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WORKING PLAN
FOR
UDHAMPUR FOREST DIVISION
(2015-16 TO 2025-26)
INTRODUCTION
This is the revision of the Working Plan prepared by Sh. Sarvesh Rai. It
covers the Udhampur Forest Division as it exists now. There is a drastic change
in the method of treatment prescribed. In this plan the Indian Selection
System has been applied in Deodar-Kail and Chir Working Circles, which were
previously managed under the Indian Shelter wood Compartment System.
These changes have been made keeping in view the irregularity of the Crop
and the extent of damage especially, to the Chir crop, where the status of
natural regeneration is not so promising. The Chir Forests are subjected to
excessive biotic pressure, repeated forest fire and excessive resin tapping as a
result of which the forests are poorly stocked. The Fir Working Circle will
continue to be managed under the Indian Selection System.
In this Plan the Stratified Random Point Sampling technique for the
preparation of forest inventory has been carried out in all the three Ranges, as
compared to the previous Plan wherein the sampling exercise could not be
carried out in Dudu Range because of the disturbed conditions at that time.
During the sampling exercise a wedge prism of different Basal Area Factors was
used and the results then obtained were put to various statistical tests. For the
assessment of growing stock, the per hectare No. of tress and volume of
conifer(30 cm d.b.h. and above )per hectare was calculated diameter class
wise. The figures obtained were then multiplied with the area of the Working
Circles to calculate the total growing stock in entire the commercial area of the
Working Circles. The method of treatment prescribed has been discussed in
detail for all the Working Circles.
Some other changes have also been made which includes the shifting of
certain compartments to the Rehabilitation Cum Reboisment Working Circle.
These changes were made keeping in view the degraded condition of these
compartments. As mandated by the Working Plan code two new Chapters
have been introduced in Part-I of the Plan This includes ‘’The activities of
Forest Development Corporations in Harvesting and Marketing of Forest
Produce/Result of Socio Economic Survey and Five Year plans .In Part-II of the
Plan two new Working Circles (mandated as per the Working Plan Code),have
also been created. This includes the creation of Forest Protection Working
Circle and The Plantation Working Circle. Further, the Aesthetic Working
Circle has been renamed as Eco- Tourism Working Circle and the Grazing
Working Circle of the previous Plan has been renamed as Fodder Development
Working Circle.
The Non Timber Forest Produce (NTFP) Working Circle has been retained as it
was in the previous Plan. However for the assessment of future tappable life of
the Chir crop for resin extraction, a resin channel survey exercise has been
carried out on all the sample points falling in the Chir areas. The results of the
survey have been discussed in detail. The resin tapping shall be allowed only in
compartments allotted to Chir Working Circle, however the number of blazes
proposed has been reduced in this Plan period so as to ensure a sustained yield
of resin in future.
In the Forest Protection Working Circle the various preventive and remedial
measures have been suggested to tackle the problem of forest fire,
encroachment illicit felling, etc. In addition the compartments in need of
special protection measures have been specified. Compartments have also
been specified for the plantation program in the Plantation Working Circle.
Stress has also been laid on the fundamental need to involve local
communities in the protection of forests of the division in the Chapter titled
“Joint Forest Management’’.
The Stock Maps showing compartment boundary, drainage and
information about the crop have been prepared. For this purpose the satellite
imageries (Geo-Coded) on a scale of 1:50,000 were used. The Stock Maps for
the individual compartments were prepared on a scale of 1:15,000.
The writer is thankful to Sh. Abhai Kumar, IFS, the Principal Chief
Conservator of Forests, Jammu and Kashmir for providing all expedient help
during the final stage of the preparation of this Working Plan Report. The
writer is also thankful to Sh. Vinod Ranjan, IFS, Ex-Principal Chief Conservator
of Forests, for providing the opportunity to take up the revision of this Working
Plan, as well as, for according the approval to the Preliminary Working Plan
Report.
The writer is gratified to Sh. S.P. Sharma, IFS, Chief Conservator of
Forests, Working Plan and Research Circle and Sh. Ravi Kumar Kesar, IFS, Ex-
Chief Conservator of Forests Jammu for their suggestions and adept guidance
during the various stages of the preparation of this Plan. The writer’s thanks
are also due to Sh. Roshan Jaggi, IFS, Chief Conservator of Forests Jammu for
his guidance provided from time to time as Conservator of Forests East Circle.
The writer admiringly acknowledges the valuable technical guidance
provided by Sh. Vasu Yadav, IFS, Conservator of Forests Working Plan. It was
under his adept guidance that the field work as well as the compilation of the
final Working Plan Report was carried out. His expertise in Working Plan as
well as his helpful suggestions helped me to improve the final Working Plan
Draft and present it in the current format. The Writer’s thanks are also due to
Sh. A.K. Gupta , Conservator of Forests East Circle for his guidance at the final
stage of preparation of Working Plan for this Division.
The writer wishes to express his sincere thanks to Sh. Mufti Sajjad, Ex-
Divisional Forest Officer, Udhampur Forest Division for his valuable
contribution, as the Working Plan exercise of the Division was started under his
guidance. The writer acknowledges the efforts of Sh.Parvaiz Shagoo (M.Sc.
Forestry, Udhampur Forest Division) and admiringly thanks him for his help in
executing the work in the field as well during the compilation of the final
Working Plan document. His hard work and dedication helped me to present
this document in the current form.
The writer wishes to thank Sh. Farooq Iqbal, Divisional Forest Officer,
Urban Forestry Jammu, Sh. Ashok Kalsi (DFO Social Forestry,Ramban),
Sh.Hitender Singh, Divisional Forest Officer Demarcation Division-II, for their
valuable assistance at various at various stages of the compilation of this plan.
The writer thankfully acknowledges the valuable contribution of Sh. Surrinder
Nath Range Officer, Sh. Jagdish Lal Range Officer, Sh. Shabir Ahmad , Range
Officer , Sh. Rakesh Sharma, Sh. Suresh Jamwal,Forester,Sh.Rajneesh, Sh.
Rajinder Singh Dy. Foresters of Udhampur Forest Division who were associated
with this exercise at one stage or the other.
Finally, the writer’s thanks are due to Sh. Somnath (Ex-Head Clerk), Sh.
Romesh Kumar (Head Clerk), Sh.Ashok Gupta (Ex- Accountant), Sh Vikas
Slathia (Accountant), Sh. Rajiv Gupta (Computer Operator), & Sh. Hans Raj of
this Division for their valuable help during the preparation of this Plan.
Sd/-
(Shaukat Chaudhary, DCF) Divisional Forest Officer,
Udhampur Forest Division
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject Section Page (S) Intoduction
PART-I
Summary of Facts on Which
Proposal are Based
1
1-137
CHAPTER-I
The Tract Dealt With
1
1-23
Name and Situation 1.1.1to 1.1.5 3-4 Configuration with the Ground 1.2.1 to 1.2.4 4-5
Map showing the boundaries - 6-8
Geology, Rock & Soil 1.3.1 to 1.3.3 9-10
Distribution of Formation - 11
Climate and rainfall 1.4.1 to 1.4.4 12-14 Water Supply 1.5.1 15-18
Distribution and Area 1.6.1 to 1.6.2 19
State of Boundaries 1.7.1 19
Legal Position 1.8.1 19-20 Rights and Concession 1.9.1 to 1.9.2 20-21
Grazing 1.10.1 to 1.10.3 22-23
CHAPTER-II
The Forest Flora and Fauna
PART-A Forest Flora
2
24-51
General Description of Forest ( Condition & Composition ) 2.1.1 to 2.1.4 25-30
General Description of Forest Types 2.2.0 to 2.2.11 31-38
Status of Natural Regeneration 2.3.1 38-39
Injuries to which crop is liable 2.4.1 39-43
PART-B Forest Fauna 2
General Description 2.5.1 44
Mammals 2.5.2 44-45
Rodents, Goat Group, Dear Group, Primates - 45-47
Class Aves ( Birds ), Vultures 2.5.3 47-50 Reptiles, Aquatic Fauna 2.5.4 to 2.5.5 50-51
Injuries to which Fauna is liable - 51
CHAPTER-III
Utilization of the Produce
3
52-61
Agriculture customs and wants of population 3.1.0 to 3.1.3 53
Market and Marketable Produce 3.2.1 to 3.2.7 54-55
The Non Wood Forests Produced 3.3.1 55
Line of Export 3.4.1 to 3.4.3 56 Method of Extraction 3.5.1 to 3.5.3 57
Cost of Extraction 3.6.1 57
Past and Current Prices 3.7.1 to 3.7.2 57-61
CHAPTER-IV
4
62-78
Activities of Forest Development Corporation in Harvesting
and Marketing of Forest Produce & Result of Socio Economic
Survey
Activities of SFC in Harvesting and Marketing of Forest Produce 4.1.1 63-64
Out-turn of Major Forest produced by SFC in Udhampur Forest Division 4.2.1 64-65
Result of Socio Economic Survey 4.3 65-67 Poverty Among Nomadic Gujjars of Udhampur- A Case Study 4.4 67-73
Suggestions For Mitigating the Hardships Faced by People in Udhampur 4.5 73-78
CHAPTER-V
Five Year Plans
5
79-95
Introduction 5.1.1 80
Development in Forestry During Five Year Plans in India 5.2.1 to 5.2.11 80-83 Plan Outlay & Expenditure for Forestry Sector in J&K From 1st FYP 5.3.1 83-84
Achievements of Udhampur Forest Division From 2005 - 06 to 2013 - 14 5.4.1 84-93
Focus of 12th Five Year Plan in J&K 5.5.1 94
Suggestions Based on Condition of the Crop 5.6.1-5.6.2 94-95
CHAPTER-VI
Staff and Labour Supply
6
96-98
Staff 6.1.1 97
Labour Supply 6.2.1 98
CHAPTER-VII
Past System of Management
7
99-132
Past History 7.1.1 to 7.1.7 100-101
Results of working upto 1911 AD 7.2.1 101
Dudu Basangarh Plan 7.3.1 to 7.3.2 101 Shri. S.D.Dhar’s Plan ( 1941-1950 ) 7.4.1 102
Shri. R.M.Malhotra’s Plan 7.5.1 103
Working plan for Chenani Jagir Forests (1909 to 1928 AD) 7.6.1 to 7.6.2 103
Working Plan of Sh. I.B.Biswas 7.7.1 103-104 Shri. G.R.Sufi’s Plan (1959-60 to 1973-74) 7.8.1 to 7.8.2 104-107
Shri. S.P.Sharma’s Plan 7.9.1 to 7.9.2 107-121
Buildings 7.10.1 121
Shri. Sarvesh Rai’s Plan 1998-99 to 2009-2010 7.11.1 121-131
Buildings 7.12.1 131 List of Nurseries 7.13.1 131-132
Past Revenue & Expenditure 7.14.1 132
CHAPTER-VIII
Statistics of Growth and Yield
8
133-137
Inventory Method Adopted 8.1.1 to 8.1.7 134-136
Volume Tables 8.2.1 to 8.2.3 136-137 Quality Class 8.2.4 137
Subject Section Page (S)
PART-II
Future Management
Discussed and Prescribed
138-344
CHAPTER-IX
Basis of Proposals
9
139-146
Objects of Management 9.1.1 140
Method of Treatment 9.2.1 142-142 Constitution of Working Circles 9.3.1 to 9.3.10 142-145
Species Wise Distribution of Area 9.4 145-146
Blocks and Compartments 9.5 146
Period of the Plan 9.6 146
CHAPTER-X
Working Plan for Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle
10
147-168
General Constitution of Working Circle 10.1.1 148
General Character of Vegetation 10.2.1 148-149
Special object of Management 10.3 149
Silvicultural System Adopted 10.4.1 149-150 Exploitable Size 10.5.1 150
Rotation 10.6.1 150
Felling Cycle 10.7.1 150
Felling Series 10.8.1 150 Analysis & Valuation of the Crop 10.9.1 to 10.9.2 150-155
Calculation of Yield by Brandis Formula 10.10.1 to 10.10.3 156-161
Calculation of Yield by Von Mantles Formula 10.11 161-162
Size of the Annual Coupe 10.12 162
Annual Cut per hectare 10.13.1 to 10.13.2 162 Realization of Yield 10.14.1 163
Method of Executing Fellings 10.15.1 163
Marking and Felling Rules 10.16.1 163-165
Supplementary Markings 10.17.1 165 Subsidiary Silvicultural Operation 10.18.1 165-166
Regeneration Measures 10.19.1 166
Artificial Regeneration (Nursery and Plantation Technique) 10.20.1 166-167
Control of Grazing 10.21.1 167-168
CHAPTER-XI
Working Plan for Fir Selection Working Circle
11
169-189
General Constitution of Working Circle 11.1.1 170
General Character of Vegetation 11.2.1 to 11.2.2 170-171 Special object of Management 11.3 171
Silvicultural System Adopted 11.4.1 172
Exploitable Size 11.5.1 172
Rotation 11.6.1 172
Felling Cycle 11.7.1 173
Felling Series 11.8.1 173
Analysis & Valuation of the Crop 11.9.1 to 11.9.2 173-177 Calculation of Yield by Brandis Formula 11.10.1 to 11.10.3 178-183
Calculation of Yield by Von Mantles Formula 11.12 183
Size of the Annual Coupe 11.13 184
Annual Cur per Hectare 11.14.1 to 11.14.2 184
Realization of Yield 11.15.1 184 Method of Executing Fellings 11.16.1 185
Marking and Felling Rules 11.17.1 185-187 Supplementary Markings 11.18.1 187
Subsidiary Silvicultural Operation 11.19.1 187
Regeneration Measures 11.20 187
Artificial Regeneration (Nursery and Plantation Technique) 11.21 188
Control of Grazing 11.22.1 188-189
CHAPTER-XII
Working Plan for Chir Selection Working Circle
12
190-210
General Constitution of Working Circle 12.1.1 191
General Character of Vegetation 12.2.1 to 12.2.4 192-193
Special object of Management 12.3 193 Silvicultural System Adopted 12.4.1 194
Exploitable Size 12.5.1 194
Rotation 12.6.1 194
Felling Cycle 12.7.1 194 Felling Series 12.8.1 194
Regeneration period 12.9.1 194-195
Analysis & Valuation of the Crop 12.10.1 to 12.10.2 195-199
Calculation of Yield by Brandis Formula 12.11.1 to 12.11.2 200-204 Calculation of Yield by Von Mantles Formula 12.12 204
Size of the Annual Coupe 12.13 204
Annual Cut per hectare 12.14.1 to 12.14.2 205
Realization of Yield 12.15.1 205 Method of Executing Fellings 12.16.1 205
Marking and Felling Rules 12.17.1 206-207
Supplementary Markings 12.18.1 207
Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations 12.19.1 208
Artificial Regeneration (Nursery and Plantation Technique) 12.20.1 209 Control of Grazing 12.21.1 210
Subject Section Page (S)
CHAPTER-XIII
Working Plan for Rehabilitation Cum Reboisment Working
Circle
13
211-231
General Constitution of Working Circle 13.1.1 212
General Character of Vegetation 13.2.1 to 13.2.2 212
Special object of Management 13.3 213
Analysis and Valuation of Crop 13.4.1 to 13.4.2 213-225
Method of treatment prescribed 13.5.1 to 13.5.2 226-229
Artificial Regeneration of Fir 13.6.1 229-231
Afforestation Measures 13.7.1 to 13.7.2 231
CHAPTER-XIV
Working Plan for Eco-Tourism Working Circle
14
132-241 General Constitution & Character of Vegetation 14.1.1 to 14.1.2 233
Hill Stations of the Division 14.2.1 to 14.2.4 233-234
Special object of Management 14.3 235
Evaluation of Growing Stock 14.4.1 to 14.4.2 235-239
Method of Treatment 14.5.1 240-241
CHAPTER-XV
Working Plan for Wild Life Working Circle
15
242-251
General Constitution of Working Circle 15.1.1 243
Special object of Management 15.2 243 Sudh-Mahadev Game Reserve 15.3.1 to 15.3.7 244-247
Rakhs 15.4.1 to 15.4.5 247-249
Wild Life in Managed Areas 15.5 249-251
CHAPTER-XVI
Working Plan for Non Timber Forests Produce (overlapping)
Working Circle
16
252-265
General Constitution of Working Circle
16.1 253
Resin Tapping 16.2.1 to 16.2.11 253-260
Non Timber Forest Produced ( Other Than Resin) of the Tract 16.3.1 260
Management of NTFP’s 16.3.2 to 16.3.3 260-265
CHAPTER-XVII
Working Plan for Fodder Development (Overlapping)
Working Circle
17
266-274
General Constitution of Working Circle & Character of Crop 17.1.1 267
Special object of Management 17.2.1 267
Grass Types 17.3.1 to 17.3.3 267-268
Analysis of Grazing Problem 17.4.1 to 17.4.2 269 Method of Treatment 17.5.1 269-271
Development of Nomadic Routes 17.6.1 to 17.6.4 271-273
Measures to Mitigate Hardships of Nomads 17.7.7 273-274
CHAPTER-XVIII
Working Plan for Forest Protection Working Circle
(Overlapping)
18
275-289
General Constitution of Working Circle & Character of Crop 18.1.1 276
Special object of Management 18.2.1 276 Protection Against Damage by Fire 18.3.1 to 18.3.10 276-283
Protection of Forest land From Encroachment 18.4.1 to 18.4.3 283-286
Protection Against Illicit Damage 18.5.1 to 18.5.3 286-287
Protection Against Damage Caused by Pests & Diseases 18.6.1 to 18.6.2 287-289 Compartments that Need Special Protection Measures 18.7 289
CHAPTER-XIX
19
290-299
Plantation Working Circle (Overlapping) General Constitution of Working Circle 19.1 291
General Character of Vegetation 19.2 291 Special object of Management 19.3 291
Area of treatment 19.4 292
Treatments Proposed 19.5 292-293
Choice of Species 19.6 293
Regeneration Programme 19.7 293-294 Nursery and Plantation Techniques 19.8.1 to 19.8.7 294-297
Compartments to be Taken up for Plantation Programme 19.9 297
CHAPTER-XX
