper explores approachesto integrate cultural heritage into the new media landscape offered by the Web. The paper will look at the promiseof “remixable” data, and how open licenses and key Web technologies can make cultural heritage collectionssupport innovative research agendas and become more participatory through articulation with social media. At thesame time, this paper will explore how open cultural heritage data creates new tensions and new problems withregard to representation, indigenous intellectual property concerns, site protection and security issues. Exampleswill be drawn from Open Context (http://opencontext.org), a free and open access publishing platform forarchaeological data.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 163C

Zouka Karazoun, Antiquities Directorate, SyriaEconomic Development in Zabid Urban Development Project

Historic preservation was seen in the past as a contradiction to economic development. Recently, around the world,historic preservation is becoming viewed as an effective opportunity for economic growth. However, some projectsof historic city development who considered economic development in their approaches had created additionalproblems and cultural conflict for population especially when they excessively using tourism. Importantly is to useheritage preservation as vehicle for local economic development, job creation and income generation based on localand domestic resources and strengths. The real challenge is to create economic benefits derived from index otherthan tourism. The Project for the Development of Historic Cities of Yemen (PDHCY) is a co-financing cooperationproject with funds from the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation (BMZ) and the Social fund forDevelopment of Yemen (SFD). This project comprises three components (Shibam, Zabid and the third city). Thispaper will present the case study of The Project for The Development of The Historic City of Zabid. Zabid is asecondary city in Yemen that has been listed on the World Heritage List in 1993. However, taking into account thecontext of low governmental capacity and high poverty level, thus, preserving the historic city of Zabid was an over-ambitious task without considering the idea of heritage preservation as an integral tool of economic development,and the two components are mutually supportive and interrelated. Through a careful balance between wellcalculated subsidies to encourage demand for heritage services, and the provision of capacity building and trainingto improve supply, a cycle of economic supply and demand was created around heritage trades. Furthermore, thecase of Zabid emphasizes the importance of mobilizing domestic resources of household and small firms andprovoking investments of local, central government and moreover private sector in order to increase household

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income which is inter allia is one of the project's objectives.

Ioanna Katapidi, University College London, UKUrban Regeneration of Historic Cities in the Mediterranean

The paper entertains conventional approaches towards the rich, multi-layered past of historical cities in theMediterranean region by arguing that heritage can help activate a set of new 'reflexes' in urban regeneration. Aslong as the past is treated as a place of contact and common interest among cultures and not as a disassociatedfrom reality remnant there is perspective for urban regeneration of cities. The past of buildings and urban settingsamounts to heritage property which radiates and nurtures the present and future of cities if it is mobilised as force,not as form.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 162-75

Anne Ketz, 106 Group, USAInterpreting the Rohwer Japanese-American Relocation Camp

The Rohwer Japanese-American Relocation Camp in the Arkansas Delta is largely lost to history and most of itsphysical remains have been wiped from the landscape. But there are important messages that people from thattime can share with us. How they lived within the barbed wire confines of the 500-acre camp is part of the story; sois the national fear that put them there, and the cultural differences between the internees and the people outsidethe fence, who were confined by poverty and Jim Crow segregation. No one entity owns the site, so the future ofpreservation and interpretation is based on collaboration between a very diverse group ranging from federal, stateand local governments, to academic entities, descendants and internees. One of the key recommendations of theinterpretive plan is to create a Management Organization dedicated to preserving and interpreting the site of thecamp. This organization would be the hub for all activities related to preserving the site, including a “Friends”group, volunteers, fundraising measures, connections to other cultural tourism sites in the areas, etc. One of thekey interpretive themes, Fear and Social Justice, challenges contemporary responses to fear which often hasconsequences for social justice and civil rights. Another theme, Something Lost, Something Gained, challengespreconceived ideas about the camp and reflects some of the irony of this place. The loss of their former lives wasprofound for the Japanese Americans who resided at Rohwer, but local Arkansans who lived in poverty alsocoveted the food, health care, and education available to internees at the camp, all of which led to resentment andmisunderstanding.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Katie Kirakosian, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAThat's Interesting, But is it Important: Reflecting on Recent Interviews about Archaeology andHeritage

After recent interviews with a group of stakeholders about the archaeology of Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard andNantucket, Massachusetts, discussions focusing on the distinction between archaeology as an interesting pursuitversus archaeology as an important pursuit have surfaced. This paper focuses on the contexts of these discussions,offers preliminary insights into potential patterns with this ongoing research and situates this research within alarger discourse.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 101

Val Kirby, Natural England, UK; Chris Bolton, and Andrew WhartonLandscape, Heritage and Localism

The UK government is committed to localism, and is applying this commitment to environmental resourcemanagement, conservation land management and land use planning. This policy commitment is still new: systemsand processes that support localism are still in development. Natural England, the UK government's conservationagency for England, is developing its response to localism through, among other things, using an integratedlandscape approach to frame its delivery and reporting. This approach encompasses both cultural and naturalheritage variables. These are being used to underpin a series of integrated objectives for each of England's 159National Character Areas. This paper explains the evidence behind the objectives, the process of producing themand the way in which these strategic tools are being communicated with local community groups, local governmentbodies and stakeholders, to provide essential context for local planning and decision making. The approach tolandscape implicit in this work is consistent with the European Landscape Convention, the first international treatyon landscape, that has been operational in the UK since March 2007.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Katarina KogojInfluence of the Community Involvement on the Revitalization of Place Identity

The paper is based on a case study of a small village--Lokovec, Slovenia (Europe). In the last hundred years the area

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changed four countries and as many political regimes which left a big impact on the identity of the place. After theagricultural tradition the village boasted an industrial plant in the communist time of Yugoslavia. The onceagricultural village, which has grown to be fully dependent on the local industry, faced despair after the plant wasshut down in the 1990s. The village was left without its core income and socialization center. On the break of the 21st century there came an initiative from the local populace for the formation of the Lokovec tourist society whosepurpose was to lift the low self-esteem of the populace. This paper explores the activities of the Lokovec touristsociety and its influence on the local identity and tries to encompass how heritage is perceived through the eyes ofthe Lokovec tourist society members. The questions which arise are what is the true identity of the place whichperceives itself mostly on the specialization in the steel-knives craft, which only a handful of inhabitants stillmaster. Is it time to look past that and face the complex net of today’s identity of the place or should the communitycontinue on building their self esteem and identity on the one jewel of the past?

Ismar Borges de Lima, Federal University of Goias, Brazil; Lara Cristine Gomes Ferreira, Federal University ofGoias, Brazil; Peter A. Kumble, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USA; Rosiane Dias Mota, Federal Universityof Goias, BrazilThe Social Role of Participatory Ecotourism in the Kalunga Communities of Goias: A HistoricalProcess of Building up Human Capital, Self-esteem, and Inclusion for the Brazilian Afro-descendants

The Kalungas are a community of Afro-Brazilian descendants located in the state of Goias, Brazil. For nearly 400-years, this culture experienced territorial imprisonment and oppression as a result of enslavement between the 16thand 19th centuries. However, today the Kalungas villages are receiving positive attention as a result of ecotourismactivities and social programs. This change has given a new cultural social meaning, and new patterns of landconfiguration to these afro-descendent communities. In the north of Goias, there are four main Kalungascommunities: Engenho II, Vão do Moleque, Vão de Almas, and Vão da Contenda; however, for this researchspecifically, Engenho II was the main site for data collection. It is a village with 4,500 inhabitants, situated 320kmaway from Brazil’s capital, Brasilia. This paper investigates the current context of the Kalungas with a focus on howecotourism activities practiced in their territories have brought visibility and attention to their natural areas andcultural composition. Particular attention has been given to how ecotourism has raised the social status andfeelings of self-esteem in Kalungas communities. The method of research is primarily qualitative with interviewsand participant observation documented site investigations. The authors argue that the practice of ecotourismshould demand capacity building with local indigenous communities. This research reports on how ecotourism hasincreased the levels of human capital in the Kalungas areas when practiced together with government socialprograms and assistance from NGO’s. Even with all social policies advocating for inclusionary and participatorypublic programming, and projects aimed at protecting this fragile environmental area, it is clear that reducing thesocial divide between the Kalungas and ecotourists remains a daunting task. Similarly, learning how to deal withoverwhelming impacts to natural resources in the country requires ongoing attention.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Don Kunze, Penn State University, USABorder Transmissions in the Mediterranean

The European Union created the ideal experimental conditions to culture the French Revolution’s ideal ofuniversal, individuated freedom. Although I readily acknowledge the relevance of political economy to this issue, Iprefer to go immediately to the condition the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan made famous under the phrase‘between the two deaths’, the phrase separating biological death from symbolic death, observed in all cultures as aperiod of prayer and mourning for the living and imagined as a period of wandering through labyrinthinepassageways to encounter tests of character and truth for the deceased. There are two advantages to this irrationalskip. The first is that, in addition to skipping over the usual clichés of social concern that now surround thearguments for (or against) cultural assimilation as European populations begin to suffer for their modern edition ofutopian heterogeneity, the complex and sometimes impenetrable theories of Lacan may be seen form a ‘diagrammatic’ perspective of the architectural uncanny. I propose, alternatively, a model featuring encadrement,the artistic/painterly technique of being between two frames, as the situation of the audience in the act of‘consuming’ a visual representation is shown a parody of itself from inside the work of art. As Sven Sandstroem putit in his master-work, The Levels of Unreality, multiple framing introduces a youthful, naïve existentialism to itsmore comprehensive, wise ancestor, architecture. I will employ the concept of host, guest and hospitality along withthe idea of revelational-epiphanaic travel, as put forward by the epic poem, “The Odyssey,” into my group’sarticulation of an ecumenical model for an ‘impossible-Real’ ideal for cultural, collective memory, yet to be realizedbut worth articulating as revisitation of the cultural dream of Europa, who not for nothing was a daughter of theSea.

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Julie R. Labate, Seminole Tribe of Florida, USA; and Elliott T. York, Seminole Tribe of Florida, USASovereignty and Section 106: A Tribal Archaeological Approach to Identifying Cultural ResourcesSaturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 101

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Utilizing the terms outlined in the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, this paper aims to examine thepresent laws and policies of historic preservation as seen working for the Seminole Tribe of Florida’s Tribal HistoricPreservation Office. This examination will hopefully provide insight into the processes involved in designating andpreserving the Tribe’s historic resources that are currently defined by outside entities. While these laws aremandated on a federal level, it is oftentimes the responsibility of the Tribe to preserve and ensure the protection ofthese cultural resources for future generations. Fostering a movement towards a tribal archaeological paradigm bycombining respect, cultural awareness and creativity, future generations should have a more vested interest inprotecting their “sacred” cultural resources.

Angela Labrador, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAAgricultural Land Conservation as a Tool for Cultivating Shared Heritage

The start of the 21st century is marked by new levels of globalization, environmental degradation, and social conflict. In the wake of these changes, heritage professionals are imagining new, holistic models for cultural andnatural heritage protection that emphasize active community engagement and social cohesion, referred to as"shared heritage." Agricultural land conservation is a fertile site to theorize how heritage protection can contributeto social cohesion and human ecology: agrarian land tenure challenges the conventional binary of nature/culture that has divided heritage resource protection strategies and challenges advocates to protect working, culturallandscapes. Over the past 35 years in the U.S., a number of agricultural land protection programs have emerged, which depend upon a complex web of cooperation among landowners, governments, and private land trusts topurchase development rights on farmland. I propose that such programs are both symptoms of and copingstrategies for broader processes of alienation and present a theory of heritage protection as a culturally mediateddiscursive practice—one that references the past in order to intervene in present alienating processes to secure arecognizable future. This paper focuses on the cultural practices that create meaningful heritage resources andoutlines an exploration of the potential for agricultural land protection to intervene in processes of alienation byengaging landowners in a shared property ethic regarding heritage resources.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Trudie Lamb Richmond, Schaghticoke Education Consultant in Residence at Mashantucket Pequot Museum &Research Center, USAEunice Mauwee: Her Struggle of Resistance Was Our Path to Survival

A contemporary Schaghticoke elder, educator and story teller will share her knowledge about ancestor EuniceMauwee and her role in the continuation of Schaghticoke culture into the twenty-first century.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Mary Larkum, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAFoodways and Ethnicity in the South Levantine Iron Age II (10th-7th centuries BCE): A MicroscopicPerspective

A national narrative constructed using archaeology to support biblical accounts has shaped social identity andpolitical praxis in modern Israel. This narrative is predicated on an assumption of the historicity of biblical text,and selected data from the archaeological record are used to substantiate the narrative. One dataset that is used inthis way is the presence or absence of specific food remains, such as pig bones. This argument is based on thepremise that ancient Israelites observed biblical regulation such as dietary laws. In this project I examine (1) thearchaeological evidence for dietary practices in the Iron Age II of the southern Levant, and (2) the extent to whicharchaeological data are relevant to the construction of the socio-political metanarrative. In the first stage Iinvestigate two different sources of data on dietary practices: (1) excavated faunal remains (animal bones); and (2)food residues extracted from cooking pottery using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gaschromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). The bones and pottery wereexcavated at archaeological sites dating to the Iron Age II Period (1000 – 586 BCE) in the southern Levant. Thesesites were situated in regional kingdoms known historically as Ammon, Aram, Edom, Israel, Judah, Moab andPhilistia. In the food residue portion of this project I focus on animal products cooked in unglazed cooking pottery,a common Iron Age food preparation method. More specifically I examine cooking pottery excavated fromdomestic floors for information about the household use of animal products in Iron Age homes. I have inventoried the range of animals represented in each site's faunal assemblage for comparison with residue data. The study of cooking residues complements the dietary information obtained from faunal remains as a means to investigate whether the behaviors of Iron Age II populations conform to biblical food regulations.

