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Women’s Employment in England:
insights from local labour market analysis
Sue YeandleUniversity of Leeds
Co- Director, CIRCLE
Centre for International Research on Care, Labour and Equalities
Gender, class employment and family international conference, 27-28 March 2008, City University, London
Outline of Presentation
The GELLM Research Programme Local level evidence of women’s labour market
disadvantage: why it matters Myths, problems and puzzles Key findings about….
Access to employment for women Degrees, senior jobs and ethnicity Part-time work and working below potential
Tackling women’s labour market disadvantage
The Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets Research Programme
Funded 2003-6 by European Social Fund, 12 English local authorities, the TUC and the EOC
GELLM reports (published during grant period) Forthcoming book: “Policy for a Change: local
labour market analysis and gender equality (autumn 2008, Policy Press)
Team: Sue Yeandle, Lisa Buckner, Cinnamon Bennett, Karen Escott, Linda Grant, Christopher Price, Lucy Shipton, Anu Suokas, Bernadette Stiell, Ning Tang
Stage 1 GELLM output: 12 Gender Profiles Gender disaggregated data covering:
Demographics Educational attainment Employment trends and labour market behaviour
Job growth/decline (FT/PT) Economic activity Occupation / sector Travel-to-work data
The gender pay gap Unemployment and economic inactivity Ethnicity Work-life balance
Flexible working Parental and carers’ roles Service provision
Lisa Buckner, Sue Yeandle et al, 2004,05,06
Stage 2 GELLM output6 Local Research Studies
1. Working Below Potential: women and part-time work Studied in Camden, Leicester, Thurrock, Trafford, Wakefield, West Sussex
– Linda Grant et al 2005,20062. Connecting Women with the Labour Market
Studied in Birmingham, Camden, Sandwell, Thurrock, Wakefield - Linda Grant et al, 2006
3. Ethnic Minority Women and Access to the Labour Market Studied in Camden, Leicester, Thurrock, Newcastle, Somerset, Southwark
– Sue Yeandle, B Stiell et al, 2006 4. Career Development for Women in Local Authorities
Studied in Leicester, Sandwell, Southwark, Wakefield – Cinnamon Bennett et al, 2006
5. Addressing Women’s Poverty: local labour market initiatives Studied in Birmingham, East Staffordshire, Newcastle, Somerset,
Southwark, West Sussex – Karen Escott et al, 20066. Local Challenges in Meeting Demand for Domiciliary Care
Studied in Birmingham, Newcastle, Sandwell, Somerset, Thurrock, West Sussex – Sue Yeandle et al, 2006
Research and methods in GELLM
Statistical analysis (2001Census and many other sources) Surveys of employers and of employees
responses from over 2000 women responses from over 100 employers
Face to Interviews women workers, employers/managers, trade unions, local
stakeholders
Focus groups with women Arts-based workshops Documentary analysis
Why local level analysis matters Most people – and especially mature women –
work ‘close to home’ Local labour market opportunities – and the nature
and pace of change – differ from place to place, affecting the structure of opportunity at both the industrial and occupational level
Population characteristics vary from place to place – age, ethnicity, movement/migration, health and wealth, household and family structure
The infrastructure supporting paid employment varies – transport; childcare; adult care services; information/advice/guidance; skills and training; education
Why local level analysis matters
In England 55% of women work either at home or within 5km of where they live 65% of those working PT 48% of those working FT)
This varies from place to place: for example…. In Leicester, 77% of women work at/very close to
home (81% of PT workers, 75% of FT workers) In Thurrock, 46% of women work at/very close to home
(61% PT workers, 36% of FT workers) (Source: 2001 Census SAM)
Approach
Myths about women in employment which have wide currency and have influenced policy
Puzzles where there are competing theoretical positions or gaps in understanding
Problems which have been tackled at the practical or theoretical level (or both), but which have not gone away Access to employment for women Degrees, senior jobs and ethnicity Part-time work and working below potential
Access to employment for women 1.4 million women in England want but cannot
gain paid work Particular problem in poorer communities
In some wards women’s unemployment rates are 4 times the national average
For some ethnic groups 8 times higher Women themselves care deeply about this:
I feel terrible about not working. I’m very conscious of it. I really do feel it. It would be nice to provide for myself and my children.