Joint Forest Management
20
300-317
Need to involve Local Communities 20.1.1 to 20.1.2 301-302
Role of NGO’s 20.2.1 302
J&K Government Order On JFM 20.3.1 302-314
JFM in Udhampur Forest Division 20.4.1 314-315 Village Forest Committees of Udhampur 20.5.1 316-317
Sustaining Peoples Interest in JFM 20.6.1
CHAPTER-XXI
Watershed Management
21
318-324
Introduction 21.1.1 to 21.1.3 319 Objectives of Watershed management 21.2.1 319-320
Codification of Watershed 21.3.1 to 21.3.7 320-321
Participatory Micro-Planning 21.4.1 to 21.4.5 321-322
Treatment Plan 21.5.1 322-324
CHAPTER-XXII
Miscellaneous Regulations
22
325-329
Buildings 22.1.1 326
Roads 22.2.1 326
Paths 22.3.1 326 Bridges 22.4.1 326
Fire wood Supply 22.5.1 326
Timber distribution to concessionists 22.6.1 327
Pasture Development 22.7.1 to 22.7.2 327 Development of Buxas wallichaiana (chikhri) 22.8.1 to 22.8.2 327-328
Layout 22.9.1 328
Maps 22.10.1 to 22.10.2 328
Compartment Description 22.11 329 Working Plan Draft 22.12 329
CHAPTER-XXIII
Establishment and Labour
23
330-332
Establishment 23.1 331
Labour 23.2 331 Ranges, Blocks & Beats 23.3 331-332
CHAPTER-XXIV
Control
24
333-336
Control Forms 24.1.1 334
Compartment History 24.2.1 334-335
Divisional Journal 24.3.1 335
Plantation Journals 24.4.1 335
Nursery Journals 24.5.1 335 Guard Books 24.6.1 335-336
CHAPTER-XXV
Financial Forecast and Cost of Plan
25
337-340
Financial Forecast 25.1.1 to 25.1.2 338
Future Expenditures 25.2.1 338-340
CHAPTER-XXIV
Summary of Prescriptions
26
341-344
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Particulars Annexures Page (S)
Area Statement of Deodar-Kail Selection Working Circle 1-A 346-348
Area Statement of Fir Selection Working Circle 1-B 349-350
Area Statement of Chir Selection Working Circle 1-C 351-353
Area Statement of Rehabilitation cum Reboisment Working Circle 1-D 354-358
Area Statement of Eco-Tourism Working Circle 1-E 359
Area Statement of Wild Life Working Circle 1-F 360-361
Statement Showing Agency wise Forest Land Diverted to Non-Forestry
Purpose in Udhampur Forest Division
2 362-364
Statement Showing Detail of Saw Mills 3 365-366
Detail of Buildings 4 367-369
Statement Showing the Detail of Markings and Extraction by SFC 5 370-374
List of Behaks 6 375
Statement Showing the Existing Beats/Blocks of Panchari Range 7 376-378
Statement Showing the Existing Beats/Blocks of Dudu Range 8 379-387
Statement Showing the Existing Beats/Blocks of Udhampur Range 9 388-395
Detail of Renovation of Boundary Pillars of Different Forests of Udhampur Forest Division W.E.F 1997-98 to Till Date
10 396
Detail of Nurseries of Udhampur Forest Division 11 397
List of Important Plants and Trees Found in Udhampur Forest Division
(Sorted according to local name)
(Common Name) (Botanical Name)
Aam Mangifera indica
Akhrot Juglans regia
Allu Impatience glandulifera
Amla Emblica officinalis
Arhew Cornus macrophylla
Arkhal Rhus wallichii
Arkhor Rhus succedanea
Ash/Hum/Sum Fraxinus excelsior
Atis Aconitum heterophyllum
Babain Ischaemum angustifolium
Baheda Terminalia bellirica
Bakru Lonicera quinquelocularis
Bana Vitex negundo
Banj Quercus leucotrichophora
Bankakri Podophyllum hexandrum
Bankhar/Basuti Adhatoda vasica
Bankhor Aesculus indica
Bans Dendrocalamus strictus
Bansangla Litsaea umbrosa
Bansangli Sarcococca saliana
Bauhina Bauhinia vahlii
Bed Salix species
Belladona Aatropa belladonna
Beri Zizyphus species
Bhang Cannabis sativa
Bharel Prunus padus
Bhurj/Bhojpatra/Birch Betula utilis
Bhutiabadam Corylus colurna
Bichchubuti Girardinia heterophylla
Brahmi Taxus baccata
Brainkhal Sageretia filiformis
Bran/Manu Ulmus villosa
Brari/Kain Ulmus wallichiana
Brithal Cotoneaster microphyllus
Budloo/Fir/Raan Abies pindrow
Bunafsha Viola canescens
Champ Alnus nepalensis
Chandra Machilus odoratissima
Chikhri Buxus sempervirns
Chir Pinus roxburghii
Chitta-chirwa Clematis Montana
Chitti-suali Colebrookia oppositifolia
Choru Angelica glauca
Daru (Anardana) Punica granatum
Deodar Cedrus deodara
Dhai Woodfordia floribunda
Dhakk Spirea canescens
Dhaman Grewia optiva
Dharubini Thalictrum alpinum
Dhoop Jurinea dolomiaea
Dhuri Buddleja crispa
Drub Cynodon dactylon
Flai Acacia modesta
Garna Carissa opaca
Ghayanh Elaeagnus umbellate
Guchh/Teolda Viburnum foetens
Gul-ai-lal Potentilla nepalensis
Gul-ai-sanobar / Suchaphull Geranium wallichianum
Gurkathi Desmodium tiliaefolium
Harar Terminalia chebula
Hill toon/Dadri Toona serrata
Jamun Syzygium cumini
Jhojru Myrsine Africana
Kail Pinus wallichiana
Kaimal Berberis lyceum
Kainth Pyrus pashia
Kakar Pistacia integerrima
Kali terni Cryptolepis buchanani
Kamila Mallotus philippinensis
Kansari Daphne cannabina
Kapasi Gerbera gossypiana
Karir Rosa moschata
Karnaidu Hedera helix
Kathi Indogofera heterantha
Kau Olea cuspidate
Kaur Picrorhiza kurrooa
Khaidi Rubus ellipticus
Khair Acacia catechu
Khareu Ilex dipyrena
Kharsu Quercus semecarpifolia
Khirak Celtis australis
Kikar Acacia nilotica
Killer Parrotia jacquemontiana
Kimbasimla Lannea grandis
Kinas Dioscorea deltoidea
Knzal/Trikanna Acer species
Krangal Cassia fistula
Kuth Saussurea lappa
Lalkaner Nerium indicum
Makkhan Sapium sebiferum
Mandal Rhododendron arboretum
Moru Quercus dilatata
Mushkbala Valeriana jatamansi
Padam/Pajja Prunus cerasoides
Paharipeepul Populus ciliate
Palash Butea monosperma
Peelichameli Jasminum humile
Peepal Ficus benghalensis
Phokda/Fig Ficus palmate
Raal Mimosa rubicaulis
Red clover Trifolium pratense
Rupinji Epilobium latifolium
Saintha Dodonea viscose
Salai Plectranthus rugosus
Sanglidhoop Skimmia anquetilia
Sapdotri Bergenia ciliate
Sapp kukkari Arisaema tortuosum
Shader Utrica dioica
Simbal Bombax ceiba
Tali/Shisham Dalbergia sissoo
Timru Zanthoxylum alatum
Toon Cedrela toona
Toon Toona ciliate
Tosh Picea smithiana
Tut Morus serrata
White clover Trifolium repens
List of Important Plants and Trees Found in Udhampur Forest Division
(Sorted according to botanical name)
(Botanical Name)
(Common Name)
Aatropa belladonna Belladona
Abies pindrow Budloo/Fir/Raan
Acacia catechu Khair
Acacia modesta Flai
Acacia nilotica Kikar
Acer species Knzal/Trikanna
Aconitum heterophyllum Atis
Adhatoda vasica Bankhar/Basuti
Aesculus indica Bankhor
Alnus nepalensis Champ
Angelica glauca Choru
Arisaema tortuosum Sapp kukkari
Bauhinia vahlii Bauhina
Berberis lycium Kaimal
Bergenia ciliata Sapdotri
Betula utilis Bhurj/Bhojpatra/Birch
Bombax ceiba Simbal
Buxus sempervirns Chikhri
Buddleja crispa Dhuri
Butea monosperma Palash
Cannabis sativa Bhang
Carissa opaca Garna
Cassia fistula Krangal
Cedrela toona Toon
Cedrus deodara Deodar
Celtis australis Khirak
Clematis montana Chitta-chirwa
Colebrookia oppositifolia Chitti-suali
Cornus macrophylla Arhew
Corylus colurna Bhutiabadam
Cotoneaster microphyllus Brithal
Cryptolepis buchanani Kali terni
Cynodon dactylon Drub
Dalbergia sissoo Tali/Shisham
Daphne cannabina Kansari
Dendrocalamus strictus Bans
Desmodium tiliaefolium Gurkathi
Dioscorea deltoidea Kinas
Dodonea viscosa Saintha
Elaeagnus umbellate Ghayanh
Emblica officinalis Amla
Epilobium latifolium Rupinji
Ficus benghalensis Peepal
Ficus palmata Phokda/Fig
Fraxinus excelsior Ash/Hum/Sum
Geranium wallichianum Gul-ai-sanobar / Suchaphull
Gerbera gossypiana Kapasi
Girardinia heterophylla Bichchubuti
Grewia optiva Dhaman
Hedera helix Karnaidu
Ilex dipyrena Khareu
Impatience glandulifera Allu
Indigofera heterantha Kathi
Ischaemum angustifolium Babain
Jasminum humile Peelichameli
Juglans regia Akhrot
Jurinea dolomiaea Dhoop
Lannea grandis Kimbasimla
Litsaea umbrosa Bansangla
Lonicera quinquelocularis Bakru
Machilus odoratissima Chandra
Mallotus philippinensis Kamila
Mangifera indica Aam
Mimosa rubicaulis Raal
Morus serrata Tut
Myrsine africana Jhojru
Nerium indicum Lalkaner
Olea cuspidata Kau
Parrotia jacquemontiana Killer
Picea smithiana Tosh
Picrorhiza kurrooa Kaur
Pinus roxburghii Chir
Pinus wallichiana Kail
Pistacia integerrima Kakar
Plectranthus rugosus Salai
Podophyllum hexandrum Bankakri
Populus ciliata Paharipeepul
Potentilla nepalensis Gul-ai-lal
Prunus carasoides Padam/Pajja
Prunus padus Bharel
Punica granatum Daru (Anardana)
Pyrus pashia Kainth
Quercus dilatata Moru
Quercus leucotrichophora Banj
Quercus semecarpifolia Kharsu
Rhododendron arboreum Mandal
Rhus succedanea Arkhor
Rhus wallichii Arkhal
Rosa moschata Karir
Rubus ellipticus Khaidi
Sageretia filiformis Brainkhal
Salix species Bed
Sapium sebiferum Makkhan
Sarcococca saliana Bansangli
Saussurea lappa Kuth
Skimmia anquetilia Sanglidhoop
Spirea canescens Dhakk
Syzygium cumini Jamun
Taxus baccata Brahmi
Terminalia bellirica Baheda
Terminalia chebula Harar
Thalictrum alpinum Dharubini
Toona ciliata Toon
Toona serrata Hill toon/Dadri
Trifolium pretense Red clover
Trifolium repens White clover
Ulmus villosa Bran/Manu
Ulmus wallichiana Brari/Kain
Utrica dioica Shader
Valeriana jatamansi Mushkbala
Viburnum foetens Guchh/Teolda
Viola canescens Bunafsha
Vitex negundo Bana
Woodfordia floribunda Dhai
Zanthoxylum alatum Timru
Zizyphus species Beri
Glossary of Vernacular Terms
Anardana Dried pomegranate seeds.
Bakerwals Nomadic graziers who raise goats and sheep
Banesri Broad Leaved species
Barfani High altitude, snow clad areas
Behak Summer grazing grounds
Bhisti Water carrier
Chaks Cultivation areas inside the demarcated forests.
Dhwar Summer abode near grazing grounds.
Gaddis Nomadic graziers who rear goats and sheep
Ghat River Bank, place of launching
Guchchi Edible Fungi (Morchella aseculenta)
Gujjars Nomadic graziers who rear Buffaloes, Cows and deal in dairy products
Illaqua Tract of the area
Jagir
Kandi Dry, Outer Shivalik tract
Keri A small spur
Khad A stony stream
Kotha Temporary hut
Lachhi Torch wood
Lamberdar Village Headman
Maidan Grassy blank
Nalla Stream, seasonal or perennial
Pathru Dry slide
Rasount Extract of Berberis roots, used in medicine
Shali Rice crop
Tehsil Revenue Administrative Unit
Zila District
Zamindar Landed cultivator
Glossary of Animals and Birds
Common name Zoological name
Bandar Macaca mulatta
Chitra Panthera pardus
Chukor Alectrois graeca
Jungle Murg Gallus gallus
Kakar Muntiacus muntjak
Kala Bhalu Selenarctos thibetanus
LalBhalu Ursus arctos
Monal Lophophorus impejanus
Langur Prescytis entellus
Pijar Nemorhaedus goral
CONVERSION FACTORS
AREA 1 Acre ………………………… 8 Kanal Hectares. 1 Sq. Mile ………………………… 2.5900 Sq. Kilometers. 1 Sq. Mile ………………………… 640 Acres, 259 Hectares 1 Sq. Yard ………………………… 0.84 Sq. Metre. 1 Hectare ………………………… 2.47105 Acres, 20 Kanal (Approx) 1 Sq. Kilometer ………………………... 0.38610 Sq. Mile. 1 Sq. Kilometer ………………………... 100 Hectares. 1 Sq. Meter ………………………… 1.196 Sq. Yards. 1. Marla …………..……………. 272 Sq. Feet. 20 Marlas ………..………………. 1 Kanal. 22 Yards/20.17 Mtrs …………..……………. 1 Chain 220 Yards …………..……………. 1 Furlong
WEIGHT 1 Ounce (Oz) ………………………... 28.3495 Grams 1 Pound ………………………... 0.45359 Kilo-Grams 1 Ton ………………………... 1000 Kgs. 1 Long Ton ………………………... 1.01605 Metric Tonnes / 0.907 Tonnes 1 Short Ton ……………………….. 0.907185 Metric Tonnes / 1.016 Tonnes. 1 Long Ton ……………………….. 2240 Pounds. 1 Short Ton ……………………….. 2000 Pounds. 1 Maund ……………………….. 82.2857 Pounds. 1 Maund ……………………….. 0.037324 Metric Tones. 1 Maund ……………………….. 0.3732 Quintal. 1 Kilogram ……………………….. 2.204623 Pounds. 1 Gram ……………………….. 0.0352740 Ounce, 0.09 Tolas. 1 Tola ……………………….. 11.664 Grams. 1 Ton ……………………….. 1.0160645 Metric Tones/ 10.01605 Quintals. 1 Metric Ton ……………………… 0.984207 Tons, 10 Quintals. 1 Metric Ton ……………………… 1000 Kilograms. 1 Metric Ton ……………………… 2204.63 Pounds (Standard). 1 Metric Ton ……………………… 26.792 Mounds (standard). 1 Hundred Weight ……………………... 0.508023 Quintals. 1 Seer …………………….... 0.933 Kilogram. 1 Bale Of Cotton (392 Lbs) …………………. 0.17781 Metric Tonne. 1 Bale Of Jute (400 Lbs) ……………………. 0.181436 Metric Tonne. 1 Metric Ton …………………….... 5.6624 Bales Of Cotton (392 Lbs) 1 Metric Ton …………………….... 5.5116 Bales Of Jute (400 Lbs) 1 Quintal …………………….... 100 Kilograms.
LENGTH 1 Inch ……………………… 25.4 Millimeters 1 Yard ……………………… 0.9144 Meters. (Approx) 1 Mile ……………………... 1.61 Kilometres/1.760 Yards.
1 Millimeter ……………………... 0.04 Inch. 1 Centimeter ……………………… 0.393701 Inch. 1 Meter ……………………… 1.094 Yards. 1 Kilometer ……………………… 0.62137 Miles. 1 Chain ……………………… 22 Yards.
VOLUME 1 Cubic Yard ……………………… 0.7646 Cubic Meter. 1 Cubic Meter ……………………… 1.3079 Cubic Yard, 35.3147 Cubic Feet 1 Chain …………..……………. 22 Yards 1 Cubic Feet ……………………… 0.028 Cubic Meter.
CAPACITY 1 Imperial Gallon ……………………… 4.55 Liters.
1 Liter ……………………… 0.22 Imperial Gallon.
1
PART-I
SUMMARY OF FACTS ON WHICH
PROPOSALS ARE BASED
2
CHAPTER - I
TheTract Dealt With
3
CHAPTER - I
The Tract Dealt With
Name and Situation
1.1.1 The revised Working Plan covers all the demarcated forest areas of the
Udhampur Forest Division which is situated between 32°-46’ to 33°-13’
North latitude and 74°-54’ to 75°-41’ East longitude. The entire area of
the division is covered by the Survey of India G.T Sheet No’s:- 43-k-16,L-
13,O/4,O/8/P/1,P/5 &P/9.
1.1.2 Udhampur Forest Division was created in the year 1924, when Reasi
Division was split into three divisions namely Udhampur, Ramban and
Reasi divisions. Later in the year 1984, Ramnagar Range was carved out
of Udhampur Forest Division to constitute present Ramnagar Forest
Division. The compartments 20-33 of the Udhampur Range were
transferred to the Reasi Forest Division. Further the Sudh Mahadev
Game Reserve was created which comprises of the Compartment No’s 1,
2, 7, 8, 9, 11,12, 14, 15, 36, 37,41, 99,100,103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,
112, 113 & 114 of the Dudu Range. The Reserve is under the
administrative control of the Department of Wildlife Protection since the
year 1981.
1.1.3 The Udhampur Forest Division Comprises of three territorial ranges
namely Dudu, Pancheri & Udhampur and one Soil Conservation range.
The Social Forestry Division Udhampur is also engaged in the treatment
of degraded forest areas of the division by way of the various
afforestation programmes being launched by them.
1.1.4 In the North the division is bounded by Patnidhar and Shibgard Dhar ,
forming a boundary with the Batote Forest Division .In the North-East its
bounded by Seojdhar, forming a boundary with the Bhaderwah Forest
Division.Jugaldhar forms a boundary with the Ramnagar Forest Division
in the South-East and lowers itself in Bermin Khad in Co.99U.Bermin
Khad forms the southern boundary to to village Sarsu. Afterwards , a keri
which lowers into Champal Khad forms the divisional boundary which
4
further joins river Tawi near Basnah village. The divisional boundary
moves along river Tawi up to Dursuh where it cuts through
Krahidhar.Krahidhar forms the South-Western boundary of the division
upto Manthal (Co. 16U).The western boundary of the division moves
along Tikri Muttal road. After crossing Dudar Khad (a keri which reaches
its peak at Siroli ) forms the boundary with the Reasi Forest Division.
From Siroli onwards the boundary moves along Kandru-di-Khad which
further lowers itself in river Chenab, reaching its peak at Srar. River
Chenab forms the North-Western boundary of the up to the point where
it meets Mandial Khad. The boundary further moves along Mandial Khad
till it reaches Sankhpal peak which joins Patni Dhar from there onwards
forming the North-Western boundary with the Batote Forest Division.
1.1.5 Udhampur is the main town of the division which is also the headquarter
of the division. The Jammu – Srinagar National Highway passes through
the division. It enters the division at Manthal and leaves the divisional
boundary at Patnitop after touching Udhampur town in its way.
Configuration Of The Ground
1.2.1 The tract is hilly in nature with moderate, steep as well as very steep
slopes. The terrain is cut up by numerious nallas and khads, presenting
varied range of aspects. The altitude varies from 500 m in Gudhar to
4341 m at Kaplas.
1.2.2 Dudu and Udhampur ranges are drained by Tawi river which originates
from the eastern limit of the division i.e., Seoj Dhar.After traversing
through the entire Dudu valley from east to west, it adopts southerly
course at Chenani and moves along the National Highway – 1A till it
reaches Udhampur from where it courses along Dhar road. It leaves the
divisional boundary near Durush, cutting through Krahi dhar.Enroute, it
is joined by the following rivulets and nallas:-
5
1.2.3 Deodi nalla, Margana nallah, Dewak, Gorikundnalla, Tan khad, Smel
nalla, Dudita nalla, Ghanku Gola nalla, Suralli da nalla, Marlid da nalla,
Pharos nalla, Pitch nalla, Kali kund, Margid, Champ.
