-, AIlllVA Os*C AND MICIIAI l- C flil'liTZ

\\'rrd, Rarbari, cd. r9rl3 IVoz., in rl. r\'xr *tu: lht (ht g;ng So'i/n Rn^ d MtL

a,l l|'oM n Smth and StuIl.P?rr,4rnr. Paris: Un_ESCO'

\\'.igcrt, An.lre*. ) gt t . }tir.d L,unions: CnLain Sttls tol\onl tlntld\tandi'\ Antua

lrc. Alba y: slrrryPrcss.llirrianrs, Bracietc r' ,99r. srrairj.,,!t lldna, \l@ i' $ uin!: Gaann rd the

P|kti\ al CLlhLrol StntggLe Du.han: Duke Univ'rsiiv P'css

\\'irrian,s, R;vmon.r. tqii Ma ^h.ndt'ihn ure Oxlnrd: Oxrord Lrnircrsil) Pr{rss'

$'ippcr, Aurircr. ,97r. .lr,i.o" \{omcn, rashio , and S'aPcgonriiB"' 'n?dlil'r

lo maL ol AJn.an \t aEs6(.2):32c) 34!'Noil, DiaD; L. t99r. r'a.xo,) Daughto| uo'ld, HolehaLtl\namt^' mtL ltutut hltl't

tiati,ntion in.lau. B.*elel I U nivel siry ot Calif'rn ia lt( $

ONE

Wlry Woinen Rule the Roost:Rethinking Javanese Ideologies of

Gender and Self-ControlSuzannc A. Brdnff

:;uzann! Brenner's alening essal bath nru1Ls 14ton antl ptdid$ a titaL, gmdd(,1.itiqhe a l b dedi d A ttd soti' l)oneuilLg ( r, 7 2 ) a.rk oh Jaaa .se notio a[ tprtllnt ?. tt ot l)otrlq. Hd tutiiL @tu:on is to paint ul the linits and silmces aJ th."oJtcnn ine" .nphdizett in rtle titdatufe a Jtua ji .xdnpte, thalJdlanese hthLeul ta aroil Llahng irt llLe tua,luLlLaa unrl ntunagtn: the dan5ti ..mol,D btr

.au* ol c)tLrtns thrt thcit )nnbenott n1 su.h lanains "tighllo

.rnine thetslitiutal lolenq ar othetuilt

'ulLt thtir stotu!. Argui g that e.h exPlanatims onb

g sa f , bnnu dtltn.at^ lh ntk atiu, kngeb ounbrhcgenoli,:, lieu, hoen,

Jal? *un nrDn atunttoh i nD ethngn4ltn lintutuft, that w do not a.tlrcl)potliLil)ate n1 !u.h danains b a16e thq ary as Thonas Stan{a ltdlfs put it.a )itttl,,rinetunthartut\,'Jtubirr ttq cohetts'auntLg h thar inabkE n,to trol theu P$sions or de'ins (i^tsr) a tl thu! att i n accylance tuith that reasor

at tutionniq 6k^\). Thn alttmattu. !i!u' hous thut uonm, mlmmtb nore .ard-ble oJ o rolling tltir bate d6ira, are L.tlc su)tet) tttun mm b uoumulatingma .lidl on1 ilililuat r$.ru/Lrs lutt.uit l)t inrt\led i tlk !rcdu'ion aI the Ianib'sslatus in the tu et societ|- lt thus dQllmgs llE .ommanplad afuqtion that Ja-lan.sN uom& ure kss &na, n uith n.att.n ol natu| But llhtt an the liniL\ t ltuonld\ se|:dntrol? As d lo ain longna,agcn b) tuawn, the nafieryLae cantin-

e! la b? sen dr a llau ul\e uarun L nnal be &ntbllul 14 wn. Ruman ofntn$mt etuallq anan[ le)n& ttudos patut to the dnhiraknu tuith tuhich uotd'r eLlco hbti\ titutl, lrunto d,4\i&tiig tlp tinkugts thnt hale ben l)atikALtLlutLh eulnltral, n.Ltus, itLtJ tr)itunl laLaq inJau.

lhatuo \ I'M otu bnl:ru\ting t"lr$otatians aJ godo and shiJting embodL

nmk al patud antl stuh6 nrt oL4 pnlid5 a lital .arredlu ta th. littatlte o

lorantv uleotagL5 ol gmda and letl .art,bt it ako .anniblttes ta aur unddstarut-Ltg.I k co kttudt4 !|ELifu unt hr:114 u,iaLk dntt LatuLi snt tuqs i uhitl

\r,7AXN l.r ,\ aRENNIR

r)t\tulint6 d (lJatuininitiet 4t..rsttut|tl, contested, nntlrtht,tuiv @brl|ti iLt)]ner+atury tlkJtnt: sacieti\ ttLroteh dika tsts batuing otl (,bre at b', lnHalnic natiatL:; oJ "re/jsa/i dnd 'los!i,t." M.re lltnda Entut\' ;t .a .t it to que'lion ttu ulue af tt akzing nadcL\ oj latua dntL ?lzstige that t1b nak danin.lnce

Jit {dnted uithout consitlmng th. n|.ttiqL .LisLautst a .l onJli.ting logs at l,l/1)tr an) gendded hetd.

ff-l I F "d,r.g, .phi, .ir.'d,dr, u,, lJ(J ha',i rr r.'l '1" J.r,ll\ '\c rIr''

I *, '," r '.n','p, ,h" , ',, x tsl.sPd } rlrirL'l PUrrr '\' /'F'.l. X,.t"l, rq\7. ro!o: (..L.",,/ rqLio. \,ider.un Iqlz'll,'l" r'Jno.

S. Eringron r99o). A.cordnrg to a rrunber of crhnograPhic accotrnts'

rhere is a common belief among.J.rvtnesc pcople thai ir itiduals hale the

polential to develop a concentration of inner spAitual snengtli tbroughihc n6tihed p.acticc of emotiornl aod bcha\io.al sclf-conr.ol. lnclividuils\ho hale amassed fiis Ili,vsrictl poi!$ are said to be recog.izable rhrouglL

tlrei. constantly calnr demeanor, their relincd sPeech styles and comPor!mcDl, and thcir ability to elicir d.fcrcn(ial bchavio l.om others wirhout

apuarent coercion or cilbrr. Such nrdiYiduals are laudcd for achieving thcqoal ofself-mastery, ultimatcl)' lcadiDg to $e ahilily to nrasre' othctr (Ati

de.lon r g7?i Keelcr r987).I.leas about spiritual pole..y do sce,n to bc lvidesPread in Jala 11 n

.l(rr, however, that these idcas hav. bcctt most highi) elaborated and

s\rtcmaically perpetuatcd among thc .xnks of the lra.littolld Jalancscir srocratic-cum-bureaucratic elirc, the /2)art (see C. Gccrtz r96()r.l- [rr-irrjton r984, r988r SutL(rla,ld r97(,). 'l'hc concePt of sPnilual Potctlcy,r il tlie practices associatcd '!iLL

it.cinforce rh" 'thnrl 'ddes h'havi()'al

.,,rms, and hrguisti. stylcs thar uPhokl @)9*; claimj to high status ancl

rultrral superbrity. This conc€Pt is tlNs Pa( oia larger idd)loBi.al systcm

L, l(sirimd,e' lhr (l'ePl), 'r.Pr,lIi] '^'rdl hn r.'r' l"e' ^t Ixr' rrPr' 'n':, ".

, .p-ir'tt ,ho'c rhal hrve d,\.loP"d irr rhe 'nvirono 'rl l' e

'nrrrrlv 'er1"rers oisolo ancl Yogyakarta. The ideolog-Y ofsPiritual PoLen'y suPPorts the

norion ihat prople of high wrcitl (Larus are inherentl) dcsenirg ol ihat\ratLrs, and descnir)g ot the deL'rcnti.tl behavior and laDguage rhat high

sutus conrninds, because of thcir luperior spi.itual slrerglh and mirrai

Although the elite /,,iart class itr.ludes females as wcll as males, I srtg-

Sest that (hese ideokrgies of sPniruiL potcrcl reinforce rhc nlPcriority of,,itart nales in particlrlar, whilc pla.ing all females, regardless of social

.la$, in a caicgo.ically inlerior sPirnual, moDl, a d social Position Thcassertion that;ales arc spiritually Jlrongcr than lemales it used tojL$riry

/n)qi declaratio.s lhat women should dcfcr lo and faithlilly seNc nen,

r,!HY WOMTN RII-E'I'III ROOST

*1,ethcr rhcn l,usbands, hd)e,s, or rule.s. Ulidrnr rhis idcological framr_Nork, ir is olren said rhr, ,rr.n hale grcxre. selt.ont.ol rha. womcn ove,their eniotions and behavior. suggestiDL rhar en arc \aturally, srrongertiia. \vonrcn in a spirirual sense, an.l rhat women shoutd ,,naturally, def.rr,rr',r".' .,-uir lhprJ.r lr.I rl.- c i, ,.uluLrc. rr-rur . ontrn-J ro rlr..Mnks of th. l,)dli alone, bu! are also cornmonly voi.ed amoDg o ter cle-

'cr1ls ol rheJavaDese population, indi.arcs rhar their influence on sender

,pl.'ri,,r...no, JFn i,i.\ iI 1., ,,,r\i .oi .r.) .,,...,\eSelcral tlpes ofiinguis(ic xnd beh+vioral "e1,i.1ence" arc used ro supporr

ihe idea rhat mcn have grcrtcr sel{rcJnrol, ^d.t

rlcrefore g,eater spirituatpotency, *,xn romen. Ir n saicl, 1or example, rltat men have Breatcr mas-1ery ovcr ure hje.archical hrricacics an.t eliquctre oI rtre Javancse lan-grragt,L tliei by indicatlDg rlicir supe.io. pcrsonal refir)emmq rhar mcnare Due :rble and more inclined rh.rD women ro pc.torm larious sorrs otas.crn practices, which borh reflecr upoD ai1.t 2ug,ncnr rheir polver an.isell:..nrtrolj and Lhar rnfn's s.xual pro$,css and poiency is iinkcd ro a mo.espirirual kirrr 01 porency drar womefl la.k.

Ullilc IilnDesr women souLerimcs cxpress dcir agree enr wirh rhese$scrtionc ol rnal. power and selIco.r.d, tliq frequently give accouDrs ofmale ard f.Drale behavior.ha! dnecdy.onrradict rhc sante n.rtioDs. Thispapcrrvill e\plor. conrlicri)tgJalanese reprcscnrarions ofgendeI', drilviDsr,, .1,,'.rii.',r'e.'prcorrl. l. mrl.., .rrr, r, o rrrorr., t mJ p t,o.en,\ raevitably suggcsring liDrale nnporcncy rhai penade Ja\anesc culrural rep-rcsenhtioDs, rDd $hich hrlc in run shaped erhrlographic accounrs ofhoi!.!'nd"r '$1,^-'in l"ra l \ ll r,' .,r' rd,.,.,nnur l.Lm.,n pJ*iun\ an,Irhe xbility ro.orlrol those passions, end trow thcse ideas undertie rhe ne-gorirrrnrn ol nralc ancl fen,nlc idcnrities and shruses irhil rhe broadcrsocial ord.r. Ihe markeeh(e and rk ho.1e-hvo pl.t.cs rhar are closcb,asso.iated with women inJavaDese rh.,ughr-ilill be s..en noi only as sires01 e.onomic producrjor rnd oI so.ial and bhlogicat rcproducrion, buralso as silfs Nhcrc .onflicri,rg uD.l.rsrandi,rgs oI male and fcmale naru.eare sy lbohcr\lly and ideologicall) negLliated.

Altho.rgl rnany schola,s have re.ogniTed rhc need ro draw a dhrincrio,betwccn i(leologies ofgende. lnd rhe acoral sociat pr;rctices rhar may belieI hose idcologies (e.9., Tsing I g.pj lieclcr 1 99o ) , rhe.e renrains a persistenrrcnden{r ld edrnogr^phn iccounts to p.ivilege domirlnr o. hegcmoni.

ul Ap,.dF ' B\ 'Ll.m:, ". ' ur 'h"gen,..,,,' r.tr,.nri

rions.,r ideologies, I rcfcr io drosc rod.ls rhar supporr the ctainN of ir

I)lrticula. .at(gory of people lo n,pcrior sr^nrs and pow.., models whiclrarc mosr lilely to be invok&l n, formal ds.ourse and which a.e mos! ofteni.cordcd ! position of sLprenrcy dniong other, poreDrjath competingDodels. Idcologies, paric(l.rrjy the clearl) ardculated gender ideologiesthat many pcople seem 10 liarc r.ady !r the lips of rheir iol,jues, tend n)

SUZANNL A, IJRENNER

halc a siorplicily and cven clcgancc lo rhcn that is dilI).ult ro .esist. Thelc.lominanl.eprcscnlntiirls hav( r t a) otukilrg ovcr studi.\ ol gcndcr cv'nlvhen thc wrirer is fully awarc rlu( rltey do ot exhalrst thc full rrngc of

r ullrrral discourses .,r socirl pl.t.ti.cs.As a resrlt, the ethnographr. r..o.d PrcstDls r somcllhat uneven Pic-

rlue of gender in Java-a topi. rhat has treen rrcated quite shallowlv ro

dme. Ii emphasizes ccrtain PrevalcnL generally n),le-focuscd gender idcol-ogics, Nhile paliDg scant attcndo. to lcss systeDutically ariculated conceP

ri;ns ofgendcr, espe.ially those that are voi.cd Inore ofter bv lromeD' ID

rhis pap;r I wlll point to an altcniatile, sometimes submerge.i liew ofmale:u.1 fcmale naturc lhat Prescnts a counterPoint to nrore conventional dc-

pi 'ro,,\ nl A.rde. .n IJ\a ln rh. hr,nr arrJ')'i\. h'we!"r rru 'ir'el" ' "nhgLriinnol q;n.iet ri'l ri^rq'dIbe,nr,'nle.erl ib\ulur"r\ lnrr'rr u ro

'1.bccaL,se coDstructions of gender in\a.iably cncode conflicdng and arrbiva

lcDr meaniDgs that.aD n$er bc fully reconciled (Org rq8?, r99oi )rlrrt990).

coN't ESTED AtlTIlOlll l Y IN TII!l J,\VANESII HOUSEHOLL)

Ar a certain point in maD) Jarx.ese wedding cercmoni.s, tlie bride xnd

groont approach each othe.. WheD a few Pa."' (ti!l rPm'in b'rween thctrr-

each one takes up a small quanrity ofbetcl (sirli) aDd throit's it at d1c otlrer,

rhe i.lea being that the one lvhosc bctel hits the other Pcrson first will bc

rlLe dominanl pat tner in the mar.ieg..lt is otien said tLrl rhe bidc slr(n d

n akc sure ihat she loscs thc contcst. bui apparenlly thc outcome is not

al(ays predictable. In a tone of rnil(l ainusclnen(, Augusra dc Wit dcsoibes

rl,is ruptial itual as she observed it ear\' in this ccnrury:

\\i'l. r"r'."r_'l r.t' rl'r'!^ Ja'", t'o.v- J' -.r'' o'n'''.' r'J v'i' J''" J'

nrn. disian.e paoscd. lro s.nll l)rgs ol sirih lcavcs (odtainiDg chalk and

b€telnuts Nen handcd th.nr; and (iLh I qni.t o!ern{:nr ca.h th.e} his rtLl,c oihcr's hca.l. Ti,e bridc's lnd. bag srrr.k th. groonr lirll nr the iii'e I'is she tl)a. will rul. rh( nx*! laid ore ot rhr: Ho rcn, dnrkling A'rd I

lnncicd I srw a glennr ol$alirhcri(D Pass ovcr the brklc's (lclnurc lirtlc llL'e'

hnlr hiddeD thotr8h n wrs b) tht strnrgs ol bc2ds rndjcssnninc Ildlers dc'

p.n.lenr fiom htr herd dre$. Thc Dtxr morntnt howcver, she h'd humtrl)

inelt dorvn on the ltoor. One ol $. l)Lidcuaids hand'd hcr a basin tulI ol1ra(.r and a ro*elr and she Pro{ecde.l ro Nash her hrrsbald s Ld, h roken

in l().!altr.,n(i L)virg $,rnnis\nn (D. uiL I I qr !] r()84 ro6-3o?).

I'his small rirual sccurs ro cpitotriize thc amb;valcrce NiLh which 1'

-,."il.r"rl d^'i\,n,' nl Llrmc.r,, l,-\,,i'\r,w,'Jirr.l,rr.orrrl.(un(lr:'n'l',i.. ,l"r,,i',"n' rd,"'1.s1 dn 1,,c. rh , ,l,r $,le'ho"ld del"r r- her I'J'l :rr"l 'greatcr Prestige lnd aurhorily as the omiial hcid oi the househoidi thtts.