Thursday 9:30am, - 11:00am, First Floor Lobby

Riva Lava, University of Thessaly, GreeceUniversal Localities Within the Local Universe of the Mediterranean

The experience of migration within the Mediterranean has brought forth the idea that diversity can lead to acultural continuum as long as migrants keep moving from one place to another to experience originality protectedby the Mediterranean wholeness. Originality can be attributed to cultural heritage –tangible or intangible-, while

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the idea of wholeness emerges as the result of continuous travel and exploration of intimate spaces with universalvalue. In other words, the idea of a network of places ‘soft’ enough to receive different groups and ‘pointed’ enoughto impress a unique memory was the key for centuries of cultural coexistence in the region. The Mediterraneanexperience speaks of wandering inhabitants through cities strongly defined by their landmarks. These cities remainconnected to each other by sequence, by the movement of people who share stories and memories and instill thissense of continuity and affinity into the traveler’s perception of territory. The Mediterranean offers a glance into anetwork of places which inform each other and evolve together. The experience of heritage does not refer to a staticencounter with artifacts and monuments, but is rather understood as a flow of simultaneous impressions andmutually inclusive worlds which form the cultural continuum of the region. It is the understanding of a unifiedworld of distinct cultural achievements mainly linked to place which is mainly to be experienced through migration.

James Levitt, Harvard University, USAConserving New England: Connecting with our Heritage of Landscape Protection

No Abstract Available

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 101

Ruth Liberty-Shalev, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelSoftening the Boundaries: The Case of Bustan Khayat in Haifa

Recent years have seen an ever-growing awareness to the conservation of built heritage as a tool for forgingconnections between culture and place, alongside much discussion of the potential conflict created by the claims ofmultiple cultures on the heritage of a single place. This paper will present the story of Bustan Khayat, a garden inHaifa, Israel, and the opportunity it presents for facilitating coexistence through the conservation of "insignificant"built heritage. Built in the early 20th century by the Khayats, one of Haifa's most influential Arab families, theBustan (fruit grove, herb garden) was conceived and designed as a private family resort outside the bustle of citylife. The walled garden features waterfalls, fountains and pools, interconnected by a system of irrigation canals. Inits architectural attributes the Bustan dresses the traditional Islamic garden with a modern building material,concrete, harmoniously uniting form and function. Today, its presence testifies to the cultural wealth of the rapidlyurbanizing Palestinian society in the 1930's-1940's, a culture which was abruptly severed after the 1948 war and thesubsequent migration of many of Haifa's intellectual and financial elites. Nowadays Bustan Khayat is abandonedand dilapidating. It is not a particularly celebrated Arab site, and certainly not an Israeli site. No significanthistorical event is related to it, nor is it notably monumental or ornate. Yet in terms of its cultural background, theBustan is a distinct product of Arab culture, a constant in an ever- changing environment, clearly rooted in a localtradition. This paper will argue that precisely this "insignificance" is what will allow Bustan Khayat (and potentiallysimilar places) to become places of dialog. By simply offering shade, water and greenery, and facilitating the meeting of individuals, the Bustan could soften the cultural boundaries between distinct communities.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 165-69

Nurit Lissovsky, Dumbarton Oaks Fellow, USABet Shearim - Heritage Inscribed in Stone

The centrality of cultural heritage is reflected all over Israel. The urge to dig and to expose material evidence of thepast, and by so doing to re-establish the link to the land and to strengthen national identity, characterizes the firstdecades of the country. The many excavation projects--in Mtzada, Hatzor, Megiddo, Baraam and Bet Shearim--served academic research and not the less so as evidence of ownership of the Jewish people over the land of Israel.Bet Shearim has become a symbol of the Jewish past, a carved-in-stone testimonial of the collective memory. It wasan important Jewish center in the 2nd century AD, home of the Sanhedrin, the leading intellectual institution at that time. About 30 caves are carved deep into the ground, creating a remarkable ornate necropolis. The caves weredug out densely, with small height differences, while taking advantage of the topographic conditions and the softchalk bed-rock that made for easy excavation. The caves’ openings have impressive facades designed in the spirit ofclassic architecture. Courtyards, corridors, and staircases lead to the catacombs with burial chambers and stonesarcophagi. The National Park Authority turned the archeological site into a designed cultural landscape. Thedesign consciously sharpens the tension between the city of the dead and the city of life, between magnificent past,frozen in time, and the seasonal cycles of the surrounding landscape. This paper discusses Bet Shearim and itssignificance as a national heritage site. The dilemmas that faced archeologists, landscape architects andpreservationists, and the decisions that were made on site are presented, analyzing the changes that took place inthe last sixty years, in the theory and practice of preservation and representation, in perception of identity andnationalism, and in the landscape itself.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 163C

Chang Liu, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, GermanySafeguarding Intangible Heritage and Cultural Tourism: A Case Study on the SustainableDevelopment of Taoist (Daoqing) Shadow Theatre in Huanxian, China

Following a series of initiatives carried out by UNESCO, the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the

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Intangible Heritage came into force in 2006. According to Article 13, the Convention calls upon States Parties toendeavor to safeguard their living heritage through a number of measures. One such measure is to adopt a generalpolicy aimed at promoting the function of the intangible cultural heritage in society, and at integrating thesafeguarding of such heritage into planning programs. The States Parties who ratified this Convention haveidentified the promotion of tourism as a means of addressing the obligation stipulated in Article 13, and as asignificant objective for socio-economic development planning in a wider context. Although some valuable modelshave been developed following the guidelines of the convention, the implementation and operation of these modelsface several difficulties owing to the fluid, dynamic nature of intangible heritage. This research, therefore,highlights some such problematic issues present in the preservation and promotion of intangible heritage in thecontext of cultural tourism. In doing so, Chinese Taoist Shadow Theatre in Huanxian has been chosen as a casestudy for this research in order to discuss the relationship between cultural tourism and the safeguarding ofintangible heritage. Taoist Shadow Theatre is one of China’s most important intangible heritages, and urgentlyneeds to be safeguarded in a sustainable manner. This research analyses its characteristics and the problemsthreatening its future. It introduces Taoist Shadow Theatre as an example of how one local community is currentlyintegrating intangible heritage as a part of stimulus to tourism. Finally, if the capacities of local communities arenot strengthened so that they can control and manage their own intangible heritage, short-term economic benefitsgenerated through tourism can not adequately contribute to the community’s long-term development.

Jenne MacLean, Yale University, USA; Jane Severs, Jane Severs Interpretive Planning, CanadaThis is No Antiques Roadshow: Heritage Planning and the Struggle for Social Change inNewfoundland, Canada

Can heritage planning promote democratic public discourse? Two very different approaches to this challenge willbe considered. Heralding from Newfoundland, Canada, Jane Severs (Interpretive Planner) and Jenne MacLean(Historian) will discuss their combined efforts to produce new exhibits for two of the province’s flagship historicsites. At Commissariat House, their goal was to exhume and interpret the early 1800s, leading up to the moment ofrepresentative government. Instead of a neat teleology of the region's reform movement, they redefined both theirtask and the site. The resulting mix of on-site interpretation poses questions about the many ways that religiousand ethnic bigotry are linked to systemic poverty--and even more importantly, the way that collective action can beaided and abetted by the printed word. Words Matter(ed) is an intervention that, at every corner, challengesvisitors to engage in public discourse. At Cape Bonavista Severs and MacLean challenged stakeholders to participate in the development of exhibit content. The result is a collection of stories and photographs that changethe way that lighthouses can both be used and understood. The emerging exhibit evokes the nature of the past “asexperienced” by displaying fragmentation, discontinuities, partial and temporary understandings. Publicparticipation, they found, can work to shatter the grand narrative (linear and mono-voiced) into a reflective web ofmultiple, smaller, multi-vocal stories. Open to endless new combinations, collectively produced, but never completed, this open process values reflection and speculation rather than communication of a curated message.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 101

Philip C. Marshall, Roger Williams University, USAHeritage Stewardship: Preservation as a Means to a Greater End

‘Heritage’ and ‘stewardship’ appear to embody several dichotomies: Heritage includes the passive, finite, tangibleobjects of the past; Stewardship is the intangible, infinite action of the future. Such dichotomies seemingly persistamong the coupled, connected components that define the entire process. Guided by integrative thinking,paradoxical curiosity and other means, these can be constructively considered in the liminal state provided by amandorla, which symbolizes a place where opposites can meet, honor one another, and achieve reconciliationthrough conflict transformation. Janus can be joined on this threshold to achieve continuity and congruity betweenheritage and stewardship, past and future—today. Heritage stewardship is realized when standards • values,collections • care, asset • risk management, and preservation • treatment • techniques are defined, combined andtransformed through stakeholder engagement, in partnership with professionals whose competencies extend farbeyond the confines of preservation. This concept of heritage stewardship was first developed when working withthe Hopi tribe on clan house restoration through the 1990s. Since, it has been applied pragmatically to otherinitiatives in the United States and abroad. For more information refer to heritage stewardship chart at http://heritagestewardship.org/

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 163C

Alberto Martorell-Carreño. University of San Marin de Porres, PeruHow Does the Past Matter: The Qhapaq Ñan or Main Andean Road as Case Study

The transportation and communication system designed by the Incas, reusing former routes and creating newpaths to join the whole Inca’s territory, namely the Qhapaq Ñan of Main Andean Road, is one of the most importantcultural routes around the World. It is currently under study by an international program which include Argentina,Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The paper will deal with the questions included in the Call for abstracts

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document (Culture): To what extent do the present laws and policies being applied to the Qhapaq Ñan, reinforce orimpose a “mainstream” or majority definition of heritage that excludes indigenous peoples and minorities? Howcan the commemoration of the past, specifically of the Inca’s Road System, facilitate the coexistence of distinctcultures, rather than emphasize the historical and cultural boundaries between them? It is probable non accurate touse the expression “distinct cultures” when talking about the Andean area. But the routes of the Inca’s do reallycross the territory of many different ancient and current cultures. Even thought the Incas domination generatedsome shared cultural characteristics, there are differences among cultural groups located along the path of theroute. Nowadays, all of them are the “local populations” of the heritage site. The Inca’s Road program can contribute to effectively facilitate their coexistence. The last question will be also discussed in the paper: Canheritage initiatives actually help preserve the fabric of disintegrating cultures and communities? Most specifically:is the Qhapaq Ñan Program doing so? For this paper we will apply the theoretical basis made for our doctoral thesis“Cultural routes and World Heritage” (UNED, Spain, 2008) and the supplementary case study specifically focusedon the Qhapaq Ñan, which constitute the third section of our last book “Itinerarios Culturales y PatrimonioMundial” (USMP, 2010)

Barbara A. Mathews, Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, USA; Darlene Marshall, Pocumtuck Valley MemorialAssociation, USALiving With the Past: Heritage Sites and History

Museums and other heritage-inspired sites play a crucial role in forming and informing public understandings ofthe past and its relevance. Such institutions are evidence both of the emotive power of heritage and a culture’scommitment to advancing a collective public understanding of history. This paper introduces the Pocumtuck ValleyMemorial Association in old Deerfield, Massachusetts, as a case study of the far-reaching effects of a 19th centuryheritage-driven account of a historical event, and of how introducing historical context can reinvigorate and makeaccessible a nuanced, more relevant historical narrative. Originally conceived as a memorial to victims of a Frenchand Indian raid on the town in 1704, the Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association (PVMA) is now approaching its140th anniversary. The museum has adopted a multiple perspectives approach to its exhibits, websites andprograms. Inclusive commemorations of the past, including the many stories of 1704, have enabled museum staffto recover and share with diverse audiences other histories that hold the potential to break down traditionalhistorical and cultural boundaries. Public history institutions can develop long-term capacity to deliver programsfor existing audiences even as they expand outreach to new, diverse community audiences both online and onsite.Uniting recent cultural interest with solid historical research and documentation lies at the heart of PVMA’s 1704programs and its more recent African American history initiatives. A new cultural emphasis on diversity is helpingPVMA to connect with heritage audiences previously unaware of, or uninterested in, the story of rural northern slavery. PVMA's experience suggests that museums and other heritage sites are uniquely positioned to successfullypursue initiatives that seek to recover the past in all its historical complexity, while retaining their essentialrelevance for a public audience seeking collective as well as personal meaning.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 101

Sherwood McCaskie, Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation, Barbados W.IA Democratized Celebration

“Community Approach to Independence” is a unique national heritage policy that embraces the entire nation ofBarbados, encouraging all communities, and organizations to participate in heritage planning andcommemoration; particularly the independence celebrations. Having become a sovereign constitutional monarchyfrom Britain on November 30th, 1966, the annual celebration of the island’s attainment of Independence wascentralized and relegated to a mere military parade on the same area where the first celebrations occurred.However, in August of 1995, The Community Independence Celebrations Secretariat was established within theoffice of the Prime Minister to formulate what was termed “A Community Approach to Independence." Essentiallyit democratized the celebrations, and encouraged public discourse and community participation. A carefullystructured program based on a theme of heritage is devised and each parish is expected to respond creatively,making use of available recourses in their locality. This new approach has deepened and broadened people-participation in the Independence celebrations. Activities are geared towards generating and reinforcing self-helpand parochial resourcefulness and stimulating greater pride in the community and nation. In a break fromtradition, the entire month of November and not just Independence Day is now designated for celebrating theSpirit of Independence through community activities organized by community-based organizations; and the ParishIndependence Committees. However, planned parish projects are executed through the entire year. A strong andlasting sense of community commitment and nationalism among our young adults is created, as they participate inprograms ranging from those addressing social needs and environmental concerns within the communities andtheir parishes. Some of these projects have gain national and international recognition over the years. The overalldemocratized program has rebounded to the benefit of all, and can be adopted as a model program for those withan interest in preserving their nation’s unique history and heritage.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 101