1.2.4 The Pancheri range is drained by river Chenab through Panthal river and
Mandial khad. The main tributaries of Panthal river are as under :-
Nabi khad, Yabu khad, Surwe de khad, Summi khad, Panthal khad.
6
7
8
9
Geology, Rock & Soil
1.3.1 The description is based on the survey carried out by the Mineral Survey
Department and has been borrowed from the previous plan.
1.3.2 In Dudu valley the following geological formations have been
recognized, and are given in the natural order of their super position.
(5) Recent – Consisting of alluvial gravel and glacial moraines.
(4) Lower Shivaliks –Chinjes consisting of fine grained, blue gray
sandstone, pseudo conglomeratic at intervals, massive, thick-bedded
also with beds of gray, coarse, soft sandstone with pebbles at places,
almost conglomeration inter-bedded with laminated shells of reddish
colour.
(4.1) Kamlials – Consisting of thick bedded gray ,medium grained
sandstone often pebbly inter-bedded with red ,purple, buff gray and
blue clays.
(3) Murrees – (3.3) Upper Murees : Consisting of soft crumbling coarse
sandstone of pale gray, inter-bedded with red purple splintery clays,
occasionally green shales with bituminous limestone or sandstone.
(3.2) Lower Murrees :Consisting of hard fine grained sandstone deep
red, purple or gray, inter-bedded with red purple splintery clays,
occasionally green shells with bituminous limestone or sandstone.
(3.1) Basol Murrees : Consisting of coniferous pseudo-conglomerate with
clays and sandstone of red and purple colour.
(2)Nummlitics – Consisting of dense jesper like quartzite in lenticels
green splintery shells, olive shells, iron, stone shells, and carbonaceous
shells with lentils of coal, limestone, calcareous shells and massive green
rock.
(1) Cambro-Silurian – Vast thickness of gray wacke beds with limestone
and gray schist bands, biotic gneisses and schist. They are intruded into
10
by a big mass of granite gneisses and basic rocks. It contains a good
number of quartz veins coursing it in all directions of distribution of the
formations.
The order distribution of the above formations at the surface is mainly in
band and beds running North-West to South-East.The lowest and the
oldest being on the Northern border of the forest range and the highest
and the youngest being found in the river and streams, valleys as well as
on the slopes. The formation Nos.1,2 and 3 occupy slopes North of the
Tawi River but near Dudu the formation No. 2 is found along the bed of
Tawi and the formation No. 3 South of Chill up the Tawi , the area is
occupied by granite mass, extending up to the watershed and probably
beyond it. The formation No. 4 occupies the hill slopes, South of the
Tawi river.
Minerals Of Economic Importance
Rocks and minerals expected to occur in Udhampur Forest Division are
Lead, Copper, Nickel, Marble, Coal, Iron, Slates and Graphite.
1.3.3 The description of Geology and Rock for Udhampur Forest Division is
based on surveys carried out by the Mineral Survey Department. The
formations recognised in the order of their superposition are:-
9. Recent
8. Upper Shivaliks
7. Middle Shivaliks
6. Lower Shivaliks
5. Murrees
4. Ecocene.
3. Silurian
11
2. Dogra Slates (Cambrian)
1. Salkhala series (Pre- Cambrian)
Distribution Of The Formations
The order of distribution of the above listed formations at the surface is
running from North West to South East. Towards the East of Baggar
village on the Kishtiwar route, the formation Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are found,
but they probably do not fall in the area covering this report. From
Ramban to Thopal (a village about half a mile East of Batote) runs the
formations No. 4, which further runs towards South and South – East
into the area not surveyed by the Mineral Survey Department. The
junction between formation No. 4 and formation No. 1 is one of the
thrust faulting. Similar is the case with the formation No. 4 and
5.Towards the formation No. 4 the area is occupied by formation No. 5,
which extends as far as Loren (2 ½ miles North of Udhampur). It then
runs into Ramnagar tehsil taking a South- East course.
Towards the South of formation No. 5 lies the zone of formation No. 6
and 7, but they are not fully exposed. On the other hand the formation
No. 8 is faulted against formation No. 5 or 6.The sequence of these
formations is fully exposed towards North- West of Udhampur, near
Krimchi & Hartarian. The village Udhampur and Janganun lip on the
formation No. 8, which forms a pitching syncline. Further South of
Udhampur and Jaganun, the formation No. 7 occupies the country with
the exception of a small strip where formation No. 6 is exposed, running
from Raun to as far as Panji ( a village 3 ½ miles South-East of Ramchand
Peak ).This forms an axis of an anticlinal fold which shows pitching
towards South-East. This anticlinal fold is followed towards the South by
a syncline where the formation No.7 is generally found exposed,
whereas the oulines of formation No. 8 are also found in through
this.This Dun runs from Theather Narota to Kachapind. This is followed
towards the South by another anticline (North of Mansar and Surinsar
lakes), at the axis of which the formation No. 6 is exposed. Further
Southward formation No.7 and 8 are noticed. The formation No. 9
12
stretches along the streams, river beds, along areas under cultivation
and the farm lands.
Climate And Rainfall
1.4.1 The climate of the Division varies with aspect, altitude and topography.
The Udhampur Range mostly a sub-tropical climate prevails because of
the low lying hills of the tract. A moist-temperate climate is experience
in both Panchari and Dudu ranges. The Division experiences regular
snowfall at the higher reaches during the winter months starting from
December onwards and stays there up to the end of April.
1.4.2 As far as the rainfall is concerned the division benefits from both the
summer as well as winter monsoons, which sets in the first week of July
and lasts till the end of September. During the winter season snowfall is
received at the higher reaches and rainfall at the lower elevations.
1.4.3 The extremes of temperature are met with only at highest and lowest
elevations. The forest operations can be conducted at all the times over
most of the areas, expect when heavy snow is on ground.
1.4.4 The tables below shows the month wise number of rainy days /rainfall
in m.m and the minimum & maximum temperature In Udhampur. The
data has been procured from the Meteorological station of Air Force,
Udhampur.
13
Table 1.1 : Rainfall data for period of 1995 to 2013 received from Metrological Section 39 Wing Air Force C/O 56-APO, Udhampur is as
under:
Months / Years
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total annual rainfall (mm)
1995 113.6 172 73.4 50.4 17.4 57.7 51.3 247.8 172.1 29 15.4 9.4 1581.2
1996 87 139.9 137.7 28.6 73.5 182.55 219.9 1154.7 75.7 59.1 0.6 0 2273.2
1997 83.1 47.5 143.2 169.1 77.5 86.9 227.2 695.8 81 161.2 156.9 22.1 2077.5
1998 17.1 255.1 134.5 70.6 35.7 51.4 371.6 225.1 110.5 75.2 0 0 1434.8
1999 147.4 23.8 47.8 1 74.6 37.2 347.2 421.8 150.3 0 37.7 0 1392.8
2000 183 141.4 64.9 12.6 40.5 140.4 421.1 243.2 147.8 0 4 2.9 1490.8
2001 6.2 15.4 96.2 91.5 52.9 304.9 542.5 354.5 34.4 4.2 38.4 14.3 1555.4
2002 36.2 44.1 51.8 43.6 9.2 100.8 188.8 334.1 213.6 17.6 0 7.6 1047.4
2003 26.6 191.7 120.1 18.6 4.5 71 346 357.3 254.6 3 52.4 79.1 1524.9
2004 180 40.2 0.001 47.6 47.2 75.4 257.6 162.5 99.4 79.4 0.001 20.4 1009.702
2005 143.9 301.4 172 27.3 27 45.4 621.9 255.3 103.7 1.2 0.001 0 1699.101
2006 145.8 20.4 111.5 30.6 100.3 135 409 367.4 266.2 60.6 32.1 77 1755.9
2007 1.2 127.4 245.9 0.001 77 212.8 223.9 380.6 68 0 2.4 23 1362.201
2008 124.4 66.6 4.2 53.6 12 227.5 308.8 332.6 52.8 22.1 0.001 34 1238.601
2009 76.6 61.6 25.6 44.5 35.4 53.8 235.3 157 135 1.6 12.6 0.4 839.4
2010 19.1 61 11.4 45.4 85.9 118.4 481.6 542.2 214.6 23.2 24.8 67.2 1694.8
2011 12 147.2 115 68.2 58.6 59.9 155.3 363.1 101.4 11.2 1.8 29 1122.7
2012 162.5 59.3 38.9 64.6 58.6 35.6 349.8 601.3 220.4 4 5.7 77 1679
2013 62.8 222.4 67 32.4 93.6 171.2 294.2 644.4 68.4 0 0 0 1656.4
Total 1628.5 2138.4 1661.10 900.20 981.4 2167.85 6053 7840.7 2569.9 552.6 384.803 463.4 28435.80
Avg. 85.71 112.54 87.42 47.37 51.65 114.09 318.57 412.66 135.25 29.08 20.25 24.38 1496.62
14
Table 1.2 :Temperature data for period of 2001 to 2013 received from Metrological Section 39 Wing Air Force C/O 56-APO, Udhampur is
as under:
Months / Years
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min 2001 20.0 2.0 24.2 5.2 27.9 10.4 31.4 16.0 37.0 21.8 33.2 22.1 31.4 23.2 32.3 22.3 32.2 18.0 31.2 13.4 26.0 7.5 20.9 4.0
2002 19.4 2.5 21.5 5.9 27.1 10.8 33.1 17.1 39.4 22.5 37.9 22.6 35.6 21.8 31.8 22.1 31.1 17.0 29.5 11.8 26.6 6.7 21.6 4.4
2003 20.4 1.8 20.0 6.8 24.8 10.7 31.5 15.9 35.8 20.5 38.4 23.7 32.7 23.6 32.1 22.9 31.4 20.8 30.2 12.5 25 7.5 21.3 5.8
2004 18.5 5.7 24.2 7.0 31.6 12.0 34.5 18.3 36.7 20.5 36.0 22.8 33.6 22.3 32.2 22.3 33.2 20.3 28.8 11.4 26.7 7.6 22.3 5.2
2005 17.7 3.9 16.8 7.0 24.6 11.5 31.2 14.3 33.9 19.5 39.2 24.7 32.4 22.8 31.7 23.0 32.1 21.5 31.2 13.6 27 6.5 22.5 1.3
2006 19.5 5.4 26.8 10.1 25.7 10.9 32.8 15.4 37.7 22.1 36.5 22.4 31.9 23.9 31.3 22.8 32.3 20.1 30.4 15.9 25.1 10.4 20.7 6.4
2007 20.0 2.3 20.8 7.6 23.9 9.7 34.1 16.8 35.0 20.2 35.3 22.5 33 23.0 32.1 22.7 31.9 20.2 30.6 11.2 26.1 6.2 20.4 3.0
2008 16.7 2.8 19.7 3.8 29.3 11.0 30.3 15.8 35.6 20.6 33.9 23.5 32.2 23.9 31.8 23.1 31.5 19.3 30.4 14.9 27.5 7.2 23.4 6.8
2009 20.8 6.9 23.0 8.3 27.3 11.0 31.7 16.1 36.8 20.4 38.5 23.5 34.9 23.6 32.3 23.4 32.1 20.9 31.3 13.1 26.1 7.5 21.1 4.1
2010 21.5 3.3 22.4 7.5 30.8 13.2 35.6 19.4 37.0 22.8 37.4 23.0 32.7 23.7 31.5 23.7 31.4 20.7 31.4 15.5 26.0 8.8 21.0 2.8
2011 18.8 2.6 19.6 6.6 26.2 10.0 29.2 13.9 36.8 19.7 35.5 21.8 35.0 20.0 31.3 21.8 31.7 20.8 30.7 14.2 26.9 8.8 21.6 2.9
2012 16.7 3.0 18.6 5.6 25.6 9.5 30.7 15.7 35.5 20.7 39.5 24.4 34.2 23.8 31.0 20.7 31.1 20.6 28.8 12.8 24.4 7.6 20.4 5.0
2013 18.5 3.7 19.3 6.6 26.7 10.5 29.9 13.3 36.9 18.9 34.2 23.2 32.6 23.8 30.7 22.7 32.1 19.3 0 0 0 0 0 0
15
Water Supply
1.5.1 Most of the water for agricultural and forestry purposes is supplied by
the moonson and winter rains.A number of springs and perennial nallas
are flowing all over the tract of this Division.These assume the form of
streams during rains and are rarely suitable for floating operation
because of the presence of big sized rocks.
Wetland Statistics And Map Of District Udhampur
The number of wetlands mapped in the district is 30 and 43 small
wetlands (>2.25 ha) identified as point feature. The total wetland area of
the district is 8326 ha. The major wetland category both in number and
area is river /steam covering an area of 7591 ha and accounting for 91.1
per cent wetland area of the district. There are only 3 High altitude
wetlands, 3 Riverine wetlands and one Lake/pond mapped. A detail of
the wetland statistics of the district is given in the Table . Aquatic
vegetation is observed in Riverine wetlands in both the seasons.
Seasonal Area under open water spread in River/stream is higher in pre
monsoon. Qualitative turbidity of open water is low in both the seasons.
Area Estimate Of Wetland In Udhampur
Table 1.3
Area in Ha.
S. No
Wet code Wetland category
No. of Wetlan
ds
Total Wetland Area
% age of Wetland
Area
Open Water
Post –Monsoon
Area
Pre- Monsoon
Area 1100 Inland Wetlands –Natural
1 1101 Lakes/Ponds 1 58 0.70 58 58 2 1102 Ox- bow
lakes/Cut off meanders
- - - - -
3 1103 High altitude Wetlands
3 13 0.16 13 13
4 1104 Reverine Wetlands
3 45 0.54 - -
16
5 1105 Waterlogged - - - - - 6 1106 River/ Stream 22 7591 91.17 4708 5818 1200 Inland Wetlands – Man Made
7 1201 Reservoirs/ Barrages
1 576 6.92 576 567
8 1202 Tank/ Ponds - - - - - 9 1203 Waterlogged - - - - -
10 1204 Salt pans - - - - - Sub – Total 30 8283 99.48 5355 6456 Wetlands(< 2.25
ha) 43 43 0.52 - -
Total 73 8326 100.00 5355 6456
Area Under Aquatic Vegetation 45 45
Area Under turbidity levels Low 5355 6456
Moderate High
Source: - National Wetland Atlas (Space Applications Centre – Indian Space Research Organisation, Ahmedabad
)
17
18
19
Distribution And Area
1.6.1 The total demarcated area constitutes 45% of the total geographical
area of the Division. In between the forests there are a number of Chaks
of different sizes. Their size has grown due to illicit felling and
consequent encroachment upon the forest land.
1.6.2 The compartment boundaries have been delineated on the Survey of
India G.T sheets with a scale of 1:50,000. The G.T Sheet Nos. covering
the entire area of the Division are 43 – K -16,L – 13, O – 4, O – 8, P – 1, P
– 5 and P – 9. The GIS software was used to digitize the map of the
entire Division accurately. For this purpose the management map of the
previous plan was also consulted. The Stock Maps were also prepared on
the GIS platform on a scale of 1:15000 . The Compartment wise area
under different species was taken from the previous plan.
State Of Boundaries
1.7.1 The old conventional boundary pillars have either been shifted or
altogether removed. These pillars consisted of conical heaps of dry
rubble with a wooden post bearing the boundary pillar number. It was
very difficult for the field parties to locate these pillars which depict the
demarcation line. Because of the absence of a clear demarcation line it
becomes difficult to protect the forests from encroachment. Though the
Demarcation Division has recently started the activity of demarcation of
forests again but as of now a very few areas have been covered. The
exercise needs to be taken up on a priority basis, at least in areas where
the chances of encroachment are higher.
Legal Position
1.8.1 The forests are owned by the Government of J&K and are mainly
administrated under J&K Forest Act of Samvat 1987 (1930 AD) as
amended to date. The Forest department, on behalf of the State
Government is responsible for the management of these forests on
scientific lines. Grazing in the forest areas is regulated by the
department under Kahcharai Act. The Department of Wildlife Protection
20
is responsible for protection and management of wildlife in areas
declared as wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks. In rest of the areas,
it is the responsibility of the territorial DFO to protect wildlife.
For protection and management of these forests, the Forest Department
is equipped with following Acts:
a. The Forest Act of Samvat 1987 (1930 AD) as amended to date.
b. Kuth Act Samvat 1978 (1921 AD) as amended to date.
c. Cattle Trespass Act Samvat 1877 (1920 AD).
d. The J&K Soil Conservation and Land Improvement Scheme Act 1972 AD.
e. The J&K Kahcharai Act Samvat 2011 (1954 AD).
f. The J&K Game Preservation Act 1948 AD.
g. The J&K Wildlife Protection Act 1978 AD.
h. J&K Public Premises (Eviction of unauthorized occupant) Act 1959 AD.
i. The J&K State Forest Corporation Act 1978 AD.
j. The J&K specified Tree Act – 1969 AD.
k. J&K Forest Conservation Act 1990.
l. J&K Forest Protection Act – 1997.
Rights And Concessions
1.9.1 The people enjoy liberal concession with regards to grazing and issue of
timber as per the Jammu Forest Notice, although no rights are otherwise
recognized in the demarcated forests. The following are some of the
concessions given:-
i. Apart from Deodar, the timber of all other species fit for the
construction of houses is granted at a concessional rate of 1/16th of their
standard prices. A free grant of timber may be made if a house is
accidently destroyed by fire or a natural calamity. Except Deodar, a dead
fallen tree of any size which has a girth of more than 3 feet at base and is
21
> 6’ in length and naturally broken, can be removed free of charge and
without any permit at any time of the year. In addition to this the
concessionists are also allowed to remove the felling refuse that is left
on the forest floor after the feelings are made by the department. The
standing dead trees except Deodar are given on permit to the villagers at
half the ordinary concession rates.
ii. Except in closed areas (i.e., the areas which are fenced with barbed
wire), grazing and grass cutting is permitted. Foreign goats are not
allowed to enter the State territory and the goats belonging to nomadic
graziers of the State are excluded from Deodar forests.
iii. With regards to the ‘right of way’, cattle and livestock may freely pass
through the forests which are not closed for grazing. Even if any forest is
closed for grazing by a special order, the right of way and access to
water will have to be provided.
iv. Those trees which are not prohibited for lopping may be cut free of
charge for use in agricultural activities. This excludes the trees within a
closed area.
v. For domestic use, the firewood may be removed without any permit
(free of charge) from dry and fallen trees not fit for building purposes.
Cutting with an axe of torch wood from stumps of trees is permitted.
vi. Lopping of trees is permitted excluding the trees whose lopping is
banned. No branch is allowed to be lopped which is thicker than a man’s
wrist and above 3/4th height of the tree.
vii. All MFP’s not accepted by any special order, and for collection of which
no contract has been granted by the Forest Department can be collected
free of charge.
1.9.2 The table gives the details of the number of trees issued to
concessionists and volume thereof over the last 13 years :
22
Statement Of Trees Issued To Concessionists From
2000 - 01 To 2012 – 13
Table 1.4
Year Deodar (No. / Vol.)
Kail (No. / Vol.)
Fir (No. / Vol.)
Chir (No. / Vol.)
Total (No. / Vol.)