II I] Y }!O T{EN RULEl'FIEROOST ,J

drc b.idc is supposcd to nrake surc rhar die grootrr wins rhe belet baulc,rD(l wrdr(s Lis loor "iD roklr, ol lo)![y lxl loviDla sub ]ission. On thcotlier hard, thc rcrlig 01 rhc situarion is Lhar in riany.Javanese househol.ts,$odien cliov a.le Ia.ro , 1^!cr whn:h Ih, oxrweighs rltrr ol their hushands.(lonscqucnrly, ,,o one is r(x, surp,iscd il rh. bride s bercl srrikes thc groorn

Thc obs( l\.ltioDs oIa hosr ofanLhrrpotogisrs .on6rm rhar nr the major-iri of Lonies, rhe wonra does i.deed 'rul. fie.oost'; Robc ia,, puts rrqujte bluDtly whe hc wrircs rhar ,rried Dren i. .ural Iava are .probabhJ, !'" rhp,,,,sr r .'t,.1,r lo, ot l,u\o:',,J..'n\ihr,r ir rhp \n.tJ' U.)rgti9:q.r). S.holars have ftmal'ked in pa.ricular on rhc prominenr eco,onri. rol.s of rlomen and th.ir central posilion in rhe houschold (Hcccrtz rghr;Jiv r969j Stolcr r97ij Kocnrjr.aningrar rg85; Siegel 1986;ihpanek a d Schwede r988; I(ccler r98?, r99o; Harley r99o). The tunriri,nc( ofwomen id the houschold is alnrost invariably 1i.ked lo their cco.omi. powci, ofGn borh inside and oursnle thc homc. ti 'rheJatan\e Faht4 1n. exxnrplc, Ilildrcd (lee.L. nores drat ilirhin ihe domcsric domaii,"Ilie wil( mrkcs rnosr ot rl,e decisions; shc cont.ols atl tilnily finances, an(l.1thouAll shL giles her hL,sbaucl torn)al dererence and coDsulrs with hirn on,Lrjor nlatL.rs, it is usurilv shc wilo is dorriuanf (r96r:46). Mnch carlieraccounts ol Javanesc socicry reveal Lhar womeD's econo ric clout is nor rDrode.n dcvclopmenrj iI rllr7, Sir'Ihonras Sruribrd R.flles wrore, ,]t isusual for Lhe husband to tjr.usr tiis pccuniarl aftair.s enrirely ro his wife.The rvonr.D aione atlend th. rnarkers, and .jotrducr all rhe bushess of bul.ing a.d sciliug. lt is p.ovcrbial ro say rhaL rheJavarcse men are fools;[Donev con.e.,)s" (trtirTl r,165:35t).

I! rnost Ia\rnese faDilics toCav, reg,irdless ol social class or occupalior,the wile co rinues to mailage ho schold finances.lJavanese women oftenvoi.c tl,c opinion that,ne,, arc iDcompetenr nl managiDg noney, anrl

to rgrcc (.1. ll. Geeriz rgOr;.Jrv r96q). Llusbands arccxpc.t.,l lo turrr olcr rnost or all 01 rlreit income to rheir $ives, who nrturn allocatc it as rhey ser Iir lbr houkhold expendirurcs, somcrimesgivingihei. husbauds oDly po.ker rnoncy with which to bu) cigarettes or snacks.Airlrough one lrearsi:olnplainls on borh rntcs-rhe wilt gru tbling rhalher husbnrrd kecps morc lor himsell rhan he should, while rhe husbandfeels thxt his wife demands ioo nluch frcm him-this financial arrarg*Drenr is gedcnuy accepred is rhe propcronc bcrrvcen hLrsband and wifc. Arr wcddirrg tlrat I attended nr a villag. in CentralJava, rl,e villagc headmandclivcred r L),pical lecruc oi lirherly adlice ro rhc bride rn.L groom, ampLilied ir(rgl thc publi. add.ess sysrcrn for all rhe gucsLs presenr to henr,during 1ht coln sc of !vhi.l) hc drcw aLienlion tu "the notio 1 t_har we Ja,vntrcse ha!. of lenlale rnoncy, " \dhtulo Ltdan)- This ureaus," he in-strl,.red th. Iourlg couple, 'rhat rhc husbaDd nrould ser nsidc n portion ot'

r/ suzANNL I l1l{lNNrlR

his rage clery moDlh to turn olcr Lo his ilile " f'Iowever, marLy People-worrc; in pa;li.dar-$ould tt.8uc rhar a Dan slnruld gne his

'ntire salaq

ro his wife, notjnst a Portbn ofn\fith ..gard to Parterns of nrhciiance and p.oPerqv o1!neFhiP, wome'n

also tarr q;ite wcli relatile to mcn. Ildh desc'nt and inhcitarce arc !eck

orrecl bilarcrally in lua (as is truc in maoy Parts ol Incloncsia and i[ SoLrfi-

easr .\sia morc ger r erally) . .lavar bc .ustorn Prcs:ribes that (laughtcrs indsons should inh;rir equal sharcs ol ProPc'ry from lhcir Partntsi this can

i.chrck lrnd, l,.oses, jewclry, mo[(.v, ind otl!'r valurl)les'! Wornen oftcn

o\!rr proper$ scParat.\ t.om tlei. husbands, Plrticularl) proPql} that

't,,r l,ar" ir'herrtJ lr,'m t'," r u$n f 't' nr'. dno I'rr\ trrJr ilr'po'_ ol rr "\,,,1 Dlc-\e tll. L;'errl r'r'r/ ll'rL"r'l 'i\' r'o"'r'rr '{'r rl "r$rv",r.r.,'r,r,-r In h,'-\Fn' w',1,\u .r. r.rl' \i l"''r ul 'r'" r

lr.,'nt,.,',,.t or -tlre,h'i.F hruJ^hr \:rr' l,"r ;ntu rlI mJrrr''tsc' l'r''D'rr\rhat l,as been owncd iointll hl a hrrsbrnd an'l wilt) is u$rallv dividcd elenlv

bch{een them if rhcY arc divorccd.'\\-onen ror on\jnunage rhcir hrNbands' itlcomes and control lheir

(r\D nrherited proPerryi ficy arc xlso lcry iDrPorhnt economic c.rnnibu_

los to their households in their own right ln martl houscholds trornen

earn as much as or norc rhan their husba!1ds In |a'r, drey arc often th'nran, (,r even sole brea.Lwinne.s for their families' This is cerlainly th( 'as'in housebolds where mcn are absent (marv honseholcls x'e hcadcd b,v

womcn alone, i, Part because ol lhe high divorcc rate Java), t'ut ir is

aho truc in some households where borh husband atrd wifc are Prescnr'Worren's carnings though agri.ulrLUal o. other vlgc labor, 'rxft

manu-

lictLrre, rade, o.t,nPby,nenl irr rh. infornrl \"nr (n)r instrnce as do

mesiic se ants or siietalk tbod rcrctors) oor' infr(querltlv cxceed ihcir

h sbaods' cc.nomic .ontfiburi.rrrs to rhe household' Ilan,r .Javanesc

'iomc also pursuc care.rs as civil servarrts teachers. do':tolis, rnd olvn'rs

o .,noln\,'.. of'hun" "r,'l or"rr l' \'dri bu'rr''sF\L' rl.u rn,.r, \,r , l \oln. rhc .in ir, '' rrr' '' li\r 'L 'Fr" I

.onducted research, women \tx c quite conrmonly the nLrjor Provide's lirr

rltci. families as textile mercl'irnls or ma.kct traders, whilc theif husbrnds

t1rck a hack seai to them in rtlnninli the family busnresscs and in mrnagin-q

l ousehold finances 6 $tra! Raifles obserled h the early nineteeDth celr

r,rv contirues to be trLre in Solo rod.1)r among thc lalanesc, lvomer domi-

,.,,, rli, rn,rl.r.. fi.,. t,r- 'r.,', r""L 'l'rorr ' "r""tre l'p"""1'

r,.,e,rl, [d,1.:LgrnLrrrrrl 1r..,.,,r,,Fvi1...:,, r ur''' r , uri'rt'o'l rrP .

1,, rr.p r-Li.r "r r..r rrr' 1.,. r' ' :1' luLL' ' rh' ' oL" ' i'rP\ ^r Solo rr l

\.,''..k. 1., i' s.r. "rr,n."r,l l." rl" Irr rrl't{ rl"r"'r'rl ' iJdr n'"na,' is doc,,ned to railLu c (cl AnrloNiloto t936)"rhc Prelaihrg stercot\P'

i,, Solo is lhat (hile the ilifc goes offeach dav to the nrar ket io carn a liling

I!HY IIOI'IEN RI- LT'DII I{OOSl

Ibr her taDilI, he. ll,trband !r:r. " :,r home, amusjlg hintsclf by whisrting tohis songbnds.s l. tlris scns., 11,e r.latio.ship otner ana womcn ro moncyat il'e rDarkctFace closcly parallcls the si!uarioD found iD rhe home: jusras tr'cn are ilecmcd ill suir(.d ro handtin{: househotd hnan.es, thcv are alro,u, r1,.,,-l i,r,.t,rDle-r i ,Lf.r, ,'rI mJnJg. B m! \ ti..,t. or t,u"r, e(...

llll l{[.l,Allvl STr\'l USI]S OI. WONM A\D i\,IliN

1'hc.ldninrlcc oI wome! iI rhei. houschol(ls, fombined,vith their eco-,'omi. sL,r:ngtli ant eur,runy, would sc.trr kr Nggcsr a dcglec 01 so.ia!.,u.1 ,'n,',,i,,. .r.,ru. l. ..om.,',.,J \.' \,,,r.t,:,,-mp.,,J,tF r.,t,ar,.rnr.n. To thc .:x(ellr rlrar srall,s.ur b-- nrerlsurcd by nnlncial in.tependence,i,,flucn.. i,, the famill, lrl.l rhe lrcedorD io make oDe,s owlr decisions,Nonr.j do i t.leed enJoy, ar leasr in soDte respccts, nerrr), cqual snnding ro

Ycr fic norio,r of "srarus" i$clf is a very complci ore inJava, nor reduc-iblc to econonlic posilion or to anl orl,cr simple tictor.. Consideradonsoi srxru! shapc every intcrpcronat encounre. artd linguisric uucmnce (C.Ceeriz r96oj Sicgcl r986i Keelcr 198?;J. Erringron rq88). Srarus, riways,elative, is de(rnnred bI a rema.krbty iDrricale sct oI consi.lcrarions.]'licse coDsiclcradods iricludc, bur arc Dor limited io, age and seniorlry,ilhcrlrcr onc is olnoble (l.sccnL, (lucarion, occupadon, kealth. etliDici!y,pla.e ot origin (e.g., villasc lerNs.ny), nn.t SeDder. Srrtus is aho mea-mrcd on rLc basis ol s.,mcwhar lcss rangihte quatiries ib. example, desrce,,r i '.lru,.,l

.et,r',.r,i.r,. n.,.ri,, ot pt.,L,.,.i,i tIrr,ri.ri, riqu",r" .,nLt,;, i,iskills,ll]d tll.repurccl posrssio ot spiri(,11 srrcnglh. The .oncepr ol prcstige is ilnpoflaDr in lhc evaluari(,i ofsratus, bui is somerinres divorced fronrother.lelomi ants ofstarus, such as weakh. lor exalr)ple, cefiain occupations, sr(h as prlace retairxr, NInshn r.rigiors leader. or peuy civil servanqar. poorlv p:iid bui are srill .onsi.lercd presiigiora, ar teast in some circtes.O! th"- other hard, e$ni. (lhincsc, ,nany of

'vtrom are quite rvell-rGdo,

rrc car.go;.x11) disrespecrcd by mx'ryJNurese id spirc ot rheir weatrti,C,u to thc perlasive st.r.oryp.s rhar hold rhcln to tre ud.efinect, grcedy,rrd nl.apabie of nasre.ing proper.lrlarcsc linguisri. eriitucrte.l0

S.liolxr ol.lavanesc so.iery are gcnerllly quick ro poinr our thar wtil.'.ur',,' h.\,,,uriomr, ! r.,. .nJ,. 1,i,1,.J11.,. .....,,, I lrol..hot,.afl.iN, i. rhe rcalm ol prestigc rhcy {all iir short oi me, (lay rq6o; Hadq.rn,f,. i' ,1,'r o87. iqu. l.\,1,r,..'.,jIt,Jt\ rr an."i.r.. o."r.,icvalurtioD ol rheir sunF According ro ket ideobBicnl formularjons,women hxvc .criai. nrborr .ham.l.r rrrits rhar doom rhem ro aD inlerior(rtion n, lilc o matrer h(^i ,tru.h Drr),ry rhey carn o, h,,w ,nuch powerLhey wi.kl jn the hous.hold (ljarl.y rqgoi IGcle, rq87, rqqo). As thcs.

26 SI]ZAN\[ A RRLNNI]R

r.ri,,*p',i.,tion. l"v, ir. n,u{ h"r r'r"'r' l ^ir'trrr I'PquJIiI ' IIJI l''d

'", '",i,,i. , . b,'J"':\nar"tr "' 'r'rsL ''J'rr'' '\i'rr wh' I' rr''\ " tIrol ''n'(r.rtiil ecorlorni. resources and domestii: authoritv'-il'roi

i. i,.t-u *o-cn rhrt relcgares lhem to this (ideologicall)" a(

lc.isrl inferior position? I.onicallv, ',n' ol lhc very charactetistics rhrt aP'

.,eJ. 1,, -i'e \, rn-n .^ r,,,, h l'^"' rn rh' r'o'r" ""ld-il. ',,,...,,,,.

p,,{\i.. ,f i'u,,'i ur r\'' rn'ii'11'rur''r'rr 'rrrr'{ llur"

,,,'; ,.,"",. r; .1,..,',, "'i,r,u"'!i,* "r lJ\'rr''' o'i'r.,'r'Pr';'Jn.nlc;irol,,lF\.l,,iriu,nl rrrP'1or" rr' "r\i'ic\ lur k'lr'h \ror"in ''ro,,,i".. *. 1"..". !:xccssivc attcnriorr Lo financial mrtlers and the Pur

,,,ii.rweatrr l' 'a;a

t. i,idicalc low st'rtus, iack of rcfineDrcnr' and a corc-

.',"',ni,,, fr.l .t 'pirrrrral l''"'ri' y 'qnJ'r"rr rl-2' l(" i" ra8; r^r'',,:,',,'.i.,,,-., 'l"",,t,,rrl

rr'. ll. r"t raa": \ lri;r!ro, r'ru^ ' \I:rr

' ^ ; .";"".,. , .ne.;.,r11 sr.''r' i"' ;'"""t "' rr-' "f'r' I"ir"r I ^r lrnrlr,,",,,;",,,;.,', 1"",' ,' rra'..r -.rr,r"trr"r 'rnr ^rri'"r" u'"'c Jn'r nr r"*

'*.'ii i"ii.a""i, l,ho are mindful of tlreir Prcstise nrusi be carcrul

,*1".. -.1-* u)o ,",.r, .orccrn wi$ monev lest they be seen s nav'rtoo

l l,( idra rh,r d nr''''' uP'rror' srr" morl v l'ir'' " hr\ !'r'tr-''r r'l'"'

d,dr r n,,,ne.rr am.rrq /,lJ)" lir'\ b'rr ulri' l' '' 'l\' l'el'l' ru \onre "\r''r'r,.,,.,'..f,"."-"r,-*'"",t",:1,tr,r,glrn'rl/;"'t"rLl''l'\r' 'i' irrJ'r''_P\'

,,r.a". ll,,ra, ia.,f*as can be rr:Lce'l to the matr;age oijautrei 1rstG

.',,r1'*l"i"*r,r, "r"i,.enth'ccntury

codcs ol ProPer conduct ror indige

,.o.o,e,,unlsorth" colonial bu'eauc'acv, espoLrsedbv Drtchandlavnnesc

"r,,..""ai,e;',.,"a,,'r'lc'r"' 'uIdv''rr"'Frrd'Lriun'Ir\'''rnr1' rrrc-

".,",ri.,Jr*"',,,'.r'-LI,or.r,tir 'rir' d'drt'lJqrr'q r'ir'irr'n'r'iA'r:''

,.,InS",'., ,n"p,.r^,,'rs.r.!rl'PvrIrd'ulngx'rhJ n 'Ll- vri' c r" rlr"

$...tJrl , r rhair inLl' p' r"l' nr $' Jlrlr' rhF Ptinrii 'rrleur l'''r bernl^\.,ne'r\ocr.rv th.o;\'lr'f r''d' "''ir'!'P'rnrh "'rr- fr"rrrrr Lr l")' r

""J ,.i".,.r r,,,.,- ' ,;arn{ I lrn'F or r' r4nnid' l "lirF rh"' mi rl'r orlrPtui'e

i,"*-",*a ** r.. itus ancl Powcr (see Brenr-er t99ra)' Parti'ularlv

i,, ,l'".o""."",".. "r sob and v)13,virkaltn' trxde arxng thcJ^vanese vas

,, "'i,t",".t rt'" n.on"' Llur:rin urr') 'n somr' r njrd r^s+ Jru' mcn r' s''l,,,,;.;1.,', i"';,s, e,r,,,t' q,''rr-"u' h ts r'hrr''e"!ar'' oI F'rr'P''

,,,,,.-iir'il" *tn* p*1r1,*omtn riicl errgagc in trad( in ordcr ro suPPlcnient

i,.1. l*t*a'' i.-ir*., their ,'i)'r)i status was uot rtucslioncd xs Iong "1$

i:,"i. i,.'r,*a. werc not oPcnlY involved h busi'css llutch obsewers

,l]:]i-.a ,i.,,r,.1"**'e $';re scnemllv ill suited !o rIl'lc (e'g'' lan De

;,,;, ',;",,, ,'.,'"r 'r,,' "'' r' u'onrc' -'crn' d '^ " P

'nv bu\:n' \

. "...

r,,,i' 0"." ",g,"4,-'"' nql' rlra' rl'"' olulr'" rlnni*al ol rr1Ll"

., .,n ,nrsnih",nr {dFlinc J.r':\ir\ ror qomen scNed Id'oloci' allv ro leSi l, ,'l ''-.i ""i"r.. 'r'ir ln':'P'r l" ''r' r:'rri' ri ror' In tr'P Ino{ fr"6r

"t,i" -*..ie --.** (Alexandcr and Alexandd tqsrr3?3)" -:i*

,,...a '.n*-" "f I'ila'!i lalucs inJalancse socierv his olten bcen

noted. 'l'Lis influ.Dcc di.l not stop wi& the end of colonial rule, bur hasconliDued on inro the pr$.nr pe.iod, in a p,oces,r thai has bccn referedto rs '!.iyayizatioD," whcr.bv lritrqi . or ms and values.tre adopred by otberclcments ol rhe population (scc DJ,UadiniDSraLNieuwenhuis r98?). WlilcJauncse n'cn arc i'lcrcasnrgly nivolve.l in Lusinrss, cspecially in thc moreinodon se.ro.s o1 fic economy, ard although wealrh is, in pra.tice, a verli,.portant rcu,cc ol sutus iD Irdonesinn so, iety, thcrc rcmairN a ccrtaintaint to busiles marrers add to tlic handlins of money, an.l a conri uedasso.iarion ol rhe less savory aspccB of monerary and nre.cantile pu.suirswitlt \lonHr a,,d etlrnn: rniDornier, allolwhich i..ricere rhar y'alal'i ideolo,giee have ftot l.rsr thcir liold upon rhe Java.ese popularior.