Jennifer McStotts, University of Arizona, USA

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Throw Us a Rope!: Classroom Interpretation to Anchor Young Adults to Place and Past

“How long have the Tohono O’odham people lived in Southern Arizona?” Our guide on the reservation responded:“From the beginning of time.” He told the Tohono O’odham origin story of the saguaro, of the neglected boy whosank into the earth and re-emerged as the first cactus. “The end of this story,” he said, “is the beginning of another”—a network of folklore set on O’odham land and Baboquivari Peak, home of the creator I’itoi and Tohono O’odhamcreation myths. Another student asked: “What does the mountain’s name mean?” Bernard pronounced the liquidsyllables, close to Baboquivari but different, and explained how the place-name refers to how the peak once looked—“a rock tied around its middle”—before an earthquake truncated the peak centuries ago. What must it be like tohave such a connection to place and past, to know your ancestors named their sacred sites in a way that enduredcolonization, conquest, and natural disaster? What connection could I offer my students as a surrogate to such anancient, intimate relationship? My students are freshmen coming into adulthood when most Americans relocateevery five years; their ability to become invested in a place seems to be in indirect proportion to economic mobility.Nonetheless, many gained a new perspective on the desert’s connection to the O’odham people after this trip.These same students became invested in Tucson-as-place by forging their own connections: researching turn-of- the-century life in archives, hearing firsthand testimony of Urban Renewal displacement, retaking historicphotographs to discover change-over-time for themselves. While no one can create ex nihilo the connection to place that an indigenous population has, there is value in cultivating investment in place in everyone; it is for thatconnection and investment that the past matters.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, Auditorium

Vincent L. Michael, The School of the Art Institute of Chicago, USAHeritage Travel in China and the Limits of Authenticity

While international conservation standards have expanded to incorporate East Asian concepts of authenticity, thepromotion of heritage tourism in China over the last decade continues to challenge international standards for historic site conservation. The elaboration and outright fabrication of history is economically driven by a domestictourism market several times larger than the international market. Despite the involvement of internationalheritage conservation practitioners and numerous World Heritage Sites, many Chinese heritage sites areinterpreted in a way that subverts authentic heritage. The author has led several China tours and has worked on theWeishan Heritage Valley in Yunnan, a decade-old project cosponsored by the Provincial Government of Yunnan,the US China Arts Exchange at Columbia University and Chicago’s Openlands Project. Centered on the historicSouthern Silk Road town of Weishan, birthplace of the 7th century Nanzhao Empire and one of the most ethnicallyand culturally diverse regions of China, the Weishan Heritage Valley combines natural and cultural preservation inan attempt to develop sustainable tourism, unlike nearby Dali or the World Heritage town of Lijiang, where theindigenous local culture was removed for a new tourist economy. The pressures to overdevelop and promoteeconomic monocultures in heritage towns and sites are endemic in China, and the paper will illustrate examplesranging from Lijiang and Dali and Weishan in Yunnan to the more familiar tourism sites in Xi'an, Beijing,Shanghai, and the Yangtze River. While Weishan officials have created a series of preservation and urbandevelopment regulations to prevent overdevelopment of Weishan’s 13th century old town, safeguard 22 Taoist andBuddhist temples on adjacent Weibao mountain, and promote eco-friendly tourism in Gaoligongshan NationalPark, this town remains a contingent success. The author and other international experts continue to try to bolsterWeishan's sustainable tourist model in the face of development pressures.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 168C

Mehri Mohebbi, University of Semnan, Iran; Zahra Mohebbi, University of Pune, IndiaHistory of Public Spaces in Islamic Contexts: Case Study: Women Issues of Loft Port, Persian Gulf

The past is important to be changed based on the requirements of era and its realm. The authors studied Women’sneeds in their living context, the place where they pace on according to their social or individual roles before whichis published elsewhere. Public space or gathering place for Muslim women was the question of present research;how a gathering public place can be designed with respect to the local values of women and to what extent weshould revere local values. Some traditional rules are not acceptable in case of referring to 21st century’s quality oflife and some other which respects women rights as a member of society along with a person with leading role infamily life can continue living. Furthermore the meaning and feeling of safety and security differ from one societyto another. Creation of a social place means to be familiar with social values as well as social disorders to take anaction as a historian psychologist; moving toward discovering an spatial cure to present social diseases as an architect. In present research, Authors compared three main characteristics of life of Muslim women and then a spatial definition has been suggested as a step towards a better understanding of 21st century; the changing erafacing public participation and democratic architectural ambiance.

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Flavia Montenegro-Menezes, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAPlanning for Heritage, Community Resilience, and Sustainability

The holistic and interdisciplinary approach to Heritage Studies as a field concerned as much with historic sites andbuildings as with the people, and thus the socio-economic processes within, offer the appropriate environment toembrace sustainability goals. At the same time, associating social, environmental, and economic sustainabilityappears to be favorable to the long-term success of Heritage conservation strategies. Debates in Heritage Studies,sustainability, and Cultural Planning, overlap in a number of themes, such as an increased concern abouttransmission between generations, from the past, but even more into the future; the re-theorization of culture inanthropological terms; and the promotion of community involvement, empowerment, and ultimately, of culturaldiversity. My current research involves the ways in which heritage as identity and experience conveys tosustainability, and the development of a comprehensive methodological framework for community and regionalplanning. This involves making the connections between available resources, needs, and means of conservation, aswell as human development. The new approach to Conservation Plan has taken a step forward from traditionalpolicies focusing on material heritage, by incorporating a community’s values and character in guiding heritagesites development. The integrative strategy of Cultural Planning has advanced a body of professional knowledgeaddressing issues of identity, autonomy, and sense of place, traditions, and aspirations, but looking outward to amore general program for community development. This community-driven process in identifying, mapping, andvaluing cultural assets—ordinary and diverse and also exceptional—offers a responsive and comprehensive scopefor planning. While aiming at rediscovering and re-asserting a distinctive heritage, it seeks local knowledge-basedeconomic development and community self-redefinition. This lecture will present an overview and evaluation ofinputs from Cultural Planning to Heritage-led Planning for sustainability, integrating promotion of heritage in allits forms, and environmental, social, and economic sustainability goals.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 165-69

Gabriel Moshenska, UCL Institute of Archaeology, UKEvaluating Our Public: The Market for Archaeology in Contemporary Britain

The UK government’s program of public sector cuts is a serious threat to the heritage sector, with a number ofheritage organizations and museums already facing closure. To effectively lobby for support for the sector duringthis time of crisis we need high-quality quantitative research that both assesses and highlights its economic andcultural benefits. This paper reports on the early stages of the EARN project based at UCL Institute of Archaeology,in which we are designing a large-scale questionnaire survey to evaluate public interest and attitudes towards archaeological heritage in Britain. EARN aims to collect data that can inform research and public policy throughlongitudinal as well as cross-sectional analyses. In this paper we outline the intellectual foundations of this projectin Merriman’s 1985 study; the need for data-led analyses in the formation of heritage policy; and our plans for along-term study of public attitudes to archaeological heritage in Britain. As this project is still at an early stage weare keen to solicit comments from an international audience, as well as sharing insights from our work to date.(Merriman, N. 1991. Beyond the Glass Case: the Past, the Heritage and the Public. Leicester: Leicester UniversityPress.)

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 101

Elina Moustaira, University of Athens, GreeceCultural Objects and Identity

Cultural objects are created by people--even immaterial cultural objects are created by people, a fact that is moreexplicit in some of them, for example in language or dances, while in others it is somehow implicit, as in the case of"traditional knowledge," which too is created and is the evidence of the print of time--at a certain time and at a certain area of the world, recording with their creation all influences that contributed in this, visible and invisible.They are components of the human beings' identity, individual and collective. They determine human communities'history and are determined by it. They are not "accidental" creation of an era, there could not be absolutely similarcreations in whatever historic period by whichever human beings. Pebbles, therefore, of the historic path of variouscultures, of various nations, they occupy a singular place in history.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 165-69

Bhasker Neogi, Consultant Architect, New Delhi, India; Chandrani Bandyopadhyay, National Institute of DisasterManagement, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of IndiaRisk Mitigation of Cultural Heritage: Need for a Holistic Approach: A Case of Buxa Fort and its Environs

India is a rich storehouse of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. The interface between cultural heritage anddisasters, both natural and human-induced, are evident around the world. In addition to the risk from visibledisaster events, considerable heritage is lost to redundancy and apathy of people. Therefore reducing risk ofcultural heritage entails mitigation of risks from disasters as well as those that arise from human interventions. Inthis paper, the authors have studied a historic site, nestled amid a tiger reserve and attempted to find a link

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between heritage risk management, environmental sustainability and overall development of the area. Buxa Fort islocated in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal in India. The significance of this region lies in its position as a part ofthe traditional trade route between Bengal, Central and Western Bhutan and onwards to the Chumbi valley ofTibet, encouraging the trade of musk, wool, hide and oranges to the plains and spices, tobacco, silk to the hillsbeyond. Originally built by Bhutanese and later conquered by the British, the Buxa Fort was used as a detentioncamp for freedom fighters. Located in an area of proclaimed seismic risk, floods, landslides and slope failuresexacerbate the vulnerability of the structure. Buxa Fort and its environs are a unique combination of culturalheritage, ecological wealth and ethnic cultures in a disaster prone area. The authors argue that any attempt of riskmitigation of Buxa Fort needs to address all the issues holistically, with a community-centered approach. Along with professional agencies, the local community should be at the forefront of conservation and development of thearea. The authors also propose a system of heritage ranking for mitigation planning and risk sensitive development.

Efthymios Nicolaidis, International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science; International Academy ofHistory of Science, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Greece The Migration of Scientific Ideas in the Mediterranean

The migration of scientific ideas is a major contribution to the cultural identity of the Mediterranean area. Theconception of the world and the means to achieve its comprehension are regarded as the backbone behind thecultural continuum of the Mediterranean region. The Mediterranean constitutes a crossroad of scientific ideasthrough cultural areas and time. Indeed, Mediterranean civilizations have exchanged scientific ideas from theantiquity to our days. Although their differences of language, religion and culture, throughout the centuriesMediterranean peoples have communicated, translated, appropriated and adapted the ideas of their neighbors.During long historical periods, the Mediterranean has constituted a common cultural area as far as it concernsscientific ideas. More recently, the concept of scientific center versus periphery can describe the process ofmigration of scientific ideas: the process of scientific modernization of East and South Mediterranean states is anexample. The paper offers a comprehensive outline of the journey of tangible (applications) and intangible(concepts) heritage throughout space and time.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 162-75

Maria O’Donovan, Binghamton University, USACRM and Heritage Preservation: Moving Beyond Education and Identity

The Public Archaeology Facility has been actively engaged in CRM projects associated with urban revitalizationefforts in Binghamton, NY. These projects have yielded a large amount of data on both Native American and Euro-American occupation of this area. The scale of these urban projects has allowed us to develop outreach projectsthat go beyond typical CRM efforts. We have engaged the multiple communities that have an interest in theheritage and history of this area through exhibitions, permanent architectural installations, commemorativeinstallations, and various community programs. In this paper, I consider how successful these efforts have beenwithin a framework that takes a critical perspective on community outreach within archaeology and the notion ofcommunity identity. Community outreach within CRM is often not grounded within a radical theoreticalperspective that can create positive social praxis and change. While these theoretical perspectives are viewed asproblematic due to their inherent political commitment, typical positions on heritage and community outreach inCRM are not politically neutral. They are either oriented toward simply conveying knowledge and/or attempt toconsider the differing perspectives of multiple community stakeholders, either through bureaucratic mandate orpersonal commitment. The focus on multiple stakeholders is consistent with post-modernist theories of identity.However, knowledge is rarely simple or neutral and, while identity theories have had positive impacts on integrating frequently marginalized groups in heritage preservation, they frequently act to inhibit social praxis andradical change. We must confront the consequences of common practices in CRM and heritage preservation ratherthan simply congratulating ourselves on our efforts at education and our service to various communities.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 101

Patricia M. O'Donnell, FASLA, AICP, IFLA, ICOMOS, Heritage Landscapes LLC, USAWhy Cultural Landscapes Matter: Our Cultural/Natural Commonwealth

Cultural significance is manifested in the physical character of iconic American landscapes, in our national andstate capitols. The continued vitality of these historic landscapes is essential to their symbolic power, daily use andsustainability. This session explores the connection between iconic American landscapes, democratic ideals theyrepresent and the imperative that enhance their stewardship and sustainability. Combined pressures ofdegradation over time, intensive use, and protection of these shared landscape treasures requires high levelteamwork and expertise to chart a vibrant, healthy future. Recent work on the National Mall, Jefferson Memorial,National Capitol Grounds, highlights the legacy and future of the iconic green heart of Washington DC. For theCapitol Grounds intensive, detailed team work has documented the early grounds, the Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. design and implementation 1874 to 1894, and their evolution, to define restoration, rehabilitation and maintenancedirection. Heritage Landscapes researched Mall evolution and design intent, from 1791 and 2010 to inform the planned project. Stewarded and managed by the National Park Service, the National Mall, linear turf and tree

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panels between the US Capitol and the Washington Monument, is under restoration to renew the green ribbon of the Capitol. The Jefferson Memorial requires greater protection and understanding the Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.design and evolution informed the enhanced security design. At the state level, capitols are emblems of shared values. West Virginia's Cass Gilbert legacy and Virginia's architectural temple by Thomas Jefferson are both complemented by important, public, historic landscapes. At both Virginia and West Virginian, HeritageLandscapes underpinned our efforts with a thorough understanding of history and existing conditions, theinterventions preserved extant details and recaptured historic character while meeting broad client goals to renewthese shared landscapes for the 21st century. Our iconic, public landscapes matter as enduring symbols of ourcommonwealth.

