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Women in the Economy of MaharashtraByVibhuti Patel IntroductionMaharashtra ranks the 4th in Human Development Index. Female economic activity rate of 35.97 % for Maharashtra is higher than the national average of 29%. Maharashtra has an outstanding record of establishing Women Development Corporation, way back in 1975. The state has 12 all women panchayats. Women constitute 11.60 % of membership in the cooperatives. In the rural Maharashtra, the work participation rate of women is 46.5 % out of which 89 % in the agrarian sector. Among the total agrarian workforce, 41 % constitutes cultivators and 48% constitutes agricultural labourers. In the Urban Maharashtra, the female work participation rate (Main Workers who get employment for 8 hours per day for 183 days in a year) is only 13 %. Out of total urban female work force 1 % is in the highly skilled jobs, 9.2 % is in the house-hold industry, 45.3 % is self- employed, 33.3 % is in the regular employment and 21.4 % is casual labour. Women in the Work ForceWomen’s studies scholars have argued that increase in work participation of women in rural Maharashtra is a sign of distress, an index of unequal terms and limited options, not prosperity. Feminisation of labour in the contemporary Maharashtra signifies feminisation of poverty. The question, often asked is- Are women working themselves to death to keep the home fire burning? The allocation of funds for women in the state budget is less than 1 % of the total. Gender audit of the state budget reveals that the amount allocated for promotive measures such as economic services is much less. The budgetary allocation is for protective measures, for distressed women. Occupational Diversification of women is taking place in the economy of Maharashtra. Educated women are getting jobs in the information technology; soft wear industry, call centres and other tertiary sector occupations. Withdrawal of state from the social sector manifested in decrease in budgetary allocation for PDS and public health has increased invisible work of housewives and poor women.There is high rate of unemployment among urban women. Decline of textile industry and closure of small-scale industries have affected women workers adversely. The highest percentage of female work force is of women agricultural labourers who don’t own assets, get seasonal/ casual employment and get less paid. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 is the most flouted law in the state. In agriculture, women get 60-70 % of male wages. In the public works programmes, women get Rs. 26. 85 per day while men get Rs. 49.38 per day.
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2. Achievements of Maharashtra
3. Women in the Workforce
4. JSR, WPR and FLR- Census 2001 55.38 44.0133.51898 Bhid 61.28 37.98 26.40 884 Aurangabad 66.38 39.54 28.61 859 Kolhapur 60.07 40.35 28.98 897 Sholapur 66.88 40.42 24.75 850 Sangli 68.71 43.20 28.33 884 Satara 64.88 42.32 32.84 890 Ahmednagar 64.95 38.91 25.71 867 Jalgaon 75 23.96 14.94 933 Thane 80.39 16.48 12.53 913 Mumbai FLR WPR-Marginal WPR- MainJSR District 5. Statistical Profile of Maharashtra
6. Challenges Before SHGs
7. NEP (1992-2002)
8. Women in Unorganized Sector
9. Shift in Cropping Pattern
10. Employment Profile in Public sector
11. Educational Facilities
12. Poverty Alleviation Programmes
Poverty line for Maharashtra is Rs. 266.97 monthly per capita for the rural and Rs.419 monthly per capita for the urban population.Massive food-shortage in the tribal areas of Maharashtra, many development economists have raised voice 13. Maharashtra Policy for Women
14. Human Development Perspective
15. Population Policy- Vision 2010
16. Budgetary Provision of DWCD Source: Centre for Budget Studies, Samarthan, Mumbai, 2003. Year Budget Estimates Revised Estimates Plan Expenditure Non-plan Expenditure (AE)Actual Expenditure A.E. against price-rise1999-00 228.82 178.33 59.16 40.75 99.92 65.57 2000-01 248.83 191.96 197.98 91.55 289.53 187.13 2001-02 277.70 250.89 229.25 195.67 424.93 258.45 2002-03 343.20 278.96 57.42 221.54 2003-04 358.21 57.03 301.18 17. Gender Audit of Budgets
18. 4 Types of Schemes 1 . Women specific schemes where 100 % of the allocation is required to be spent on women.2.Pro-women schemes where at least 30% of allocation and benefits flow to women. 3.Gender-neutral schemes meant for the benefit of community as a whole where both men and women avail these benefits. 4. The residual state specific programmes having profound effect on womens position/ condition. 19. Current Concerns
20. Conclusion
21. Thank You