Uornen, then, appcar n) bc clesrined to inhabit fie lor.srarus, coarse'r.alru of tlic s..ial hierarcli,v. 'lhei. fir obligation as wivcs and morhcrsis to r(iend ro fi anciaL ,,raucrs: thcy are Npposed to see ro it lltat cveryln\l ,4r,1 ol the lamily's ur.Del is wiselr strenr. Thosc who arc tradersmust barga n and calcul2re sh.ewdl) ir order lo compctc successfully inlhc olercr(\lded ma.!eela.e, Nherc acting rcfrncd is our ofthe question.Orher aspe.ts of wonien's conduci also s..m to suppo.t rhe con.lusionrhal rlomcn are morc /rara,, and therefore oi lower shrus, than men.Womc. arc (luicker ihan rnen to us.lorv, or laraf, iorms of.Jalancse langM$ | Jauu h6dL rgoliol, Jnd ro .rtheqise disphy behavior without enr-barrassur.rr ihat many ncn wo,,ld leel ro l,e beDcxll thcir dignity. Ir thcmr.keipli.c, $en fic wca)rl,icst womcn raders.an be seen slapping eacholher on ihe a.m i. a gesfire ol lriendli ess, shouting and laughing boisreroud!, and liurling pi..cs ol .loth or wads ol nronc! across the aisles ateach orhe.. )ew men ofstrnilar sociocconoDric posnion rvould be willing !.comport tll.rnsclves this lvay id a pub1i. se(ingt they would considcr su.lrL,/1,/r.- ,1, r",:'ni

'S !,,1I,1.'m.,{jr.e r, ,lj, j, u,..rj!p.

llcD's iDt ra.tions rvith each otber in .onrasl ro wonren's. r.nd r{r bestill and lorrtral, ma!ked by an attcntioD to social and linguisic decorunrtlt^t js alrnost painlul to w:(ch whc. onc has become accusromed to tlxlci.thie., ntore relaxed srylcs olwomcn (sc. FI. Gc€rtz rq6r). The higherr maD's social sta.dinR, rl,-- m.,re circunrscriocd his raDgc of behavioralrDd spcech sryles must bc iD ordcf ro p.ore.i and rcge.emte his s!a!us,

slyle bcilg r criti.al clornurt of ar indivi,.lual's stams irrage (cf. (eelerr!87, r.l0or J. ErrnlgloD r!88). Alttrourlh dris is lLlso lrue for women, drclaucr ar. ror expected ro .onr,ol dren la.guage and co duct ro rhe samecleg.ce as m.n.12 Ward IGe1e. (r 9qo) re,narks thar "Womcn can disaggre-gaie srrus a.d sryle mo.e rhan icn can ir part because . . . womeo's statusis defined n' coDsideEble neasurc b) that ol their husbands" (kelerrgqo:r.l.li (f. Hatley rc).r.:184). As he also obsenres, ro thc extenr fiarwoDen's bchavior and spcccli sryles i.e accorded le$ weighi than ment,rc,urei ha\e Lhe ftee.loDr Lo c gage wirll rclative irnpunity in behnlior thnr

:I SUTANNti A BR[NNI]R

sould be .ompromis;rg to mcn's stalrrs. Womer are not thrnrghl in'r?a'L,,1 \p.rkiflg or bch.r!ing ir) an afur r, ('nncd manncr-indccd, il is Primlrih rr.rlrcn, not ner, wlro rrc gn'ctr LI). fusk oi c(lu.rriilq lhcir {i]Dralc z'ln,ale .hildren in hrgtristic and bthavioral Politesse-but thc wider rangc

ol so.ial slll.s deem(l ,t.tPtabl( li)r w.rnul Sives rhcrn thc icPutxlion

fo_ bchaling crraically, and nol alwals in ac'ordan'c vitlt 'ommon

sran

d!rds of rc6ncd behrvnrr.

IDEOLOCIES Of (;ll^'tlliR AND SILr CONI ROL

Lr t highlv innuentialarticle cDrirlcd "The Iclea ol Powcr in Javanese (lul

rurc." senctlict ArclervrD (rq7r) cxploresJnv.rnesc nleolo:lics of sPiritLral

r,,,r,rr,. shr.h hp r.i'ri\ "11'^P' " luq,n.'l \imPlrlr Ii' rr 'r''r'1r'wr/r'i,"r_,,r,"o ri-,,r,,rn,^I ru\., l,{\r,.\u|I ,,r,1i,,.,'1 \uirllvr'\,', ,"1, i t r , r r a I \ r r r , , r " r r.ua rI Ic\\,\'l'i\'itirr'l'l Ji\'r'r r'r!'2' rr"l"'r ri

,.1 I'r'"j {r,',,8,1',l,Jr F,,'bl,- ''.rn,livi'lurl r" 'orrrr''l lrrrr'-'l" nrl''r "Fn

1nr. arrd his cnriroDnrcll wilhout thc nse of 'tudc Phvsical, Polirical' or

rrrarcrial forcc. I'his Po cr is said to be a.cullrularcd and corrccrrr|arcd

rlrrough ascetic cxtrcisc anrl ihrough othcr torms ol selklis'iPli'c lhal

ino[ic stsranrccr control olcr on.'s Pcr$nal Pr$ions rnd destrcs l'hcnlr.e seli-disciplilc ,n indivnlurl lrrs, Lhe !r).e spilitrrxl Porvcr hc anas$,Nhich in turn leads ro turther seliconrrol as well as re rbilitt to nas(er

. ,.rrnJu,rr'l ro,, ". Jr.l hp \:rl. .l ],ur''rn bl irr'r\.

A .alm, renncd (ttur) demcanor is takc to irdi'ate thar an iidilidualposs.sscs a large slorc ol Pcrsolral l'owe. Ailtiering hi:jh strnrs is

'ontiDeeDr upon h,siDg this I'ower, rnd.olrsequentl,! uPor Projc'ting ^n

image

i,rtravins rolal bLit etl(rtless masterv ovcr the in erpassions Post$rilcr-,..' ..n"rl,"r b" .".ognized lioo thci. Poisc, restmint. and equanimiry irrll siruations. Converselv, those wlio i.e unable to control their emotions'

.r '.F, h, ur bph.,ri^r dPL,on{,:,r. rl'crr I , I nl \pir r''r''l i'-i"n' \ / \nLle'\'rrr,,_.'.crls,'K.Ple, req7. llrrl,\ rqqu' I\"\'i\" 'rr''r'r'^r' ru 'lrd p"r_

.,.,; -, p.''",',,s,,,'."',lrrLlirre"'.r,'a.r' pro rr' i\ "rn J\ " ''r n nr r'rrP'l

and selfi lerest, berokcrrnrg la(k oI Poiler ^nd

k'w stalus'

An.lcrson does not dircctlr' addrcss thc issue of gen'ler itr his arn'le'{hich. rs he riles itr i Iatcr.elrosPcclive Paper, was inrendcd P'iniarilfto oller aD altcrnxlivc, cuhurally rrniqac PersPccti\e io \{eber's concePt

ol charisma (An.lersolr r99o) whcthcr rhis model oi P'iwer mighr aPPII

(lillc,cntl) to i\ be)'ond lhe scoPe aDd ilt"nt of thc ar

rclc: lhe rclationship of womcrr 1o fo!e. is Dot specillcrll) discusscd (sec

l)jajadioingra.Nieuwenh s rq8;:46). ]'he irti'le docs dl.lw somc clerr, 1,g"' r';""r r"'lP \Prrr' 1"'r' rr' \''r"r'Drrr'"'l l''r' "' hnrer'r' Jn l

1,,. er,n,olr\ ( rtcd uL Poq,'r l.rl 'rcr"'_ rr(.'1". nlc

Liler studies of.[ava.es. ge,di]r rclarions have been nro" cxPlicit irl

, !!HY!|OII[N RULE IHE nOOST :tU

re!.uling th. oale center irl iocus ol rhe nleologl of spir irual porency. Idt,uti.ular, sc!.ral aurlxns halc nored rhat, accordins ro rhe.heroric ofspir ituil rx)r{:',.v, NonrcI Iin(l it ]nLrch harder rhatr nren (o h.rlnes rhe sell,.ontr(, aDd mental discilni.e nccdcd ro a.qoirc lpirirual power. Ascerjc.rercise, which An.te.sor idcnd6es as o,re of rhe prnnary means ofacquir-ing Powrr, is saicl to te erpecirll).lililcul! (although Dor impossible) Iorwonen. I. Hadey's,vords. "l lr.,,Sh womcn ma) pedboir as.c ric exe rcisc,rt is not considered usual llr thcnr to do so. lhus rhey a.e seen as incapableol relined .ontrolled spee.h and of thc cmorional corttrol thar is ihe our-\u.d refle.ihn olac.unrtrlared spn.itual sr.engrt," (Hatlcy r99o: r 8?). Thisview is sliarcd by other scholars, $tch as NladekJn DjajadiDirsra! Nieuweu-huir, irho yrites, A(cor(lirg to rhc ,avancsc i(lea of rhe woman s rotc, stLcis n,orc boun.l !o her social aDd mare.ial conrcxr and.onsequenrly lcs$'ii.ri lo. asccti.iln, rvhi.h alier all mcans disran.ing onesclf lrom one'sn(ial cnvironDre.t. (),)ly in vcry excepi) .1 cascs can women muster s!l-{icicDt kckuvitaD \atnr (l)cDral soen8rh) ro acquirc l,owcr" (Djajadi n)-gmr Nlcullenhlris r987:..;i sec also C. Gccru r 960:3r9).t li,',1',., .,' ji,,r h,,r'..,..,. r',.,'l\,1,, .,,,. 8.,n. -. i, p., ri, - i. a,' r*u,.ro whi.h I +rall rcru.n presenrll. \{}iat 6 clcar, howerer, is rhat NomeD.i,cll nrakr the exr,ene itibrt dlar me,i do ro supprc$ srronS afiecr andcmotnr', oi ro pr(scnt an t!.r..o1, .({incd dcur.anor ro orhe.s. Hence iris lcss common ior thcxi to adirere lC) rhe codes of ouM-aid behavior rh;rr

e p.,rrulc.t by dre d.nni rur id.ologies as reflccLivc of higli srarus aodan i.ner spiritual streDgth

\,!ller risiriuq a markcrl)h.e in Solo, I wnD.ssc.l rn especialty amusnlgbout ol br, gri.,ng betwccn tuo experiencc.l traders rhar broughr honre rome !hc di ercncc ber._een rvon'cn's and men's sryles o{ ilreraction, espccially {here selfcorlrol rLn.l relinemenr a.e coDcc.rcd. One ofdre rraders,lln (\1.s.) Sita, llas a fricn(lly woman, quirc succcssful in business, who hadowxed a smll in re ntarke: for I number oI )€a.s. The orher rrader was rsell-assured Noman who r.Lnted Lo buy a quantity ofbarik.lorh {h.rlesaleliom Bu Siu llr sell again dsewhere. l he pa.e .rf ihcir bargaining was fastand Inrious, and rhe langlrrge used b) rhe womcn, all low (idra, Javanesr',l,as ro' ,gh, rLen tonc alniost a gror l. -Ihe buyer wxs poin iiDg out impertec-Lions in nrc clotli and rin(ing 1,8 off.rs, rrliile rhc selle., Bu Sira, keprrcfusirg, nListing on i highcr pricc. Thc baryamnlg became more a dmore ;rte.se, a d tllc tao ot thctrr s:emed io he gcuing angrier and an-grie. wilh caetr orhcr, to rh. poi.r here Lvas beginnilg to uoDder iftheywould r(rurlly comc to bloivs All ol a sudder, belorc I kncw what washappeni.g, rhcy bodr broke n.b b.oad grnrs, slappccl each orher on $..rrm j.,vialh, and the sale was m.de, lvith sounds of dissusr and exasperatio , obliousl) cxaggerared, co rirg frorrr thc bLryer as she looked attheprices ou thc rc.eiF fial Bu Siu wis r.iri,rq lor he.. t'hel chucklcd t(ts

l, suzANNIl A {ll([NNEI{ 1\, HY \!OMI]N IIUL!'IItI] ROOST

J,..t.er ,hJ .,r inri,rl,.) "I.l intrir.Ll .'oo,r, h urlr,'r'. l'_irI. rlrP

r ,,'e or tl,r' ' L'rr,-rr ; dr"mJri' Jll)' lr'm \1'ar 'r lrid h'''ri,,sr monrents earlier. 11 was otrll aL thaL Point lhat I rcrliTcd the onrcn

lrerc olcl friends who had been donrg busniess togcthe' for vears'

rwo Javanese men would liave bccn ,nuch tess apt to Put on su'h a

.rr,or.,v-l',''r.'..n,',1',',, u, d 'ri'irig irnur "rrIl' rnt"r q"rrl'l L'c "'n,, ,l:,,l.nlorLUI,,,l.rl,'."r,',,ir'srh,'tr r.'r'f :i'qPl r'''lr'ir rr"'t"'

n,ip Many Iavanese D.n in S{nr'-eYe; dlose ol the trtdi'g class, te'nark

,,r,1; ..N;i..-at rcluchnt to l)arsain rt all. AltLough thcy oirol clainl

.|sdain fo; ihe markerPlace aDd dislike of irs /iararamosphc'e (in kecping

rith rhe iclcokgy of spi.itual Potcn(y), it aPPears that whal thel fcal n)ost

i. rhe possibility of losnrg rlte imag( ol sclf-control, equunlirv, and disin-

terest;t pc$onal Sain thai is so irnPo'1ant fbr mainiT ining ncn's strtls'l't.-,rheiefbre avoid rhc narkelpla.e, where it is esPe'iallv hard to maiE

rrin linguili. PrcPrietl.nd.n im.se of pcrPc tLI al (nn Ponr' ' 'fhc n!:li"-,u urJdvJnse m, n J,, rn',rF rli/rIr''pp' ru l' ^' rl'' L''''' ''\"'l L'r' ''c.','rl n'lllng to rl,er, \iF (ct SitAel r'rriri)

S,trlden shifts in lalgurg. arxl l)chavirr'rrftr quilc conrmon in th' n'2r

keqrace, anrl in wome.'s inkractiurs morc geocrally' As worlren, lhc t'ldcrs rhat I obsened htd (he ncxibilitv to swirch swlistic rcgislers ab'LrPilv

\iithour ltarirB loss of Iicc o.lo$ ol tiiendshiP,lLl nnrgh thc sharp $lings

rhatsontetime; characterizc lvomeu s spcech a dbeliaviorarc also secn Lv

*rc domnra'lt represenlarions as in.li.ating thcir inability (r master rheir

cnrotions and behaviomlsg-'lc. Kcelcr (rgqo) obscncs rhatwomen s labil

irv i. stvle is considcred bv vrne lavdrese as a sigD thnt wom€' arc b.!

tlrrir vcry nature lack;rg iD scll{ontrol. Domin.rt{rd bv thcir n r)ulscs xrdeDrotion;, their bchavio;is.evcr fulll Prcdiciablc ':rthis broart categoriza

riirn of womcn, h. adds, has negative imPlications for rhcir so'iil nalus'

gLrilding on Andersolr's exrlier nrgurrtent. ilhich tics reiirelnenr ro spili

,,,"' ,.i"., ' a,,d {i1,.. K, .lF. \ug4e{\ rlr'rt rrr''( een''r)lr/JL''a' ''Lou'

",,-".'t",r,,l .ell,,,r'r!,1 .,1|m 'r,'l\ t' irrr r"rlr''i' r'Lu''Prrirr''l In

Ler, r ,.,,1 , urr'" tu,'rrr l"tr'' r'rlri' r' ljrrr. r" rn'n'lnp t/\Jni*, ,Ll"ul,,ur',r ,l. l"r,rriu, rhl' n r' ''r' L''rr''r /r'l' rl""'

*"-""ioc""trol tl,"msilksalso.lovetailswellwiih Isiirnlc gendct i'olo-.x.. lht..pdr'.1.1.'1,r, ion,,prrurr\'l rrule rndlrral''r'rr'rrP \hr'h''rr,.,,,,,a ;n Ind.t..u, 'r',r \l ,lJ1':r J\ \Fl' as:r' rlr' I'lrJdlP LJ'r "ndrr'ewhcre in the Islamic world, po.tray men as innalcly orore caPablc lhaD