Julias Juma Ogega, National Museums of Kenya, Kitale Museum, KenyaWhy Heritage Matters: Peace Building and Reconciliation After Post Election Violence ThroughHeritage Performances in Kenya

From time immemorial communities have utilized heritage and heritage sites to make peace, reconcile and createidentity of the warring parties. During such occasions of peace building, reconciliation and identity creation atheritage sites; performances of heritage traditions, norms, practices, taboos, sacrifices, songs and dances have beenutilized. After bungled General Election (GE) in Kenya in December 2007 ethnic violence erupted all over Kenya.The cost of the violence was devastating; over 2000 people dead, over 300,000 Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)and property worth millions and millions shillings destroyed. This poster illustrates how the National Museums ofKenya, a heritage institutions is using national heritage and heritage sites to bring communities who fought eachother during Post Election Violence (PEV) to make peace, resolve conflicts, reconcile ethnic communities andcreate regional/national identity through heritage exhibition and cultural performances

Friday 9:30am, - 11:00am, Lobby

Salvador Orti Camallonga, University of Cambridge, UKMemory Building in Dictatorial Regimes: The Holocaust in Franco Spain’s Cultural Heritage (1945-1975)

Why has Spain shown an astonishing degree of amnesia for Francoist collaboration with Germany during WW2?Today, the unawareness of school students about the Holocaust, or the noticeable lack of sensitivity towards thisterrible event by some politicians, are mere examples of this phenomenon. While scholars have intensely written onFranco Spain’s repression of the political opposition, there is still a big academic gap on Francoist politics of memory to legitimize the regime after 1945, and the cultural heritage left by such practices. In this paper, I shallfocus on Francoist manipulation of past collaborationism with Hitler and how the conservation of this memory has later affected public responses towards the increasing popularization of the Holocaust. Not only do officialnarratives on the Jewish extermination provide information about the reality that Franco aimed to impose throughcensorship, but also they tackle with an event that symbolized the very genocidal nature of Fascist regimes. Moreover, I will focus on how the ‘imposed memory’ affected the public response to the Holocaust when it becamewidely discussed, particularly whether reflections on the Jewish extermination awoke people’s awareness of theSpanish role in WW2, and whether they led to an increasing sensitivity towards the memory of the Civil War. Thispaper will argue that the Franco dictatorship’s official rhetoric about WW2 and the Jewish extermination achieveda degree of detachment from its Fascist past that not only prevented any national reflection towards previouscollaboration with Hitler, but also led to highly relativistic interpretations of the Holocaust--through comparisonsof its impact to that of the Communist crimes and its gravity to that of the Republican crimes--and eliminated anychance for the Jewish extermination to become part of the Spanish historical culture.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Marta E. Ostovich, Boston University, USALiving Landscapes: Heritage and the Biosphere Reserve on Menorca, Spain

The island of Menorca has been part of UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1992. TheBiosphere Reserve program was founded in the 1970s with the aims of conserving biodiversity, fostering researchon interactions between humans and their environment, and promoting sustainable development. The majority ofBiosphere Reserves focus on natural heritage; Menorca is one of only 51 of the over 500 biosphere reserves that listarchaeological heritage as part of their nomination criteria, while 152 list cultural heritage. Currently, there are anumber of archaeological projects being conducted on the island and the island’s archaeological monuments are an important part of the landscape. This paper explores the interface of cultural and natural heritage management,using the Menorca Biosphere as a case study. How has the Biosphere Reserve designation influenced ongoingarchaeological research on the island? Menorca’s economy is driven by tourism, based on the island’s beaches aswell as on its archaeological monuments. The Biosphere Reserve designation comes with restrictions and limits ondevelopment, which have certainly impacted the tourist trade and the residents of the island. This paper will assessthe role of the Biosphere Reserve program in providing sustainable management of cultural and natural resourcesfor the benefit of those living within the reserve and those conducting research.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

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Adam C Paterson, Flinders University, South AustraliaParticipatory Archaeology and Cultural Production: An Evaluation of Participant Outcomes, PortAdelaide South Australia

Interaction and collaboration between archaeologists and stakeholder groups has been widely discussed in thearchaeological literature. Much consideration has been given to the theoretical frameworks that guide stakeholderengagement and a number of terms have been used to describe different methodologies. Archaeologists describewhat is done, and why, but increasingly we also seek to explain what various methodologies actually do. In thispaper I use a qualitative approach to examine the social and cultural outcomes arising from participation of members of the wider community during archaeological field work in Port Adelaide, South Australia.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 101

Shelley-Anne Peleg, Haifa University, IsraelLinking Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage

This paper reviews the cultural heritage values of Acre. Initially, these values were identified in the new Master Planand during the nomination of Acre as a World Heritage City. They include aesthetic, historic and scientific values.Acre is a multi-cultural city. This aspect was regarded in the latter procedures as the social value of the city. Thisresearch presents examples and illustrations indicating that the social values are hidden within the intangible heritage. Still alive in the alleys, it is passed on from generation to generation. It connects the residents to the cityand gives them a unique identity. Within it is a diverse collective memory of a rich distinguished past. It nourishesand cultivates the built heritage, thus creating the cultural heritage of the city. The research indicates a gap betweenthe intentions of the development plan and their implementation. The voice heard in the interviews of this study,claims a situation of alienation and distance between the local community and the development organizations.Scientific research, suitable management and care of the intangible heritage could narrow this gap and involve thelocal community in the intensive development of the tourist industry. Further research, full cooperation andwillingness of the community are urgently needed, as these intangible components are in danger of disappearingforever.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Connie Pinkerton, Savannah College of Art & Design, USAThe Past Matters, But It's Not Why We're Here

Why does the past matter? It doesn’t. Today--as we sit patting ourselves on the back as the responsible stewards ofour heritage--25,000 children worldwide will die of preventable causes. We should instead be out there feedingthe hungry, housing the unsheltered, healing the sick, educating the illiterate, and lifting up the oppressed.Whereas I battle every morning with existential questions like this (Why am I doing what I’m doing when there isso much suffering in the world? Does the past matter? Do I matter?), I argue that as preservationists we can solvethe world’s problems. In this paper, I illustrate how--by pursuing our passion for history and heritage--we arestewards of more than the built environment. In the fall of 2010, graduate students at the Savannah College of Art& Design conducted a survey to analyze public perception of historic preservation, revealing a disconnect between perception and reality. The public, it seems, is unaware of the impact of the work that we do. In progress is a second study focusing on revealing quantitatively the social effects of preservation efforts. In surveys, samples, andcase studies in industrialized and developing nations, the students identify patterns and anomalies in the relationship between preservation and quality of life.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 165-69

Lindsay Pontius, University of Vermont, USAMining Pride: Reclaiming Heritage and Place Through an Initiative in Rural Tourism, a QualitativeCase Study

The components of the presentation are drawn from a qualitative case study examining the roles that a culturalheritage network played in promoting social inclusion in a rural tourism initiative. The study weaved together threesets of literature: rural tourism--identifying tourism issues for host communities; the elements of successful inter-agency collaboration including the importance of safety and inclusion (Whelan, 2010); and the changing social roleof museums and cultural organizations. Museum and other cultural organization practices and policies haveundergone significant transformation in the last two decades as they have begun to embrace entrepreneurial andcivic roles (McLean, 1999). The findings present four emerging roles for cultural and heritage organizations asresources working in relationship to build resiliency. Cultural agencies can 1) engage the local community throughthe doing of history or cultural work ; 2) help local groups re-invest in organizational capacity and expertise; 3)energize their constituencies through creative partnerships; 4) and. embrace meaningful processes for civicengagement and encountering cultural barriers. The presentation will begin with a discussion of research questionsand methods explored. It will then incorporate a summary of the literature, context and findings and conclude witha discussion of the implications for mentoring, strength-based strategies to hone emergent leadership, examples

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of local innovations, and ways to create opportunities for shared vision.

T.Lakshmi Priya, Archaeological Survey of IndiaManagement of Indian Heritage Sites : Working Towards a Decentralized Integrated Approach

The complexity exhibited by the Indian heritage sites poses a great challenge to all conservation professionals whoare involved in the task of conservation and protection of these sites. This has necessitated the need for thepreparation of the management plans which address various issues faced by the site managers. ArchaeologicalSurvey of India has taken the responsibility of preparation of management plans for several World Heritage Sitessuch as Red Fort, Hampi, Ajanta and Ellora through professionals. Through this paper I would like to share myexperience of working with Archaeological Survey of India in preparation and subsequently finalization of thesemanagement plans. As preparation of management plans for World Heritage Sites is an international obligationand must follow the principles of World Heritage Convention and Operational Guidelines of UNESCO, there is aneed to integrate the international principles within the Indian frameworks and local context. The role of the nodalagency, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is extremely crucial at every stage of the preparation of thesemanagement plans. It is essential to use the Integrated, inter-disciplinary and decentralized approach formanagement of heritage sites in the Indian context. Management of Indian heritage sites requires thatprofessionals have to go beyond the monument centric approach and take into account the wider definition ofheritage which includes cultural landscapes, historic cities, cultural regions etc. There is a shift in the coloniallegacy of ASI to a more decentralized approach where in the local stakeholders are an integral part of themanagement systems. Heritage management is being undertaken through an intensive consultative process withthe various stakeholders and their active participation in decision making.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 168C

Mei Qing, Tongji University, China; Zhang LeiLiving with Matter: At the Foot of Yellow Mountain

In the age of architecture without architects, metal, wood, water, fire and earth were strongly believed the five primary materials granted from nature. Wood and earth were mostly used in vernacular living houses at the foot of Yellow Mountain in China. In this paper, we will use a project in Mt. Huangshan as a case study to explore therelations of the Past with Now. Situated within the mountains, the villages and traditional houses display inwardspatial characters separated from the outside world. People believe five ways of the universe, select their living sitesaccording to Fengshui principles, and build their houses with first-hand materials related to mountains, rivers, andsoils by essence. The wisdom of vernacular phenomena of living rooted in the inhabited houses comes frompeople’s attitude to the nature, and relation with the nature. The five elements of metal, wood, water, fire, and earthbring people closer to their lives in soils, and therefore more “real” in the world. In particular, the way rain waswelcomed from the roof and led inside the sky-well of the house from four sides. It was both “designed” for recycle-use and “believed” for psychological prosperity. As one of five essences, water is the basic for living, and bringsgood luck to people and place. After a rapid urbanization and new construction, many new buildings wereconstructed with huge dimension. In a certain sense, the misuse of high-tech makes people feel a sense of loss whenreviewing the vernacular architecture of human touch. There is a growing respect and desire for the values andpleasures of vernacular architecture in many new developments, just like an expression that says: “one only missesone’s water when the well is dry.” Perhaps the "well" of vernacular architecture is a bit dry in China, and this is thetime when the values of vernacular architecture can be appreciated again.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Rikke Marie Rau, Odense City Museums, DenmarkArchaeology as a Value: Examples from Denmark

In Denmark archaeological excavations is performed after the "polluter pays" principle. This means that thedeveloper pays for archaeology. This principle is quite new in Denmark, where until 2001 all archaeologicalexcavations was paid for by governmental organizations. The economic change meant a lot of negative attentionfrom the the developers who felt that they were pressed in to a game of Russian archaeological roulette when theywanted to build new buildings and develop new areas. Very common questions from developers to archaeologistare:"why do I have to pay for something that is common heritage" and "why is this so important that I have to payfor it?" This again attracted negative attention from the media, and Danish archaeologists were suddenly placed ina situation where we had to perform archaeological excavations on grounds of the law and were under constantpressure from developers, developers organizations, local governments and the media who wanted to know why thepast matters--to them? In 2009 the Danish National Heritage Board and Odense City Museums therefore initiateda grand communication project. The main targets of the project are: To find out how the fact that the developerpays for archaeology can contribute to his organization as brandvalue, as an element in marketing and as anpositive icebreaker and "the good" story in relation to the local societies and media; To find out how wecommunicate archaeology meaningfully in different contexts and provide knowledge and services that is useful todifferent stakeholders in society; To define different inspirational cases that illustrate how archaeology can be usedas a value in society. And maybe even as an economic value? In the research paper the project will be presented.

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Background, targets and methods will be presented as well as a row of practical cases rooted in the Danisharchaeological reality.