2000-01 - 87/12872 - 47/6439 134/19311cft 2001-02 - 103/15708 5/1058 122/17961 231/34899cft 2002-03 - 122/19663 Cft 27/5750 60/9138 209/34591cft 2003-04 - 108/17288 17/3733 47/6157 172/27178 cft 2004-05 - 125/14578 22/3108 64/7765 211/25451 cft 2005-06 - - - - - 2006-07 - - - - - 2007-08 - 124/15686 16/3956 79/9814 220/29455 2008-09 - 102/13656 8/2242 88/11338 198/27236 cft 2009-10 - 167/22020 9/2331 105/13642 281/37993 cft 2010-11 - 326/45754 21/5501 228/29422 576/80677cft 2011-12 - 343/48798 cft 21/5300 cft 204/28833 cft 568/82931 2012-13 - 344/45586 cft 11/3164 cft 246/368200 cft 602/85726 cft
Grazing
1.10.1Forest tracts are subjected to heavy grazing by both domestic and
nomadic cattle which is the main cause of the failure of the natural
regeneration. Unscientific, uncontrolled, unregulated and excessive
grazing, beyond the carrying capacity of the pastures has reduced their
productive capacity. It is also responsible for the failure of new
regeneration as the small recruits are eaten up and trampled by cattle
while grazing in the forest area.This consequently leads to the
degradation of many good forests. Further the Rakhs of the Division are
leased annually to the Bakerwals because of which they are in a poor
state of health as well.
1.10.2 The detail of the livestock as per the cattle census 2003 is as under:-
23
Live Stock Population (2003 Census)
Table 1.5
S.No Description Number (In Lakhs) 1 Cattle 3.772 2 Buffaloes 2.254 3 Sheep 5.769 4 Goats 4.108 5 Horses/Ponies 0.180 6 Others 0.085 TOTAL 16.168
Source: Digest of Forest Statistics - 2011
1.10.3 The detail of annual grazing fee recovered by the Division since the year
2000 is given below:-
Grazing Data Of Udhampur Forest Division
For The Period Of 2000-01 To 2012-13
Table 1.6
Year Buffaloes Goats Sheep Horses/ Ponies
Camels & Others
Total Amount Recovered
(Rs.) 2000-01 1871 3575 8004 60 9 13519 2001-02 1574 3169 2604 127 M = 43 7517 12925 2002-03 2054 2918 3617 15 M=20 D=33 8657 2003-04 1543 3383 3710 50 M=66 8752 12042 2004-05 - - - - - - - 2005-06 1794 3807 5171 113 M=26 D=16 10927 - 2006-07 - - - - - - - 2007-08 - - - - - - - 2008-09 2185 4991 5750 475/4 M=143 D=13 13561 27216 2009-10 1794 3807 5171 113 M=26 D=16 10927 - 2010-11 - - - - - - - 2011-12 2585 4017 5985 17/4 13 13221 - 2012-13 2386 3922 6085 129 23 12545 -
24
CHAPTER – II
Flora and Fauna
25
CHAPTER II-A
Forest Flora
General Description of Forests (Condition & Composition)
2.1.1 A variety of forest types exist in the Division because of the variation in
altitude, aspect, topography and the edaphic conditions. The existing
forest types range from Dry Deciduous Scrub to high level Alpine
Pastures. Most of the forests are coniferous, consisting of Deodar, Kail,
Chir and Fir, however some broad leaved associates like Quercus spp,
Mallotus philippinensis, Acacia spp., Emblica officinalis etc. are found
mixed together at some places. At some places the coniferous forest
also occurs in a pure form, especially in Dudu and Pancheri Range.
2.1.2
The forests of the division can be broadly divided into following distinct
categories:
i. The Deodar – Kail Forests.
ii. The Fir Forests.
iii. The Chir Forests.
iv. The Oak Forests
v. The scrub Forests.
i. Deodar & Kail Forests : Deodar and Kail occur between 1700-2500 m
elevations. Kail has a very wide range as compared to Deodar and
touches the extremes, both in high as well as low elevations. Kail being a
colonizer establishes itself on the fresh alluvial soil, drained soil and
openings in Dudu valley which is divided into the two halves by river
Tawi. Deodar occupies the right half, from village Kud to Dudu Seri.
Beyond this it occurs in admixture with fir. Left half of the valley is
occupied by Kail and in a pure patch in Co. 15.
Broad leaved species most commonly found in the region are Quercus
leucotrichophora (Banj Oak), Quercus floribunda (Moru Oak), Toona
26
ciliata (Hill Tum-Deri), Aesculus indica (Ban Kher), Prunus cerasoides
(Bharat), Juglans regia (Walnut), Fraxinus hookeriana (ash), Machilus
duthei (Sangla) and Alnus nitida. The undergrowth chiefly consists of
Berberis lycium, Indigofera heterantha, Princepia utilis, Desmodium
elegans, Rubus niveus, Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana, Viburnum
grandiflorum, Daphne cannabina etc.
Deodar is well distributed in two Ranges of the Division i.e., Dudu &
Panchari Range.In Udhampur range its occurs in only a few
compartments. It occurs on slopes varying from moderate to very steep
and precipitous at places. The areas in both Dudu and Panchari Range
experience heavy snowfall during the winter season. The temperature
varies considerably with a maximum temperature of 25 to 30 Degrees
Celsius and a minimum of 0 to 10 degrees Celsius. At some place it
occurs in pure strands, however it occurs associated with some other
coniferous species like Spruce, Kail, Fir and Yew (In Panchari).Small
patches of Fir occupy tops of the compartments while Chir is found
mixed with the main crop at few places ,in lower areas. Many broad
leaved species as well as some shrubby vegetation is also found
associated with Deodar in some compartments which includes, Banj
Oak,Moru Oak, Pyrus pashia, Juglans regia, Berberis lyceum, Desmodium
tiliaefolium, Viburnum spp. etc. All the age classes are found mixed
together. The compartments in the upper reaches of Dudu Range have a
good density of Deodar trees. Generally Deodar is said to be a shade
bearer but seeing the requirement of full overhead light from top, it’s
better to classify it as a light demander. In its habitat frost rarely causes
injury but heavy snowfall often causes a considerable damage.
Kail is also well distributed in two Ranges of the Division i.e., Dudu &
Panchari Range. It’s found at an altitude ranging from 2000 meters –
3000 meters. It occurs in a gregarious form on warm slopes .In areas of
lower elevations, it occurs in moist, shady depressions. It tends to avoid
poorly drained localities and grows well in moderately dry soils. It is
often found mixed with Deodar, Fir, Chir, Spruce and Oaks. In Panchari
range Kail constitutes bulk of the crop while in Dudu range Kail occupies
27
major part of the left half of the valley’s regeneration is by and large
satisfactory and establishes if sufficient protection against grazing is
provided. Kail is a strong light demander and attains a vigorous growth
where there is a complete over head light, or else it tends to become
suppressed. It suffers more from snow damage than any of its
associates, which occurs in the form of crown – stem break; a curve at
the base of the stem etc.
iii. The Fir (Abies Pindrow) & Spruce (Picea smithiana) Forests:- The spruce
and silver Fir appear in varying proportions above Deodar – Kail zone
generally occupying the heads of catchments. Fir zone lies between
2100-3700m. The stock is mostly mature and is marked by absence of
younger age classes and regeneration, mostly due to heavy grazing. Fir is
found in the cooler aspects and moist depressions. Spruce descends into
Deodar – Kail zone along nalas and shady depressions. Common
associates that exist in the zone are Acer species, Horse Chestnut,
Walnut, Ash etc.
Fir occurs in areas of higher elevations of Dudu and Panchari Ranges and
is completely absent in Udhampur Range. It is found in the
compartments experiencing heavy snowfall. Deodar and Kail occur in
admixture with Fir, with a sprinkling of Spruce. At exposed hotter
aspects it regeneration has been affected badly and Kail has started to
colonize such areas. Some patches of Quercus semicarpifolia occur on
the top most portions of Fir forests. Aesculus indica etc. are found
confined to moist places, nalla, banks and shelter slopes. There is a great
deficiency of younger age classes and fresh regeneration in Fir forests of
this Division.
iv. Chir (Pinus roxburghii) Forests:- The main crop in the low lying areas of
tract is Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which being a heavy light demander
occurs almost pure in the main stretch. Chir occurs between 500 to
1700m elevations. The crop is of low quality in areas where soil is
shallow and rocky and the crop has been subjected to heavy tapping for
28
a long period. Trees are malformed, crooked and branchy. On easy
slopes crop tends to be healthy, more vigorous and better in quality. The
bulk of the chir forests are young to middle aged . Chir is the principal
species occurring in the entire Udhampur Range, though it is found well
distributed in Dudu and Panchari Range as well. Chir forests are well
developed between in the low lying areas of the entire Division. It is
often found associated with many broad leaved species. The proportion
of broad leaved species increases both along lower and upper limits of
Chir. The chief associates on the lower limits are Dodonaea viscosa
(Santha), Carissa opaca (Carna), Mallotus philippensis (Kamila),
Woodfordia fruticosa (Lhawi), Euphorbia royleana (Thohar), Emblica
officinalis (Aunia), Acacia modesta (phulli), Cassia fistula (Amaltas),
Adhatoda vasica (Branker), Myrsine africana, Berberis lycium (Kameloo),
Zizyphus jujuba (Ber), Rubus ellipticus and occasional Pyrus pashia
(Batang).
On the upper limits pure Chir crop gradually gives way to admixture of
Lyonia ovalifolia, Rhododendron arboreum and Quercus
leucotrichophora which in turn gives way to pure Oak forests which are
interspersed by few or stray patches of kail and odd fir trees. The bulk of
the crop is middle aged and mature trees are very few.
The condition of regeneration is not satisfactory. Whatever little
regeneration exists, it is in the form of advance growth. Fresh
regeneration is confined to closed areas. Failure of regeneration is
attributed to annual occurrence of fire and heavy incidence of grazing.
vi. The Oak forests :-All the three Oaks e.g Quercus leucotrichophora
(Banj), Quercus floribunda (Moru) and Quercus semicarpifolia (Kharshu)
exist in the tract. Banj oak occurs in appreciable stretch either in pure or
admixture with Machilus, Rhododendron arboreum, Lyonia ovalifolia and
Olea ferruginea. Kharsu Oak caps fir forests mostly in pure form. Out of
29
the three, Quercus floribunda is the one which is subjected to heavy
lopping and exists in a limited scale.
vii. Scrub Forests :-The scrub forests mostly occupy low lying areas of
Udhampur Range confined to lower limits of Chir forests. Buxus
wallichiana locally known as “Chikhri” is found in compartments. 4b, 4c
and 5b of Panchari Range either in pure patches along nallas or below
Kail crop.
The Species Met With Are:
Trees:
Acacia modesta (Falaii), Acacia catechu (Khair), Bombax ceiba, Cassia
fistula, Dalbergia sissoo, Ehretia laevis, Syzygium cumini, Flacourtia
indica, Grewia optiva, Lannea coromandelica, Olea ferruginea, Pistacia
integerrima, Emblica officinalis, Zyzyphus jujuba, Ficus bengalensis and
Mangifera indica
.
Shrubs:
Mallotus philippensis, Carissa opaca, Dodonaea viscosa, Punica
granatum, Woodfordia fruticosa, Adhatoda vasica, Indigofera
heterantha, Berberis lycium, Colebrookea oppositifolia, Nerium indicum,
Daphne cannabina.
Climbers:
Bauhinia vahlii, Clematis gouriana, Tinospora cardifolia, Helinus
lanceolatus, Vitis repanda, Parthenocissus himalayana, Caesalpinia
bonduc.
30
2.1.3 The following table gives the distribution of the major species:
Table 2.1
RANGE DEODAR (Ha.)
KAIL (Ha.)
FIR (Ha.)
CHIR (Ha.)
TOTAL (Ha.)
B/L (Ha.)
BLANK (Ha.)
G.TOTAL (Ha.)
Dudu 2985 4058 7947 1904 16894 7958 7383 32235 Panchari 521 2409 1293 5733 9956 1527 2139 13622
Udhampur 0 281 22 8859 9162 1295 2539 12996 TOTAL 3506 6748 9262 16496 36012 10780 12061 58853
*** The Area in the previous plan had some mistakes in calculation and have been rectified
in the proposed Plan.
2.1.4 Percentage Of Composition Of Forests Species Wise:-
Species % age of Total Forest Area by Composition
Deodar 5.95 % Kail 11.48 % Fir 15.73 %
Chir 28.02 % Broad Leaved
18.31 %
Blank 20. 48 %
6%
11%
16%
28%
18%
21%
%age of Total Forest Area by Composition
Deodar
Kail
Fir
Chir
Broad Leaved
Blank
31
General Description Of Forest Types
2.2.0 In accordance with the revised classification of Forests of India by
Champion and Seth (1968), the forests of Udhampur Forest Division can
be grouped into following forest types :-
Northern Mixed Dry Deciduous Forests (Type 5B1/C2)
2.2.1 These forests occur along river Tawi and its various tributaries, on
exposed slopes of lower hills, flat hill tops and eroded ground near
Udhampur. Most of the trees have a low spreading crown.
Floristics :
- Lannea coromandelica, Acacia catechu, Emblica officinalis, Grewia
elastic, Terminalia alata, Bauhinia spp., Acacia modesta, Mallotus
philippinensis, Casia fistula, Ficus spp.
- Carissa spinarum, Dodonae viscosa, Woodfordia fruticosa, Flacourtia
indica, Adhotoda vasica, Colebrookia oppositifolia.
- Various grasses, Bauhinia vahii
Dry Deciduous Scrub (Type 5/DS1)
2.2.2 This is a degradation stage of Type 5B1/C2 occurring along its habitat.
Some trees have reduced to shrubby condition due to heavy biotic
pressure.
Floristics :
- Cassia fistula, Acacia catechu, Lannea coromandelica, Zizyphus spp.,
Mallotus philippinensis, Colebrookia oppositifolia, Flacourtia indica,
Dodonae viscosa, Carissa spinarum.
Himalayan Sub Tropical Pine Forest (Type 9/C1)
2.2.3 The over wood consists of pure Chir Pine. Where moisture conditions
are favourable (along perennial nallas), there occurs an under-wood of
32
broad leaved species. These forests are present in all three ranges of the
Division.
Type 9/C1 comprises of two sub types namely:-
Shivalik Chir Pine Forests (9/C1a)
This type of forest is found on lower dry steep slopes of Udhampur
Range (below 1000m on Shivalik conglomerates and boulders).In these
forests fire incidences are common, which destroys most of the young
regeneration. Chir trees are generally malformed and stunted. The
quality of these forests is poor.
Floristics :
- Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine).
- Mallotus philippinensis, Emblica officinalis, Syzgium cumini, Cassia
fistula, Acacia catechu, Dalbergia sissoo.
- Flacourtia indica, Colebrookia oppositifolia, Carissa spinarum,
Dodonaea viscosa, Woodfordia fruticosa, Berberis lycium, Rubus
ellipticus, Myrisine africana, Punica granatum, Zanthoxylum
armatum, Vitex negundo, Indigofera spp.
b) Himalayan Chir Pine Forests (9/C1b)
This sub-type occurs between 900 m to 1800 m elevation in all the three
ranges. Chir alone forms the top canopy. There are only scattered trees
forming the under storey. Annual fire prevents the development of
shrubs. During monsoon a rich grass growth develops which dries up
during winter. During summer, the soil is covered with needles forming
inflammable material.
The regeneration of Chir is unsatisfactory both in Shivalik and Himalayan
Chir. It is present in small patches on steep slopes and closures.
Uncontrolled grazing and annual occurrence of fire does not allow the
regeneration to come up and establish itself.
Floristics:
33
- Pinus roxburghii.
- Ficus auriculata, Quercus leucotrichophora, Syzgium cumini,
Rhododendron arboreum, Pyrus pashia, Olea cuspidate, Lyonia
ovalifolia, Zanthoxylum armatum.
- Colebrookia oppositifolia, Berberis lyceum, Rubus ellipticus,
Woodfordia fruticosa, Princepia utilis, Myrsine africana.
- Rumex hastatus, Taraxacum oficinale.
- Cynodon dactylon, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cymbopogan spp.
- Rosa moschata.
Himalayan Sub Tropical Scrub (9/C1/DS1)
2.2.4 This is a retrograde sub type occurring in Chir zone. The over wood is
completely absent, which has been either destroyed or perhaps has not
been able to develop due to excessive dry and shallow soil. The
predominant shrubby growth consists of Acacia spp., Casia fistula,
Dalbergia sissoo, Carissa spinarum, Berberis spp., Punica granatum,
Adhatoda spp., Colebrrookia oppositifolia, Dodonaea viscosa, etc.
Sub Tropical Euphorbia Scrub (9/C1/DS2)
2.2.5 Euphorbia royleana exists in patches. Their distribution is related to
edaphic factors notably rocky ridges. The sub type covers negligibly small
patches in lower areas of Udhampur Range.
Floristics:
- Euphorbia royleana, Carissa spinarum, Dodonaea viscosa ,etc.
Himalayan Sub Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests (10/ C1)
2.2.6 This type of forest with evergreen broadleaved species consists of
mainly Olea cuspidate and thorny shrubs like Acacia modesta, Punica
granatum etc.It is found on hot, dry exposed hill – slopes along river
Tawi. This forest type covers negligibly a small portion of Udhampur
Forest Division. It is found mostly outside the demarcated forest area.
Himalyan Moist Temperate Forests (12/C1)
34
2.2.7 These are mainly coniferous forests. Pure crops are more frequently met
with than mixed ones. These forests are commonly found in Dudu and
Panchari Ranges. The species change with altitude and aspect. Second to
conifers are the Oak forests, both in area and extent. These occur above
Sub Tropical Pine Forests and below the Sub Alpine Zone. The following
types and sub types of this group occur in this Division:
(i)
a. Banj Oak Forests (12/ C1/a)
These Forest types occur most extensively in upper catchment of Birwan
nalla (near Kainth gali, Co. No. 37 of Panchari Range) and along river
Tawi in Dudu Range. In Dudu valley this belt extends from Chenani to
Village Chunthal (below Co. 60 b/D, on the left bank of Tawi). On the
right bank, this type is typically represented in forests around
Pattangarh, i.e., Co. 1b/D, 3a /D, 3c/D and 3d/D etc. The soil is damp and
covered with litter. Rhododendron and Machilus are the main
associates. The altitudinal zone varies from 1800 m – 2300 m. These
forests are subjected to excessive lopping for collection of fuel wood and
fodder. In many areas under Banj Oak forests, Kail is rapidly colonizing.
Floristics :
- Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron arboreum, Lyonia
ovalifolia, Machilus duthei.
- Rubus niveus, Princepia utilis, Berberis lyceum, Viburnum spp., Rhus
cotinus, Indigofera spp., Myrsine africana, Desmodium tiliaefolium.
- Rumex hastatus, Plectranthus rugosus.
- Vitis himalayan, Hedera nepalensis, Rosa moschata.
b. Oak Scrub (12/ C1a/ DS1)
In this forest type, the Oaks and associated species have been reduced
to stunted, malformed coppice due to repeated hacking by the villagers.
Berberis, Princepia, Indigofera etc. come as undergrowth. These forests
are found mostly around habitations in Dudu and Panchari Ranges.
35
c. Moru Oak Forests (12/ C1/b)
This type occurs in a relatively narrow belt above Banj Oak at about 2000
– 2500 m elevation. These forests are mostly confined to Dudu Range.
These forests are heavily lopped for fodder.