Nomen of controlling thei. tlse Passions aDd ntsriircts, zartu ')r Although

me as well aswome,iliave naruraldesires tlr2t threaten to overcoma tlrem'

ir is believed that reD hale grcnle. rationaLiw a d rexson, akdl' tlhich en

xbles them (o nrpPrcss thosc dcsircs nn.l to Lokl iast lo thc guidal:c oirlre Qufan (see, e.g, Siegel t909i Rosen 1984i Abu-Lughod r986; Nter-

nissilq8Tr Ong ro87, rrlool ltl.u, ihis lolune)' W'rnrtn xrc s{id to bt

more cmorional, sexurl, ard irrarional rlian rden by narurcj hence lhelnust bc carcfullv.onrolled by nrin so fiat they do nor Iead the lalre..stray ftu,r rbe proper plLh, rhocoy Nr.rki g havoc on rhe social rnd.eligious or.lcr. Ali}ough I did not cncounrer rhis expliciill Islamic inrer-prctation ol humar narure durnlg rhe coursc of mv r.search h Solo($Lcrr thc malo.ity of rhc population, aldrougtr professing a.lherence roIslam, hcrril) rnix.s IslaDri. beli.:ta and pra.ticcs wilh rhose ofJavaneseorigin, ofteu nuking it dilli.ull:nd perhaps i.releraal ro distinguishclcarll l).irw.cIl lava cse" ald 'lslami."), t would .onjccture lhar ir hasbee. in(o,porated inro rhe.ldlanesc idcologi.s tlrar associac women within'atil)Iralit) and emotiorrality d,Li !rcn Bith self.onlIol and a:upcrior ca

ll,csc tlvo scts or geDdc. i.teologies, l avancs. and Islamic, presenr alunproblcmaric image .,l rrc as poreDr, sell.onrrolled. and in possessiol01 rhr higl,er menral and spi al firculties rhrt allow drenl (o maiDrailo,(l{,, i,, thcir own lilcs an,l n, rhe !(ial ard supernar(.al world. \Vomc.,otr rhc other l-and, a.e depic(ed :rs spiritually impoteDr, less rarional thanDen, ro.l Iackiig in *:l|({rtrol. Such .arego.i.a1 slaic,ncnrs abour rhcriatu. oi Llr: scxcs a,{: wcU in kccpug *irli a. idcological sysretn rharpl es rren ir ihc ccnr.r oI rh. social, nrortl, and symboli. order. l'his

rologi.rl slslcm has b( ,n gencntc.l add rcnrlo.ced !1ot only by rhe ulucs ordrc lalanese l")r)i clirc, as nrcDrione.l ea.lier, bur also by rhe parria..hal tendjrcies of Durch .olonial rulc (iI NIiich malc dol]lhance w:rsraken li, grauled in both polirical and doniestic liie, an.lwhich i6elfhada Darkcd inllltence on ihe devclopm.nr oI ninekertlts xnd twentietlrcentu.y rn)ari rhctoi.), 01 lslamic docrrile, and ofrhe poslcolonial Indo-

Alnost cv€ryooc I kne{ id.la!i, nren rnd womcD alike, paid lip servi€ero thc notirn rhat the lnther is the hcad ol tlic househokt a.d rh.r.fo,cdeseraing ( i dc,;rential b.:ha\,ior froln evcry other m.ml,er of dre famiry.1!len also clonrilarc tlie politi.al o.de., lio,ll thc .ommunity lcvel up ro thenaliolrll le\el, rnd tcnd to y\c as rhe rcpresenlarives ofrhcir householdsin nralt.rs .on.erniIB rl,( i(n!l and sratc burcaucracies. lL is ha.dly surpris-ing, rhen, to find gcndc. si."eo[ypes rltar associrte womer wirh lo]v-starusbehavio.-.xpriciousness, iacI of control, emorionaliq,-and men wirh rhi]Lositivc, higl-slalus qualiti,is ofbehavioral stabiliry and seurdiscipline.

i\ CONTILARYVIIIV: TIIII IIANGEII O!'NIE^_'S DISIRE

I stres the t rrlog.alnature of lhesc consrructr, however, be.ause in manvsituatioDs. one Iinds lln eD ely diff.renr con.etnualizarn,r ol human na-tu,e nrJava. i'his ahernadle, somedmes subnrerged view is also formulan:,but ir coDr,rdicb rhc donrinant ideologi.al premise rhar !o be male is to

]: 5UZ \NNI A RRENNIR wllYt{OltlN RULr Lttr ROOST jJ

pariiciprtes. Nalr conno(r .Idcnr lorging or prssionare desire which, iilcft un.ortrollcd, causcs p.ople ro bet,avc nr a unbeta,r(ed, irraln nat, orsocially u,ra..cprablc manner.

rv4rmil irke nEnyloiDs, bur rhc mosl powerr,rl, and rherefore potc.rially mosr dangcrous, dcsnls rrc rhose lor srx artd nionef_lusr and greecr,whi.h arc oh(:,, seeD as iDtrinsically rclarc.t. Many Javanese me; andwonrcn s.e,I ro rake ir as x gi\ren thir rn.I have rn inn!rely greater desir,:l(, srx r1,ar wonrrn, rrrl rt,.rr 1[is d.sire is crr,cD].ty dilticuk br rh.m ()supprcss. Although this Do ion seedrs to ru. .ount.r ro bortiJavanese

^ndIslanri. id()logics thaihold nr:rtes ro lrrle grearrr conholoi rlieir insrinctsrnd cDuions rhan icniales, I encoDnrercd iL ofren cDough ro be convincedthir it wrs rlorJusr rhe idiosvrcmtic opiniou ot a lt"i i;divi.tuats. The de-S.cc to whi(lr ir ecrrdly co,rrr'adi.ts rhc idcotogy of mate porencl is debaieblc, l,ow.!.r, rxr.e ir rc!tI)nns nrrtc rxuat potercv_l .o.comilanr of,,'. - r,.ri,r. I pL', nI, r, \j ,.,,.ur roTr

- \p j .,.,, , t.dlt, nge, m.n...

abilitv Io nrxsre. rhcir prsious.ln r.lation ro .ronomjc pm.r, ris, rtris rllcnrarii,e vici, ot. rhe inhercnl

dillarci.es bch!.cn \!otrrcr and Drcr leads peopte in Solo ro conclu.te rhal.women lrc nirtrralll be(cr suited (o Dien:1ging hoDsihold financ.s, fielan,ilf li,nr, or tl,c ma.kerphcc. Rur whar js thc.on,rc.ii.rn bcrwce! con.1.o1li,rgrnoncy aDd c.rnl,olhrg onr's passiors? The ivords ol onc unusDally.andr.l.Jdvanesc man ill his seleuris mmmcd ir up:,.\lon:cn make berterIrrd.N nud cnrr.rpreDeu.s rhaD nteu, bccausc trien havc grealer tusr ($dL.r' h. r \,,I , ' \1,... ,. I,1cr h.,t,t ,,nrn j.,,,1 tor tont Lc(. r\e it

Jou giv( tltctu ioncf, rhrt'll speir(1 ir on g.:rriuU wome,r. Give ,ern cnoughmo"r!, and LLe/'11 l,a!e rnorc dran oDe wifi, .i!her out ir ttrc open or onrh. \lv.i! i!I.,r lrrvc grc!(, rl.sircs rhan..*)DrcI lltalrlnt nit..t, ge.lhi tuang,,L,ls.). lfs rhv.r)s nren wt,,) spcn.l lrorc) o.,vor".,,,rh.,b"t,wom";.$il,o .!.. h,llld of a lvdnaD br)ing a niari,,A Ii,malc mxdle rner.hanrrr.ad. a riLril.tr r(nrrrk: "!\rl'cn nren get hotd ofrDoney, rhcy use it ro taker,!)rher wilc, ,, ro qambl.." Y.r anorticr yonri commenkrd. .you can relliI a nrrD is keeping a wonrrn on rhc side-e\c.rually hc gcrs found ourbccause hc s spendnrg money roo qui.kly.', A nran,s h6r requnes money, Iwas tdd, hecitlrsc fe worn(ll rill sl(cl) uifi a rnrn illicitly unlcss rhey canderivc sone Iinan.ial benelir tr om it. Moreover, rDcn,s ratural procliviry ro8i'7e in 10 tl eir Llesires, ii is said, leads ttrern ro sqlrandcr money in rl1ePro.css; rli(1 ! il1 srop ar Dorhilg 10 fiDd sarisfacron for t)rcir passions.

One olteD hea.s 1o,vcr chss 'lomcn

ir particula., such as h;usehotd ser-yants o. barik No.!crs, compbin abour rtr. iinrdcial drain Lhat rlieir hus-bands' sexual indulgence, grrf,blina, anLt sener.'l inesponsibiliry and lack.,l coDsidd ariof lb. the lnmily s wellare.rcare fot. thenr lnd dlcir child.en.Stories oi husbxnds who abanJoD their wivcs an.t childrcn lo tun otTwirhorher lvonr.r Ic cv.rydal fire, bur nran) women tictrhar this is preferabte

l,r!e ltreater sclf:control, $'hireas to be fcniale is to lic lacking nr sell:

co,,o;l Accor.ting to this lisiotr of male an'l fcnMk' nartrre' mdr ntrd ir

mu.h more cliifi.;lt t() restrnin their innatc passions end desires (rulu o'ha1& nalsu) than.l.r wonen. Uhilc both men and wornen are sttbject to

(he sorfttimcs ovetuhclming nrlhnrce ol thtir oiln desitcs, it is woncn'ni)r men. {ho can better control rhentsellcs. Al rough rhis icka is cx_

Inr's{{l ,l]orc oP(:nl! i,,(l iii,r' oft(rr hy w(,rlrei thao bv nrcn asoncmight!xpecl ir is r r,r a viov helcl (x( lustv(lr l)I wonen, li' rtr'tI, ru), oti(!r rMkc

t,ri",."ntt "r.ngrg. ", actio.s rhat suPPort lhis bcliet I rvould argue' in

lart, rhat this concepltrr ol the,rrlrrrc ()l1hc scxcs undolits kev rc]cs (h11

men anclnr,,nen plil_ in the householcl,:{d that il lorms lh. basi'r lbr thcir

,,,.r I, e\ in other sDh,'res ,,1\u.ri1 lif(Il, r.ndF,.,u,.q rlrr .,1 .rr r' u r I I

" r ' r ' r : ' L r r u ''I {''ri l"r Jr''l '' ll'

,.nr.l l.lonotxrter'dru.ll'r r':'\ r'lrrr"r''''rrrrr'r"rl 'rr''l" r_o'l'" rr"',r dcrmines malc views. Nor .lo I ProDo,e that ftis ;s ihe 'true"Jav'nesc

n, rlel. to be a.cor.lcd absoh(e ptima.v over conrPe lg 'rodels,

bc they

Islami., pn)r4i, or otlicr' ltrthc., this is I !n$ ol hunran rrxLrrrc thar is

lr.vor<ea rr-spccirlc .ontexts by malcs as I'cl] as lenlales cl|rout Mudinis

.urcl non ltuitims, p.1a1; nnd Don-/r,)ali. To the extcnt rhat it coniradilrs

rhc dominanr gcnrlcr idcologies, n rlral bc sceD as ( otrnt'rhi genoni' (scc

Pclcr,, this voimc), vct irs propo.enG include PeoPle Nlio ii othcr sirua

dons sould uphol.l lhe donri!rant i(leologl ol male potcn'r without h'sinrion. Even to characterizc lhis .onrra.liction as a confli't Lletseen ideologl

:,i(l pncric(:, or b.tt ccn rlxnrghr:t (l acriorr 1G'emsci r(ln7) misscs rhc

i.k. b.causc br)th t](sc coDllictirrg rcPrescnurions ol iac!drr arr(l nrll_

(onrrol a.e ve.baliTed as axiomxri. tnr(hs d'il expressed nnplicidy in Pco

,,, .,,r',,r ' r'. r,'r,,'.,1,r{, r';rlri-r""rrr"'li""r'\r''\\"rri''rrrl''li, L. *.,1,."' J',lr, L rrr\' 0"'d rrr'' rl'r''trr r''' rl i''l'rur"' r'' l'Lrir

,nrte an.l lo ioterPrct (hc actions ol nales i'(l lemales in diflcrcrr- con-

tcxts. ln ftrrmi1 aiscourte, rrre lrcgenronic vio! oI male potcncy ard s€ll:

control is rnorc likeLr to bc crnphrsiTcd, {hilc the rici! thrl uien havc lcss

srtir:onrr.ol rhan Nomen ofien comcs ro ihr 1;r. in .,s,al .li:'couNc iLherc

thcre is l€rs nt st^ke idcobgicall)'- e".^"" ",r,*,g*p1,ers-lule

highlighkd thc dor)irrut rnodrl ior so

1,.n". ir, r\p rm ,r;,.lFr u rlrt' '*' ,) I (ilr lu' ' \ uI r\c 'ul'^ drrxre l' ' 'l' ' -

,,.,:,,",a,.1"a.."""'Jr' i'\ 'q,',',, /r', P lor urll,'ri r ,'liaP q"n'l' r'l'ri.rls. To su.t, it is imPo.tanl ro look at $e wt) rhc (..n(P1 oI dcsne'

. rr,. r: l.L',,eo rr'.' p" rh' rll\ l '\'"i P '''rr'F' \lxrr\ lJ\'"r"' L'Fli \' l"r,,,,''"-,'"',." 4.i,,,' "."""f "' r'' l"'rrrr1''rr'li r'n' h r' ro L" g'\c

""1b\ r, rrlJ,'qernu\, r,or,,nl) r'' rh. i'r'l:villuJl' bu'rl"u r" r'rc t'unrl) irrd LU

..,,,.r' rreie ,,n,' 'hoLld 'lr\r;r.r"r'lr bcn 'err 'r'li'a^ 'l'*rr"'' 'n'l rl"-'it,:t.i" e'-'.iu" nna rlcrelbrc Potcntiallv dishrrbir\B both to an incli!ic]"

ai\ nrternal equilibtunr and ro ihe social 'elatloDshiPs

in whi'h hc or she

], \UIANNE \ BI'INNEI{ 1VHY\yor\,ll]N RUr_!t',r Hr ROOST ).,

.u l".,na.l'u.b,,'d sl' ' \r.'v' lror '''l rrr'l ''nrrri P r" ':rl rlr' r'rrr' 1",l cJrll .r,,1p.] I.\ou ,,- \;rl"iir iu. r rL ,rrnE 'tn\tl 'n\ iIr

"r'n'I ,n'., \rllrgF NU,nan \l'^ su'ktn J\ J hurr"L''Per lur rrrr''l\ rrr

solo, oftor gruniblerl aL(,,tr tlt Pr l( is rhlll hct husbar!l's $om:lniring

.au,"a to, tier."a he' nuo children. Not LrntvPi'allv, it was tn'm' nor h'rhust].1nd, ivho suPPortcd thc tamilvi her husbrnd onlv workcd about one

lroDlh in tcu, slic tgurca, but he .onriDucd to come to her lbr rnoncy

wl,rn he nce.le.l it. H. sPenr trrosi of his ti''P wirh inoihel woman in a

,,rrrr,r ., 1.,sr, ^rrlv,I al,rre dn.'l'li' rr'ir' "" ""rr"'n"'' N \' cl'r "'

,'" ,"",,r.,f- )'rr.'ri',ir, lrP'i 'r+P'l h'rhu'1"''Ll r'' ' LItr"r'''l''' lr.,,.r,.*il .^.|.1 rh, '.,r1 !il'.'^, .'rrlruriri'' rl-" lr'r'l rlrclrrrr'l 'n rn rlr"

,,,rft.r. She told me thrt she No l.l hrle becn haPPy io divorcc h!n' an'l

Nould .ot want 1o nrarD again shc al'eacly h1d 11lo 'hild'en'

livcd 'losc

ro her Flother, and gor aloirg wcll with her mothcr-in law with whom sh'

and hu chiidren sliirecl a lrcuse' \\hrr '1id

she nted i hrtsbancl rbr? She

ur,, rr"tt.r nfi t ;tr,""t one, she said' I hat way, she c{'nl'l dcvore hcr selfand

her limitect money exchrsivch !o hci r\vo chikLen'

The "official'r'iew tbat has bc.n emPhasizcd in thc erhnog'aPhr lirera-

tuc is that men are too concc.ned with thcir Prestjge to bothcr themsclves

(' h.etn dnd demcrnilq n'onr'rD mJ rFr\' l l'P) r'rrrr I'r ir d''g'\u\'' v

,1,,'" ri\c',,rJ l(d\P rll rlr"n,arrcringro'l'"irrlit'*''\L{Pll h'1rr"'lrP\consider financial afiii.s to be bcneaih rheir dignity l'his is

'onsislc'r tlr

,',- .a.,1"- ,,1 rralP r,orcrr' ) ^i L'lu' ' "n' F'rr \rrl' lri"'r' r''l t' rn r'

,,,".,,r.,.,:,"r,.a",'':,'.nri'r.,.rr':nLInxlu:rl'{ PiriIrri "I'Pr "'x !"i'

'r ,.dinL HuwevPj,rhe rl rrntri'P'ir{'rlr''r mFn " "r"r lr'''l"n ^ mu1''

,,., ,',.. 'i,"'

Ldnrur,^,'rr^l rlr.r.'l'\rc''\'rgE''r' l'rr rl c 1'elr'Lr 'Ifi',,tuii rin. i,

"o, .rfn.i.rr ro explain wh_v rvomcn mke charge of finlncial

"ir:,", *i,;t" *." "ra

u, av.id thcrn Thc att,,.",riv.vn,w ofmcn's la.k of

c".,..f *rr,i* . *-*n's is inrokcrlolien cnorrgh to takc on nn authoity

"t io.*., ..-*"gl"g

^s well rs €xplaining certain sPcs othehavior for

'i,'i,"*r,,.,..r",'-,.1r 'r.'r"'n;' 'L^ur

men'' r''r 'i - lr ''nrr"r tr',, ,,..'1, ,".'"." Lhfl, l,r'L,n.r "r'"'l'u'r'u-'d"r " 'd"Jrnr rl'crruul.,,, ,"",, r","",,.f",r A. "rI'ni. I\.rJJBJ1r 'u"J''Prion' 'zrrJ

urr'rr

,,"''a,r,,,i' n',, 't' *. H"'i'"''''n"' lu'r r'''rr\id' r'J ^nr ol'lI mu{

' ,,,, i,,-i "r ,,/', ir 'ern""'r'rr'l" 'r rrgLrr'r"r 'r'l tarr"'l LIF'iri"

I, ..'"^';, g,r'" f."". ul r' r' p'''i"n' o! r rh' u ll r" l""r "i'' il'rrn'''l'

\l.ni1 Lcn,D\.." " *'i""' '' r'i'u Pr-t'r''L' l'u'l'r r-'r1F\ 'r I\P

I'im;,. \m,bol ur l, ur',in -.'pP' r 'llv mdlc -$eJln' "' Il"r'ev r' 'lrrh v 'r'.' ;i,, -",""", u rh, rrrlir'm' nr ur'rP'ir''n'l'evom'' t' rr Pres'rrr rlli-.,,^,r.." ',---, , Jr' rurhl', ' I r'

I' rn'L) F\pl 'irr

rl'' dr' L'srorr' "r n" "'i',or,iiity . r,",ar" -"*v $ connnonlv relir ro thcif lustfulncss Tlie de

.;r riri monev arcl tlre ihnres tlrrr lron'v c'tn bul is thorrgbt to cxc'r a

powerf(l inll,,t,kre orr b,,rh su,".u and men, buL wo"rer are e:,pccred (bywomcn an.l men alike) ro bc able to kccp thcir clesire und--. c.inrrol fo.d1c sakc o1 lhe fLimily. While such scli:dis.rpline is an ideal lor mer as $'ell,ir is lvnlell l)elieled ihar a man's passb. rid.1e, rarure sorch raxcs hisabilirf to {:rer.ise rcstmirt, which becorts, of coursc, ! sclf-fullilhrgproph..:v. $hile this tlies irr the iic. of the ideology ol superior malc sell'.onro1, ii is rvorth ooting rliar manf n,eo appcar ro iaa a pentrse pride ithc unquen.hable lustrrrl "naughtincss"oltlioseof dre! sex-suggesting,on.c agxi", tl)!t rhc positilc asociarnrns ol se{ual poten.} and of,{cnerally'iDanly" beha! or .llset.urr sha c rhai nighr accompaDl rhei. iiabiliry !oexercisc s.ll .onrrol.