Also costly for local and national economies, damaging for households and communities, inefficient for local employers.
Economic inactivity and unemployment amongst women of working age, 2001
England
Unemployed women (% econ. Act.)
4
Economically inactive women
29Birmingham 7 39
Camden 7 36
East Staffs 4 28
Newcastle 5 37
Sandwell 7 35
Somerset 3 26
Southwark 8 34
Thurrock 5 27
Wakefield 5 31
West Sussex 2 25
Unemployment rate (as proportion of
economically active women of working age)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Ast
on
Lady
woo
d
Soh
o
BIR
MIN
GH
AM
Gos
pel O
ak
Hav
esto
ck
Ken
tish
Tow
n
CA
MD
EN
Ang
lese
y
Eto
n P
ark
Sho
bnal
l
EA
ST
ST
AF
FS
Byk
er
Mon
kche
ster
Wal
ker
NE
WC
AS
TLE
St
Pau
ls
Soh
o an
d V
icto
ria
SA
ND
WE
LL
Ham
p
Syd
enha
m
Vic
toria
SO
ME
RS
ET
Cha
ucer
Eas
t W
alw
orth
New
ingt
on
SO
UT
HW
AR
K
Ave
ley
& U
plan
ds
Gra
ys R
iver
side
Wes
t T
hurr
ock
& S
outh
Stif
ford
TH
UR
RO
CK
Fer
ry F
ryst
on
Gla
ssho
ught
on
Whi
twoo
d
WA
KE
FIE
LD
Hot
ham
Mar
ine
Pev
ense
y
WE
ST
SU
SS
EX
EN
GLA
ND
Per
cent
age
of e
cono
mic
ally
act
ive
wom
en
Source (this and previous slide): 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003
Women who want paid workEconomically
inactive but want work
Unemployed UE + EI who want to work
Birmingham 18% 8% 33,000
Camden 34% 7% 6,000
Sandwell 22% 8% 10,500
Thurrock 27% 4% 4,200
Wakefield 29% 2% 7,300
England 23% 4% 1,375,400Data relates to women aged 16-59Source: ONS, Annual Population Survey, December 2004 – March 2005, Crown Copyright.
Economic Activity status of women aged 25-39: England/selected districts
3849
37 37 40 39 3547
4047
37 40 41
197 29
21 21 23 32 11 2623
30 27 242 5
2
1 2 13
31
22 3 2
13
2
1 1 13
21
22 3
25
43
4 4 53
63
23 2
31
21
2 1 11
3 01
0 1 1
00
0
0 0 00
0 00
0 0 03
6 13 3 1
1 6 12
1 1 222
15 1821 18 20
18 15 2215
1719 18
3 2 23 4 3
3 2 2 3 4 2 36 5 3 6 5 5 2 5 3 3 4 2 4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100B
irm
ingham
Cam
den
E S
taff
s
Leic
este
r
New
cas
lte
Sandw
ell
Som
ers
et
South
wark
Thur
rock
Tra
fford
Wakefiel
d
West
Suss
ex
Engla
nd
Perc
enta
ge
of
wom
en a
ged 2
5-3
9
Other
Sick/disabled
Home/family
Student
Retired
Full-time student
Unemployed
Self-emplyed part-time
Self-employed full-time
Employee part-time
Employee full-time
Source: 2001 Census SARs, Crown copyright 2004. This work is based on the SARs provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester with the support of ESRC and JISC
Qualifications of women aged 25-34:
England/selected districts
26
11 1527
1827
12 13 915
24
10 14
49
25
6447
47
56
68
3754
7159
66 57
25
65
21 2635
16 21
50
36
14 1724 29
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Bir
min
gh
am
Ca
md
en
E S
taffs
Le
ice
ste
r
Ne
wca
stle
Sa
nd
we
ll
So
me
rse
t
So
uth
wa
rk
Tra
fford
Th
urr
ock
Wa
kefie
ld
We
st S
uss
ex
En
gla
nd
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of w
om
en
ag
ed
25
-34
No qualifications Lower Higher
Source: 2001 Census SARs, Crown copyright 2004. This work is based on the SARs provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester with the support of ESRC and JISC