Floristics :
- Quercus dialtata, Quercus leucotrichophora, Machilus duthiei.
- Rosa spp., Rubus spp., Viburnum and Pteracanthus spp.
(ii)
Moist Deodar Forests (12/C1/c)
These forests consist mainly of pure Deodar with some mixture of Kail
over an altitudinal zone of 1700 – 2500 mtrs. These forests are found in
the catchment of Mandial Khad in Panchari Range, Patnitop and Dudu
areas of Dudu Range.
Floristics :
- Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana.
- Quercus leucotrichophora.
- Berberis lyceum, Pteracanthus spp.
- Hedera nepalensis, Clematis spp., Vitis himalayan.
(iii)
Western Mixed Coniferous Forests (12/C1/D)
Commonly these forests are called Fir forests. They occur above Deodar
zone at 2400 – 3000 m elevation. These occupy vast stretches of forests
in Dudu Range in Co. 18, 19, 20, 45a, 52, 53b, 54a, 55b, etc and small
areas of Panchari Range. Fir is the dominant species with varying mixture
of Kail, Spruce & Deodar. Broad leaved species are also present in some
patches. Open grasses and flowery meadows, locally called Behaks, are
also found interspersed with Fir. These meadows have come into
36
existence as a result of regular use of these spots as grazing grounds.
Few dead, dying, top broken Fir trees, associated with Aesculus indica
and Juglans regia are found in these Behaks.
Young regeneration of Fir is mostly absent. Bulk of the Fir crop consists
of trees of mature to over mature age class. Heavy grazing and the thick
layer of humus are the main reasons for the failure of new regeneration.
Floristics :
- Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana.
- Quercus dilatata, Aesculus indica, Juglans regia, Buxas wallichiana,
Acer spp., Cedrella serrata, Quercus semecarpifolia.
- Viburnum nervosum, Rubus spp., Berberis spp., Pterocanthus spp.
- Viola serpens, viola canescence, Fragaria vasica, Valeriana wallichii,
Aspidium spp., Aconitum heterophyllum, Podophyllum hexandrum.
- Hedera nepalensis, Vitis himalayana, Clematis connate and grasses.
(iv) Moist Temperate Deciduous Forests (12/C1/e)
This type is found in the altitudinal zone of 1800 – 2750 meters. in moist
depressions along nallas. This type is confined in Dudu Range.
Floristics :
- Aesculus indica, Jugalans regia, Acer caesium, Acer pictum, Corylus
colurna, Ulmus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Taxus baccata, Prunus
spp., Quercus semecarpifolia.
- Viburnum spp., Rubus spp., Berberis lyceum, Iris spp., Pteracanthus
alatus, Cotoneaster bacillaris, Sarcococca saligna, Daphne cannabina
etc.
(v) Low Level Blue Pine Forests (12/C1/f)
37
This sub type is found in Banj Oak and mixed coniferous zone. This type
is extensively found in north facing hill slopes of Panchari and Dudu
Ranges within the altitudinal range of 1500 – 2400 m. Kail is a robust
colonizer. It is encroaching upon the territory of Banj and Chir in lower
portions and Fir areas in upper reaches of the hills. The theory of recent
origin of Kail holds truth, keeping in view the character of the species. It
is generally believed that these forests have come up on the areas
vacated by destruction of pre existing forest types.
Floristics :
- Pinus wallichiana, Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara
- Berberis spp., Viburnum nervosum, Rosa macrophylla, Rubus
ellipticus, Daphne cannabina, Sarcococca saligna.
- Viola spp., Fragaria spp., Pteridium spp., etc.
Upper West Himalyan Temperate Forest (12/C2)
2.2.8 It consists of two sub types:
(i) Kharsu Oak Forests (12/ C2a)
These forests are found between the altitudinal zone of 2500 – 3300 m,
above Fir zone, along the upper portion of ridges such as Seoj Dhar and
Divshetar. Scattered Spruce and Fir trees are also found. This type is best
represented in Co. 25b, 26 and 29b of Dudu Range. In sheltered sites
Kharsu Oak is replaced by Fir – Spruce at places. These forests are found
extensively in Dudu Range.
Floristics :
- Quercus semecarpifolia, Betula alnoides, Acer caesium, Abies
pindrow, Quercus dilatata.
- Rhododendron arboreum, Prunus padus.
- Viburnum spp., Rosa spp., Sarcococca saligna
- Polygonum spp., Fragaria vasica, Valeriana spp.
(ii) West Himalayan Birch/Fir Forests (14/C1/b)
38
These forests are found above 3000m elevation. Fir is found mixed with
Betula utilis and Rhododendron arboreum. Kuth (Sausurea lappa) is the
reputed medicine that is available in these forests.
Himalyan Temperate Park Lands (12/Ds2)
2.2.9 It is a retrograde sub type and consists of the alpine meadows present
in open Fir forests. These areas have developed into beautiful meadows
due to grazing , browsing, lopping and burning which has thinned out
the forests to varying degrees .The undergrowth has been destroyed
aswell.
Floristics:
- Viburnum spp., Grasses.
Deciduous Alpine Scrub
2.2.10 This sub group is found in the areas near “tree line”. The vegetation
consists of thick growth of shrubs associated with Rhododendron
campanulatum etc.
Floristics :
- Juniperous recurva, Anemone, Cotoneaster microphylla, Corydalis,
Primula, etc.
Alpine Pastures (15/C3)
2.2.11 This type consists of Mesophytic herbs with grass species. Top portions
of Seoj Dhar, areas around Kaplas, Jug and Nathatop are representatives
of this type. These pastures are grazed by buffaloes, sheep, goats and
cattle during the summer months.
Floristics :
- Primuta, Anemon, Iris and Gentiana with many species of
Ranunculaceas, Cruciferae and Compositae families.
Status Of Natural Regeneration
39
2.3.1 The Status of natural regeneration is not so promising. The extent of
damage especially, to the Chir crop, as a result of excessive biotic
pressure, repeated forest fire and excessive resin tapping as a result of
which the forests are poorly stocked. The Regeneration to some extent
in the upper reaches, where the population pressure is less is
satisfactory in some compartments.
Injuries To Which Crop Is Liable
2.4.1 The various agents causing injuries to the forests of this Division are:-
(i) Fire: Forest fires are common during summer months, especially in
the Chir forests and cause considerable damage to the young
regeneration. Even light fires in Chir areas destroy the recruits
completely. Extraction of resin during summer months further
aggravates the problem. Fire penetrates deep inside the living tissue
through the wound made on the tree’s pole for extraction of resin. This
causes dehydration and end result is the death of the trees.
In the forests subjected to annual fire, the soil becomes dry and its
fertility declines. The intensity of soil erosion also increases in these
forest types as the leaf litter and humus is burnt annually leaving the soil
with a bare surface. The Oak forests adjoining Chir areas also affected by
fire. Almost all the fires are caused by human beings. At many places
people set fire in order to get a good grass in the following season and
also to extend their encroachment over the forest land. Efforts are made
to reduce the number of cases of fire, the area burnt and the amount of
loss caused by fire. It is very important to consider the damaging aspect
of fire in the following categories:
a) Timber Value: Marketable and young growth including regeneration,
effect on stand composition, insect and disease damage directly
resulting from fire, deterioration of site for timber growth.
b) Water Shed Value: Erosion and sedimentation damage attributed to fire,
reduction in ground water reserves and base stream flows.
c) Wild Life Value: Loss of birds and animals and the effect of their habitat.
d) Recreational Value: Effect on recreational value of forests.
40
With some experience definite values can be assigned to standing timber
and young regeneration. In Chir forests where resin tapping is under
progress, loss of revenue can be assessed without much difficulty. The
various areas concerned can be given relative importance with low,
medium or high value. This will help in focussing the attention of public as
well as the Government towards the damage caused by these fires and
surely help in obtaining public help so as to minimize the damage.
Compartments Vulnerable To Forest Fires
Forest fires in the Division, especially in Chir forests are very common
during the summer months. Perusal of the fire damage records provided by
the Divisional Forest office indicates that fire incidences were reported, at
least once, from all Chir bearing compartments during the period of 2000-
01 to 2012-13. Therefore, it can be said that all Chir bearing compartments
are vulnerable to forest fires. However, it is not possible to undertake fire
protection measures in all Chir bearing areas keeping in view
infrastructural, budgetary and other resource constraints. It is therefore
suggested that the department should concentrate its resources in some
selected compartments where from frequent fire incidences have been
reported in the past.
On the basis of information available in the Division certain compartments
have been identified where the incidences of forest fires have been more
frequent in recent years. These compartments require special attention
against forest fires. Some of these vulnerable compartments are listed
below:
Udhampur Range: 7U,8U,13 U, 16 U,62U,66U,68U,79 U,86U,89U,93U,95U
Panchari Range: 8P, 20P, 24P, 35P, 42P, 53P,
Dudu Range: 87c D, 88D, 89D, 98D, 101D,
41
Detailed Statement Of Fire Incidence In Udhampur Forest
Division From 2000-01 To 2012-13
Table 2.2
Year Total Area Burnt/Acre/Kanal/Marlas
Total No.of Cases
2000-01 - 23 2001-02 16-4-10 10 2002-03 233-2-0 32 2003-04 25-19-0 18 2004-05 820 Kanal 27 2005-06 - - 2006-07 324 Kanal 15 2007-08 47.05 Hectares 72 2008-09 9.85 Hectares 23 2009-10 97.88 Hectares 117 2010-11 27.04 Hectares 32 2011-12 2.67 Hectares 6 2012-13 19.03 Hectares 27
(ii) Encroachment:
Encroachment of forest lands is the single biggest cause of destruction of
forests and is formidable problem in the State. It is a common tendency
of the people living either on the outer boundary of demarcated forests
to displace or altogether remove boundary pillars to grab as much forest
land as possible for cultivation.
Encroachment is done in a very surreptitious and planned manner.
Firstly the standing trees are removed by illicit felling or killing them by
girdling and burning. This is the first indication of encroachment. Then
the area is ploughed and some agricultural crop is raised. This goes on
for some years. Often the encroacher in collusion with the Pathwari gets
the piece of land recorded in his name in revenue records. If the area is
large, the encroacher makes a hut as well to live in it.
The absence of clearly demarcated boundary line is the most important
factor responsible for encouraging encroachment. In such a state of
affairs, the Forest Guard responsible for protection does not exactly
42
know as to where the boundary line is. The lack of proper inspection of
boundaries adds another dimension to the problem of encroachment.
Absence of footpath along the boundary makes inspection of the
boundary more difficult. The condition has deteriorated to such an
extent that the Range Officers do not exactly know the number of
encroachments in their range and the area involved.
Absence of alternate employment for the land less or the people with
very little land are the other factors responsible for encroachment. Delay
in the detection of offence compounds the problem as it becomes
difficult to prosecute the offender. The process is still going on without
fear. The net result is the shrinkage of forest land.
(iii) Illicit Damage :
Illicit damage of trees is caused by locals to either meet their domestic
requirements or smuggle the timber to cater to the ever increasing
timber market of the cities. No reliable data is available regarding the
extent of the menace.
It is the lack of willingness on part of everyone concerned, which has
resulted in the sorry state of affairs. No effort has been made to stiffen
the spine of Forest Guards. It is ironic that Forest Guards do not have a
head-quarter in their beats. Most often they keep shuttling from their
home place. This has resulted into poor patrolling of the forests. Since
the Forest Guards have not been provided with weapons to defend
themselves, it makes them vulnerable to threat from smugglers. Poor
infrastructure of the department compounds the problem of forest
protection.
(iv) Grazing :
The entire forest tract is subjected to unrestricted grazing by both local
and nomadic cattle. This is the main cause of the failure of the natural
regeneration. The young seedlings and saplings are browsed by cattle.
The excessive grazing causes hardening of soil hampers seed
germination.
43
(v) Lopping:
Lopping of trees for fuel and fodder is quiet common in forests situated
around habitations. Reckless lopping of Oak has resulted into
development of Oak scrubs. The Rakhs situated near Udhampur are
annually leased to migratory Bakerwals for grazing and lopping purpose.
It has resulted into reducing the trees to shrubby growth.
(vi) Development Activities of the Government:
Roads passing through forests cause considerable damage to the
vegetation. Due to earth work the area becomes destabilized and hill
slopes become vulnerable to landslides. Forest lands are diverted for
non-forestry purposes like construction of schools, Universities, power
transmission lines etc.
(vii) Snow And Wind Damage :
At times when heavy snowfall occurs, trees get uprooted or broken at
the top. High velocity wind uproots or breaks the trees weakened due to
forest fire. In many compartments of Udhampur Range many fire
damaged wind fallen Chir trees can be seen.
(viii) Parasites, Pest And Pathogen :
Insect attack is not so common in this Division. The attack by Foams pini
on Kail crop can be seen in Pancheri Range. Kail is attacked by Armi
(Arceuthobium minutissimum) but the damage is not so appreciable.
44
CHAPTER II-B
FOREST FAUNA
General Description
2.5.1.1 The Division has a conservation reserve popularly known as
“Sudmahadev Conservation Reserve” offering a variety of fauna in the
tract. It was constituted in the year 1981 and is administered by the
Wildlife Department. Further there are a number of Rakhs in the Division
as well. These “Rakhs” were maintained by erstwhile Maharajas for their
hunting pleasures. These “Rakhs” being restricted areas provided
adequate and suitable habitat for wild animals of the areas.
However due to increasing human and lives pressure over a period of
time, the natural habitat of wild animals shrank rapidly with the result
that the number of wild animals and their variety depleted considerably.
The wildlife organization within the forest department was created
vide Govt. Order No: 132 FST dated: 13-07-1979 following Cabinet
decision No: 288 dt: 31-07-1979. After two years, in September 1981,
this organization came into existence in Jammu region with the posting
of forest Regional Wildlife Warden, Jammu. An independent wildlife
protection department was created in 1982 in pursuance of Govt. Order
No: 106 FST of 1982 dated: 14-08-1982.
The wildlife species commonly found in the tract are described as
below:
2.5.2 (A) Animals (Mammals)
i) The Leopard or Panther (Panthera Pardus): Commonly known as
“Chita” or “Chitra” by local people this animal is found, though in very
small number almost animal in recent past in Dudu Range indicate
decrease in its natural prey and destruction of its habital. This animal has
been declared as special Game in Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife
Protection act of 1978.
45
ii) The Jackal (Canls aureus): This animal is commonly found through the
Division. It lives in low lying areas in holes in the ground, dense grasses
and shrubs near habitation and agricultural fields. Nocturnal in nature
this animal sometimes attacks small animals and birds. A common
natural scavenger, these animals has been declared as vermin in the
Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife protection Act 1978.
iii) The Jangle Cat (Felis Chaus): This animals is commonly throughout the
Division mainly in scrub areas. This cat long legs, comparatively short tail
and distinctive pale green eyes.
iv) The Indian Fox (Vulpes bengalensis): Locally called “ Lombri” this
animalis commonly found throughout the Division. It lives in burrows in
open grounds and in scrubs. It preys upon small mammals, raptiles and
insects. This animal has been kept in the “Vermin” category in J & K
Wildlife Protection Act 1978.
V) The Himalayan Black Beer (Selenaractos Thibetanus) : Bhaaloo, once
quite common in the tract, the number of this animal has decreased
considerably in recent past. Now this animals is found sporadically
mainly in Dudu Range. This beer, Black in colour is characterized by a “V
“ shaped breast mark which may be white, Yellow or buff in colour. This
animal is usually found near the tree line at an altitude of about 3000
mts from mean sea level during summer months and descends down to
lower altitudes during winters. Usually herbivorous in nature, this animal
feedson wild fruits, berries, insects, termites and larvae. It causes
damage to agricultural crops. Volatile in temper, it sometimes attack
sheep, goats and large domestic animals and also attacks human beings
occasionally. This animal is included in schedule III of the J & K Wildlife
protection Act 1978.
(B) Rodents
i) The Five striped Palm squirrel (Funambulus Penanti): This animal is
more commonly found in villages and agricultural fields rather in
Forests. It feeds on fruits, nuts, young shoots, bark etc. It has been
included in schedule II of J & K wild life protection Act 1978.
46
ii) The Indian Porcupine (Hystrix Indicia): Locally called “sahi” this small
sized robust and stocky animal is characterized by sharp quits on its
back. The quills are profuse, ornamented with deep brown or black and
white rings. Weighing about 10 Kg when mature this animals causes
great damages to the nurseries and young plantations. This animal is
included in Schedule II of Wildlife protection Act 1978.
iii) The Common Indian Hare (Lepus Negricolis): Locally known as “
Kharghosh” this small sized animal, brown in colour is found in scrub
forests of the Division. A full grown animal weight about 2 Kgs. This
animal causes damage to agricultural fields. It has been included in
schedule IVth of J & K wildlife protection Act 1978.
iv) The Indian Field Mouse (Mus boodnga): Declared as vermin in schedule
V of J & K Wildlife protection Act 1978 this mouse is commonly found in
agricultural fields, compounds and inside the houses. It lives in burrows
and feeds on grasses, fruits roots and nuts. It causes damages to
agricultural crop, nurseries and plantation.
(C) Goat Group
i) The Grey Himalayan Goral (Nemorhaedus Goral): Commonly known as
“Pijjar” this goat like animal, having stout limbs and sub parallel horns, is
found in small number throughout the Division. It stands about 70 cms
high at shoulders and weight about 30Kg when mature. This animal is
included in schedule III of j & K wildlife protection Act 1978.
(D) Deer Group
i) The barking Deer (Muntiacus Muntjak): Deep chestnut coloured this
animal is locally known as “ Kakar”. Small in number this animal lives in
deep jungles. A full grow animal is about 65 cms high at shoulders and
weight about 25 Kgs. It has well developed horns. The male is
characterized by sharp exposed canine teeth and small upright antlers. It
feeds on leaves, grasses and wild fruits. This animal is included in
schedule III of J & K Wildlife Protection Act 1978.
47
ii) The Hog Deer (Axiporcinus): Locally known as “ Para” this animal is
characterized by small antlers set upon long bony pediceles. The number
of this animal is very small. Herbivores in nature, this animal feeds on
leaves, grasses and wild fruits. This animal has been included in schedule
IV of J & K wildlife Protection Act 1978.
(E) Pigs
i) The Indian Wild oar (Sus scrofa): Commonly known as “ Jungle Suar”
this animal is found in scrub Forests of this Division. This animal is black
to rusty brown in colour. A full grown animal is about 90 cms high at
shoulders and weight about 250 Kgs. Omnivorous in eating habits this
animal destroys agricultural crops. This animal is included in schedule III
of J & K Wildlife Protection Act 1978.
(F) Primates
i) The Indian Langur (Presbytis entellus): This black faced long limbed and
long tailed monkey is commonly found through the Division especially
on National Highway A in Udhampur Range where it is fed by pilgrims.
Herbivorous in eating habits, this animal feeds on wild fruits, flowers,
buds, shoots, leaves and anything offered to them. They live in large
groups.
ii) The Rhesus Macacue (Macaea Mulatta): Locally known as “Bandar” this
animal is found throughout the Division, More prominently on National
Highway 1 A in Udhampur Range. They live in groups feed on fruits,
flowers, buds, shoot and leaves. They cause damage to young seedling
of Chir by uprooting and chewing them.