A liietrd rclatcd thc sto,) ol a youDg villagc rna who had mad€ oftwithrll th. gold jc$el.y that l)is wife, who wa5 cxpccrirg a child, had bo.rowed,,'T 1,,.1',.,1'p, ,,,.,1 ,r,. ',ur\ aio,r''h.'r r\hFlll,lurin5

a womal's lirsr p.egnan.t Severxl monlhs afrcr abandoning his witt an(tunbo r .hil(], Le rLolred up clcsdrutc on i relafi,e's .loorsrep i,, rhe ciq,luridg speut all thc moncy from the sale or the jelvelry, elerlonc assumed,on $rnbliDg and prostitures. His parents cnme to pick hnn up and brouglthim ba.k r! (he viuage, whcrc he resumc.l lifc in rheir home wiih his wiliirrd nelv b rby. Ihe young mari, $41o had neler had much Eroney of hisoNn, had bcen tinable io olerconxr tlre ternptation thar was presentedwhcn hr $rddenty had ac, cs! to a considcrablc anounr ol l{ealfi. itl rhelor i ol his rtrother's jcilclt. llol!.ver, ir h nor too nnpriside that his parcnts and lvif: werc willing ('a.ccpr their prodigal son arrd husband backi.to thcii romc, sjrr.c his bchrvior, alrhough .e.railly reproachable, wasii keeping $,rlr corurorJar.rnesc belicfs abour male narure. From inlancyon, nrales are expected ro be '\\trdtty' \tuakal), ancl rhe auainment 01'

adulr srarus rloes rodLing to change this expccration (see H. Gee., r96r).Worri.D's ,ioutrol ovo their owD desires servcs ro compensaie for men's

lack of control (as the ahcmatnc represcntation has i0, and by so doingPresenes lhe asscls that slrould propcrly bc us.d to edsuE the family'ssecu ri. It is ihe wjte's resporsibiliL) to do hcr uimost to make sure tharher husban.l's desires do nol d.anr rhe Ianriiy s resourccs, whilc also cloingeverythixg nr her means to ;n.zav tho:je resources, thereby conrributingto the iriprorement ol her lantily s social status. By txltrig chargc of thef.rmily's nnancial arairs ard keeping her husband away from matters oin,oney, thc ilife prevcDts hcr hnsbDd trom squandering the family'src^lth. Shc rlso p.ore.Ls Ird husbr.d's digrilyand starus, which ry associir-tioo (sii.e he is consnl,xul to bc lL. rnai,r rcprcscntativc ofthe faDrily)p.ore.rs he. own sntus ard rtrat othcr.hildrcn.

ln rcccpt;Dg control oi rhc Iartily's li.an..s, a onrar is ent usted, in ;r

scnse, wirh he. husband\ deeires, his zaljr. h other Bordi, she must con-uol rot o]lly lxrr o,rn prssions, bxi al$, () Hhrrever extr:nr posible, those

r6 SIIZANNE , BR[,NNER \!HY \IONII]N RULE TL'I] I{OOST ]J

di.y are betrcr able rlial ,:).n ro ,esuai! rhernsclves fronr sivine in ro rhcil,^r,'., r rl.. r,JrrprplJ., ,.t,er r",rdior.\pti .

irly, b cor1.ur. Llence, dtc Solonese sa) rliai the nrarkcr is aNoman\wortd,doryant ong qtdok N{osr \lorncn a2d Dcrl bctievc dr!!, asidc from co -cerns ol prestigc,JavaDesc rrcn are il1 suitcd to trading iD the markcrpla(ebecausc ther lack thc sclliiscrpline reeded ro bring money home at rhceDd ol rhe (l!) hstead ol squaxde.nrg n.

Lr thc larg. textile Ia,ircr that I Iieq,,e,,ted nr Solo, fewJwcrc to be iouDd, eillrer xs corlsurrers or traders (rherc wcre, I shouklrn.nd.,r, plenry of nrcD ol Chincse aD.l AJ.ab descent aDrong .he tradersi

'he rulcs n, Jxvnnes. m.n d. nor hold fi, mcmbe.s of orhcr ethDic

groups). O,rc notable cxccpdon, however, l,as a lavancsc rransvestirc(rard) who ran o e of r)rc largest .orntins cooperarive cr.dir associarions(drtkn) aixnrg thc rra.li:rs in thc mrrket.'7 Ev.ry dnv l,rk (Mr.) Hardi,,....',,. t,,.,,t,1,. ...11, o 1,, ,. /U Il.,,.lj. rr,.,',.r o, t,r" rr,, rir,rri"n ro , ro".-dres) ilent around rhe rnarker couecri g money lro r pa i.iparing trad.:rs, rrd hr was rcsponsibl. Ii, J)ickin,j th. inners of drar .tay's por an.tdndbuting their sharcs ro rhern. This ilas a.job thr rtre traders fclr rcquired t,ctncndons self,.oDrrol, becausc handling se!eral miltio. ruriai(w,,ll ovcr a rhousa.d douars) eirch da) $N a sou.ce oI iempladon thar.!cn those oj thc srongesi characrer nright tind dilicuh ro .e!ist. My sense\$ thar as I rr as tlic wome| radcrs we, c conccrned, pak Flarclio s ambigu-olrs gcr dcr made hnn an a.ceprable pcrson ro fiu thc role of aajan coordi.rtor (nonr lvhat I could kll, all the orhcr a?irax nranagers nt rhe marknrrcre xoD.r), whercas r "sr.iiglr" man rlould hav. becn disrrusrcd. Hisi.malc,rcss ggesred rntsrvorthiness, I sclf-discipline of $,hich an una*biguously ge,rdcrcd male \!ould nor hale been assumed capable. By takiDs..,l'-,',. ..,, ..,.,,l,,u,1,,.A,, ., \ur,.n. p"k tt:u,t,u.,tj,, J,qLr,reJthe r.plrtarion rLat rvomcn have tbr b.ing xble ro .onlIot rhei. desircs.

ol her husband. Wometr rcalize that thetr arc lnnit to hoN far thcy can

rcsrriri. ficir husbands desires, but by contfolling dre f2nrilv pu'se, rhcr

do rlhat rheJ can to keep ni check a ,n.ljor source of tenrPtalion: money'

.lLrr s women tunsent maicrial .esources lor thc familv b) resnaining

rkslre, they also consenc spirirurl rcsoLtr.cs through a iilrilar, but nro"inrensive, form of sclf_dis.iplinc hhouqh selcrrl aLrthors havc

'ePortcdrlrar icN Nomen engagc in rsc(ri. Pracrices, ny (,wn Icscirch in Solo 'li'l!.rt $LPPort this tindirg. NIaD,! PcoPl. told m' rhar whcn a cltil'L is si'k (''ir rahing exams ln school, it is thL cIil.1's mother, not dre lathcr,lvho lasts,

!--ts up (o pEy in rhe middle oflhc nighl, and deprivcs hcrsell o( slceP (.tll

c,"siiocci rorms or sccti.ism) in or(ler to ltelP hcr chitd' I rePearedl)'

en.orrnrercd rvomen who listcd-somctimes t$ic€ a l,eek-o' eDgagcd in

oll)er ascetic practices on a rcgnlrr basis, Prinr:rrily, rhev sakl, for the benc-

lir of tlteir chiklren and lirturc (l.sccndants. Lr facr, scvcrrl womcn tol(l

nte point-blank Lhat man) mcn, in contrxsr in *dmcn 'lo not have the

srrength o1 wi)l to.arry ont as(eli. Pri.li.es' conrradicting thc ctb'o! .'pl.', , ",nnru,,ll ", ,l'.,r .'r i',r '',. ,' l,r',1 ".r'r'"rl ' r" 'l'"r' '-l' 'rl

Tha ability ro cor(rol n/y'lr is considercd integml to (onseNirrg nr'rncv

lbr the family ancl to lhe Pro(l,(rion i)l rhe mole abstLr'r ben'rlns ll)'rii{rcrue lhrough nsceric exer.isc. Alrhough nren as lvcll as women engnge

in ascetic practices,,neI s asceti.i!n sce'ns trsually to bc 'lirectcd

lowar'l

rhc fulfillncnt ofpardzdlgoals, {hercas wom.n s d'eti' Pr'ictices arc ryPi

Qll) ca..ied ouio. bch.tlfofrhcir lamilics 'lhis is nol rosa) tIllr Incn talc

no n,terest in Ihe wella.e oi tli(a child.en. Ho1lever, lvomen bcliele rhat

ihcv hrve a natually stronqer bond with lheir offspring tlrr' their hu'

b:n.ls.lo. which lcrds llt€m to rakc thc burdcl ols.cu rg rhcn desc'n_

darts' futures mor€ hcarill on tlicir ot n should.rs. tr'losr mcn appear to be

trro.e than willing to turrl this rcspolrsibilit! over to tlreirwives Morecvcr, il,,,enLr.llvb.'lir\rd'l,J'rl'r,,,r',rrrnur"rrfir':'n\"irl'Il!rr ' r dir'''r,leJj,.roa-dnul r, '"rr.r'.rl \'"'l h ri" tlre l.''"r". rh'\ 'Jrr "'"''l\ l''expccted to exer I ihe ircl.litional sclf:coni.ol requircLi Io

'ngage in xsccti_

cisur oD their.hildren's beh^luNlcr's teDdencl to aloirl thc 'narkctpla.e,

whi:h sclolars havr: olicn

aridhured to their deeP .oncern rvnh Prestige and sPirinral Potency, can

xlwr l). uncterstood ilr icmls oi this alttrnative mo'tel ol gcnder ind scll:

.onlIol. As i pritle site lbr rhe a(cunnrlatid olmoo'y and the acquisiriolr

ot commoditles, the markerplecc tce,ns to ircite 'lcsire and at the sa'!'

i,,--lv,'r,,.pr1., turc'rirl'^ '" ri'l '.ri-- tlrcprr"r:r\-l :rr''"'rror':'l,)gic of commodrty exchalSe irr the marketplace, morcder, leads ro a

,,", ti,t t,reakdow,, r,i thc bounda.ics th rr .onventionalll order xnd circuln-lc,iue soriat rclaLions in -lr!a, tli{]tbv (readng a siruatio! in which thc

.o.ial mechanisns lbr tile $rpPrc)sion ofdesirc rre wcak' \!(nlcn belnrvc

I HE llIN(;tr.l{ Of r\UTO\ONIOUS WOIIEN

The .elatiorships besveen g.nder, desire, and cconomic pracrice are fur-thcr (,nplicared by the arLbivalcn.e wirh which women's self:controt, an(irhcir control over roney, is vicwed. O,r rh. one haDd, women are.onsid-ero.l to be ercr nnld1nl ol rheir fiunilics 1nd lcss lusrful rhan men. whichk(cps drcnr ;n control oI dr . u .lesires. Thcsc are some of the Iicro.s whicharc saicl io r,ake tlieDr "naru.ally' betrcr r.ade.! thrn nrcD. On rhe orherhand, drc lue mone) r \Dma,, conrroh, rhe nrorc auronomous she is,arld arl auto,orllous rvorna. is always sonrcwhar suspecr SelGcontroL overo'1e's desi.es is evaluated positively inJa"a, bur a rloman who is nor subje.rto xny ,ka, i con tro I is po ri D rialL\ rhr elren ug ro th. nule-donriuared socialordc.. Wi.tows and divorcacs, lb. exrmple, are frcquendv rhe objects oi

i8 SUZANNI A I]RENNtiR

cossip and susPjcion fbr thci, sexual activitics becau$'they are no lonser

i,rrlcr the supcr"ision or control oilathc.s or husbands (d Ong1987:89)The connections bewecn econoni. iDdcPeDdence and scaual licc sc

.ire often made explicil, as in the lbllol,ing passage front dr Indti'nsian

nc\{spaper trrticle cnlitled "Huntiog far SatisfictionrSex amonB thc Ranks

ol lavanese Women":

At8:30inthemo ring,HaIli.i,!7,aal! sler rd{, bci''n ilnl lron a' ' srcPs

,,uDl.l, H.r hru' {.,r, lLlll''r l Ll"' l l'''' d'l'Jr'''nLl'lF''l r'' tri/"d'I.i ,;r 'n.r,rn,:t'.'.t' N'q'"1 \''r'l'c' r'''n'hrr'l

'r " ' l'rl' " n "r''l,,-{,'lor th( \4"/d., ,,r lr'"i)i.' 'n'' 'l'''r" r' Ll) rut''

Tire mehltic trtack Iiazda hi$ rhc road Nithout a nrodcnfs htsita&ni

]\n.l, ii a plush vill.,, rhc (u ..n.s to t $oP So^" 'r''' ifirrr rivc w'mrn \!ho

\vis drilinq ir sets out, and, as 1l qritc at Iome, 'nrcrs

the villa ,\ !)2' rvith

r1l: air oli bi8 sl,or. who rPl).aF !r harc be'n waitnrg ror sorne time' greels

Le., Hello dcar.'How ininnakl) (bis nan (ates Nls Ilannri bl the rhoulder' And, as ifby

r, a ' rl n lvl'"iqi1 *o 'r u ' l"l"-ri U' ' "'u' '"l"rn'r'J '1" 'l r' ',,L,, u,i.l; /, l;",', -,n b, r*..n r*,, l,rmrn t'rr g' "r Jrlr'''n r r:' tt'",bot. rll' 'uJ'iJ1 r' 'rr'ra'rJ''rrl':rw"'"'u'",''! "''" J l''lJstud! .ondu.itd for ilmost I yei. amoDg women radc6 berwccn ihe agcs

ol25 40, h onc cerr.r ofrr.d. in Solo

rihe ronclusions fron that stu.ll were rN\ stafthrg: "Ih' highe' thc 'te

s.ee orarvonru trxder's economiL nrdcPe'delcc, ttre 8'caler lle' dcgrec or

;.xnal Lccdom.' Migl,t drcrc be sonrerhing amiss in the sradt, ln insan'e'rrat tl:c responrtcnri wcrc rhos.n incorr"tll?'s

'I his "field study" merely sccm.d to coDfirn rrmors about femalc ma'-

ker tra(lcrs dlat werc alrea.lr'.ifc in S.rlo. lhcre wcre storics, for instance'

thxt some t.a.lers ParticiPated in :L magicnl Practice that 'equircd

hxving

sexual relations wiih sorneone othcr than their own sPousc as a mcans ofenmring success in business. Othcrs said thar a lew of the traders werc

acr,rallr prostitutes or rradams ho used thci' -'rt'r stxlls in ordcr to GD'l

clients tom among oulof-tow. male radcrs or 'ustomcts,

esPe'iallywhen

sales of tcxtiles and otlicr goods werc slow' It was said irl market women

(.lrt iheir '\arongs ie loase \t.1l)tlr: h^.lho)-in othcr rvo'ds' rhat they

't.,me ofi easily" (gampd"g li.ol.r). I! short, womcn rradcrs had a rePuta

rion nr llr wid;r socieo ior beiDg Nilling to sell nrore thrnJust their vrrcs

L)ne man recounlert a!.lnccrlore to illNtrate rhe a)lure ol femrlc traders

in Solo, r city alrcadl- n )norsf irs [grndlat s: 'A mu w']s on his w'11

ro Solo iro'n anott,er ci,1.', Nhcn he ran into r liiend Wh'n his liicndlbund our lrhere he was goiDg, he said that /i.