Carolina Rendon, Consultant, GuatemalaMemory and Education

One of the difficulties of countries as Guatemala, that suffer an armed conflict has been extract from the silence theoutcome of historical memory, make tolerant process of dialogue and reflection about it and make efforts for beenpart of the formal education. Some groups of Guatemalan society think that the teaching of historical memoryprovokes resentment and revenge desires and because of that ideas prefer to left it in the forgetfulness, others thinkthat to leave it in the forgetfulness favor impunity, to know the past forge identity, facilitates to understand thepresent and take learning’s that allow to build a peace culture. To assume the challenge that history inherit forGuatemalans’ is not easy but is necessary understand the benefits and the importance of generate learningprocesses through pedagogical memory.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 168C

Nelly Robles Garcia, National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico; Jack Corbett, Portland StateUniversity, USAHeritage Management and the State in Mexico: Planning as a Subversive Paradigm

In “Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World” Henry Cleere asserted that planning for heritagemanagement is too complex to leave in the hands of single-subject specialists such as archaeologists or architects.He argued for broad-based teams able to recognize and respond to social as well as professional complexities. Notonly did this break with long-established practice in many countries but frequently, the dominant administrative structures were in the hands of professional archaeologists who were loathe to share power and resources withothers. In this paper we trace the twenty-year struggle to bring Henry Cleere’s planning paradigm to themanagement of Mexico’s cultural heritage. It is a struggle which plays out at multiple levels and venues, from thecentral offices of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) to a broad array of sites, organizations,and events across the country. Under Mexican law INAH holds a monopoly on approval for archaeological researchin Mexico and controls directly or indirectly the allocation of resources and opportunities. It took eight years tocreate the country’s first site management plan, for the World Heritage Site at Monte Alban in Oaxaca, and anotherdecade for the idea of including biologists, geologists, attorneys, and other professionals in planning to gainacceptance within INAH. The Mexican case is critical not only because of the role archaeological heritage plays inthe national identity and economy but because Mexico is commonly taken as the model for archaeological practiceacross Latin America and many of the region’s future heritage professionals train there.

Thursday 2:00 pm, - 4:00 pm, Auditorium

Gabriella Rodrigues, State University of Campinas, BrazilSome Uses of the Past in Strategies of Identity Affirmation: Notes on the History of ArchaeologicalPractice in Palestine

Following a recent tradition in colonial studies, this paper aims to discuss how the practice of archaeology inPalestine was used in different modern contexts for the constitution of identities (imperial, national, religious). Thefirst so-called scientific expeditions held in that region by the early contemporary European Empires contributed,grosso modo, both to the formation of a Christian-European imperial identity and in turning them into heirs of the“Holy Land.” Today, the uses of archaeology as a means for legitimizing colonial discourses in the region, still basedon the idea of inheritance of a distant past, have been long discussed. Therefore, what role does the past play or,which past was used in such strategies of identity affirmation throughout the polemic trajectory of the archeologicalresearch in Palestine? These are some of the issues addressed in the paper.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 101

Claudia Rodríguez Espinosa, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, MexicoIdentity of Migrants and the Vernacular Architecture Heritage in Michoacan, Mexico

The cultural traditions among purepecha people are a very important part of their identity as an indigenous society.The vernacular architecture, including materials and building proceedings, are some of the basic knowledge thatare transmitted form parents to sons, in a generational process to preserve cultural heritage. As a result of theinteraction of several factors, young men from this cultural group are forced to migrate to the USA, in search forbetter work conditions. The migration phenomenon produce various consequences, in this case, the influence ofother architectural languages, are transforming vernacular architecture. Local building materials such as wood andadobe, have been replaced by concrete and steel. Bay windows appears instead of rectangular wood windows, andurban profile changes from one to two levels buildings. Despite all of the above, migrants still recognize vernaculararchitecture as part of their identity, and consider it’s important to preserve traditional materials and buildingproceedings in order to maintain their cultural heritage alive. Some migrants associations located in the USA, arefinancing building works in purepecha’s settlings, such schools, churchs or urban infrastructure. Because of that,we consider an urgent matter to spread among these groups, research works that makes emphasis in preserve

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cultural and architectonic heritage of the purepecha people.

Lawrence Rothfield, University of Chicago, USADo World Heritage Sites Protect the Past? Some Lessons from Babylon, Pompeii, and Mirador

Heritage tourism economics tends to focus either on questions of distribution--is the local community benefiting,or is revenue being siphoned off by national government or by non-local investors?--or on trade-offs betweengenerated revenue and hidden costs, whether to the local community or to the over-exploited site. What is missing,in either case, is a broader public-policy consideration of the ways in which the economic power of heritage tourismshould and could be harnessed to help meet the needs of the perennially resource-starved heritage boards andcultural ministries of countries in which heritage sites operate. Most archaeological sites, it must be remembered,are not going to become tourist meccas, or even stopover jaunts for cognoscenti. There is a pressing global publicinterest in preserving these unvisited sites. Yet they are suffering from the looting and degradation that stems froma lack of funding for site guards, antiquities police, and state-run conservation efforts. The most stark example ofthis is Iraq, where sites have been virtually unprotected for many years now because the country has funded only50-100 of the 5000 antiquities police that would be needed to provide even minimal security against looting. TheIraqi government, abetted by the US and encouraged by UNESCO, has chosen instead to pursue a heritage tourismstrategy, investing heavily in Babylon and in restoring the Iraq National Museum. In Iraq, however, at leastBabylon itself is being protected and cared for. The same cannot be said for all world heritage sites, as illustrated bythe collapses at Pompeii and the continued looting of Mirador in Guatemala. To better protect and conserve allarchaeological sites, heritage tourism needs to build into its economic model a funding mechanism to direct at leastsome revenues towards measures to strengthen the antiquities-policing capacities of governments.

Thursday 2:00 pm, - 4:00 pm, Auditorium

Iman Saca, Saint Xavier University, USABuilding a Community Archaeology Program in Jericho: A Long Term Vision for a City and a Site

The field of community archaeology aims at engaging and involving local communities in protecting, promoting,interpreting as well as benefiting from the archaeological and heritage sites within their communities. CommunityArchaeology stresses a true sense of collaboration amongst all participants in an effort to promote a sense of civicinvolvement and long term sustainable benefits to the site and all parties involved. This presentation exploresoutreach efforts at the first joint Palestinian-American excavation at Khirbet el-Mafjar in Jericho, Palestine. Effortsto establish a comprehensive collaborative community archaeology program with the Palestinian Department ofAntiquities and Heritage, Ministry of Education, the community, and the private sector will be explored. Thesuccess of an archaeological project and the long-term protection of the site depend on having the understandingand support of the local community. It is both a professional and an ethical responsibility for community outreachefforts to be an integral part of any archaeological research project. Community archaeology has a very unique andcritical role in transforming archaeology into a discipline that contributes to the betterment of society and theprotection of human heritage worldwide.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 101

Pablo Sánchez León, Universidad del País Vasco in Bilbao, SpainPolitical Cultures and "Regimes of Memory" in Modern Spain, 1808-2008: An Overview

Spain suffered a major civil war of deep social disruption in the twentieth century, and then in the last quarter ofthe twentieth century, a model transition to democracy. In fact, it had weathered several liberal revolutions,transitions, civil and colonial wars from the early nineteenth century that may work as relevant “laboratories” forstudying the management of collective traumas. To what extent did the new regimes emerging from wars, revolutionary crises and transition processes base their legitimacy on continuity or discontinuity with the previousorder? Did the new authorities push forward policies of public and private rehabilitation, public recognition of andrelief from traumatic events? Were there any similarities in such policies? Was there any explicit recognition of themoral costs of revolutions, wars or transitions? How was the issue of “reconciliation” addressed? How did theyaddress the issue of post-revolutionary, post-war or post-transitional justice? Were there different patterns ofcollective memory instituted or recogniZed in the emerging settlement? To what extent did political strugglecontribute to the erosion of regimes of memory, and how and why? The imagery of the “two Spains” and otherconcurring ones were inseparable from wider “regimes of memory,” and need to be studied in detail in order toassess the rhetorical power of such metaphors and metahistorical constructs. They also help to better understandthe way citizens, groups, parties, and authorities acted and reacted upon experiences of liberal revolution, civil warsand transitions to democracy. The study intends to expand from the “War of Independence” (1808–1814) to thepresent.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Aris Sapounakis, University of Thessaly, GreeceMediterranean Places and NetworksFriday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 162-75

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As urban centers continue to grow in vertical and horizontal layers of both, space and meaning, the forces ofmigration keep shaping the future of cities. Migrant communities introduce a complexity equal to the culturaldiversity they spring from. The paper probes the conditions of spatial evolution in urban migrant communities ofthe Mediterranean region through places and networks. The particular social/ ethnic/ cultural/ historicalparameters and back round(s), which define such communities, may reveal a different perspective on the evolutionof cities. A new approach of places and networks offers effective tools for the sustainable integration of each groupand the achievement of a win-win relationship between existent inhabitants and newcomers, or, differently put,insiders and outsiders.

Heidi Savery, Binghamton University, USAFrom Jamaican Heritage to Heritage Tourism: A Community in Action

As part of a larger initiative, the community-driven Bluefields Archaeology Project (BAP) is committed toidentifying, preserving, protecting, and promoting local heritage. The BAP team envisions archaeology as tool forengagement, a social force that is connected to identity formation, nation building, tourism development andcultural exchange. By creating a space where students and tourists interact and collaborate with local residents, theBAP responsibly links practices of heritage management and tourism in an active exploration of the past. Forstudents and tourists, both local and foreign, active learning provides a practical level of engagement andinteraction through participation, imagination and collaboration in a context that is mutually rewarding. They aregiven the opportunity to experience the process of heritage, not just passively consume it. At the same time, thecommunity has the opportunity to actively share its heritage, not just present it. Together, participants arepreserving heritage and culture for future generations of descendants and visitors to study and enjoy. Through anemancipatory praxis and the integration of ethnography, the project is fully situated in the discourse of Jamaicanheritage as it is socially constructed and politically constituted. This paper will discuss how innovative approachesto heritage, creative in concept and execution, can place archaeology in service to communities with the greatestpotential for supporting a shared interest in the sustainable development of cultural resources.

Friday 5:00 pm, - 7:00 pm, 101

Nader Sayadi, Independent ResearcherLearning from the Past: Pigeon Towers, Agricultural Heritage of Zayanderud

The past can teach success and loss of many experiences, without any consequences. It is common that trials anderrors lead people to a sustainable life in coordination with nature, after living in a territory for a long time. In thisprocess, people know their territory by real. Also, after many generations, people could have learned to make newopportunities. So it makes sense to review the experiences remain form the past as cultural heritages. In centralIran there is an important river, Zayanderud, running from Zagros mountain range to central desert and giving lifealong its route. For centuries, people have lived in this region and their livelihood mostly depends on agriculture.Like traditional agriculture in other places, they have used feces as manure. But they have had a specific method inthis case, leading to a sustainable agricultural economy. They have largely used feral bird’s droppings (especially feral pigeon) and have built specific buildings to manage it. The pigeon towers (Dovecote) have been built in thefarms near the villages as a collective nest for pigeons for gathering feces. Human learned how to live with birds ina relationship that two sides win. So he provided nest, food and basic protection for pigeons to gain feces as naturalmanure. Sustainability is the most important point in this case. It just needs a primary budget to build the pigeontower and it’s maintenance but it periodically gives manure without any cost. Today several types of pigeon towerremains with diverse plans and forms in this region. Some of them place hundreds of birds in levels, standing infarmlands like magnificent monuments. Study of this case shows how we could learn from last inhabitants whoknew their territory very well to live there after them as the next generation and present Pigeon towers asagricultural Heritage of Zayanderud region.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 163C

Assaad Seif, Ministry of Culture - Directorate General of Antiquities, LebanonParadigm Shifts and the Politics of the Past in Lebanon: Urban Archaeology in the Making

The paper exposes the diachronic paradigm shifts in the Politics of the Past in Lebanon since the late Ottomanperiod throughout the Mandate period and the pre-war times until the post-war reconstruction era. It describes the uses and abuses of the said Past on the social, political and the cultural identity levels.Furthermore, it tries to explain the different attitudes of the Lebanese authorities towards the archaeological andbuilt heritage. The paper then focuses on the urban archaeology dynamics in pre-war and post-war Beirut reflectingthe policies of the Archaeology Department as a direct result of how people in this Department perceived the pastand in which way it did matter for them. It also explores the practical, ethical and legal challenges of heritagemanagement in post-war Beirut. Finally, it discusses the new issues facing the archaeological venture in the urbanreconstruction process. Within this framework, it exposes the solutions and approaches adopted by the DirectorateGeneral of Antiquities (DGA) concerning rising issues related to building versus excavations dilemmas. This papercovers the themes of Identity, Culture, Economics and Civil Society.