2.5.3 Class Aves (Birds)
A. Land Birds
I. Pheasants and Flowl Group
a) The Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus): This bird of the size of a village hen is
found lmost all over the tract in chir areas. This bird is commonly hunted
48
by local people. It is included in schedule IV of j & K wildlife Protection
Act 1978.
b) Common Peafowl (Pavo Cristatus): This bird with a long tall beautiful
crest is foun d, though in small number throughout the Division. This
bird is included in schedule I of J & K Wildlife Protection Act 1978. Its
hunting is totally prohibited.
II. Partridge and Quail Group:
a) The Black Partridge (Francolinus Francolines): This bird of the size of all
a half grown domestic hen commonly found through the Division. This
bird is included in schedule I of J & K wildlife Protection act 1978.
b) The Grey Partridge (Francolinus Ponicerianus): This bird is also of the
same size as that of the Black partridge. It is commonly found
throughout the Division. This bird is included in schedule IV of J & K
wildlife Protection Act 1978.
c) The Chakore (Alectoris Graca): This beautiful grey brown bird bigger in
size than that of partridge is mainly found in the upper reaches of the
Division.
d) The Grey Quail (Conturnix): This small tailed bird of the size of a Dove is
found in the lower tract of the vision. This bird along with chakore is
included in schedule IV of J & K Wildlife Protection Act 1978.
III. The Dove and Pigeon Group:
a) The Blue Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia): This bird with metallic green,
purple and majenta sheen on neck and upper breast of the size of a
house crow is found in rocky areas of the tract. mainly found in chir
bearing areas of the Division. This bird of the size between that of a
mynah and and a pigeon is while spotted, pinkish brown and grey upper
parts with white and black chessboard on hind neck.
b) The spotted Dove (Streptopelia Chinensis): This bird is mainly found in
chir bearing areas of the Division. This bird of the size between that of a
49
mynah and a pigeon is white spotted inkish brown and grey upper parts
with white and black chessboard on hind neck.
c) The Ring Dove (Streptopelia Decocto): This dove of the size of a pigeon
is occasionally spotted in the Division. This bird is characterized by a
narrow black half ring on the hind neck.
IV. Vultures
a) White Beaked Bengal Vultures (Pseudogyps Bengalensis): This vulture
of of a peacock is found all over the Division especially in lower areas. It
blackish brown in appearance with naked head and neck and white back.
Other birds that are commonly found in the division are described as
b) Rose Ringed Parakeet (Psittacula Krameri): This grassy green bird with
pointed tail, red back and red on hind neck is of the size of a Mynah
found all over the Division.
c) The Indian Mynah (Acridotheres tristis): This birds of the size of a found
all over the tract. It is a dark brown bird with bright yellow bill, legs bare
skin around the eyes.
d) The Jungle Crow (Corvous Macrorhynchos): This glossy black crow is
found all over the Division.
e) The House Crow (Corvous splendens): This crow is found all over
the especially near the habitation. This crow has been declared as a
vermin schedule V of J & K wildlife Protection Act 1978.
f) The Koel (Eudynams Scolopacea): This bird of the size of a common
found all over the Division. It is characterized by the typical sound it
maker spring months.
g) Rose Ringed Parakeet (Pipsittacula Krameri): This bird of the size of a
found all over the Division. It is a green bird with a long pointed tail, red
has a red ring on the hind neck.
h) The Golden backed wood pecker (Dinopium benghaoenis syn Brachy
benghalensis): This wood pecker of the size of a mynah is characterized
50
upper plumage golden yellow and black crimson and occipital found
almost all over the division.
i) The Indian Robin (Saxicolaides Fulicata): It is a blackish bird with a
white on wings. He female is ashy brown. It is of the size of a sparrow. It
is over in open areas.
j) The Tailor Bird (Orthotonus Sustorious): This olive green bird with white
under parts and rust coloured crown having two long pointed feathers in
the cooked tail is found all over the Division. It is of the same size as that
of a sparrow.
k) The Paradise Fly Catcher (Terpsiphone paradise): This bulbul sized
silvery white (male) bird has metallic black crested head end two very
long, narrow ribbon like curved feathers in tail. It is found in all the
areas.
Apart from these birds some other birds like Jungle Babbler (Turdoides
striatus) Baya (Ploceus philippinu) some varieties of owls and few
migratory birds that some over to the wetlands of the Division
seasonally are also found in the division.
Reptiles
2.5.4 The entire tract is infested with a large variety of poisonous and non
poisonous snakes. Among poisonous snakes Indian Cobra, Vipers and
Kraits are commonly found. Pythons are also spotted occasionally. A
variety of lizards are commonly found in the tract.
Aquatic Fauna
2.5.4 Local varieties of fishes are found in Chenab and Tawi Rivers and their
tributaries
51
Injuries To Which The Fauna Is Liable
The wildlife of the tract is liable to injuries by man, injuries by wild
animals, wildlife epidemics, atmospheric influences and fires. The details
of the damages caused to the wild animals of the area are given below.
1. Injuries by Man: The biggest threat to the existence and development of
wild animals of an area has been from the man his animals whether
directly or indirectly. Hunting of animals and birds whether for their
valuable skins horns and flesh or in the garb of self protection or simply
for hunting pleasures has been directly responsible for the depletion of
wildlife. The destruction of habitat by encroachments, excessive felling
and uncontrolled grazing has indirectly resulted in ecological imbalance
of they area resulting in reduction of variety and number of wild animals
of the area.
2. Injuries by Wild animals: In an ideal situation, the number of the variety
of wild animals of an area is kept in check by themselves. However in
case of unusual reduction in any of the links of the food chain in the
ecological pyramid, the other wildlife species depend on this link for
their existence also decrease.
3. Injuries by Epidemics: The incidences of epidemics among the wild
animals and birds are quite rare. Sometimes contagious diseases may
pass on the animals by domesticated animals. This aspect of wildlife has
not been studied extensively as yet.
4. Injuries by Fires: Forest fires whether caused intentionally or not are
responsible for large scale destruction of birds and micro fauna. This
results in direct injuries to the wild animals of the area and destruction
in their natural habitat. This Division experiences forest fires every year.
5. Atmospheric influences: Atmospheric influences such as floods draughts
etc also are responsible for causing injuries to the wildlife of the area.
52
CHAPTER III
Utilization Of The Produce
53
CHAPTER III
Utilization Of The Produce
Agricultural Customs And Wants Of The Population
3.1.0 District Udhampur, extending over an area of 4550 sq.Km. comprises of
357 Villages. Total area of the district under forest cover is 1945 sq. Km.
It has a population of( 555357 Males) and( 298094 Females) (as
projected upto 2011). Population is mostly rural .The biggest ethinic
group is Hindus (74%), followed by Muslims 25%) and Sikhs(0.7%).
3.1.1 As per the village papers the total geographical area of the Udhampur
Forest Division is 142012 Ha. out of which 82135 Ha. area is under
farming and a very meagre proportion of it i.e., only 10131 Ha. is
irrigated. .
3.1.2 Udhampur has an average literacy rate of 88%. Male literacy is 89% and
female literacy is 75%.
3.1.3 Since agriculture is mostly rain fed, food grain production is far from
satisfactory Average Economic condition is generally poor. The people
live in flat roofed mud houses which consume large quantity of timber.
Firewood and charcoal are the two main sources of energy for cooking
and heating purposes.
Socio – Economic Data Of Udhampur Forest Division
Table 3.1
Block Area accordin
g to village paper (Ha.)
Irrigated
(Ha.)
Cropped
(Ha.)
Population No of Literates
Male Female
SC ST Male
Female
Udhampur
142012 10131 82135 555357
298094 138569
56309
89% 75%
**Only three village panchayats viz. Dudu, Latti & Pachound of Dudu
Basantgarh block fall in Udhampur Forest Division.
54
Market And Marketable Produce
3.2.1 Resin and timber are the two main forest products of the Division. The
important timber species of the tract are:
1. Deodar 2. Blue Pine 3. Fir/ Spruce 4. Chir Pine
After the ban on green felling in 1990, sale of resin has become the
major source of revenue for the department. Now only fallen and dry
standing trees are being extracted by J&K State Forest Corporation. The
volume of timber extracted by State Forest Corporation during the from
the year 2000 to 2012 is given in Annexure- 5 The quantity of the resin
extracted and amount of revenue realises from its sale is given in the
following table:
Statement Of Resin Extraction From Udhampur Forest Division
For The Period 2001-01 To 2012-13
Table 3.2
Year No of Blazes - Tapped
Weight of Resin (In Qtls.) (Qtls. Kg. Gms)
Total Revenue (In Rs.) In Lacs
Expenditure incurred on account of
Resin Extraction (Rs)
2000-01 3,16,354 11071.52.800 17541049 - 2001-02 3,58,080 12879.73.320 16922143 - 2002-03 3,68,680 12050.390 gms 20696589 - 2003-04 3,59458 546.31.400 23712226 - 2004-05 1,59,429 16351.43.665 8020740 - 2005-06 1,93,396 6072.440 gms 17043661 -
2006-07 1,31,789 2520 Qtls. 5953865.68 - 2007-08 74890 812.58 10872293.19 - 2008-09 91590 2778.80.950 gms 7558714 - 2009-10 120800 2520 Qtls 17500579 3359108 2010-11 110900 3420 Qtls. 20230104 3899805 2011-12 107600 4148.48 23140650 4986390
2012-13 58000 1538.22 3591141 2353915
Source: DFO, Udhampur Forest Division
3.2.2 The main timber market is located at Jammu and Udhampur. The timber
extracted by SFC is taken to its central depot at Jammu, where from it is
55
sold in open auction. Most of the timber requirement of Udhampur
town is met from timber supplied by SFC.
3.2.3 To meet the bonafide timber requirements of the inhabitatnts of
Udhampur and Chenani town the department has established two sale
depots, one at Udhampur town and other at Chenani.
3.2.4 Supply of firewood to sale depots of Udhampur Forest Division by J&K
State Forest Corporation is given in the following table :
Supply Of Firewood To Sale Depots Of Udhampur Forest
Division By J&K State Forest Corporation
Table 3.3
Source : Statistical Digest of J&K SFC
3.2.5 These depots are fed by timber supplied by J&K SFC.As and when the
timber is extracted departmentally, it is supplied to the depots to meet
the local requirement.
3.2.6 The dead fallen Chir trees are used as a raw material in preparation of
activated carbon and charcoal.
3.2.7 Deodar stumps are used for extraction of cedar oil.
The Non Wood Forest Produce
3.3.1 The topic has been discussed in detail in the chapter on “Working Plan
for Non Wood Forest Produce Working Circle’’. The detail of the Non
Wood Forest Produce extracted from this division during 2000-01 to
2012-13 is given in Table 3.4.
Year Weight in Quintals 2002-03 979.00 2003-04 979.00 2004-05 1036.25 2005-06 4970.00 2006-07 4578.00 2007-08 5969.63 2008-09 1088.90 2009-10 4785.00
56
Lines Of Export
3.4.1 After the construction of Panchari – Lander and Panchari – Dubigali road
in Panchari Range & Chenani – Latti road in Dudu Range, timber
extracted by SFC is transported from transit depots to Jammu depot
through SFC trucks.
3.4.2 The river Tawi which drains Dudu valley is fed by a number of side
tributaries. Some of them are perennial and others are seasonal. These
tributaries constitute the main line of export up to transit depots. The
transport of timber still involves considerable manual labour.
3.4.3 Resin filled tins are transported by wage mates from temporary jungle
depots to the transit depots established by the department along
roadsides through mules. Wage mates are not allowed to use trucks to
supply resin tins to the transit depots. From transit depots, resin is lifted
by resin processing units through their own trucks.
Statement Showing Minor Forest Produce Extracted From The
Division During The Period 2000 To 2012
Table 3.4
Year Anardana Guchi Banafsha Kakarsinghi Rasount Misc./Any othet Qti.
Qtl. Kg. Gm Qti.
Qtl. Kg. Gm
Qti. Qtl. Kg. Gm
Qti. Qtl. Kg. Gm
Qti. Qtl. Kg.
Gm
Brahmi Qtl. Kg
Barian Qtl. Kg
2000-01 87741 Kg - 21283 Kgs 12698 Kgs - 52337.50 Kgs
4299 Kgs
2001-02 167162 Kg 447- 600 Kgs
39052Kgs 4208 Kgs. 70 Qtls 46494 Kgs
5849 Kgs
2002-03 824.95 Qntls - 357.89 Qtls. 80.35 Qtls 150 Qtls 592.7 Qtls 53.48 Qtls.
2003-04 69883 Kgs 2280 Kgs 27895 Kgs Kgs.
8428 Kgs - 33522 Kgs.
2925 Kgs
2004-05 175420 Kg 2280 Kgs 29295 Kgs Kgs.
11175 Kgs - 36522 Kgs.
4425 Kgs
2005-06 - - - - - - - 2006-07 836.28 Qtls. 9.080 Qtls. - - - 2007-08 - - - - - - 2008-09 2778.8 Qtls. - - - 13 Qtls - - 2009-10 923.77 Qtls. 5.50 Qtls. - - 50 Qtls - - 2010-11 - - - - - - 2011-12 - - - - 68 Qtls. - -
57
Method Of Extraction
3.5.1 Marking in felling coupes are carried out one year in advance. All
marked trees are assigned a number and hammer marks are given at the
base and breast height of the tree. After marking, the compartment is
handed over to SFC for extraction of marked trees. Markings are
classified into species, diameter classes, fit green or dry and out turn in
terms of volume is worked out. All logging operations are to be carried
out in accordance with the laid down norms. The trees are lopped to
1/3rd of their height and felled on the up hill side to avoid damage to
other trees.
3.5.2 Trees are felled by employing saw, to ensure minimum wastage. Trees
are converted into logs of desired size after fellings. Logs are converted
into sleepers of standard size for transportation through streams.
Gravity ropes are used by SFC for bringing down the converted stuff to
the bank of river or roadside. At times dry slides and wet slides are also
used for transportation. From roadside the timber is transported to
Jammu by SFC tracts.
3.5.3 Extraction of resin is carried out by the modern rill method of resin
tapping. Wage contract system is employed by the department for
extraction of resin. The Chir compartments selected for tapping are
grouped into lots, keeping into view the convenience of wage mate and
location of the transit depot. The lots are put to open auction for
extraction of resin and its transportation to nearby depot. Extraction has
to be carried out in accordance with laid down norms.
The Cost Of Extraction
3.6.1 The breakup of cost of extraction (as per unit sawn volume basis) as per
the norms of the State Forest Corporation is given in Table 3.5
Past And Current Prices
3.7.1 During recent years the sale price of timber of various species have
registered a sharp increase. Timber prices are going beyond the
purchasing power of the common man.
58
3.7.2 The sale rate per cubic meter at SFC Depot Jammu is given in Table 3.6
Cost Of Extraction For Different Activities Of Different
Catagories As Fixed By S. F. C For Jammu Province
Table 3.5
S.No. Activity Category SAWN FORM D C B A
(a) Extraction (on FMM) 1 Felling (per cft) 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.57 2 a. Hand sawing-under/odd size (per cft) 34.83 31.83 29.47 26.81 b. Hand Sawing-standard size (per cft) 39.81 36.37 33.68 30.64 10/12x10x5;10/12x10x5 Psl;
8/9x10x5;10/12x8/7x5 &Psl; 10/12x10x4
(b) Off – Road Transportation (on DMM) 3 Pathroo (per cft) / km of 33 chain) 5.82 5.66 5.52 5.37 4 PacciNali (per cft/km of 33 chain) 2.18 1.96 1.96 1.88 5 Tarspan (per span/cft) 4.91 4.67 4.67 4.67 6 S.N. Mahan (per cft per km of 33 chain) 1.53 1.44 1.44 1.33 7 Main Nallah Mahan (Cft/km) 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 8 Head carriage (forests) (prcft/chain) 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 9 Crane (per cft/km) 7.36 6.99 6.99 6.99
10 H/C after nikkasi (per cft/chain) 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 (c) Minor-Related Activity (on DMM) 11 Launching (S.N. Mahaning) / cft 0.32 12 Nikassi (per cft) 0.64 13 Stacking (per cft) 0.61
LOG FORM 5.90 (d) A. EXTRACTION (A1+A3) 3.93 14 A1.1Debranching& Debarking/cft 0.80 15 A1.2 Sawing & Log making/cft 3.13 16 A3 Felling (per cft) 1.97 17 Loading Logs (per cft) 3.55 18 UnLoading Logs (per cft) 0.04
(e) LOG ROLLING
S.No. Log rolling up to Kutcha Loading Point (per cft per chain)
Norm rate in rupees
1 Category A (0-20 degrees) 0.73 2 Category B (20-30 degrees) 0.53 3 Category C (30-40 degrees) 0.38 4 Category D (> 40 degrees) 0.18
59
(f) Kutcha Road-Transportation (Log Form) (Figures in Rupees)
Volume Slab cft Distance Slab 0-5 km 6-10 km 11-20 km Above 21 km
Upto 5000 2.69 2.06 1.61 1.26 5001-10000 2.24 1.91 1.35 0.93
10001-20000 2.51 1.86 1.32 0.91 20001-40000 2.39 1.76 1.25 0.86 40001-80000 2.26 1.63 1.14 0.76 Above 80001 2.13 1.53 1.07 0.71
(g) Pucca Road Transportation (Log Form) (Figures in Rupees)
S.No. Distance Slab in km Rate in Rs/Cft/km Rate with 15% Contractor’s profit
(Rs/cft/km) 1 0-20 0.27 0.31 2 20-40 0.24 0.27 3 40-70 0.22 0.25 4 Above 70 0.19 0.22
(h) Pucca Road Transportation (Sawn-Form) – National Highways(Figures in Rupees)
S.No. Distance Slab in km Rate in Rs/Cft/km Rate with 15% Contractor’s profit
(Rs/cft/km) 1 0-50 0.14 0.16 2 51-100 0.13 0.15 3 101-150 0.12 0.13 4 Above 151 0.11 0.12
(i) Road Transportation (Sawn-Form)
Other than National Highways = Rs. 0.17 / Cft / Km
(j) Loading charges (Sawn-timber) = Rs. 1.14 /Cft
(k) Extraction in log form on old NPC procedure
Activity Rate Extraction including felling, conversion, rolling etc. (all operations) upto KLP
At the average rate of Rs. 191 per labour per day as per NPC Procedure
Source:- J&K State Forest Corporation
60
Sale Rate Of Timber By State Forest Corporation
Table3.6
Year Deodar Kail Fir Chir
Rs/Cft Rs/m3 Rs/Cft Rs/m3 Rs/Cft Rs/m3 Rs/Cft Rs/m3
1985-86 64.78 2287.64 43.03 1519.56 33.41 1179.85 18.87 666.36 1986-87 87.78 3099.86 56.92 . 2010.07 39.84 1406.91 36.99 1306.26 1987-88 91.37 3226.64 43.31 1529.45 33.32 1176.66 36.99 1306.26 1988-89 87.22 3080.17 33.18 1171.72 29.90 1055.88 36.99 1306.26 1989-90 94.23 3327.64 44.77 1581.00 35.02 1236.70 36.99 1306.26
1990-91 to 94.23 3327.64 44.77 1581.00 35.02 1236.70 36.99 1306.26
1999-2K
The species wise rates charged at departmental timber sale depots of
UdhampurForest Division are tabulated as under:
Table 3.7
Year Zone Type Sale rate in Rs/Cft. Remarks Deodar Kail Fir
1994-95
w.e.f July 95
A Log 60 38 22 Sawn 75 45 30
B Log 105 68 52 Sawn 120 82 58
C Log 145 83 57 Sawn 176 114 64
1998-99
w.e.f Aug 98
A Log 90 57 33 Sawn 13 68 45
B Log 158 102 78 Sawn 180 123 87
C Log 218 125 86 Sawn 264 171 96
13/05/2010 Onwards
A Log 210.98 148.55 182.60 This includes VAT @
13.50% and development fund @ Rs. 1
per cft.