'vould likt to go along' ioo'

$ that he could visit thc ;Erket i. Sdo. I'll 8o ro a balik trader therc' rndisk to see all her goods.' sanl the rran. 'After shc s laid orrt thc la_st sa'oDg

ln srxk lbr ure. l;il ask her lb. tlit ,ry lasl o c-rhc one she s Nearing' ''

WIIYIVOMEN RUL! TIIE ROOST )9

To say thar'sexual f,ccdoD" lb. Sol(nlesc market Nomcn is rhe nornrNould cleuh be an ea:rg-emtion. l-ike nosr stereorypes, thjs onc ryasclrarly blonn out ofpropordon. Urhar is signiti.anl, however, is rhe exrerlr!o ,vhich s&lr ge eralizadois prevrit, ,ud rheir nnpli.aiions for undeFsuncling tlre logics ofgende. in Java. Ihese srories suggesr rhar rhc markeGplace, a domain corrrolled bywi)nrcn, is also a ptacc whe.e wo,ren caDnorbc .onlrolled by mcn. Ilut can markeL lvoxren co.trol tra,Brlzrrf A. firsrglancc, srories about the "looscncss''ofwomer raders seem ro coDtradicrth. norior d,at women have more.oDtrol ovcr their dcsircs than mor,maki,re th.D, berrer suitcd ro handling moDey. Fo. ifit is indeed the.asethir d1e lvolrte Nho havc dre most dealings rvirlt money are also Ferceivedas ben,g d1c most widell iuvohed in illi.it sexual afthi.s, rhen it would ap-pcd thar rhere is ro cl.ar .onnecrior, bcMeen rhe cont].ol of monev andl,P,ur'r'ul.,fd.,re

I shrrld poinr our, hoBi)ver, rhar I nclcr heard antone in Soto artributewonenrs engagcmenr in cxlrarDarilal affairs to their unconrrotlabtc dc-si.es. Somctimes ir Nas truributcd ro wor,en's dissarisfa.rion or borertonrwith thcir husbands, rhc \;h r., ger even" wirh husbands Nho had beertuufaithhrl, or cven rhc \reed lbr rccrearion." More comnroDly, though,women s i.fidclity was in,t'utcd to c.ononric necd o. anbition; for irtssr^n.e, a i!a) io.otrrpcr\iLie for a sloiv period in rhe marker. As I me!^Lio ed earlier, rhere Bas a general belicl thar Lw womcn rvould be willinSto have adultcrous relatio!s were rliere nor some l'rnanciat gain to be ha(tin the bargah. Wren a neirhbor tokl rne rhar a married woman wirh chit,.lrcn she kncw was driven L) cconomic har.iship to seek our tiaisons wirtr,icn, lbr exarnple, I askcd her iI she was surc ihat rhc woman Nas beingpaid by the mei shc uls s.eiig. l\rcll, if drei didn r givc her money, doyou rhnrk shc d do ir? Of (ouNe nor," Dry neighbor answered mauerol:1)ctly. siI)c,, r double sra,rdr.l niJavanese society makes ir less acceptablelbrwomen to engage in extt.ama.iul relarions than men, ir is telr tha. mosrwom€! will nat rake part in srch a.rivirier lighrly.r,

Prevalent i.ieas abour lirc .lissimilar nalures of meD and woinen oftenlead people to con.lude rhar whcreas men are driven by rheir concupis-.cnce to seek out extrrmarital relalionshiPs, women are more apr ro b.nloti!1t..ILv olhcrfaci)rs,.specirlly concern for rhe lamih's linancial l\,et-frre. Wornen may b. the obje.b of nart sexxal desire, but rhey are northouBhr likcly to suc.umb lo rhcir ou, sexual dcsires. 'I'his rorion co.rradi.rs the idca thar men a.. rulcd by reaso! arld women by rhei. passion',but i( shoukl .or be ralcu ar Iace value, ior ir, too, consritutes 1l pres.riptior for, ratlre. than a des(riprion ol, realiry. I srres rhe formulaic natureoi both thc don,inanr and alter.arvc con.epri.rns of gender and sell:.o.rrol lesr one or rhe olh$ bc rakcn as a srarnent 01 'Taca or .,practice.,,

Nonethclc$. ir shol,l..] bc k.pt in mnrd rhar tlicsc nolnative prescriptions

to SUZANNE A BRIr\NER

olien dd havc a r.{1 cffect on trrdiuduals' ocrydal practiccs and their rcac-rions ro the behavior of otheN. ln m_v obscnation, thc belicf that $omcnI'J\, -un .el,, o,',,o',hJn mc', r f irrer. ul re\ d,,,1 mn,ic) l.i,l.(u,nF,laDd men ro havc vcry diffcrcnr cxpcctaiions of drcmsclvcs and 6I ea.hothcr, and freqrently to lirllill rhose expectark,ns through parricula.

Dcspite thc definiliveness witli which categorical asrcrlio.s about gen-der and sell:controi ar. lnadc. tllc storics about the scxual activitics ofmar-kci lradcrs poinl to the underlling aml)nralna Nith hich lhe n.rlion ofsellcontrol itself is virwed io lava. When a man controls his desires, ir is

.onrmonly believcd, hc makcs hirnselfpolenr. U'lren he le1s his selt:contiollapse, he is a danger 10 the limily. [rhen a womaD controh ,adesires, she

!t:cumulates e.onomi. and spnilual valuc for the farnily, nrore lhan pcr!)nal potcncy- But a woman lvith roo much .onirol over hcr orln p.rson,i ippears, is considcrcd a ftrca( ro society. The womrn nte r.haD t o.cu pies

rr --spe.ially ambiguous position r)Ja'anese society. she is ihought betier: blc than a irlan to suppress herown desircs, butshc is also secn asmanipu-hring the desircs ofothcrs toward hcr own ends. Al horne, she is enlrustecln ith rhc safekeeping ofher husband's desires anC the

'velfare ofher familv,

i.t her success i business depe.cls o. her capacity to arouse the dcsircs,n her custonrers, to make rhem Nilling lo stni,d nnnrcy. h is this ambiguit)that is reflecred in the stories about thc 'texual llecdom of womcn trad'crs. Their ".langer" Iies in their ability to cootrol theil owr passions, but torwaken lhosc ol others.

CON(]LUSIONS

l,h{a Ong has Dot.d thai gdxlcr is a 'Tlxcnrially cont.adi.tory conngum-lioD of meaning thar co(les al!enraiive stru.hres oi morality, .ontrol, andpover" (Ong rqqo14?r).In this PaP-'r, I hav-' attemptcd to demonsrraterhiL(J;N!ncsc discourscs and p.actices otgender e m bod) .oDtradictorv rcp-reseDrarions that sometirnes confound the i.Ieok)gicrl association ofmalcs, ,l- J Litshpr 'rcgrpe nr .plr ,,,n r.1. pur, ni \..IJ nruifl,.\ rhil hn.,lA\\r.\ ,. rh,,,rpn,, 'r': L i' i,, t,. ,.,,r I t',,."... h.,N', p rr'F '1.,,' nJ,,ideologies of malc potcncy seNe to legitimatr male cotlrol ovcr $,ornen

.,r,l^\er rh, s," i, r' n,urc hto.ull\ Ih,h.ovrns'h"., i+ nlnqi, ' tnru.lu, -iu..,',- J^,n^" 1 Jl,L.,dl,,',.,,,,,. 4a r.'h .up,,,6,,F . n.I,u,', ul,.

rho hrought into qucstioD. lor too long tlrc ethnog.aphy orJava has rcpro{luced rhe retoric oi Dralc potcDcl withoul discuss;rg its nlre,nxri!.s. BlfailiDg ro give x.le.lrnte exprcsion to .ontradicbry reprcsenhrions ofgen(lcr, thcsc srudics hale i,npli.nly ukcn !1cn s cl.tirns to st,perior stirus end

rrNc. as unshatablc ti.ts ol.laetrerie cllttr..,llhich, I am algunrg herc,rl.,r.I(',',"

h H\ wuM[N Rt I f. HE ROOST _]j

A onc{,d.d approa(h r.r rhe .eladoDsliips befivecn g.nderj self-coDtrol,and potencf, then, obscnrcs the ambiguities, paradoxes, and oulriple tayers ofmcaring rhaL arhch ro ideas abour maleness and ra,nateness inJa!.r.Although d{*..ibing and analyzing rhc impacrofdoDrinaDr gender ideolo-$es is worhvhile, to granr th.m too.e,tral a posilion in analysis mayobscur. subrler bur cquallt importanr ways ttiar peoplc rhn* and talkaboln gexdcr. Iiurrhernrorc, it h clcar rhat borh mcn a"d $omcn in Javarnakc prono,rnce,nents aDd engagc in priclices rhar suppo aswelt as con-tradi.r lhc dominanr ideo;ogies of spjritual porency and selkonrrol. As Ist2ted earlie., lo assume ihat a y of thc vieNpoiDts ofie.ed herc rcpresen$''the male polrt ofview" o, (he fenrale poior ofview," would be incorrect(ct Yanngisak., and CoUicr rq8?), even irone perspe.dve seems ro privi-legc mcr ovcr wonreD (oi lice ve.sa), or is loiccd more ofre bymenor

Ievarr-sc sondr give rrcir approval ro idcologies of sup.rio. male pcnlicl &d srxius by detirrjru to rhen husban.ls in llorh prilare and pubjiccontcxrs, and by helping rhem io avoid sirDmions h whi(h lheir prestigemight bc compromised (sec Keriler rgqo for a Dice iuusrration of mjspoin0. At Lhe saDe timc, wome. Iieely cxpre$ rhe opinion fiar mosr menhave uncontrollable passioni ancl childlike disposnions \!hich prevenrthe, llom.ctiog in thc bcsr interesrs ol ftcir farnilies. Women, rhey add,mLrst relv on rheir own slrpcrior sfengrL ofwill in order ro compensate fortheir husbands' lack ol.onrrol. NlanIJ,rlancsc men also admir openty rbarDremberu ol then sex ar. lcss tapable rhan worncn of conroling rheir basedesires (espc.iau lusr), e!cn while fiey rnakc cate|ori.alsraternents aboutwomcn's inability to manlge their emotioDs :nd trehalior. In formal orpoblic iItc.a.tiors, wherc male dominan.e and presrige rend to be high,lighie.l, nten altcmpr to li.ojecr an imag. ot equanirnity and !ola1 seu:mastcry, but ir private, rh.t niay give r.nr to rheir p.tssions, rhus fulGllingotltcr cuiuMl expecuti.,ns for male behavior. Conversely, in public sirur.lions.lavaD.se women sonr. nes 2ppe^. . he€ rtillly uncon.erned with con-vcling a digniiied, self-conoolle.l imagii (though rhey arc elery bir,r capa-ble as meu of assuming ar aii of rcliDcment lvhen rhe situation requiresit), but rt honte they tak. dre iniun.tiofl r., be sclf.ontrotled Lrfterly seri-ously in order ro accumulrie economic and spiritual resources lor rhem,seh.s an.l thPir f,milies

Wc Deed not seek to I c.oncile rhese .onflicring inrages of lemale an(tmale nalu.e rnd behalior. ,\ll ctrlru.al systems cnbod! such conuadicrion\ard a,nbiguitics, and ro rr! io re$lvc or ro ignore rhe.orrradicrions givesp, iority to ou. own desire lo, o er raJrer dran Lo the rcalirics ofcomplexso.jal phcno"ic.a. Although eLhnog.apl,ers ofJava havc recognized thcma.kcd discrcpaDcies rhal exist bclaccD patenrlv kleological formulationst rd r.n,al llx\ro-.hy prr. irs (s(c l(celcr 1q(loj Ilailcf rilgo), some of

.?2 SUZANNE A, ARi'NNF:IT

the alternativ,i perspectivcs on gender havc remain€d largcly uncxPloredMy ;ntention has been to bring 1() lighl somc of these less Prominentlya iculated, but noDetheless significant, views of gendcrciations iD .]ara cse society. I am here advocatirtg what Gayatri Spivak refers to as "an

espousal o1, and an attention to, marginaliry-a slBPicion that what is at

th. ccnter often hides a.eprcssnm" (Spivak r987:r,:,4). By Paying too

mo.h atiention Lo the ideologies of ihe center, one .uns t)ie risk of.elegat_ing 1(, the margirls of scholarly iDquiry f,dspectivcs ftat have aLread) been

sLppressed because of their subordinate stanrs, but which are still .rucin) an understanding olsocial rclations and cultural loBi.s.

Even whe i.leolog,v seerns to be bome oLrt by Pr a.tice-,rs, lbr instan.e,

Nhcn.l.rvanese nien aroid thc markerplace, claini g drai dley do so be

.aL(e of their disirrerest in petl,! marcrial matlers dlat are best lefi to

\omcn-there may be more soins o. raD nccts the eye. Attcrti.rn lope.ipheral dis.ourses nuy reveal tundamcntul views ofilomcD's and men's

naturcs that b)?tr-ss or rc.onfigure the idiotrrs of Poten.y and prestige. lnrhis cnse. as I have shoNn, rn altcrnrrive pe$Pcctivt is th^t nren stay clear

olrhc ,na.lerpla(e be.ausc rhcv.arnor control their dcsnes to rhe dcgrcc

rlrrr {omcn can. To bc surc, both rhe dominant and altenutile views are

highly conventionalized, atr.l should .oi be taken to explain iD themsclvcs

i{hy nailet tradc tends to be nr.rkcd not Inen's, work. Adeeper understanding of,vh) men ir parl! ofjava shun the markeQla.e,

and hy women do .ot, would htrve to takc i to ac.olurt, among olherlacro.s, the historical derelopments tliat hale shaPcdjava s social, political,

and e.onomic laDdscape, and n.,ljust ihe ntoder. da,vcultural Pronounce-mtrts that auempt io cxplain or toJusti{i rhe e,i.l Produc6 of thos. clevcl'

Ncvcrthekss, b the exreni that woli)ent and men\ inle.Ptelations ofgcnder guide and give oreaniDg to their social actions, tlte) deserye atten

tion. The kcl is not to give so much Neight to one sel ol interPrdationsrhar oDe overlooks oth.rs bcca,,se the-v arc nol loi.ed as formally o. as

insistently. AsJane l_ld writcs, ldvo.ating a rapprdchement bctltccn feurnilt .rnd postmodernisl. thcorcti(al aPp.oa.hes, "PerhrP" reaLiry can have

'a' structure only trom the lalsely universaliTing p€rsPective of lhe domi,,r,,, t,uup I hJ, F. u,,1. rl,.,r o1F l"r.n oj crouP, Jn d^minJr, he $h.lp sill r.,liry /liP''r'u r/ gov"r,red b' uIC'.' ot rrrl,* ur b'

.onstituied by one privil.:tcd set oi so.irl relatiorrs" (Il,Y r 990:49). The'i lLles" dlat arc frcque.dI nlvokcd for Javanese so.i.ry o ly.eP.esent "real-

iw" as i! exists within the li"lited l.amc ork of i particultf ideological svv

icnr-one lhat grants supe.ior status to men and iheir domains of activirY.

\t"riting about tradirio al id.olorji.al .o ceptions ofgcnder inJa!a, Bar-l)ir1 Harley comments: "Women's econonic activiries outside the hone,irL market rade parti.ularl),, xre secn as ao extension .rflhe namralfcm.ale

!VII\'\ OM'JN RULE HE ROOST 1J

houschol.l .oncerD {ith noney r.aftcrs. ]'he association of women wirhmoncy brings nore disparageDenr dlan esree,r, as men comptain ofth€,trwives' tighrnskdness and ndrer conreDrpruousl) auribure to women ar;iradagang, soul of a trader' " (Flarlcy r 99o:r 8r). [rom rhis pcBpecrive. wom,cn

i s ransacti. ns of mone\ and goods incvirably (Lerracr from rheir p.esrige

and lead ro ficn.d.valued positlon i.Javancse sociery. Bur anorher possi-bilit) should be consider.d. Outside the do rnranr ideologics, women sdcalings sirl, moDey .an l,e view.d in a differcnr, morc posiLive lighc as arnrJn' L) shr, l, ,he) ,lu.j,,-r', ,re rl'( Jnu\o.idl tu,., . ot dF.irr so as tuensurc thc prosperity aDd sDlrrr of thcir limilies. By a.cumulating {ealiha.d invesring ir in rhe malerial and so.ial $etfuc ofrhe Iamiry, rhey gener-.',Fpr,.ri!, lo,rhei,h,hr,.'no..,h,i,,h:lLhen.dnd.ur,ou,.F,rh.msFh..l(ct Djajadininsrar-NieulvcnhLris r98?). Nten and women alike direcrty .,ri.djrcctly acknow)edge rhc inipo.rar.e ofwomen s c.ononric acrivities i.this.egrrd. arasexes a.e invested in gencradDg starus lor rhemsetves anrlIor rlreir families, and rhcir roles in rhis cndcavoL.a.e comptemenlary. Thcco,nDron ass,mprio. dratJavanese wonen are.etativ.ly indil]erent ro maLtcrs oI shr,,s a,rd prcsrig., rhcn, is misgui.ted, a resut! of pa)ing undueauenrion ro ideolctics rhar prnilcge men add rheir a.riviries.

'this mggcsts that 1b.. 5ing on '!resrige sysrcms" as a di,lgnosric ofgen-dcr relarions (Ortner ancl 1\hitehead r98, ) Diay lead to an analysis rhar tsboth loo .arrow and too ideological it onc does nol rake iDro accountrhe inhcr(,,r complexiries etnbodicd in rhe oiion oI presri,je itself. Fore\. n ,.r. ilrplrv I .riILro h r, prop,^..1 rh"r :n i.t-no \ou.hpJ\r Ari",

dilerei,..s b.ivec. pcoplc, in(ludio6 n,en aDd wonic., rrc ofrcn atribuled1o d,e a.tivtries th. peoplc i,r quesion engagc in or thc spiritual power theyexhibir o.lril (o exhibii. ll Nc wanr to r.d€Ftand gender therc, w. . . . musrundrNrind lo.rl ideas ol power aD.1 presrigc; rhe next scp is lo ask howpeople deiintrl 6 male, ienrale, o. so,,erhing else are happed on!o, as itNerc, rbe pr.stige and polrer sysrerN (S. lrrington rgqo:I8).