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Adi Sela Wiener, Columbia University, USAThe Bukharim Neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel: A Case Study for Examining the RelationshipBetween Forming a Responsibility for the Built Heritage to Residence in a Historic Neighborhood

It is often assumed that dwelling in a historic district will stem appreciation, respect followed by a sense ofresponsibility for the built heritage among its residents. The recent preservation efforts in the Bukharim, a historicneighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel examines this assumption. An analysis of the activities of the “Saving theBukharim” action committee together with the government and municipal planning authorities updated policiesversus the carelessness and lack of involvement exhibited by residents of the neighborhood demonstrated that thisassumption isn't necessarily valid. The Bukharin Neighborhood, built in 1890 by Jewish immigrants from Bukhara (Uzbekistan), was among the most lavish Jewish neighborhood in Jerusalem. It flourished into the first half of the20th century, but has since suffered neglect and destruction of its urban fabric and fine houses. Simultaneously asocio-demographic process occurred and the original residents were replaced by orthodox and ultra orthodoxpopulation. By 2005, an action committee for 'Saving the Bukharin' was established. Comprised of members wereheritage-inspired identity groups and professional historic preservation interest groups. The committee succeededin halting the demolition and the damage to the historic surrounding as well as instigating sound planning policydecisions. None of the active members, however, were current residents of the diverse community of theneighborhood due to their authenticity and special cultural characteristic. This case study demonstrates that asense of moral, cultural and environmental responsibility of a historic district built heritage is not necessarilycreated through physical dwelling in its context, but requires a sense of belonging, a heritage-inspired identity,appreciation of the built heritage and understanding the acceptances of this heritage. It seems, in this case, that theresponsibility can only be developed within a natural heritage-inspired identity groups or professional groups, notnecessarily related to the local community.

Friday 9:30am, - 11:00am, Lobby

Leila Shahbazi, Tehran University, IranCognition of the Values of Historical Fabric is the First Step to Regenerate Them: A Case Study of theOodlajan Neighborhood

Historical fabrics with elements and urban spaces, in addition to their physical shape and physical characteristics,have cryptic values in cultural, social and economic field. Identifying abstruse values in historic fabric and endeavorto crystallization of this values in today's physical context, is the first step to protect and regenerate urban fabrics.The aim of this paper lies in understanding the values of physical structure and social system, cultural, historical and economic context as well as expanding and developing these values in order to improve the quality of life andenvironment in the future. This paper lies in understanding the obvious and hidden values in historic and naturalfield of oodlajan quarter, which is one of historical neighborhood of Tehran in 19 century AD, and trying to find theopportunity and capability that the fabric with cultural and historical value, along with maintaining the obvious andhidden values and accepting new role and strengthen and updating previous role, still be able to continue living anddynamic. Oodlajan quarter, one of the first neighborhoods in Tehran, is the product of constant and steady formation that occurred over several centuries. This neighborhood with its valuable structural space remains withlittle changes from the past. In addition to rare aesthetic values, valuable monuments, organic alleys, it has formedpart of collective and common memory of people. However, today due to global developments in urbanization, thishistoric neighborhood is going to decline physically, functionally, socially and economically. The purpose of thispaper is to identify physical, social and economic values of this neighborhood to enhance quality of life according tothe physical identity context, based on principles and values shaping the neighborhood. Questionnaires andinterviews with neighborhood resident have been used to understand the values and potentials of this historicneighborhood library studies.

Thursday 9:30am, - 11:00am, First Floor Lobby

Antony Sihombing, University of Indonesia, IndonesiaKuta-Negara, the Identity of Indonesian City

Javanese are the biggest ethnic group and Islam is the largest religion in Indonesia. Java Island has a population ofover a hundred million citizens, more than half of the 230 million Indonesian citizens. The social, cultural, andpolitical nature of Indonesian government has been influenced by Javanese civilization, Buddhism, Hinduism andlater by Islam. And government policies from different eras and management styles, of course, have influencedIndonesian urban development. To understand traditional urban habitation in Java, it is necessary first to identifythe concept of negara. This paper describes kampung, the tradition of settling and settlement, in kota in Indonesiancities, as influenced by Javanese civilization. It provides an introduction to Indonesian cities to form a basis forexamination of the particular city of Jakarta. It draws out the understanding of kota in Indonesia, and in particularin Java. It also describes the understanding of kota and the negara system through reviewing the history ofIndonesia’s experiences of Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic civilization in Java. The aim is to understand the social,cultural, economic, and political issues in forming the original kota under Buddhist, Hindu and Islamic influencesand Dutch colonization up to the present. Then, it describes how Javanese civilization has influenced urbandevelopment, particularly in Java Island. Then this discusses the social and political culture in Java, from the

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feudal governments of Javanese civilization, through the colonial era, and finally to the Republic of Indonesia.

Faye Alexandra Simpson, Manchester Metropolitan University, UKThe Value of Community Archaeology

Community archaeology is now receiving national and international attention, at both political and academic levels. This form of public outreach, both at the theoretical and methodological level, is taking prominence in theuniversity, museum and commercial sectors. This paper will draw on and evaluate a variety of international casestudies in order to explore why community archaeology is so important step for interpreting and communicatingthe past. It aims to highlight the multiple values of this approach, including non-traditionally associated social andpsychological values, including that of identity, whilst answering some important questions about how such anapproach to community archaeology works in practice. In addition, it seeks to answer the question as to why suchprojects that actively involved and engage local communities are important to the future of archaeology, on both alocal, national and international level.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 101

Anita Smith, La Trobe University, AustraliaContradictions in Comparative Analysis as an Indicator of Outstanding Universal Value: A Case Studyfrom the Fiji Islands

Limits to the use of comparative analysis in arguing for the outstanding universal value of World Heritageproperties are discussed in reference to nomination of the historic port of Levuka, Fiji. I argue that paradoxically inthe context of current programs to increase the representativeness of the World Heritage List, an increasingemphasis on detailed and rigorous comparative analysis in the evaluation of cultural properties is contributing torather than reducing imbalances in regional representation. Levuka is Fiji’s first nomination to the World HeritageList, a property reflecting the hybrid nature of the colonial process and the interaction of Fijians and European andother settlers engaged in the enterprise and governance and social forms that characterize European colonization ingeneral. Although in Levuka this is manifest in a specific vernacular built, archaeological and maritime heritagethat characterize the opportunities and constraints of the Oceanic world, in development of the nominationcomparative analysis was seen as crucial in demonstrating that the property reflects global processes in a distinctlyPacific form. Articulating the values of Levuka as an expression of European colonization and interaction gave riseto a potentially huge number of comparable sites. Reducing this was achieved through refinement of values;identification of a phases in the colonization process; the use of the site type ‘port town’ as a descriptor; and finallyfabric. While the analysis successfully located Levuka as an outstanding regional expression of this global process,the necessary incremental refinement of values and fabric to delineate the specificity of the property andcomparable sites points to circularity in the comparative analysis process. Perhaps more importantly it promotesan ever increasing number of properties that can be argued to underpin and be essential to expressing outstandinguniversal value.

Thursday 2:00 pm, - 4:00 pm, Auditorium

Peter Spearritt, University of Queensland, AustraliaCoastal Heritage in the 21st Century

With over half of Australia's holiday coast accommodation, Queensland's built and cultural landscapes have beentransformed since the early l950s, from a series of sugar ports and small coastal villages to tourist destinations thatare marketed on the world stage. Cairns, in north Queensland, has been transformed from a hinterland port townto a playground of marinas, Great Barrier Reef tours, a giant casino and restaurants catering to Europeans,Americans and the Japanese. On the Gold Coast, just south of Brisbane, the redevelopment pressures have been sogreat that some sites have had five structures on them since the late l940s. This extraordinary pressure on thecoastal landscape has seen the disappearance of whole swathes of building types, from substantial wooden guesthouses, to churches, department stores and motels. Huge blocks of apartments which have been demolished tomake way for even bigger apartment blocks. The Gold Coast still boasts the tallest apartment block, that is withoutoffice accommodation, in the world. This coastal development has taken place to a backdrop of reefs, islands andrainforest of such value that is had been inscribed on the world heritage register. More of the natural ecology hasbeen saved than built heritage. This paper explores pressure on both, and asks whether it is possible to save anything more than token built heritage in ever-redeveloping coastal resorts.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Maria Theresia Starzmann, Binghamton University, USAExcavating Counter-Memory: The Politics of Remembering the Nazi Past

Over the last decade, an archaeology of the contemporary past has emerged which studies recent traumatic eventssuch as war or genocide. Developing a proposal for an archaeology of the contemporary past in Germany, I suggesta critical engagement with “Erinnerungspolitik” (politics of remembering) in post-WWII Germany, which ischaracterized by an official nation-state doctrine of selective remembrance. This politics of remembering is oftenopposed on the ground by a revisionist stance of forgetting an undesirable heritage of the Nazi past. I intend to

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complicate these positions by analyzing them before the background of the problem of preservationist ethics in thecontext of neo-fascist movements in Europe that draw on the Nazi past for creating neo-nationalist identities. Atthe same time, I want to make clear my position that remembering rather than forgetting is the prerequisite for amore just future. To this goal, I introduce an archaeo-ethnography of counter-memory that not only intends tomake public repressed memories, but also allows for the possibility of fragmented memories. Looking at the forcedlabor camp Mühldorfer Hart in Southern Germany, I propose to archaeologically investigate the “economy ofpunishment” of Nazi Germany, thereby problematizing the role of the German state in heritage management today.

Barry Stiefel, College of Charleston; Clemson University, USAUsing Heritage-Based Educational Practices for Improving Preservation Pedagogy

Building off of the conference theme “Why does the past matter?,” I propose a research paper on how heritage-based educational practices can be used to improve preservation pedagogy. The example to be analyzed is theteaching of historic preservation law and legal practices for those studying to become professional consultants (i.e.not lawyers). What will be compared is the traditional Socratic method, as developed by Harvard University'sChristopher Columbus Langdell in the 1800's, verses the Chevruta method created by the Jewish people over 2,000years ago, which is still in practice. The Socratic method, in its application of teaching law, has been criticized asbeing outdated, with both law students and legal scholars arguing for its reform. It is used in the teaching if historicpreservation law across the United States, and is often a class that many students dread. In contrast, the Chevrutamethod, coming from the Aramaic word for ‘friendship,’ has been hailed a model of success. It requires the studentto partner with another to learn a text by reading it, arguing over it, and trying to figure out what it means. Thismethod is utilized in seminaries across the world, called a yeshiva, in the teaching of Jewish religious law. Insteadof Jewish religious law, preservation law would be used in its place within the secular academic setting. Thepremise of this paper is that a historic preservation professional’s perspective is shaped by their educationexperience. Therefore, exposure to learning about preservation using methodologies developed by other culturaltraditions will expose the student to other heritage practices as well as facilitate a richer experience. Indeed, manystudents may find that methods developed by other cultures enables certain subjects to be learned more efficiently.In this way the past can take on an additional layer of significance.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 162-75

Michele Summerton, Deakin University, AustraliaRegaling the Dragon: Celebrating Chinese Heritage on the Goldfields

The historic regalia showcased in the Golden Dragon Museum, a provincial museum in Australia, comprises a largecollection of items associated with the ancient and enduring tradition of Chinese processions and stageperformance. Chinese gold miners introduced this cultural activity to the Victorian goldfields when they arrived inthe early 1850s and the tradition continues today in the annual Bendigo Easter Fair. The Fair was held from 1871 to raise money for the Bendigo Hospital, and in ensuing years the Chinese community contributed to the publicfestivities by providing music, theatre and acrobatic displays. Their exotic costumes and spectacular performanceswere exceedingly popular and their position as the main attraction at the Fair was confirmed by 1879. The BendigoChinese imported 100 cases of processional regalia for the 1882 Fair and a further 200 cases in 1892, including anamazing imperial five clawed dragon that made its first appearance at the Fair that year. News of the processionstravelled far and wide and the Bendigo Chinese were invited to perform at fundraising events and festivities inother parts of Australia as well as at the nation’s Federation celebrations of 1901 in Melbourne. The historiccollection includes a range of ornate costumes embroidered with silk and gold bullion thread, filigreed papiermaché headdresses decorated with faux jewels, kingfisher feathers and mirrors. There are shoes, hairpieces andmakeup, embellished banners and musical instruments as well as the traditional imperial creatures of theprocession, the lion and enormous dragon. This paper looks at the way commemoration of cultural heritage hasfacilitated the coexistence of two different cultural traditions, and how it continues to foster a sense of modernidentity among individuals and communities through the preservation of its material fabric and ritual ofcelebrating culture.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, Auditorium

Alan C. Swedlund, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAMourning Practices in Victorian New England

With a literate and rising protestant middle-class in New England at mid-century, there was a growing awarenessof how funerals were performed and mourning practiced in England. As the century progressed, recent Irishimmigrants were increasingly able to observe traditional Irish practices and Catholic liturgies. In this paper Iexplore how these two traditions influenced American funerals, burial practices and mourning rituals. Coupledalso with these two traditions was a growing commercial market for goods and services, ranging from coffin-makers and undertakers, to photographers, clothing manufacturers, florists and other purveyors to the survivors oflost loved ones. I conclude by drawing comparisons between the practices and materiality of the residents of New England and their British and Irish counterparts, and argue that American middle-class funerals retained a high degree of formalized behavior, while at the same time emphasizing values of simplicity and moderation.