Sawn 245.03 182.60 84.99 B Log 392.58 279.08 157.63
Sawn 426.63 313.13 191.68 C Log 583.26 409.60 233.68
Sawn 617.31 443.65 267.73
61
Firewood sale rates
1. For religious purpose @ Rs. 190 per quintal.
2. Commercial @ Rs. 450 per quintal + extraction charges as per actual.
62
CHAPTER IV
Activities of Forest Development
Corporation in Harvesting and
Marketing of Forest Produce
&
Result of Socio Economic Survey
63
CHAPTER IV
Activities of Forest Development Corporations in
harvesting and Marketing of Forest Produce
&
Result of Socio Economic Survey
4.1 Activities of J&KState Forest Corporations in harvesting and
marketing of forest produce
4.1.1 The J&K State Forest Corporation is a statutory Corporation established
in the year 1978. In the year 1978, the State Legislature passed an Act
called J&K State Forest Corporation Act, 1978. In pursuance of the SFC
Act, 1978, the Government Lumbering Undertaking (GLU) was converted
into J&K State Forest Corporation with the objectives of better
preservation, supervision and development of forests and better
exploitation of forest produce. The Corporation came into existence and
started its functions independently from 01.07.1979.The GLU used to
carry out extraction and sale of timber in the past. The main functions of
the Corporation as per the J&K SFC Act are:-
To undertake removal and disposal of trees and exploitation of forest
resources entrusted to it by the Government.
To undertake research programmes relating to forest and forest
products and render technical advise to Government on matters relating
to forestry.
To manage, maintain and develop such forests as are transferred and
entrusted to it by the Government till these are handed back to the
Government.
To manage, maintain and develop such forests as are transferred and
entrusted to it by the Government till these are handed back to the
Government.
64
However at present the State Forest Corporation is only involved in the
extraction and sale of the Major Forest Produce i.e., Timber. The
extraction and marketing of the Non Timber Forest Produce is not being
done by the Corporation. The extraction of Resin is done departmentally
though “Wagemate”.Similary the other forest products like Gucchies,
anardana etc are extracted by the locals and the departments collects
the royalty.
Timber Extraction
The Forest Department, on the basis of scientific principles of forest
management, identifies trees that can be harvested from the forests and
marks them. These marked trees are handed over to the State Forest
Corporation for their eventual felling, conversion and transportation to
markets. At present, such markings are restricted to dry standing and
fallen trees only in pursuance to the orders of the Hon’ble Supreme
Court of India. The SFC extracts timber in sawn as well as log form from
the trees handed over to it.
Timber Sales
The SFC conducts regular auctions of timber from its sales depots
located in Kashmir Valley and Jammu. The Corporation also supplies
timber to consumers on subsidized rates for house construction and
repairs in the Municipal Corporation areas of Jammu and Srinagar cities.
4.2 Out-turn of Major Forest Produce By SFC In Udhampur Forest
Division
4.2.1 The details of the outturn of timber by the State Forest Corporation in
Udhampur Forest Division is given in the Table below:-
65
Table 4.1
Out-turn Of Timber By SFC
In Udhampur Forest Division
Year Lakh. Cft. 000 cums 1986-87 3.56 10 1987-88 1.51 12.76 1988-89 5.07 14.39 1989-90 2.97 8.43 1990-91 0.98 2.78 1991-92 0.2 0.57 1992-93 - - 1993-94 1 2.83 1994-95 0.17 0.5 1995-96 6.56 18.64 1996-97 3.46 9.8 1997-98 4.79 13.56 1998-99 2.04 5.8
1999-2000 1.36 3.58 2000-01 1.16 3.28 2001-02 2.68 7.58 2002-03 3.2 9.06 2003-04 1.82 5.14 2004-05 1.59 4.51 2005-06 2.21 6.28 2006-07 0.84 2.39 2007-08 0.56 1.59 2008-09 2.31 6.56 2009-10 0.39 1.10 2010-11 0.71 2.02 TOTAL 51.14 Lakh cft 153.15 cums
Source : Digest of Forest Statistics 2011
4.3 Result Of Socio Economic Survey
Intoduction
Forests play a vital role in the rural poverty eradication due to its
contribution to employment generation and support to the
development of agriculture. The interaction between the forests and
people living around it has received an increasing attention due to its
66
significance from the view point of sustainable management of forests
and the welfare of people. This is particularly true in case of the benefits
from the Non Wood Forest Products (NTFP’s).Hence to sustain the
livelihood of rural poor the management of NTFP’s is very crucial .The
people depending on these NTFP’s for their livelihood suffer from
geographical isolation and social exclusion, so their dependence on the
forests is bound to increase as their population is increasing.
The initial National Forest Policies of the country were mainly timber
oriented and more stress was given to the agriculture sector. However,
since 1988 the focus has shifted towards the conservation of forests. The
Wildlife protection Act 1972, Forest Conservation Act 1980 and the
National Forest policy of 1988 have reoriented the objectives by treating
the forests as an environmental and social resource, rather than a mere
revenue earning resource . Even the State Forest Policy of J&K laid stress
on Poverty alleviation by meeting livelihood needs of forest dependent
communities through sustainable supply of forest produce by improving
productivity of existing forests, and through forestry activities, schemes
and programmes. It further aims at Utilisation of natural resources using
best management practices including development of non-timber forest
produce. Although the management of forests of the State for NTFP’s
has received some attention in the State Forest Policy, now it’s the
responsibility of the department to design an incentive based
mechanism so that the long term benefits of managing the forests for
NTFP’s can be achieved .By doing so the basic objective of poverty
eradication and rural development can be achieved.
Since in Udhampur agriculture is mostly rain fed, food grain production
is far from satisfactory Average Economic condition is generally poor.
The people live in flat roofed mud houses which consume large quantity
of timber. Firewood and charcoal are the two main sources of energy for
cooking and heating purposes.
67
Socio – Economic Data Of Udhampur
Table 4.2
Block Area accordin
g to village paper (Ha.)
Irrigated
(Ha.)
Cropped
(Ha.)
Population No of Literates
Male Female
SC ST Male
Female
Udhampur
142012 10131 82135 555357
298094 138569
56309
89% 75%
**Only three village panchayats viz. Dudu, Latti & Pachound of Dudu
Basantgarh block fall in Udhampur Forest Division.
The present socio-economic study in Udhampur Forest Division explores
the factors that determine the dependence of people on the forests of
this Division. The major pastoral communities found in the division who
are dependent on the forests for their survival includes the Gujjars,
Bakerwals and Gaddies . Out of these three communities the Gujjars are
in majority. Although a detailed socio-economic survey could not
conducted however, a case study titled ‘’Poverty Among Nomadic
Gujjars of Udhampur””carried out in the year 2012 by the Department
of Economics, University of Jammu has been used to know about the
extent of poverty among the nomads who are mostly dependent on the
forests of this division. The Gujjars are one of the major pastoral
communities in district Udhampur, who are settled in permanent
holding on the lower reached of hills in winters, who later on undertake
seasonal migration to the alpine pastures of the division.
4.4 Poverty Among Nomadic Gujjars Of Udhampur –A CASE
STUDY
This practice of nomadism is a kind of spatial movement of households
which is repeated generally over a defined territory and is linked with
economic activities, primary as well as secondary. Their economy
depends on the products of their flocks and the use of natural pastures
round the year. The Gujjars are one of the major pastoral communities
68
in district Udhampur, who are settled in permanent holding on the lower
reached of hills in winters, who later on undertake seasonal migration to
the alpine pastures of the division. As per the study 67% of the
population of nomad Gujjars in the State of J&K alone is living below the
poverty line. The survey was based on stratified sampling. The sample
consisted of 100 households of Udhampur.
Results
1. Education : Maximum number of nomads and their family members in
Udhampur (77.56 percent) migrate between upper and lower reaches
and are illiterate. Generally schools are not within close reach of their
settlement and Mobile schools, due to lack of affective supervision, are
found to be non functional. Their migratory mode of life also stands in
the way of getting regular education. With regard to female population
of study area, 89.65 per cent of female population is illiterate just
because of sheer ignorance, age old social taboos, outmoded thinking
and backwardness.
Literacy Rate In The Study Area (Udhampur)
Education Level Male % age Female %age Total Total %age
Illitracy 226 69.97 258 85.71 484 77.56 literate(Traditional) 7 2.17 2 0.66 9 1.44
primary 39 12.07 23 7.64 62 9.94 middle 21 6.50 10 3.32 31 4.97 matric 21 6.50 8 2.66 29 4.65
higher secondry 6 1.86 6 0.96 graduation&above 2 0.62 2 0.32 Diploma/technical
education 1 0.31 1 0.16
Grand total 323 100 301 100 624 100
Note: Percentage with respect to total population of sample household
2. Health : The study shows that 25 percent of Nomadic Gujjars of the
study area have a family of 8 (eight) members as against about 28
percent with family size of 7 members. This shows that the families with
larger number of members are still prevailing among the tribal
communities. It, however, appears that the migrant tribal have not
realized the importance of small families and they are not adopting the
69
concept of family planning. In the present study, most of the nomadic
Gujjars responded that either they or their family member were
suffering from diseases like chronic bronchitis, Gastro-intestinal
Dysfunction, Pneumonia, skin related diseases, T.B and malaria.
3. Migration : The nomadic household Gujjars of the study area migrate
with their livestock between summer and winter pastures. The basis of
their economic activities is keeping buffalo herds. With the approach of
summer months, when grass and other fodder as well as water becomes
scarce in the lowers regions, the Gujjars take their herds to higher-
altitude pastures of Udhampur and where grass is regenerated after
snow. Winter is spent in the lower reaches/plains of Udhampur. The
upward and downward journeys take about 10 to 15 days each.
The nomadic gujjars of Udhampur have to face a number of problems at
upper, lower reaches/plains and in transition. The main problems in
upper reaches are due to harsh nature, forest department rules,
shortage of good quality fodder, accommodation, militancy, education
of children, medical facilities, marketing of milk/milk products and
drinking water and electricity etc. In lower reaches/plains, they have
problem with the local people who raise the objection whenever they
try to settle in the Govt. land or near to village and from mobile schools
which are officially roaming with them but in reality they are not
functional on the ground. In the transition period, while ascending or
descending journey all the Gujjars faced problems like rain, snowfall,
heavy storm, hailstorms and landslides which cause not only loss of their
near and dears ones but also of their livestock. In the oscillation, most of
the time they have to travel on the national highway where respondents
stated the fear of accident. Non availability of fodder and harassment by
security forces/police also creates problem for them.
Problem Faced At Higher Reaches In The Study Area Problems Faced Number of Respondents (A) Forest Dept 100
(B) Good quality fodder 79 (C) Accomodation 90
(D) Militancy 100 (E) Nature 100
70
(F) Education of Children 88 (G) Medical facilities 100
(H) Marketing 100 (I) Drinking water and Electricity 100
Problem Faced At Lower Reaches In The Study Area
Problems Faced Number of Respondents (A) Local people 35
(B) Accomodation 90
(C) Education of Children 88 (D) Drinking water and Electricity 100
Problem Faced In The Transition Problems Faced Number of Respondents
(A) Nature 100
(B) Fear of Accident 69
(C) Good quality grass 79
(D) Security forces/police 70
4 Fodder : 53.5% fodder requirement comes from green fodder in plains.
Dry feed accounts for about 24.25 percent and concentrate contributes
about 2.25 percent of the feed requirements of the livestock. The
nutritive value of feed and fodder directly influence production and
productivity of livestock. Majority of the nomads are not satisfied with
the quality of pasture land.
These pastures are depleted due to over grazing. Besides, no care is
taken to plant the good quality grasses either by the forest department
or by the graziers concerned, nor any attention is paid to make good the
losses due to over grazing. With the result, the milk productivity of
livestock is very low vis-à-vis other which are properly fed and looked
after.
Feed &Fodder Consumption In Higher And Lower Reaches
Type Of Feed Hills Plains Dry Fodder - 23.5
Green Fodder - 74.0
71
Fodder from forest 98.0 - Grazing in plains - -
concentrates 2.0 2.5 Total 100 10
5. .Productivity : The average yield of milk per buffalo/day is very poor in
the Udhampur District. This lower yield of milch animals in the study
area is due to the poor availability of feed and fodder resources in term
of quantity and quality, inferior breed of livestock, poor veterinary
facilities and unhygienic conditions. On the whole, the ratio of milch
animals to the dry animals in the study area is 3:2.
6. Income : The major source of household income is animal husbandry,
contributing 94.68 percent to the total income of the entire study area.
Many nomads involved in animal husbandry activity also do some other
activities to supplement their income. It was observed that majority of
the nomadic Gujjars of the study area reported 2 to 3 earning members
in their family. The broad picture that emerges from the study is that,
the bottom 86 percent families in the study area have received a share
of about 55.48 percent of total Gujjars income and the top 14 percent
have taken a share of about 44.52 percent. Thus, majority of the nomads
in the study are living in lower income class.
The average annual income per household by district is Rs 156166.86 for
Udhampur. Overall Per family monthly income is estimated to be Rs
13013.91. In case of daily income per family, it is Rs 427.85 in
Udhampur.
Per-capita income per person is estimated to be Rs 21570.01 in
Udhampur The Study shows glaring income inequalities among different
categories of nomadic gujjars. It is noticed that per family daily income is
Rs. 113.93 in case of families having annual income less than Rs.49,999
income, whereas in families with annual income more then Rs.2,50,000
category are earning Rs 3357.83 per day per family. There are three
basic causes of income inequalities noticed. Firstly, the large disparity in
the distribution of cattle wealth, secondly low productivity of the
livestock and thirdly, the law of inheritance.
72
Estimated Annual, Monthly & Daily Per Family Income
Income class
Number of Respondents
Per Family Annual Income
Per Family Monthly Income
Per family Daily Income
Less than 49,999 32 43630.78 3635.90 119.54 50,000-99,999 34 92306 7692.17 252.89
1,0,000-1,49,999 18 147490.92 12290.91 404.08 1,50,000-1,99,999 8 195585.63 16298.80 535.85 2,00,000-2,49,999 3 244844.67 20403.72 670.81
More than2,50,000
5 1225608.2 102134.02 3357.83
Total 100 156166.86 13013.91 427.85
7. Expenditure: Livestock expenses were found to be higher (55.36%)
relative to household consumption expenses (44.64%).Overall it was
realized that their meals mainly constitute cereals and milk products.
Pulses and vegetables are very rare item in their dietary pattern. Per-
capita annual expenditure was found to be Rs 20942.04 in Udhampur.
8. Saving/Dissaving :- Overall, households with income below Rs 2.5 lakhs
(97.5%) per annum incurred dissavings. From this analysis, it is quite
clear that those Gujjars who are in the upper income group (above Rs
2.5 lakh) are, to some extent, living a decent life but those who are in
the lower income group, they are pauper. They are helpless to get rid of
the continual poverty which has been crushing them since time
immemorial. This is all just because of low productivity of their livestock.
As a result, their pure bovine economy becomes uneconomical for them.
Those who are found in deficit, majority of them mentioned that it is
because of expenses on fodder for their livestock, their social/religious
celebrations, medical/veterinary etc. As they remain hand to mouth,
therefore by compulsion they have to sell either their livestock or to go
to their relatives or Zamindars or shopkeepers to lick their boots to get
loan to meet the excess expenditure which is essential for equalizing
their economy. Relying on Zamindars or on shopkeeper’s means paying
exorbitant interests for the amount taken on loan.
9. Development and Welfare Programme-The assessment of awareness
among the nomads of Udhampur disclosed that nearly half of the
73
respondents and their family members were aware of such programmes.
The percentage of those who were personally benefitted from different
programmes was very low. Thus, nearly two-third of the nomadic Gujjars
of Udhampur could not get any benefit from any of the Tribal
Development Programmes of the State Governments or Government of
India.
Source :International Journal of Marketting, Financial Services & Management Research
Vol. 1 Issue8, August 2012, ISSN 2277 3622
4.5 Suggestions For Mitigating The Hardships Faced By People In
Udhampur Forest Division
The case study of poverty among nomadic Gujjars gives a clear idea of
the various issues faced by them at both higher and lower reaches of
Udhampur. The analysis pertaining to their health, source of income,
migration, availability of quality fodder, etc. clearly shows the lack of
basic facilities like proper shelter, health, drinking water, education etc.
In addition most of them are not aware of the various developmental
schemes operating in the State of J&K for their upliftment and
eradication of their poverty. Not only the Gujjars but the other
communities like Bakerwals, Gaddies etc, who are dependent on the
forests for their sustenance directly or indirectly, face similar problems
in their day to day lives because of the geographic isolation.
Therefore its becomes necessary for the Government of the State and
the Department to take some concrete initiatives so that we can
improve their social, economic, educational and political backwardness.
The various steps that can be initiated in this direction are as under:-
1. Education and Awareness
An important factor that determines the extend of dependency is the
level of education. More the education level more will be the exposure
to employment opportunities outside. Further the awareness regarding
the various schemes that are being initiated by the Government need to
be intensified so that they can get the maximum benefits out of it.
74
2. Correct Land Use
Mere possession of the land may not generate revenue flows unless it is
put to use. If the households could not cultivate due to cash constraints
or fear of crop damage from the wild animals, then they depend more
on forests as a major source of income. So steps in this direction are
necessary so that the land possessed by them is put to the best use.
Consequently the households with more agricultural income will depend
less on the forests of the Division for their survival.
3. Comrehensive Grazing Policy
Multi- pronged strategy is to be adopted to tackle the problem of
degradation of pastures and the improvement of bio-mass production.
The development of fodder resources and rehabilitation of grazing lands
on forests and in forest fringe areas is of paramount importance in view
of the total dependence of a large number of people on this resource for
their livelihood needs. The development of fodder resources will be
achieved through allocation of clear and mutually exclusive but closely
inter-linked roles and responsibilities to the various line departments,
viz. the Department of Animal Husbandry, in collaboration with research
institutes , will be responsible for development of better livestock
breeds ; and fodder storage , feed development etc. The Department of
Agriculture, in collaboration with agricultural universities and research
institutes, will be responsible for developing, promoting and extending
nutritious and high yielding varieties of fodder species for cultivation on
agricultural lands.
Grazing during the correct season is very important for obtaining
maximum production from grassland. Large numbers of cattle throng
the alpine pastures immediately after the snow melts. During this
period, rapid growth of plants temporarily depletes the food reserve and
therefore grazing should be deferred till the plants are able to restore
these food supplies. Since it may not be possible to implement in field,
rotational grazing should be introduced. The pasture to be grazed should
75
be divided into a number of units, each of which should be opened for
grazing in turn.
In addition inferior cattle are to be castrated with the help of Animal
Husbandry Department and sufficient and good quality fodder is to be
provided to the superior livestock. In particular, population of goat
needs to be controlled. Because of their browsing habit, they cause a
devastating effect on vegetation. The goat owner, therefore, should be
educated on the advisability of reducing the number of goats. To obtain
maximum production from particular grassland, it is of paramount
importance to secure a balance between number of animals and fodder
resources.