I would calllion, hoNcvcr, rhar 'lhe prcsrige and powcr sysrem'i may repr{!scnt, in Flar's ords, "thc l2lsely rr.iversalizug perspecrivc ofrhe domina tgroup," shich, while .lefining a ccrtain srru.rure of realiry, may ,ot repr.-seDt Lhe enlire range of culruul discou.ses or actual pra.rices in a givensociery. Sherry Otuer an.l Ilarrier lvliirehead (r 98 r ) observe fiat atmosrall p.estige systems a.cor.l nrales supcfior sErus ro fcmales. Should we,then, a.cepr at face lalue rhc hcgemonic consrru.rs ihar privilege males,wirhout irlv.stigaring lltc possibility that ,rer. mighr be compering ideasthat do not al'vays assume l--m^le nrfcrioriry?

lo .r receDL cssay, Oru)er (1089 90) has recvaluared her ol'ar earlic.

'no.Iel of prcstige sysrems, .o,1 recognizing the lnnitariorls of approaches

to p.estige fiat do no1 considd.rhe,,aulLiplc logics and coDflicring pr^.-

,? SLJZANNE A BRLNNER

ric"-s ol power and p.estigc thar are ircviublv at PlaY. Avoiding totalizhgnrodels of prestigc s,lste,ns, shc obse

'aes, .an lend to a lell .liftbrenl pic nrre

ol gender and sratus-one lhat may call hto question the uiilersality and

absoluteness ofmalc dominancc. Bea.ing thesc issuer in mind,I mxinrain

rha! ihe ideologt ot spiritunl Pow.r docs nor trnderlrc all norions of Prcarigc ard hierarchy in Java, Dor doer ir d.finc al1 asFects of gcnderi it is a

.lorinant. bui nor ar cxhaustivc, cultural modcl. furthermore, in re_

sponse to Shclly ErriDgion's statelreDr abole, I woDld add that the notionrl,ar malcs xnd fenales can be lnaPped onto" a Prcstige ln.t Power rysrems.enN to P.esuppose the uniiary larure ofsuch a system as a.igi.l gricl

rl,.rt ailocates lixed coordinales lot trrties xnd fcrDales. So.ial systems, and

i( eas about gerd.r, are iar morc codrplex ihan such a 'maPping on" wouL.l

p .mit. As prcvatent as ideologies of sPiitual Power ard PrestiSe arc nl

li !a, tbey o.ly reprcsent.rne facet of fie social and crrltrral dyna n:. trven

tl,ough vomen 2.e allotted aD iDlirrior Position irr fie omcial"Jrvanese,ii,xlcl of prcstige and pot(rr.l, rhis model. it turns o!rl, is not thc sole

i,rdicalor ol .ultual value, Do, ol thc rcsPccrivc PositioDs ol womcn and

Dnrn in the socirl order.,\s Sylvia YaDagisako aDd Jan( Onlie. Poi,r1 out, the concePt ot a "nrale

prestige system ' rcsts orl the assumPtion of an encompassiog (suPerio')

n,alc sphere and an encompassed (subordnrate) Iemale sPhcrc, the lattergeDerallr idenlified as the donresdc sPhere (r98?:!8) Inlara, tlre ideologies of the center do tend to identili women silh the 'Lnundanc" matlcrsolrunning the household a.d.hild rearingievcrl dreir a.tivities as trade.sin lhe lcry public dom.in of ttre nri.ketpli.e are secn, as Iladq mcnrions,as cxlensions .il their "natual" femalc houschold conce r Nith matlcrs oinro!ey. Shcc thc dominarrt id€ologies olien dclahrc as unpr.stigious thoscacrivities rhat are associated !vi1h what we mighl r'eler ro as lhe domesrics rere" (nr particular, thc household and Lbc fhrnily), as

'vell as those thrr

inlolvc lransactions of money and commodilies, one mighl easily assumerhar $oDrcr and rhcir activili(s are uniibrmly .orsi.lered to be of lolv

\\'hat I ha\e proposed here is nr alternative ronfiguration of genderrelatiols and ol women's asso.irtion Bifi thc houscliol.l: one w\ich graDts\ r en thc role, rr lcast in $'ne conrcrts, of do esrcator (ot nter, money,rnrl dcsire, among other thlngs) irrher than domcsticrtcd, and r{hi.h sces\!omcn's a(iiviti(s as ccntral to thc proctuction of the frmily\ status io thc\!i(lc. sociew. Scen froo Lhis anglc, reither thc hoosehold nor wonien'ssphercs o, aciivity nrore b.oadly shorkl be seen as subordin^re do,rai,rs:Lr'ey are, rathcr, cruciauy n poron t sitcs of cultl'ral production and social.eproduclion nr ren o8n righr.

\tL rhe linkage beINecr won).n and "rh. doniesri.," l wisl, ro einphrsirc,

ltH\'!VOM!]N RULE THE ROOST 15

is by no mcaDs absolute. Sn,ce man), JavaDesc wolien $ork ourride thcho,ne, irr d)c markeq,lac. aDd elsewherc, they move earily betwcen thchouseh':,ld and the public domain (cf. Il,ajadiningrar-Nieuwenhuis:![t7:45). lr the .ase ol Javanese mer.han6, it is womcn's freedom ron,ore beLwccn the homc rnd rhe prblic sptiere-in pafticula.. rheir will-i gness to uxpose ihemseh,es lo th. desires of lhe nrarkctpla.e while conoolln)g thcn own desnes drarenables rhcnr ro accumularc wealth for rheIirnily. Evcn ni their 1.,ays.,utsiclc the coDjugtrl bond, women are thoughrro keep the bcst intcrcsts of thei. ta ilie! in mind; rliey rlms .etain rheirstatus as domesticators. Whe,eas men's cxrrama.ilal sexual acrivity is associ-atcd wiih uncont.olled desire and thc dispe.sion of fanily rcsources, Ii,orale sexuality rcmains conceprualiy bound ro economic ac.umularion andto dic prodl.don of statr$ ior the fanrily. A shift away liom rhe idcologiesof lhe ccnri:r rcaeals that women do Dot .n\ p.rrticipate uneentially in rhrstatus systems of men-thq themsch,es play a c.ntral role in defining and,pp,^.1',, i,,! rh- {.,ru.1,', : r,I e. ^I Irr"r,, .. .n.n i.

NO'IES

.\ shoricr v.ision ol$is tat)cr,.ntitled scx an d dr. Nlarkc tplx.e, o.: WhyjaEnescNrcn Ca.'t Control Them selves, " was pr.scnted rr d,e Nnrth Annual Bcrkelcy Con,lU en.c on Sondrcasi Asia sr Ldies, February ! q, L q9 r, ar rh. Ij. ileNity of Califoriii, Rerkelcl. I axr graiehl () Mo anony'nous reade.s as w€ll is io rhe followingpeoplc lor rh.n condeotsoiL ihis paperanil eadiesersnrns ol rhn work Eenedicrr\ndcNon, Nan.y Florida, Pa:.halis Laksono, Ailrwa Org,Ilidlael Pelerz, VicenleRafael, P. Sreven srngren, rir;ra Shiraishi, TaLshi shiranhi,Jar,cs Sieget, nudi S,ts

{nro, C. C. Wcix, amlrlsLliWiighr. In to nolaring d,e ideas pres.nt.d n.rc, r

have rlso b.n.ntd 6onr manl co nversatio $ rvnh Lcslic Mor.is, Wrrd k.lc., a.d

Tl,c res.drh on lvhich rhis a.ricle is based was.ondu.tcd nr Solo, Ccnlrat Iava,Indofusir,lion [cbru],1 ,qil6 rr Augusr r.88.Ir was furded by r Social Scien.cR.se.r.l, CourLil Disserhtn , Rescaft,h (;IaDr, r Fulb.,ghrHa)s Disertarion Researclr Llloyslrip, and a Woodow Wil5oi, I{cscar.h cmtrr in Uonren's Srudies.

Rcsearch rr.arried out uIlder !l1e auspices of!he Ilrdonesian Institute olScierces(t-lPI) r,!l d,c CulNral Sh,d i.s (lcnrcr .l cr.ljih NtadaUnivereity, underihe dir€L-1oniit) of hofersrr Lbar kLl rnr

r ThcJxvri'cs. lmSuag( Ls stru.ured arouo{l a .em!rlebly complex systeh oflargug. lelels rhat indi.rtc Lh. tulaiier srdus oj interlo.utors and ihe degr€es oflbnnaliry ar polneness dur thry Nislr io cxp.ess. A fluent co.rhaDd ol ihe fullmnge orspc..h lcvels is xsLrallI.(,rsi.le'ed byJavanese people to be a sign ofhigh$atN, liood lrreeding, nd posotral rcnnemcnr ror {tetailed erplanxdons of th.wo,knLgs of rhe.hvanese lan.r,urg. and i!s phce h ro.ixl lifc, sec C. Ceerrz r96,i;l(eclc, 1981i sicg.l rq86jJ IiJn,gton r!88.

l

,6 SLIZANNE BRENNOR

2. See Pcl.tz, thn vohid.,lnr an insighdul dhflNon ofhcgcnroni. nrrd.trLilerhegemonic represellttions 01 gen.l.. in iu2lal so.n,ry. see ,ho orncr I 989 9oon thc subje.t otgcndcr hege.ionics more b.oid\'

t. Som€ Ja{anes. grooms scenr ro rcar this Po\\ible outcomc Onc man ':le'

scribed b me a wcdding he had an.nded Nherc rhe ljloom had duckcd oll ollbcway {he. the bride rhrer hcr bek-l. Th.n, grrsPing his chaocc, hc to.rk .rrcli I

aim athiswile'to-bc and flu.g his berel ar he. as hard as he.oukl.

4. The luclear tamily is the baic un it ol kinshrP in .Ja!a, and a "Lapi.al ' housc-

hold is oaten oughr of as .o.sisling oI a husbind, wile and d'.i. un.rarriedchildren. Hoscver, othe. arrangcEents are rlso lcir .om,non Nlarr.! hous.holds.onlain only a wod.n 2n.1 her chikl.cni in orher crses, a househol.l nra,! inclLrde

otherrelativcs or nontin Gom outsidc the nu.lcar ianrily Ior lurthcr disclssioD ol

Jrvanese househokl rrraDgclnents, scc H Ceerrz rq{iri uari t086

5. Sonre slrict Muslnns pr.la, to lollolv ]jlanr ic n rl.s i,l nrh.rnan.c, wllerebv a

brother rc.eives rwo sha.cs 1br ev.n on. drarc thal his sistcr rc{'ri}es Althoughtle majoriry ol the Jalancsc PoPdlation Prot $.s at lcan nonr,nal rdhercnce ro

lslam, mI impresion in Solo {as drar mo,c PeoPle P,.Lfl ed to tolloN rlrc PrcrriPtion ol Javanese custom ' ( adat l.lu)d), i.e-,.qr inl\Lt iti..c Iormales ard fcr.alcs,

rhan thar or "Islami. law" (lznr, /s/a?t), \hich tunc P.oplc r.li was unfail to

6. Althougb rhe.iry ofSolo, th. sit. oimy rcs€arrh,.loes ha\e a rcPuhtion in

.lava for haling cspc.ialll hdePcnd.nt womcn who coni.ibute trrrc tha. rhclrsha.e to thc lamily fi.aD.ially, thc Parrer. olNomcn conr.ihrlling srrhtantialll to

rhen houscholdl incomes is cerrainly not limned ro &G ciq alonc.

?. I stress rhaiihn is the.as. rmoDgthe /41,ur4,, h..ause mrny lrad.rs otother.thnic grorps-Chincse, raL, Indirn, and odler i,Ldig.nons ln lo..sian grouPs,

such s the Minangkabau-ar€ me.. As rade in.la!a nas ror..nturies (PaIri( uhrlvsince colo.ization) bcen nr thc hands olnon_J2vanes. as NcllasJavanesc ]rcople itis importanr to make this qualification. In inland ccntral Javi, wh.rc thc.ourtcitics orSolo and Yog.lakar:a a.e lo.arcd, male trad..s are r.lativclv sci({i nnrong

rhc ethnicjavanese. In other Pans ol thc island, th.y rrc iotrnd hore conrmonll.On dre north coast orJa'a, for insunce, Nhcrc Islnm his had a nn,c PeNzsir.influe,.e on pcople\ lifestyles and whe,e long disrancc trade has be.. caricd on

lbr hany.cDruries, docja!2ncr tr,en pi.riciPal. in trade rhan in rh. inlandresions. For fu.rher dis.usion ol dre erhni. division or n adc nr Jala ind dr. dominancc of ycnren nadcrs among erhnic Javanese, sce Alexandcr and Alexander

rggr, and Brennc. t!9ra and tqgrb8. Coueciing and carlng lor ugbirds ol variorf

'l,rcs is a ialorit( hobbv of

members ot dr. radidonal pnlql 2rnro.racl, PrnDaril) malcs N'lany non /mlar1roen, usually men olmcans, also de,oie tlr.i.leisu,. time, and often consid.rrblesums ofhoney, to ihe.ultivariod otbirds.

9. TlrcJaEncse rem ,l,a,rali (daal,in Indon.,ian) .an b€ 8io$.d,s \hnN "

uowever. nu,n.rous other rnns a,e used ro,cflr to srahs in its ditr..cnr

ro. These nereolyPcs rcmai. in P12...!.ar i. the lace oaevid.n.c t dre.onrary. ManI ctlrnic Chinese ir solo actua'lv do hi!. a,r €xcellc t cdnlnand oaJa

\lneselansuaqe ard eriquc$, IJut dref tend (o bc l)onrted to b) Ja! k**".xtep"

rionslorherlc ln g..-at,.itrri. chijr,s( ir Jarr:peak Indonesian (rlienartor IlangnaSe, whi.h hrs rcladlclt Lw sr nLus iDdt..1106) or tos.Ja\2ncse oD a davrod.vbris,])nr nay h.Ne als lcamed higtl or ,.nrcd (arr,).lavaDcse an.r speai i hid,then Jalanesc a.quaintancc

rr. OD,dE deloidon a.d.ulhnntsi@in.rr.c otlh( Lenn,f6armd irs pottr,opposire dlr4 see C. (l.c.tr rq6o.

r? lor a specili. ro2tvsis ot geDdcr rliflarrn.es uirh rega(l ro spcect, sqto inJava, sec Smiih-ltcfncr rq88: r3..j-q4.

r.{. lt .lcr poinrs our quile approp.iaretr.th lvom.n ire .e rjrtl rs.apabtear incD of spcaknr! and beharing in a r.rinrd an.t rlisnirjcd nranncr wheri rh.r.hoose to.lo so, r-rL wom.:n \lro do bclalc m a (onsi$.nlty r,:tiD..l manncr rrrJ. u...,1a.n,..f,, .tsu'rr,t.r\, 1.,t .,,..,r..,r,,.,r,,..,,,. ",^d,o n,.,,.t,,..i,. h,.T,.,., . h!t., . n.,,. .,)..,,,,, ",,..;,,,,,.,, ",r r .hr.l.'ri. rJ. r1 .. ,.J.ro.,-.r.,,.,.t,...',., Ikorn,,1 .1.,I

ihei. spee.h. for tunlrer discussion ot rht inrerplay or specch, gend.r, and porcn.y, s.e Iccle. rq()o.

r1 ll,.'-r. ./." ,.,.,r,.,r \,,Lr ,,rlrj..{ rJ,,. r.,...u.fttxrlr,,, .