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Jeffrey Szuchman, Zayed University, United Arab EmiratesPromoting Heritage, Preserving Identity: History, Archaeology, and Demographic Imbalance in theUnited Arab Emirates

In the United Arab Emirates, where expatriates constitute 80% of the total population, heritage is used to promoteEmirati identity and protect it from a perceived threat of foreign influence and globalization. Conversations aboutheritage therefore emphasize the differences between Emiratis and foreigners. Emirati heritage is often presentedas icons of tangible and intangible aspects of an insular bedouin history: camels, the desert, falconry, tents, etc. Atthe same time, Emirati heritage is also commodified for foreign consumption in static displays at “heritagevillages,” or as souvenier trinkets that evoke romantic, even orientalizing ideals of a timeless bedouin past. Theseimages of Emirati heritage emphasize isolation and distance, depicting a culture sheltered from the corrupting influences of the modern world. Archaeology and ancient history, however, play only a minor role in the promotion of Emirati cultural heritage, despite the country’s deep Islamic and pre-Islamic archaeological record.Furthermore, Emirati college students have very little knowledge of the archaeology of the UAE, there are virtuallyno Emirati archaeologists, and the country’s museums, cultural heritage institutes, and antiquities departments areoverwhelmingly staffed by foreigners. Yet, the archaeology of the UAE reveals a rich and abiding interaction oflocal and foreign cultures—quite a different picture than that promoted by cultural organizations and the tourist industry. New BA and MA programs being implemented at national universities are likely to reframe conversationsabout heritage and identity in the UAE. The result of these initiatives will become increasingly significant as newmuseum and cultural projects continue to take shape in Abu Dhabi, including the Sheikh Zayed National Museum,which is to take up residence alongside outposts of the Louvre and the Guggenheim in 2014.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 163C

Melissa Tantaquidgeon-Zobel, Mohegan Medicine Woman and Tribal Historian, USAGladys Tantaquidgeon: Quiet Revolutionary

When people think of women of color enforcing their rightful seat at the front of the bus, they think of Rosa Parks.when they think of the oldest Native-run Indian museum in America, they think of John Joseph Mathews and theOsage Museum. When they think of the first Native American Women anthropologists, they usually think of BeaMedicine. Yet, Gladys Tantaquidgeon was one step ahead of all these folks in their famous deeds. Why then is sheso undersung? Is it the popular psyche's compulsion to ignore eastern Indians? Gladys's sublimely understatedpersonality? This essay explores the life of a woman whose revolutionary actions did not reverberate for decades.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Richard Taupier, University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAReconstructing National and Ethnic Identity in Central Asia

The Western Oirat Mongols are a nearly forgotten people. Yet the Oirat confederation ruled large portions ofCentral Asia from the 15th to 18th centuries. It was this confederated state that constituted the last significantbarrier to the final partitioning of the Central Asian steppe by the Manchu and Russian Empires. When the ManchuEmpire crushed the Oirat state in the 1750s it waged a final campaign of extermination. An estimated one millionOirats were killed, including men, women and children. In 1763 the Manchu Emperor Qianlong ordered that allOirat historical records should be confiscated, and, after an official history was compiled for Manchu ideologicalpurposes, the original historical records were destroyed. Oirats now make up approximately 5 to 10 percent of thepopulation of the modern Republic of Mongolia. The Kalmyk Oirats are the majority people of the RussianRepublic of Kalmykia. There are scattered populations of Oirats in China's Qinghai and Xinjiang Provinces andwithin Tuva and Buryatia in the Russian Federation. In 2006 the Oirat group, Tod Gerel (Clear Light), began publication of the Journal Bibliotheca Oiratica in modern cyrillic Mongolian to enable rediscovery and promotionof Oirat history. This paper examines the stated and implied motivations behind the Journal as a means ofdiscussing the continued importance of heritage and identity in the modern world.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 165-69

Zeynep Toker, California State University, Northridge, USAReading the Home Landscape of an Immigrant Community: The Case of City of San Fernando

A home landscape is constructed as a system of communication within and among the generations in a culture(Becker, 1977; Norberg-Schulz, 1965; Rapoport, 1989). However, most industrialized societies of the 20th centuryhave experienced a breakdown of this communication system mainly due to the shift in housing productionprocesses (Becker, 1977). Immigrant communities certainly embody the predicament between constructing theirsymbolic identity through their home landscape (Keogan, 2002; Dearborn, 2008) and lacking the power to do so(Hubka &. Kenny, 2000). The purpose of this study is to understand the symbolism embedded in the homelandscape of a particular immigrant community, which is surrounded by the City of Los Angeles. The City of SanFernando has 23,500 residents, 89% of whom are Latino/Hispanic. According to 2000 census data, among theLatino population 87% identified Mexico as their origin, and 44% of the whole population is foreign born.Therefore, the City of San Fernando, which was established as one of the Missions in California, provides an ideal

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environment to search for signs and symbols in the home landscape utilized to construct identity by thiscommunity of first and second generation of immigrants. The methodology will include a physical survey of theselected blocks in the City of San Fernando, and documentation of home landscape elements with an observationalprotocol. The elements of home landscape will be categorized into fixed features, semi-fixed features and non-fixedfeatures (Rapoport, 1982). The review of literature on the country of origin’s home landscape will provide clues forsymbols which might have been transferred from the home culture. However, the commonalities in the homelandscape in the City of San Fernando will provide the basis of an argument for the communication systemdeveloped upon acculturation.

Dita Trisnawan, University of Indonesia, IndonesiaRevitalization Dichotomy of the Old Bantern Area: Between the Old Former Sultanate of Banten’sArchitecture, Colonial Structure Remains and the New Future Developments

A city without heritage building is a mad city. Cities are museums of mankind’s civilization. They are the meltingpot of many cultures, especially the coastal ones, long before the aero-planes era. Through time, cities changefollowing its living dynamics, embracing its heritage and nature potentials, incorporating influences of externalrelevant cultures. Transformations caused by vast changes on democracy related to socio-political voyages,affecting broader aspects of living within the societies. Nowadays, vibrant cities were built on socio-economicrevolutions, accelerated by new advances in technology and industry. History periods of Old Banten, the site of theformer Sultanate of Banten, consists of changes records forced by socio-political related revolutions. Lack ofdialogues between its local architecture, colonial structure remains and new development plans, can be seen as thearea remain steady without any significant growth, better than to categorize it degrading. The environmentalquality is among others the victim of this faded and washed out district. Supported by weak tourism relatedmanagement, Old Banten vicinity suffers from its isolated setting, following the growth of Serang, the new Capitalof Banten Province, previously part of West Java Province. The research analyzes and discusses the contradictiveobjectives of new development plans toward the existences of heritage buildings or quarters around Old Banten. The discourse also provides the metamorphosis of the Old Banten vicinity through time since the inception years,the golden era, during the colonial period, and post independence era. The results will define the importance of thisprecious historical district, its potentials for the use of better sustainable developments, revitalization, and futuredevelopment. As an example for many other degrading tourism destinations, it will guide the vicinity tourismmanagement, to be more efficient on promotions, building the area toward a new vibrant Old Banten.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 168C

Jonas Van Looveren, Artesis University College of Antwerp, BelgiumThe Regionalization of ‘Archaeology’ in Belgium: Cultural Autonomy of the Belgian Regions as Triggerfor Legal Actions Regarding the Protection of Archaeological Heritage?

First, the political history of Belgium will be discussed with specific attention for immovable heritage. Theauthorities and administrations dealing with these subjects underwent several reformations. Belgium was aunitarian country that housed different language groups: French, Dutch and German. After the Second World Warcommunal problems started to rise because of cultural differences, economic reasons and language problems. In1970, cultural autonomy was established for the aforementioned language groups or so called ‘communities’.Heritage thus became their independent authority. With the state reformation of 1988-1989, the administrativecontrol over immovable heritage moved to the more socioeconomic related ‘regions’ (Flanders, Walloon andBrussels) whereas ‘movable heritage’ remained under the authority of the communities. The reasons for thisreorganization will be further discussed during the presentation. Second, the Belgian federal state will serve as acase for historic preservation and heritage management as organized by autonomic regions. The pros and cons ofBelgium’s autonomic regional heritage policy will thus be discussed. Third, this paper will investigate whethercultural autonomy was the trigger for specific actions towards protecting the archaeological heritage legally; or, onthe contrary, whether it slowed the legal process down. Belgium, factually, was one of the last countries in Europeto install laws with the specific aim of protecting archaeological heritage and organizing archaeological research. Itwas only after the regions gained complete authority on archaeology, that they established archaeology decrees(Flanders and Brussels in 1993, Walloon in 1991). This paper will also examine why older (national) initiativesfailed. Because, despite their lack of success, several earlier texts, pertaining to the protection of archaeologicalheritage, were nonetheless developed.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 101

John Veverka, John Veverka & Associates, USAInterpretive Master Planning for the Civil War Landscape Museum, Dalton, GA

The concept of developing a regional interpretive master plan for a Landscape Museum - a museum without walls -is relatively new. This case study illustrates the key importance of Heritage Interpretation and ProfessionalInterpretive Planning an creating a County wide "Civil War Landscape Museum" to assist both in marketing forvisitation of diverse heritage attractions (battlefield sites, historic homes, cemeteries, mills, railroad tunnels, and soon) and in helping to develop long term preservation and protection of those "landscape" sites and resources.

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Interpretive Master Planning is used as both a resource management tool, heritage education experience, and atourism economic engine for the regions heritage tourism strategies.

Peter Frank Viteretto, ASLA; Patricia M. O’Donnell FASLA, AICP, Heritage Landscapes LLC, USAHistoric Urban Parks & Parkways for Sustainable Cities

Public parks and parkways shaped our urban green places and corridors in the late 19th and early 20th century.This historic legacy of cultural designed landscape matters to the sustainable future of our cities. Drawing on directprofessional experience, the paper will emphasize parks systems in Pittsburgh PA, Louisville KY, Baltimore, MDand Fort Wayne IN. For the past twelve years, Heritage Landscapes has collaborated with the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and its partners to shape plans and construction, staff and volunteer projects to improve the 1700acres of four Pittsburgh Regional Parks, a public green legacy. The remarkable network of Louisville OlmstedParks and Parkways was designed by the successive Olmsted firms from 1890 to 1938. Heritage Landscapes has contributed preservation landscape architecture expertise to a dozen master plan and implementation projectssince 1992. Heritage Landscapes worked with Fort Wayne Parks and Recreation and the community on preservation planning for seven historic parks and a boulevard. These detailed Cultural Landscape Reports werecompleted through a process of historic documentation, field investigation, community meetings, user surveys andalternatives testing. In Baltimore a legacy of regional and neighborhood parks and boulevards was the subject often years of community based plans and projects. Heritage Landscapes guided enhancement of the multiple valuesof this system of public spaces and to augment park and boulevard character. Historic urban parks and parkways balance multiple values recreation, heritage, environmental quality, use, sustainability, fiscal resources,maintainability aspects of historic public parks through landscape architecture and planning skills and experience.This paper explores the integration of the historic park systems in the United States with the needs and imperativesof 21st century society looking at the green, blue and gray systems of vegetation and habitat, water, and movementcorridors in our cities today. Historic parks and parkways matter.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 165-69

Marni Blake Walter, ICOMOS-ICAHM“Imbued With a Message From the Past:” Authenticity and the Nature–Culture Continuum

Cultural heritage sites nominated to UNESCO’s World Heritage List must meet the conditions of “authenticity” (aswell as those of “integrity”) as described in the Operational Guidelines for the World Heritage Convention. Thedescription of “authenticity” in the Operational Guidelines has become more complex and detailed over the years,and now incorporates the Nara Document on Authenticity. But the concept’s elusiveness persists: examples fromarchaeological World Heritage sites show that it often is not addressed explicitly in World Heritage nominations ormanagement plans, despite the concern for defining and maintaining authenticity. Here I present an adaptableframework for conceptualizing authenticity that relates to the Nara Document and existing management plans, andI consider how this framework can assist in moving toward balances among the needs of natural and culturalheritage and the continually evolving modern values at archaeological sites.

Saturday 10:30am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Shuli Wang, University College London, UKHeritage Branding and the Local Responses: A Case Study of Yinxu Archaeological Site in China

Is the past a foreign country (Lowenthal 1986), cultural capital (Boudieu 1990), a sense of well-being (Butley 2006)or a sense of nationhood (Trigger 1995, 2006, Fairclough et al. 2008)? In China, with the gradual economic reform,political decentralization and urbanization after 1980s, the heritage industries have been rapidly growing. Theimages of ancient China increasingly cater to modern China’s national pride, global economy and cultural identity,and this has demonstrated a “cultural revitalization” in the post-Mao era. National and cultural identity isrhetorically negotiated, compromised and constructed for the public gaze through staging the nation’s variousheritages on display, and archaeology seems to be the prime means towards the construction of a rather solid visionof the nation. Taking the Anyang Yinxu archaeological site, a UNESCO World Heritage site in China, as a case study, my research starts with the investigation of the multiple relations formed surrounding Yinxu archaeologicalsite. During the post World Heritage designation era, disputes rise towards the on-going archaeological excavation,the degrees of heritage conversation and the methods of site presentation among different stakeholders. How dodifferent stakeholders, such as the state, provincial and local administrations, academics, the media and the public,and local inhabitants, hold various interests toward the site and influence the conservation practices of Yinxu? Howdo they situate the ideas of cultural heritage per se in their own perspectives? Secondly, the paper explores the localresponses to Yinxu World Heritage site. In addition to the various levels of protecting laws of cultural relics,decisions made upon the site, and actions taken by the local administration, what are the local perspectives towardthe UNESCO’s, national and governmental built Yinxu archaeological site? These socio-political, economic,academic usages or consumption of Yinxu World Heritage site will be addressed in the paper.

