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Starch +

waterSalivary

amylaseMaltose

Secretes bile

Stores bile Protein+

water

Pepsin

pH 2.0Polypeptide

Peptides+ water

Erepsin

pH 7.5

Amino

acids

Caesinogen+ water

Rennin Caesin

Maltose

+ water

MaltaseGlucose Secretes pancreaticjuices

Sucrose Sucrase

+ water

Glucose+

Fructose

Starch +

water

Pancreaticmaltose

amylase

Lactose+Lactase Glucose+ Polypeptide Trypsinwater Galactose + water peptide

Lipid +water

LipaseFatty acids

+ glycerol

Lipid +

water

Lipase Fatty acids

+ glycerol

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Digestion ofCellulose by a Ruminant

Largest part ofthe stomach

Mutualisticmicroorganismssecrete

cellulase to digest cellulose Water isremoved fromcud

Cud (chewed and

reswallowed)

Microorganismssecretecellulase to digestcellulose

True stomach

Gastricjuice

secreted

Digestionof

proteins

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Fatty acids

+ glycerol,

Vitamins A,

D, E and K

Structure of a villus

Glucose

Amino acids

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LOCATION

Assimilationtakes placein the cells(digestiontakes placein the alimentarycanal)

Simplerformofnutrient isused to formcomplex

compounds or structuralcomponents Liveracts as checkpoint and controlcentre for

the releaseofappropriate amount ofnutrientsinthe circulatorysystem.

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ASSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE

Most ofglucoseisconverted intoglycogen and

stored in the liver.

Glycogenwill be converted to sugar when the bodyneeds energy

Glucoseisdistributed throughout the body by

circulatorysystem.

Cellsoxidiseglucose to releaseenergy during

cellularrespiration.

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ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS Aminoacids have to pass through the liverbefore

they reach bloodcirculatorysystem

Aminoacids are used to synthesizedplasma

proteins.

Functionofplasmaproteins: bloodclotting and

osmoregulation When there are short supplyofglucose,aminoacids

are converted to glucose by the liver through

gluconeogenesisprocess.

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ASSIMILATION OF AMINO ACIDS

Aminoacids that enter the cell are used for

synthesizingprotoplasm and repair the damaged

tissue.

Aminoacids are alsoimportant blocks to synthesis

hormones and enzymes.

Excess ofaminoacidswill be broken by deamination

process. The waste product of thisprocess is

commonly the urea.

Urea istransported to the kidneys and secreted out

through urine.

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LIPIDS Lipidssuch as fats

represent the majorenergy

store ofthe body

Excess lipids are stored inthe adipose tissue.

Some lipids; ex:

phospholipids and

cholesterol are major

components ofplasma

membranes

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OTHER FUNCTION OF LIVER

Liveracts as the detoxicificationsite

In thisprocess, the liverremoves harmful

substances fromblood and convert them to less

toxidiccompounds.

The detoxicificationproducts are eliminatedfrom the

body through bile or urine.

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Glucosefor cellularrespiration

Amino synthesisofhormones, plasmaacidsmembranes, enzymes

Glucose - respiration Excess

glucoseglycogen Amino

acidsplasmaprotein

Excessaminoacids - urea

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Formation ofFaeces and Defaecation

Reabsorbs water and minerals

Elimatesundigestedfood

Escherichiacoli are found

Secretes mucus to bindfaeces and

lubricatesmovement offeacesalong the colon

Temporary storage offaeces

Faeces isexpelledfrom here when

the rectum isfull, contractionofthemusclesofthe rectum propels the

faecesout