Ethnic minority women: change amid persistent inequality
Rapidly becoming better qualified Strongly concentrated in particular labour
market segments Facing a ‘concrete ceiling’ in terms of career
advancement High levels of unemployment in some
Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities Many ethnic minority women report
disadvantage, discrimination, harassmentSource: Yeandle, S, Stiell, B & Buckner, L (2006) Ethnic Minority women and access to the labour market Sheffield: Centre for Social Inclusion www.leeds.ac.uk/sociology/research/circle
Women aged 25-44 who were graduates, by ethnicity: 1991/2001
% of women aged 25-44who were GRADUATES
Graduate women aged 25-44who were IN EMPLOYMENT
1991 2001 1991 2001
Indian 8 37 74 77
Pakistani 4 20 53 53
Bangladeshi .. 13 .. 57
Black Caribbean 5 28 80 83
Black African 12 28 65 83
White* 9 25 81 84
All women 9 26 80 82
Source: 2001 and 1991 Census SARs. Census output is Crown copyright and is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. This work is based on the SARs provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester with the support of ESRC and JISC.1 *In the 1991 Census ‘White British’ was not a separate category.
Employed women qualified to degree level, by socio-economic category:
Birmingham, Southwark and England Socio-economic
categoryBirmingham Southwark England
Wh. Brit. Bl. Carib Wh. Brit. Bl.Carib Wh.Brit. Bl.Carib.
Large emplrs/ higher managerial
5 3 11 0 14 5
Higher professional 17 6 19 18 29 10
Lower managerial/prof. 58 65 52 50 38 61
Intermediate 11 19 10 24 6 14
Small employers / own account workers
2 0 3 0 6 1
Lower supervisory/tech 2 1 1 2 4 2
Semi-routine 4 4 3 4 2 5
Routine occupations 1 1 1 2 1 1
ALL 100 100 100 100 100 100Source: 2001 Census SAM. The 2001 SAM is provided through the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (University of Manchester), with the support of the ESRC and JISC. All tables containing Census data, and the results of analysis, are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.
Women in employment in Southwark and Birmingham by age and ethnicity
Birmingham Southwark
White British
Black Caribbean
White British
Black Caribbean
All women in employment
16-19 6 5 3 5
20-24 10 7 12 8
25-29 13 11 20 15
30-39 28 41 29 34
40-49 24 26 21 23
50-59 19 10 15 15
ALL 100 100 100 100
Source: 2001 Census SAM. The 2001 SAM is provided through the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (University of Manchester), with the support of the ESRC and JISC. All tables containing Census data, and the results of analysis, are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.
Economically active women aged 25-44 by whether UK-born: 1991/2001
%
White Indian Pakistani Bangla-deshi
Black Caribbean
Black African
1991UK born 71 73 36 27 75 68
Non-UK born
68 67 22 11 49 60
2001UK born 76 79 47 48 79 80
Non-UK born
73 70 24 19 51 61
Source: 2001 and 1991 Census SARs. Census output is Crown copyright and is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. This work is based on the SARs provided through the Centre for Census and Survey Research of the University of Manchester with the support of ESRC and JISC.