Saturday 2:30 pm, - 4:00 pm, 163C

Arpad Welker, City Archive, Budapest, Hungary/Helsinki University, Finland

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Consensus as a Tradition: Commemoration and Reconciliation in Finnish Political Culture

Finnish political culture is well-known for its “consensus” – a term used to describe the lack of greater indifferencesamong political parties, and the relative unity of opinions over big issues. The politics of consensus has been shapedby many factors both historical-structural and political-strategical. Finnish society had been, historically speaking,relatively homogenous and the proportion of those represented on the Assembly of Estates relatively high. Finnishnational historiography just strengthened this idea of relative equality. The process of Finnlandization created theframe, in which conflicts related to the USSR or communism had to be dampened - a phenomenon characterized asself-censorship. Consensus may be a temporary feature of Finnish political culture or a manifestation of the Finnishnational character; it is certainly in a sharp conflict with the waves of polarization observable in the nineteenthcentury, after the turn of the century and between the World Wars. Talking about patterns of consolidation after oreven before the cataclysms of the twentieth century, one is faced with a sequence of unification attempts andsharpening conflicts. What seems symptomatic in this story is the continuity throughout the history of modernFinland, even in the midst of sharp conflicts. If there are patterns of consolidation, they are connected to future-oriented thinking, and a focus on cooperation. Finland has showed an admirable potential of dealing with thewounds of the past including a Civil War which caused the death of tens of thousands civilians and prisoners and anationality conflict sharpened by heavy social differences between the language groups.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, 162-75

Gamini Wijesuriya, ICCROMPast Matters as it is an Integral Part of the Present

Within western conservation discourse, a sharp line is drawn between the past and the present and assumes thatthis notion is acceptable to all societies around the world. This is not applicable and as a result not acceptable oreven conceivable in some cultures. In this paper, I propose to demonstrate this by using the concept of samsara orthe life cycle of birth and death in Buddhist and Hindu traditions. The concept of samsara reflects the constantbirth-death cycle which is based on the idea of karma. The karma or the action one commit today may have itsresults immediately or any time afterwards, which includes his or her future births. In other words, the pastbecomes an integral part of the present and the future (continuity). There are other traditional societies such as theMaori community in New Zealand, Zuni community in Americas who maintain the same view. I will also show thatsuch a notion of the past has direct relevance to heritage and approaches to conservation and management. On onehand, the creation of places for religious activities (which we identify as heritage) and their continuous care isembedded in the social process thus having strong link to the contemporary life of communities. On the otherhand, treating heritage as an inanimate monument and freezing them in space and time as advocated in thewestern discourse is an alien view and contrary to the perception of the communities connected to heritage. On thisbasis, I argue that new approaches to define heritage and more importantly to their conservation and managementhave to be developed and that they should be different to conventional ‘one size fits all’ approach. As one suchattempt, I propose to present the ‘living heritage approach’ in which ‘continuity’ is the core of thinking.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 163C

Sally Anne Winkler, Deakin University, AustraliaThe Inclusion of Minority Heritage Places in Australian Heritage Frameworks

If place identities are created by ascribing subjective meaning to sites and buildings it follows that diverse groupswill evaluate the heritage value of places differently. This poses a challenge for the selection of heritage sites inplural societies where interpretations of heritage value are likely to conflict. This paper explores how, and on whatbasis, the heritage sites of minority groups are included in dominant heritage frameworks. The city of Melbourne inAustralia is a significant place to explore this topic as a city that has been culturally transformed by post-warimmigration. The discussion draws on research that examined the inclusion of sites associated with immigrant communities on the Victorian Heritage Register (VHR). The sites include migrant hostels such as the Brooklyn Migrant Hostel (built in 1949), migrant club houses such as the Williamstown Italian Social Club (built in 1950)and migrant places of worship such as the St Eleftherios Greek Orthodox Church (converted in 1969). The inclusionof such sites represents a considerable change in Australian heritage policy that, until recently, representedpredominantly nineteenth and early twentieth century architectural styles and the cultural traditions of Britishsettlement. However, their inclusion raises a series of questions about the politics of identity and recognition thatare at play when minority places are included in mainstream heritage frameworks. For example, are migrant placesselected as representative examples of migrant heritage or as places that transform the majority definition ofheritage? If they are selected as representative examples does this further marginalize migrant heritage from themainstream interpretation of heritage value? These questions present a universal difficulty for heritage practice inplural societies where there is an attempt to represent diverse histories through a shared interpretation of heritagevalue.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 101

Meike Wulf, Maastricht University, The NetherlandsClashing Memory Regimes in the Baltic States

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Today Estonia and Latvia are ethnically divided societies, their greatest numbers of minorities being Russianspeakers. These small Baltic nations had been relatively homogeneous during the independent inter-war era, withonly a small ethnic Russian population prior to their Sovietisation. However, their ethnic composition was profoundly changed during and after WWII. In their official discourses politicians are inclined to stress the legalcontinuity between the present and the inter-war republics. Consequently the period of Soviet rule in Estonia andLatvia is referred to as abnormal and a historical injustice that needs to be recognized by the Russian Federation,the legal successor of the Soviet Union. The overarching master narratives are those of suffering and heroism ofEstonia and Estonians, Latvia and Latvians, the hero-victims of 700 years of slavery and the continuous fight forfreedom. Estonian and Latvians’ grand historical narratives contain numerous internal contradictions whichprovide ample room for contemporary political manipulation and reinterpretation to suit the needs of identitypolitics. Both countries grand narratives, particularly regarding WWII, often come into conflict with the WestEuropean anti-fascist narrative, in which the Soviet Union was an ally and anyone who fought on the Nazi side wasan immoral collaborator. Instead Latvia and Estonia follow an anti-communist paradigm and speak of the “SovietGenocide” and the Estonian and Latvian holocausts. In the course of EU accession West European politicians callfor an adjustment of their self-perception as sole victims and recognition of the unique tragedy of the Holocaust. Tothis day this Western stance remains by and large rejected, and instead the idea of the “double genocide” became apopular compromise; moreover, “memory work” is still at an infant stage, particularly with regards to tacklingtaboos of collaboration with the Nazi and Communist regimes.

Thursday 11:00am, - 12:30 pm, 162-75

Haiming Yan, University of Virginia, USAHeritagization and Local Identity: The Classification, Enlightenment, and Memory of World Heritagein Fujian Tulou

This paper examines how the designation of a World Heritage Site has influenced the formation andtransformation of local identity. Based on both archival analysis and ethnography on two villages of Fujian Tulou,the study compares the processes in which one village is designated and managed as a World Heritage site whilethe other is excluded from the List. It has three major findings. First, in spite of the similar aesthetic and culturalvalue, the two villages have been differentiated and classified into hierarchical categories of heritage, namely publicpopularity and protection degree. In addition to what David Lowenthal calls the “homogenization of heritage,” thisstudy reveals that World Heritage also differentiates homogeneous sites in its identification, selection, anddesignation processes. Second, although the selection and designation of particular Tulou buildings as WorldHeritage are highly embedded in a political process, the Chinese government uses the cultural narrative ofcommunal harmony and heritage authenticity to legitimize its selection. In the meantime, the locals are alsoeducated to use the same narrative to form particular cultural identities that yield either sense of superiority orinferiority. Third, because the designation and management process is largely politicized, the local residents alsodevelop a political narrative for collective identity that entails class tensions between the locals and thegovernment. Therefore, local identity is not simply embedded in the heritage per se, but it is dynamically shapedand reproduced by the heritage’s designation and management process – the heritagization. To theorize, it is notonly the memory of the heritage, but also the memory of the heritagization that develops local identities. Sites ofmemory do not only entail how the past is remembered, but also involve how this remembering is remembered.World Heritage’s designation and management system is itself embedded and constitutive in the meaning-makingprocess.

Wednesday 2:00 pm, - 3:30 pm, 163C

Linda Young, Deakin University, AustraliaWhose Heroes? House Museums, Magic and Power

Few rituals of celebrating culture heroes are enacted in such an uncanny environment as the historic housemuseum. It invites intimate invasion to observe a spectacle of private life validated by the power of materialculture, in the interest of asserting exemplary national (or local) identities. Via this mechanism, the exhibited housefunctions as a distinctive engine in the economy of cultural representation. Thus, as Kirschenblatt-Gimblettsuggests, the house museum creates a spectacle that not only presents but instantiates its subject as consensualknowledge for public consumption. In the USA, the predominant subjects of museumized houses are politicalleaders, writers and to a lesser extent, other creatives. Memorializing politicians asserts the legitimacy of statepower in a ‘soft’ mode. Memorializing writers contributes to the formulation of the national voice via literarycanons. The practice of commemorating such heroes in dwellings they inhabited for greater or lesser periods(sometimes very short) persists to this day. Its perceived influence led to its adoption from an early date as a vehicleof legitimacy and redress by subaltern interests, also continuing today. This paper explores the history of ‘hero’house museums in the USA with glances towards events in the UK. It shows that house museumization began inthe mid-19thC and took off in the 20thC as a practice asserting that the domestic character of famous individualscontributes special insight to their claims to public fame. The paper suggests that visitors to museumized housesbring perspectives from old traditions of pilgrimage and new habits of celebrity culture in addressing the motives ofhouse museum founders.

Thursday 9:00am, - 10:30am, Auditorium

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Peter K. Yu, Drake University Law School, USAIntangible Cultural Heritage and the Future Value of the Past

In recent years, the protection of traditional knowledge and cultural expressions and the promotion of access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing commitments have been at the forefront of the international policy debate. The issues touch on a wide variety of areas that range from indigenous rights to international trade and fromcultural diversity to intellectual property. This paper examines how countries can create value out of theirintangible cultural heritage. It also examines the growing concerns among developing countries and indigenouscommunities over the fair distribution of the benefits derived from such heritage as well as the damages andunintended consequences brought about by its use. The paper underscores the need to develop a dynamicconception of our culture heritage and a better understanding of its interactions with the global regulatory system.

Friday 11:00am, - 1:00 pm, 162-75

Yuting Zhang, Zhejiang University, ChinaDiscourse of Cultural Memory and Heritage: Local Place Identity in the West Gate Neighborhood,Quzhou City, China

In the age of globalization and commercialization in China, the cultural continuity of the locals is usually ignoredduring the development process. With its local historical legacy and cultural memory, how can a historical districtsustain its original and authentic local culture while accommodating both local needs and modernization during the Chinese evolutionary process? This dissertation adopts the local collective memory and the present conceptionof “Heritage” from the perspective of discourse, explores the relationship between place and local identity, andreveals the heterogeneous cultural fragments collected from the four-months ethnographic fieldwork in the West Gate Neighborhood in Quzhou City which located in Western Zhejiang Province, China. In this research paper, theteller-focused interviews and narrative enquiry from the old residents of the neighborhood were conducted, thestone tablet and local gazetteers as Chinese semiotics way of recording history were analyzed, and three heritagesites: Tianwang Tower, Zhouwang Temple and old house of Yang Family were picked to act as cultural anchors tobond with the intangible conception of cultural memory and heritage, presenting the narrative of past in presentview rather than simply freezing the past. From the heritage sites embedded with multiple layers of cultural meanings, this dissertation concluded that the cultural fragments such as local legends, fairy tales, personalexperiences and everyday conversation conceive of cultural memory as a social activity, as an expression and activebinding force of local community identity; and the authorized heritage which dominated the discourse of heritagewould make the heritage to the trend of commercialized, scientific and exhibitive, excluding the other original andauthentic discourses in the weak position such as traditional way of life or Confucius way of thinking. Therefore, theessence of heritage should be conveyed in a narrative discourse with heterogeneous cultural fragments presented inan authentic way to the readers.

Friday 8:30am, - 10:30am, 168C

Xiaomei Zhao, Tsinghua University, ChinaLocal Identity from Heritage Conservation: Case Study on Dong Villages in China

What’s the purpose of heritage conservation? We conserve because we want to know more about ourselves andothers, as well as to let others know us more, which becomes “identity." What we are is because of what we were.History tells the story of past and shape the cultural identity of today. We learn it from generations, from ourtraditions, from within our group, from so-called “heritage." It is one of the double ways to gain identity. The otherway to get identified is from outside of our group, from the differences between self and nonego. It is heritageconservation that could combine these two facets together in which the heritage community identifies their heritageand decides how to conserve. The first step of heritage conservation is to define the heritage by heritage communitythemselves, which facilitates the self-identity. With the help of conservators and other stakeholders, the heritagecommunity learns how others regard their heritage and get the local identity from cultural diversity. Then the community could decide how to conserve their heritage with continuity of local identity and interpret their heritageto others which promotes the cultural diversity. In my paper I’d like to show this double-way identification in a casestudy on Dong villages in China. Dong villagers keep their traditions which they never considered as “heritage” tilloutsiders told them. Some of the villagers get economical benefit from their heritage which raises more concerns toheritage conservation and local identity, while others get the opposite result. I’ll discuss how to evaluate theinfluences from heritage conservation in the case study and focuses on the positive that promotes the local identity.

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 162-75

Linda M. Ziegenbein, David Ruggles Center; University of Massachusetts Amherst, USAThe Local Past Matters, Too!: Remembering and Memorializing Local History in WesternMassachusetts

This paper discusses the formation of the David Ruggles Center in Florence, Massachusetts. The David RugglesCenter is the result of a grassroots effort to save an historic house from demolition and, concurrently, to establish a

Thursday 4:30 pm, - 6:00 pm, 165-69

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permanent facility to commemorate and explore New England’s participation in the Underground Railroad andFlorence’s unique role in that movement. The formation of this center is indicative of the high level of generalinterest in local history, but this interest has its roots within a socially progressive political agenda. One of thechallenges the center faces is incorporating a diversity of viewpoints while also playing an active role in local issuesand helping to shape contemporary Florence. The paper presented today focuses on our on-going efforts to findeffective ways to memorialize the local past, to make our research center accessible to the general public, and tomake our local past relevant to today’s society.

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