J.kcr.'.,1,1N "'. l'.,l ,rrr.r,r, tt. It.t,_tatt...t_.lnt.I,n.i\Shqrtrh^*.rt.,1...1.1.1'ri., , ,.", t', I t4 t-..t.r.tt,t.t_..,,.,. ,,,,n r.,i ,,,,r_.rt,i l-..,rJ14nrlrr.,JnJ..\.ut.,,\.r.,,.4,/,.o,trr1,,tr,.,mA,.,t{..,.,,unn,,.,Iur..t,.lo.tri dr. irrsis tur.on..pruelizing botb tnr.rn2l .xDcricDce an.l sociat rct nm\.'rn^n8'l'-

^,. 1r'.\, ^ \, r',, \un.r,,,. lj, t^.,. n,. \.r.,u.,1.,, .,ur, -, 1,,.,".,.'1 '1, ,. ,. ",,^. ir r...r rr.i.. /........t.\)n,t.,.,. ".,, r,.,r,"r.p",r.,"r

8'.id.,1,1,r.,'el't'rlr.'rd .t18..r.t.,,,, .\.,t,,,.p,,,cat(1.\..,r.rrhcr,.,.,- ',,",,*:,'1"1,, 1" , r nsrh/rno,-,.r ..l.urir ^r.,.,r.,n.."r.ur,..,,;r."d',m.'rdhLCvJ 11.,. p".. Ji\n, .r t,.in.,n,,..,,,..ttrJ,..,..,.n,,1 ,,t.m.,,.,'...r',

\lu,llr., c. '.t-r il,.to-rl. ..,, ,,,j , q r. R,.-n ,.4ri1,. \1. tv,.1J .,,,.\,. ra.ri br\r4..pr'.r ,' Vu,n,.,.i1,i'.,. ,t,.-..,,,,ror..,.rl,,norgB"Jo,ra.ofn$pi (Abu'Lnghod 1q86), Malays (Ong ,llj7, ,r,9o), and oirre.Ntusin popular.r,_.ii,,'.rt.\t.{no,.,5\Jni.:\^d.r,,n,,.t,.u...r..,,nor,,,,,rit,",,,"n, . ,'1 il..L.q. ,,r. ^nt, V-tJL, ,r \,ts,., i.,. h,t.,r . ,. (, t ..-,,,rtr-rn..rtr, r,1,...n,a,ur r1,." .',."',rurtvc\pr,-.,J.,ma,. rt,,. ...i,- pop | ,,r.., ",

p..,.u'rr "

r5. Unde. hrd..esian ard ishmjL hw, Nturlim .ren may Irvc up ro touj rjresat th_e sait rime, ahhorgh poly$nl is oflr.rialtt, rh.o"."g"a ly rrr. go"".n_.,,.

r6. \\rh.d,er solo rep.esertls thc rorn or.n .a.cprion ro tlrc gc;c.at n,tc inrhis sense ii i qncstion rLar des.^rs Iniher i,!.sagari

17. For a d{rcripLion ol rrlj ,rrar nr .Java, s.e (: c..r, rq6,.r.8'l\,"nt,'.',k-t.'."d,.srt,,t.L,t,n..,\^.,,r.,1-"J.1r,,,...r?.\t ,rl .!

r4. IIilCr,Jr:., /ro,,ro,t,,,r,,lt,.,rx.rth^,t rt, ,.,..,^rth.,o,tr,t k,,qJr.p'i. l rmo,.! rlj.,.',.,'..r D.,,,..,,,. i,,t, i,,."... r.8n, in^ oL./n.. r.,,,"cacb partneL is .onsranrlt (n, rh. {rLch r. crr.h rhe otrret iD a rnssrcp, ana t,ort,ar. also looknigouilor n charLelbra,, iIn.il llllaif-altlnrgh wonr.n a.e less liketr.,,',rr

'^l.J\,..1,1 i.t,,,,,, ^, rw ,1. , \-n,,t.ut ,j,,rFrrhrjt."r.,hU,..,..(,,,0, , b .

ro. A discussn,r of rhc bisLoicat fa ors rl,lL srraped thc grndcrc.l xnd crhrn:

r!lIY\!()NrtrN Rl]1.t, fHE ROOST t1

48 SUZANNI'A ITIIINNER

division oalrade inJava is beyond rhc scopc .t rhc p,.sent paPcr, ttrtr,gh fi.se arcdhcused nr Brc..cr ,9912 rnd ,99,b, rrd i. Al, rand.r 2n.t Alcxand.r ,!9,Irurrher exptorarion of wby me. d\oid lhc mart.lfrr ( wo, , r.1

"rsn i nr.rve .on d.rpE

adon of the broader eihnographic sertnrg, xnd rh. rr.r drat wom.n rathcr dranmen dominate dre narlctplace not only in.la!r, blt also in man) other Parts ollidonesia aod Sourhcast .\sia. Thc trcv.len.e ol w.'i.n r.adcrs tll ouglrout Southcas! Ada does .ot inlalkla rc or m.kc irr clcvrn t spc. ili cally.Ja!.ne{ ,

' n d.ntrndings

ol this gcndc.cd dituioD of libor, how,!.l, lnr in crdr rcgn r thc mcrnnrgs oa

trade, money, 2nd gcndcr arc nrterPlcr.d *ilhin th. r,"'nrunrL ot 1o.?l l,i(.rn'sand.ulturrl.onstructions.

RIiI LR!,NCES

Abu'Lughod, Liia. 1ga6- vtikd sh i.nt.: Hannr and t'oeq m a l|ulrtit S.,.id\Berkelq. Universiry of Calirodria Prcs

Alexand€r, Jennifer, and Paul Alcxrndcr. r !q r "ltote. rnig Peasan h arom Capnism: Thc Subordination ofJavaoese Tradc6 by rl,c Colonial Stal1'.' CnnlaratitaStulia in Sa.i.4 an,l HisLt \ 31(r),3to 3!4.

Andersn, Be.cdict R. O'G. rq?2. "Ihc klca ol Po{cr inJamncse (luhw:. ln C.llort, B. Anderso., ard J. SieE l, e ns.. C tt re a" tt Pahi6 in tn tan^la, pp. 1 tict

Ithaca: Cordell U.i!fisi$ Pr.$.-'.......'-_. r99o. "Eurrher Ad!.Dtl,res ol Charisfta. li laxgla[4 ard Patud: Eqtnnng

P.litiat CaLl rd in li,tovsia, pp. 7 8-q3. hha.a: comell U.ivc6i9 l'rf$.rltmowilolo, ANvcndo. r986. Ca,r,Dg..laLi.ta, PT Gramedia Press.

Bre.Der, Suzanne A. r99,a. Compering riierarclicsrJaEncse Me,cl,ants and thePn)ar, DIiie nl Soro, Cenrat.l^$ Intt.n*ia52:5!,43.

-.

r 99 r b. 'Domesticitirg drc Ma,ket History, Cultuie, and kononry in a

Java.ese Merchant Community. Ph.D. diss. Corn.ll Unilersity.Devcntcr, C. Th. v.n, tgo4. Otmntu tun dm E.nnrnn.he Toettan4 dd lnhnas.ht

Baatlinq tatlau m Madndz. The H.8ne: Martinus NiihofiDe Wit, Augusta. i,qt 1l tgq+Jau: lta.ts nnnlanci?-\. Snlgapo.e:Oxlod Unnrritv

DiaiadininsralNieuwcrhuis, Madclotr. 1q8?. 'lbuisnr and P.iy.li7{tion: Path ro

Powcr?" rn Elsbc:h rn.herschohcn and Anke Niehot, eLls., Indahaia, fi'an Ltu l'oer pp 43-5,. Dordrecht: Io.is Pllrlicarionr.

Erringlon,.l. Jos.th. ,981. Scll and Selfcondurt anong rh. T,aditlonal la-wnasc." Anqi.an LtlhoLa*J,

' t:!?5-!oo.

'.-........._. rq88. Sttu.tne @d S4t in.Jaun$.: A S olit \titu oJ LingdLn ELhrtlk.Philadclphia: Universitl of Pcnnsylaoia Pre$.

Errington, Shell/. r99o. 'Recaslnrg S{:x, G.ndcr, nnd I'orv.r: A Tl,eo..ri.rl andRegionalOveNicw." InJanc M.ltkinson a d Sl'elly Lrringtott, <:ds.,l'1auo andDilldma: Cd.Jdi\ kLnnd sdnhaa:t Asia.pp. t iE. Slanfo.d: Stanlbrd Unile,sit.v

t'ts,Janc. ,irgo. l'osin,ode.nhnr and ceDder ltelations n, ltr,inisr Thco,l " InLinda Nicborson, ed.,I.2

"i'n/Pa:tnathti\n, W.394,. ^\ew

vo,k: ltoutlcdgc

\llrY\t()MaN llLrr ltJ IIt tto()St. .tt)

Ge.rrz, Clirorl. lqt],o. th. Rt:Lian il /.tta. at1j.:$o: t]nir.jsirv o, (jhi,rA,,

-

r.)62. .Th. Rotaiin8 CrcdnAs{, jxiio.r A,Nri.l.le Rrng, nr D€vctoprn... ..

]iona, :Ddetalttu ann Cattttat (:hang totr):211 2$\cr,'J.llrld'..'l eo. tt,, 1,,.tj^ /.- r. r.\, r0,A.",r,1,.e.ll.Il(r[c\\

(irrmrci, An(onnr. \.t\7, ltu Nuln,1'11,1: n"t o//,j ]lrrr rrrg\. .l.r,r s t,our\ N,trj(lNc{ tb,l: lnrc, rarionJ h,blisl,{:rs.

Harr, (iilli.n. r.r8ti Pobn, Lal,a\ a1 i Lnttihaan: I\@sr.l (:tL ng i)) A)ont -ln)nBert.lcl: Uni!crsily.l CatrforDia !rcss.Uatlel,.Barbe a. , (lc)o "'I-hcarri.d r lrag.n :!d Cen.to r.kotogv tn .Ja!r

, I. .12n.M Ar(nNon and Shelly Eringron, ..1s, pdM an/1 Dfidtni: t:irt" ," ti.*t!iL1h6L Asia, pp_ tj.t-2o1. St2ntord: SrrDtor.l Lnjlcaitv p,crs.

J ry, Roberr r.r6q. /aeuy vitk$o\: :h. iL Retatirtr n. tuttdt Nonjinun) l-.^njLiidgt _

Mass.: MIl Pr.ess.

li,--. u"r. t-|a h..1,.,.,1-. ,.-..,/ ll.,,ne,.,p,., ,n lnr,.,,.,.i.,.\i'rr p.. \L lr.rr.\.id s..r,. ..,,:, .\,",.., .]t r^., ri ru I r,,rFr.rrt.

- rr8? /.a..-. \1-t! pt., Ja ,.,. I r, , - , , L :r!r n

-.

itr,)o. Sp.rkn,H ol Cdrd.r in.lrvr " t,, Jr,(.NI Arki,rlxj r,(tSt,.ll! lll"Llvr,.,.li, /,,.. -14 I t,.., C,,.-.., .- 1,.. t r tlrt. 4. _. r.r,, pf I jl_,,

SLanford: Stanlord Lrnilersity pr.ss.

li .,n,.1,,*. ,q... /... ,_ , u\r,.r..r ,j.\,1. ) pr- ..Ir.'r,i..i. L,'lln

'. lr^. . aA., d,,.r 1.,/ \t i, t .n, tt\ao,.t_ ,i .\1./tn, t)n:n ,n,r, l{F\. . I Btuom'.'r run. lnJr,n,i | , tr, L - pr,...rr'U \r,q, j,)-.lhr 1fi..,,a... .1 , .t,,....., r\. p. ./.1- i1u_.,.... 1,.

l,r\i, Albr.r SUNY |rr$

-. '9qo. 'lrpftvj F;r.ro.ies, Ntatxl Uroft.crs: ctiss rn.t S.iurl lvlci.rphors irl

wcst MalaFia." rIJ.ur Nl.,\rtinson rtr.l shcltr r,tringroi, !tt\., t,otuo u; D41,,r.t r (,riJ, tr

^'.t..t \.rtt r,,, 1.". n, o., tr, .rJr,t,,,. \r,.nro,J r,tr(r

onmr, sherry. r98[ !o. "ccn.lcr H.gen,orics., cutltat Cntiql, t 4:,4b-Bo.O.tno,Shenl,andHarier\^trirehcad.,otij,,Inrroducrion:.4..counr;nglorse!u.llvleann,gs." Id St,dry O.tnc. md Lrarriet w,triretrcrd, cds, S.arzal;r.a,,KTht Crlhoat Cobbu1bt aI a;,rtn nnt .\.tL nJ, pp. , :?. crnlbri.lgej Cr;,_bridBe Univcrsirv Pres.

Pap.nck, J Ianna, a. d t-aurel S. hv.d€. r qS8 .W.nr or '\r. Cood sirtr \,ton{:v: Eu nirq. nl \1". ,Lii,.'., Ij,,,, r,,,,.,\ L t, trh..,.,,.,t 1 d,r, ,.d.. IItbkt Dk)iaht: )yo"! tu a n rnonu nt tu t ht)t $tuttt, tp 7 i_{rit S;uin)nt: SLanln,rl

Riiles, Thom4Sl[nford. Itnt:l tq6\'t.hL rr)!Lo\ al \tur'. ! \o]s tturt, l.umpur:Oxlnrd Urivcrsilr, l,r.ss

Rorn,l-awrcme ) 9n+ Largtintn{ ln ltati\: 1h. canltnnka 4 sotia ttatian\ n a

- Mt tin Cnntmln;6. C,hi.a8o: r.r,r i!e6i L,! ; cLi.aljo l,rc$

sicgcr,JadesT tq6, ttuA|?LalCatl Bcr k.lcy: U n i!.rsitv o I (jaliior n i. !r.s- "qr, Jo/, .. lt, \-,., A L t.,A 1 t,d -r.,\\,.,. t,ton-t nt-tt,'r.,,1nn.L'i,,',,r,.r, t ",\r.. I ti,,...

.N SIJTANNF, A BRIiNNT]R

Smith'Hefner, Nin.y J. 1988 Women and Polirne$: Thc.hvaiesc trxamplc'Language ilt saLieq t1:t 35 b54.

Spivak, cayari chak.avorq ,987. Explanation and Cullue: Marrjinalia." Ii -1n

Oth* Wotb: E^qs in Cllhtral Polili..r pp roJ-r r7. New York: Routledge.Stoler, Arnr L. ,q?t "Class Sttu.ture and lernalc Auronomy iD Rur.l l.va. S+r,,

1(r):r4 8q.Sudrerl2nd, Hea&er. 1 9t9 . t h. Mot"V rl u llut .annri. nhe. As.dA south.asr Asia

publicario!s scrics. Singaporc: Heincmann.SwarLz, MarcJ. t 99 r .

"tu Wa) h. Wdld

^: Culllral Pra.esd and, \adat R.larions anon I

thz Monbua Stuahili. Ret\elel: Unilcnity ol CalilorDia rrc$.Tsing,,4Ina L. ,99o. 'Gend.r and I'e,formance i,, MeratrN DispL,te Scdement."

InjaneAtkinsonandShcllyE.ringron,cds.,1'ozr4azdDillden:CenderinIstandSau1te6l lsaa, pp. g5-12b Stanttrd: Sranford thiversity P.es

Yanagisalo, Sylvia, a.d Jane Collicr. ,987. "Torvad a Uniricd Anal.lsn ol GeDdcraDd Knship." In JaDc Collier and Sylvia Yanagisako, eLls., Chtlo and Kinsltilr:,lsays touanl t Uhifun

^haltrir, pp. r]-ro. Stanord: Stantbrd Lrnnrrsity Prcss.

Tltrr )

Narrating FIersell:

I

I

II

I

I

I

I

II

t

Jmn{d tuid's t\!q ank u h on tuction\ oJ latuo ant urmtlq in a Minanilkt,t._,tb b. n 4 \ ninr!tr 4 ., atl" t_

- ,/ p,t,,, !tph,, " r,, "t t,,,t , ^.,,t t .n.ltptL,4tt\ \uhpd .4,t nJt Lt,b t J_1\ _..1 _\t h"q^nh.t" ;t \,_t .\,,nn;n. ut@e "staunchlJ' Islamic but tttu ako t:onshtute the iog6t nint;nnt soat4';n rte-_a,11- l'h? ll an t ptrbo" ha, p t i. tb, "L-, t 01 n r;. \ r ut1i4,a J t". Lu t Ja,

::;:il:,::'ii:.::',",: ';::,".:.i*",' ,,i : .',::.?,1i.,,!i;t",),.,,,i.i!,:li.iiiLon; se, olsa Satulq I r99ol). k;et temonlhdtc: ttLat the rtettocrarii ann toahtar,.n il" '1"$ ot \,hadnet,,tnu .,trt ,..t, I I tt, ,. -_,u"" ".,,..,,.,, i;" .

rl-'h"tl,.,t,n.-.,"J:tut,,"t.p,r1,t".,..,.-..t,.r...t",t,\,_,,,t,\.a{,!.,,.,,,,aahn.-ha. 1t., !,atiratpfi,.tott.\1tn i"_p,,.,tq_4,t,.dot\.1 ,,tu,1u,e, al-o,.ot h, ot.hr n ,n,.1utt) .,att_n a.\...ltor t\d ,.,,.",..",,,..

"t ., t".,,i

It.-".pJ ,t,nn,.,t Ir.,,t. -tl. ., .,,,1,._ _t. .t..-ot t. .,t t,,a.- t.u.t.,a ,t.it_1.d,,114.,. 1 uo.- a r . I 1 o, t4 ., Lrtt i 1,.,. t. L,_

t..r tr t t.. n u p, n _, t l,mat 1..1,t,.. . tt_,n,11" .Lt,tl,, n_. ,.t Lar,, ,L_ + ,.t aa n4o1t";,, 1,t,t,a,1t,_ua.al .tnd rt,a t, n., al L \:nd r.r _ o a t . n,\ .r, \,ct\ht., . \ tJL, 4t5 oJ t, .t t

\."pp o J k,i- | .prndt h..t ot \.,t. ntntl .t.., ,,ttu," ,,.t. i, u" t,o* ,*.. .1'ltot"tlat.t"?j,,n.l'rot.,o!].a.\,,.,1,,.n4.-.__.,ttattnLntu?4,"nd,a,Jutthoderate(t WctL, ana, ii tttt: cttrenr: cas, \it.ne,

^ a sie al spiituat lalo .;,ol.h,), an.l tt,d, '',\....'_,." dnhud4nL_t.t.a.h;naL t^,l,tntuot l,.rah\,.^otLrlaht.,, I t.. ,o4\ 4a" t\ th4, h LiL tt , p.t , 4n4t.oL ,J t4,.ttlb of tunlict is an att af r.snhnu, it is at h; sanu) time a khing *an/)t" of h\lAstand (the ebdLdn\ ,l)eech) ltdts tnla .atninuei t"E"!!.txi

"na'a"*p**1ment t4 :4/:,(uco\ ttw aI the ury satu testti:nnnins oi t i*n ,o",4,t"ot i_,.

, t.,t' ,t!_dd!__.d,\' ,h4 liLtaentt.tt d.rit.-t.,^-t .4 I,oL4 t4 t t.t_no_ .n tL. jt,,tl--p- Il,\1tl;ptt;,.p tt. tuo\. t.ona. 1,. d,\o.lrant4\.d .n n natnttyat .--.t\.Ktq\oat4nt,u.,,-n;rplh?dnn\.,?,t.at.1.,,,rr,'",,..,,,.,1;,:.,,,-,',,,,:;,,.,

Power and Gender in a MinangkabauWoman's Talc' of Conflict