Part-time employment and working below potential
Working Below Potential – i.e. not using proven skills, qualifications, experience in current job
54% of women in PT jobs 2.8 million women nationwide Main cause: how jobs/employment are designed
and structured Wastes valuable talent - cost to employers, the
economy, women, families Could be changed by creating better quality PT
jobs
Employed men who work part-time by age: England 2001
95 5
118
0
10
20
30
40
50
16-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 ALL
Source: Census 2001, Crown Copyright, reproduced with the permission of HMSO
Employed women who work part-time by age: England 2001
20
31
4547
39
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 ALL
Source: Census 2001, Crown Copyright, reproduced with the permission of HMSO
Employed women who work part-time by age: Thurrock 2001
19
33
49 47
39
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 ALL
Source: Census 2001, Crown Copyright, reproduced with the permission of HMSO
Employed women who work part-time by age: Wakefield 2001
24
39
5044
0
10
20
30
40
50
16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 ALL
Source: Census 2001, Crown Copyright, reproduced with the permission of HMSO
52
Employed women who work part-time by age: Camden 2001
1311
24
29
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 ALL
Source: Census 2001, Crown Copyright, reproduced with the permission of HMSO
Part-time work in local economies: change over time
% all jobs part-time % all jobs
women
held by
that are PT
% all jobs men
held by that are PT
1991 2002 1991 2002 1991 2002
Camden 14 22 20 30 8 14Leicester 24 29 39 42 8 16Thurrock 25 34 52 56 6 14Trafford 25 30 48 47 7 15Wakefield 27 32 48 54 7 13West Sussex
30 32 47 50 11 15
England 26 31 45 48 9 15
Full-time female employees (16-74) by occupation: England and selected localities
20
814 15 13 15 15
22
118
1510
11 13
24
1514
19
1616
17
20
21
36
28
2526
26
1
3
2
1
2
22
6
9
8
9
9
12 9
4
8
10
8
9
9 7
1
16
32
6
2 4
310 7 4
106 6
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Camde
n
Leice
ster
Thurro
ck
Traffo
rd
Wak
efie
ld
W S
ussex
Engla
nd
Elementary occupations
Process, plant & machineoperatives
Sales & Customer Services
Personal Services
Skilled trades
Administrative & Secretarial
Associate Professionals &Technical
Professionals
Managers & Senior Officials
Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.
Part-time female employees (16-74) by occupation: England and selected localities
72 3 4 3 4 4
15
5 37
36 6
13
7 6
11
7
10 9
19
16 20
24
17
2421
1
22
2
2
22
13
1615
14
17
19
16
17
20
30
20
21
19
20
1
8
11
3
1
2
15
2619 16
26
1621
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Camde
n
Leice
ster
Thurro
ck
Traffo
rd
Wak
efie
ld
W S
ussex
Engla
nd
Elementary occupations
Process, plant & machineoperatives
Sales & Customer Services
Personal Services
Skilled trades
Administrative & Secretarial
Associate Professionals &Technical
Professionals
Managers & Senior Officials
Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.
Part-time women employees by industry:
England and selected localities
Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.
0 0 0 0 0 1 1310
4 3 6 4 50
1
2 11 1 1
20
25 38
2327
22 24
9
9
7
7
10
692
3
3
4
3
53
2
2
4
5
3
5 414
7
7
10
89 94
3
2
45
4 4
1915
13
1312
13 14
1720
15
2421 23 21
105 4 6 5 5 5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Camden Leicester Thurrock Trafford Wakefield WestSussex
England
Per
cen
tag
e o
f w
om
en e
mp
loye
es a
ged
16-
74 e
mp
loye
d p
art-
tim
e Other
Health and Social Work
Education
Public Administration &Defence; Social SecurityReal Estate
Finance
Transport; Storage andCommunicationRestaurants, Hotels
Wholesale, Retail
Construction
Manufacture
Energy and water
Agriculture; Hunting; Forestry;fishing
Tackling women’s labour market disadvantage Target critical issues for key groups in specific localities: Job quality
esp. low pay, lack of prospects, inflexibility in PT jobs Infrastructure
re transport / care / advice / education & training / health Tax/benefits system Weaknesses in education and training system Job design
Recruitment and job entry Flexible working arrangements Progression opportunities Redesign of management careers
Discrimination, harassment, prejudice, stereotyping
Requires: quality LLM information; gender lens; equalities perspective; local consultations/solutions
For information about the GELLM Research Programme 2003-6* or about the University of Leeds’ research and publications on gender equality and on carers and employment, see:
www.leeds.ac.uk/sociology/research/circle
CIRCLE is the University of Leeds’
Centre for International Research on Care, Labour & Equalities
Co-Directors: Prof. Sue Yeandle & Prof. Fiona Williams
CIRCLE’s Senior Research Fellows include Dr Cinnamon Bennett and Dr Lisa Buckner
Email: [email protected]
* The GELLM Research Programme was based at the Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield Hallam University between Sept 2003 & Aug 2006