The concept of stall feeding should be popularized. Community fodder
banks should be established at various places. Existing springs and ponds
should be suitably developed for use of grazing animals. Small check
dams should be constructed along minor water courses to help conserve
the soil and water and impound water to create reservoir for use of
grazing animals.
4. Creating Alternate Source of Income So As To Reduce The
Dependence On Forests
Alternative income source would greatly reduce their dependence on
the forests for grazing and hence ease the conflict between them and
the forest Department with regards to the regeneration of the forests,
as large population of new regeneration on the forest floor is grazed by
their cattle.
There are strong evidences that people who depend on the forests and
its products continue to remain poor. Given the limited resources, if the
population expands, their dependence on the forests serves as a poverty
trap than a safety net for the poor. A diminishing forest resource base
combined with limited ability to take advantage of other opportunities
place the poor at risk for further deprivation.
76
Hence the long term goal of the department should be to make the
community less forest dependent. Providing alternate source of income
through employment opportunities or by a secured source of income
from cultivation will help the people in the long run. The overall socio-
economic upliftment of forest dependent communities will reduce the
human pressure on the forests and promote conservation of the
biological diversity.
5. Proper Sharing of Benefits
This can be achieved by ensuring a fair share to the local people living
near the forests in the final value of the various NTFP’s extracted by
them. One of the major contention in JFM approach is that the gatherers
get a very low share for the products extracted, whereas the final value
of the product s fetch very high returns. This is true with regards to the
extraction of Gucchies by the local people. So it is important to sustain
the interest of the local communities so as to manage the forests
effectively. The contribution of these communities to forests protection
and management will at the end benefit the larger interest of the
department. Therefore, the people doing the extraction to generate
extra income need to be compensated. In order to do this the current
mechanism for collection and marketing of various NTFP’s need to be
changed, as there are many intermediaries between the people and the
final consumers. Higher marketing margin by these intermediaries
results in higher consumer prices and low collection price received by
the gatherers.
Eliminating the cost of the intermediaries will improve the benefits of
the local communities, which will serve as an incentive for the gatherers
to cooperate willingly in managing the products sustainably.
5. Construction of Halting Places and Shelter Sheds:
During their seasonal migration, the nomadic graziers face numerous
problems such as inclement weather conditions, lack of proper halting
places along the route, lack of fodder and water along the migratory
77
route, lack of proper path for movement of their families and livestock
etc. Cases of friction with local villages because of largely conflicting
demands have become all too frequent. The stretch of the routes which
passes through roads, especially National Highway, poses serious
problems to the nomadic families and their livestock .There is no proper
place along the roads where they can spend a few nights before moving
to the next halting place.
Halting places where graziers can spend a few nights before moving to
the next station are to be provided. To provide protection to the families
of nomads and their livestock against unfavourable weather conditions
such as incessant rains, cloud bursts, hail storms etc. shelter sheds shall
be constructed at all the important behaks.
6. Sustaining Participatory Approach :
The Forest policy of 1988 facilitated the implementation of Joint Forest
Management. The Govt. Of India provided guidelines to all the States for
the involvement of village communities in the regeneration of degraded
forests. The Scheme participatory forest management received further
importance in the resolution of 1990. Participatory forest management
was formally adopted in J&K State by issuing a notification SRO-61 dated
19-03-1992. The new approach gave way to reduce for more
participation of people.
Even though JFM approach agreed upon sharing the responsibilities and
power with the local user groups, however it has been seen that the
ultimate producers are greatly influenced by the State and related
departments decisions. Substantive power still vests with the Forest
Department to suspend and dissolve the JFM communities. The fact is
that very poor and marginal have little say in the management process
and often locally powerful groups influence the final outcome. This
practice needs to be stopped and the network of JFM’s in the Division
needs to be strengthened.
78
Further the practical difficulties in JFM approach need to be sorted out
before working out a viable participatory framework. JFM has the
potential to generate diversified livelihood in rural communities. Its
correct implementation can help in empowering the locals as well as in
improving the condition of the forests of the Division. The success of
JFM totally depends on the nature of power sharing. The equitable
distribution of the benefit sharing is a precondition for sustaining
participatory approach
Table 4.3
The Detail Of Village Forest Committees Of Udhampur Forest
Division
[[Udhampur Forest Division
S.No. Name of VFC S.No. Name of VFC
1 Latti Chapper 18 Rakh Thanoa
2 Pachound 19 Proa Jagir
3 Garian Kalan 20 Thanoa
4 Sira Marothi 21 Jakhed
5 Galiote 22 Chapper II
6 Nalli Nikka 23 Pattan Matlowa
7 Lalli 24 Gharian Khurd
8 Kultair (P) 25 Panjar
9 Katti (P) 26 Kalsote
10 Ossu 27 Mongri
11 Laddan 28 Latyar
12 Mand 29 Chulna
13 Tikri 30 Charat
14 Balli 31 Bhati
15 Himbra 32 Pangra
16 Thanidhar 33 Rakh Neranal
17 Sourap
79
CHAPTER - V
Five Year Plans
80
CHAPTER-V
Five Year Plans
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 The Five-year Plans (FYP’s), are developed, executed, and monitored by
the Planning Commission with the Prime Minister as the ex-officio
Chairman. The first Five Year Plan was launched in the year 1951.
Presently there is tremendous pressure for addressing growing
livelihood, industrial and development needs ,on the green cover. It is,
therefore, important to focus on sustainable management approach and
maintenance of environmental stability. With the increase in population
of both human as well as livestock, the forests are under great pressure
due to open grazing, heavy exploitation and excessive biotic
dependence. Therefore, augmentation of natural regeneration, eco-
restoration of degraded forests along with increasing their productivity
have assumed significant place in the economy. In order to sustain the
ecology the Government of India has been allocating funds to the
forestry sector right from the beginning of the First Five Year Plan.
Although the main focus during the initial years of implementation was
towards Agriculture but regular provisions have been made for forestry
development and forest based programmes.
5.2 Development In Forestry during Five Year Plans In India
5.2.1 In first five year plan a sum of Rs. 9.5 crore was spent on forestry
programmers in which emphasis was laid on afforestation, forest
transport and communication, forest administration and small scale
plantation by state governments. Similarly the central government gave
priority to forest research, forestry education and wild life conservation.
5.2.2 In Second Five Year Plan 193 million rupees was allocated for forestry
development programmes. Here main focus was towards afforestation,
development of plant species of commercial and industrial importance,
increase production of timber and important minor forest products, wild
life conservation, improvement in the living conditions of forest
81
personnel, forestry research, extension of new technological facilities
and widening the scope of cooperation with the Central Government.
Due to these efforts value of major forest products increased from 190
million rupees to 590 million rupees and minor forest products from
69.3 million rupees to 111.3 million rupees during 1951-61.The area of
reserved forests also increased from 27.3 million sq. km. to 36.5 million
sq. km and the number of forest personnel grew from 4 to 50 lakhs.
5.2.3 In Third Five Year Plan a provision of Rs. 510 million was made for
forestry development which laid to the planting of quick growing
varieties of trees on 64,000 ha. And trees of economic importance on
240,000 ha. Of area. About 2 lakh hectares of forest land was replanted
and 11,000 km long new roads were constructed besides the repairing of
4,000 km long old roads.
5.2.4 During Fourth Five Year Plan quick growing varieties of trees were
planted on 4 lakh ha. Of land to meet industrial demand (paper, plywood
and match industries) besides the a forestation on 3.4 lakh ha. Of area
for economically important trees (teak, semen and shisham) and 75 lakh
ha. For fuel wood. During this period about 2 lakh ha. Of old forest land
was reforested. For the proper development of forests about 16,000 km.
long new roads were constructed and 2,000 km long old roads were
repaired. About 2 lakh ha. Of forest land was also developed for
providing fodder to the cattle.
5.2.5 During Fifth five Year Plan provision was made for planting quick growing
varieties of trees on 8.6 lakh ha. Of area along the roads, rivers, canals
and rail lines and trees of economic and industrial use on 16 lakh ha of
area. The plan also proposed the construction of about 60,000 km long
roads for the maintenance and development of forest areas.
5.2.6 During Sixth Five Year Plan an outlay of 692.64 crore rupees was made
for forestry development with main objectives for the conservation of
existing forests and the launching of country-wide afforestation and
social forestry programmes to fulfill three sets of needs: (a) ecological
security, (b) fuel, fodder and other domestic needs of the population;
82
and (c) the needs of village, small scale and large scale industries. The
programmes included forest conservation, social forestry, fuel wood,
forest labour, forest survey, forest research and people's participation in
forest development. The new thrusts included 'tree for every child
programme', eco-development force, eco-development camps and agro-
forestry programmes. During this period affoestation was made over
21.5 lakh ha. Of area. The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 restricted the
transfer of forest land to other uses.
5.2.7 During Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90) a sum of Rs. 1859.10 crore was
allocated for forestrydevelopment. It fixed up target for planting trees
on 50 lakh ha. of area with main programmes like (i) conservation of
important flora and fauna for ecosystem, (ii) increasing forest area
through afforestation programmes like social forestry, agro forestry etc,
(iii) fulfilling the needs of fuel wood, fodder, timber and minor forest
products, (iv) maintaining balance between forestry programmes and
welfare of tribal's dependent on forests, (v) laying emphasis on forestry
research, forestry education, and forestry training, and (vi) seeking
people's participation for forestry development under JFM (Joint Forest
Management) Scheme.
5.2.8 During the Eighth Five Year Plan an outlay of Rs. 525 crore has been
provided for forestry development under Central Sector. The
programmes include: (i) rehabilitation of degraded forests, (ii) soil and
moisture conservation, (iii) farm forestry, (iv) roadside and canal bank
plantation, (v) creation of wind-breaks, and (vi) wood lots on community
land and pasture development. Under these programmes besides social
forestry scheme, rural fuel wood plantation has been introduced in 101
districts of the country which are chronically deficient in fuel wood and
fodder resources.
5.2.9 The Ninth Five Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence.It
focussed onenvironmental stability through social mobalisation and
participation of people.
83
5.2.10An outlay of Rs 5945 crores was fixed for the forestry sector in the 10th
Five Year Plan. As the National Forest Policy stipulated that 1/3rd
geographical area of the country should be brought under forest/tree
cover, the imperative was echoed in the 10th FYP, which stated that the
country will bring 25% area under forest/tree cover by the end of 10th
Plan period and 33% by the end of 11th FYP.
5.2.11The outlays for the 11th FYP for forestry and Wildlife was Rs. 6213.99
crores and the projected buddget outlays (with 20% increase for the
12th FYP (2012-13 to 2016-17) is 7456.788 crores.
5.3 Plan Outlay & Expenditure for Foresty Sector In The State of
Jammu and Kashmir From 1st Five Year Plan (1951-56)
5.3.1 In the State of J&K the funds have regularly been allocated to the forestry
sector since the1stFirst Five year Plan. The detail of year wise allocation
to the J&K Forest Department is given in the table below:
Table 5.1
( Rs In Lakhs)
S. No Plan Period Sector Outlay Expenditure
1 1st FYP (1951-56) Forest & Soil Conservation
16.77 14.91
2 2ndFYP (1956-61) -do- 66.50 75.32
3 3rdFYP (1961-66) -do- 175.00 132.10
4 Inter Plan Period (1966-69)
-do- 179.00 119.68
5 4th FYP (1969-74) -do- 575.00 302.64
6 5th FYP (1974-79) -do- 498.76 348.30
7 AnnualPlan
(1978-79)
-do- 152.00 145.32
84
8 Annual Plan
(1979-80)
-do- 173.92 144.18
9 6th FYP(1980-85) -do- 1250.00 1910.93
10 7th FYP (1985-90) All Wings of Forest Deptt.
4922.00 5200.91
11 Annual Plan
(1990-91)
-do- 2180.86 2108.33
12 Annual Plan
(1991-92)
-do- 2371 2701.35
13 8th FYP (1992-97) -do- 15990.00 17891.01
14 9th FYP (1997-02) -do- 49700.00 43547.95
15 10thFYP(2002-07) -do- 66598.92 48717.66
16 11thFYP(2007-12) -do- 88292.14 -
17 Annual Plan
(2012-13)
-do- 3643.69 -
18 Annual Plan
(2013-14)
-do- 4841.95 -
Source : J&K Planning Departm
5.4 Achievements of Udhmapur Forest Division During Five Year
Plans
5.4.1 Udhampur Forest Division has bee committed to initatiate and catalyse
actions thet prevent the distruction of its rich forest resources. A
number of ecorestoration and plantation programmes have initiated in
this direction. Varoius measures like formation of closures, fencing,
Drsm Works, Plantation, development of infrastructure etc have been
taken.The year wise achievements by Udhampur Forest Division and the
85
total expenditure incurred in various restoration works is given Year
wise in the following tables:-
86
7th Five Year Plan (1985-90)
7th Five Year Plan (1985-90) Year Scheme Total expenditure incurred on new Plantations
1989-90 State Plan 729403.02 Annual Plan (1990-91)
Year Scheme Total Expenditure Incurred on New Plantations
1990-91 State Sector 826263.21
District Sector 224306.21 DPAP 704492.21
Compensatory 150396.80
8th Five Year Plan (1992-97)
Year Scheme Plantation Patch Sowing Fencing DRSM Work
1993-94
District Sector
10000
-
130000 Rft
Crate work +Danga Work
= 537m³
State Sector
10000
Dibbling of seeds = 206 Kgs
-
Crate work +Danga Work
= 334.60m³
DPAP 60000 4500 Patch Sowing 23000 Rft
Danga Work =345 m³
Scheme Target Achieved
State Sector
Physical Financial 2300Posts 23000Rft
Rs. 99575
87
1995-96
35000 Plantation
Rs.78176
M.E Works Rs.2996
District Sector 10000 Post 10000 Rft.
Rs.46544
20000 Plantation Rs.45976 M.E Works Rs.4980
9th Five Year Plan (1997-02)
Year Scheme Fencing In
Rft. Plantation in No.s DRSM in
M³ Financial (Rs.
In Lakhs)
1997-98
State Sector 0.91 0.867 309 M³ 17.12 District Sector 0.20 0.510 111 M³ 5.116 District Soil Conservation
0.20 0.20 270M³ 4.569
Year
Scheme
Physical Financial (In Lakhs)
1998-99
State Sector 14000Rft 2.52 DPAP 14000Rft.
25000 Plants 3.6
District Sector 27000Rft 28300 Plants
5.5
Year Scheme Physical Financial
1999-2000
District Sector RDF
Co 56/U
800 Posts 8000 Rft
9255 Plants DRSM 78 cum
Patch Sowing(4800 No’s)
Rs.59265
Rs. 29610 Rs. 13980 Rs.5490
Central Assistance Water Harvesting 1 Pond Rs.30000
88
Fire Lines 5 Km Rs. 49950 Fencing/Repair 2000 Rft Rs 4770
District Sector Co 20/ P 10500 Plants Rs. 38902 Co 8/ P 7010 Plants Rs 24975
Year Scheme Physical Financial
2000-01
District Sector
Fencing 13000 Rft.
Rs 434000
Planting 10000 No’s Raising of Plants 35000
ME Work 153 m³ Construction of Jakhain Check
Post
10th Five Year Plan (2002-07)
Year 2002-03
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches Total Plants & Patches
Expenditu
re
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in
lacs.) 1 District Sector Plan 2 44 4.440 12000 12000 5000 17000 4.44 2 State Sector Plan 3 80 10.000 25000 18000 0 18000 10.00
Total 5 124 14.440 37000 30000 5000 35000 14.44
0 Year 2003-04
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches Total Plants & Patches
Expenditu
re
89
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in
lacs.) 1 District Sector Plan 2 30 4.140 10000 7800 0 7800 4.14 2 State Sector Plan 4 105 10.400 32000 32000 0 32000 10.40
Total 6 135 14.540 42000 39800 0 39800 14.54
0 Year 2004-05
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches
Total Plants
& Patche
s
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in
nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Sector Plan 2 28 5.040 8400 8000 0 8000 5.04 2 State Sector Plan 3 69 7.000 21000 25500 0 25500 7.00
Total 5 97 12.040 29400 33500 0 33500 12.040 Year 2005-06
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches
Total Plants &
Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in
nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Sector Plan 3 70 7.580 18600 27000 0 27000 7.58 2 State Sector Plan 5 100 9.000 30000 54000 0 54000 9.00 3 CM Participatory 1 25 3.000 7000 20000 0 20000 3.00
5 12th Finance Commission 1 20 +
Repair 8.620 32000 2500 0 2500 8.62
Total 10 195 28.200 87600 103500 0 10350
0 28.200
90
Year 2006-07
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches Total Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.) 1 District Sector Plan 3 60 10.500 20000 26000 35000 61000 10.50 2 State Sector Plan 3 60 4.000 13000 13000 0 13000 4.00 3 CM Participatory 1 30 3.750 9000 13000 0 13000 3.75
5 12th Finance Commission
Repair/Maintenance 3.030 18590 5732 46510 52242 3.03
Total 7 150 21.280 60590 57732 81510 139242 21.280
11th Five Year Plan (2007-12)
Year 2007-08
S.No Name of Scheme
Number of
Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing/Repair Plantation Patches Total
Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Sector Plan 3 75 12.750 21000 40500 50000 90500 12.75
2 State Sector Plan 3 43 4.000 13000 15000 0 15000 4.00
3 CM Participatory 1 25 3.750 7000 12000 0 12000 3.75
4 FDA 70.800 0 0 0 0 0.00
5 12th Finance Commission
2 40 12.470 34840 50000 31200 81200 12.47
Total 7 103.770 75840 117500 81200 198700 32.970
Year 2008-09
91
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing Plantation Patches Total
Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Sector Plan 3 66 12.500 19500 36000 34000 70000 12.30
2 State Sector Plan 2 34 2.590 10000 14000 0 14000 2.59
3 CM Participatory 1 20 4.000 6000 10000 15000 25000 4.00
Total 6 120 19.090 35500 60000 49000 109000 18.89
Year 2009-10
S.No Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing Plantation Patches Total Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.) 1 District Sector Plan 3 14.650 20750 11000 16700 27700 14.61 2 State Sector Plan 3 7.000 18500 4000 14000 18000 6.77 3 CM Participatory 2 4.000 9000 0 0 0 4.00 4 12th Finance Commission (2007-08) 2
25.122 7940 15660 20000 35660 14.28
5 12th Finance Commission (2008-09) 2 7960 8830 0 8830 10.48 6 Development of Conifers - 1.000 560 0 0 0 0.79 7 FDA - 23.340 0 0 0 0 0.00
Total 12 75.112 64710 39490 50700 90190 50.930 Year 2010-11
S.No
Name of Scheme Number of Closures formed
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing Plantation Patches Total Plants &
Patches Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in
lacs.) 1 District Sector Plan 3 14.65 18000 24000 3500 27500 14.52 2 State Sector Plan 2 6.32 12000 16000 500 16500 6.28 3 CM Participatory - 3.79 - 15000 35000 50000 3.28 4 CAMPA 6 55.54 37900 69500 42250 111750 37.19
5 FDA Maintenance of 1160 Ha.
8.90 0 100000 0 100000
31.90
Total 11 89.200 67900 224500 81250 305750 93.170
92
Year 2011-12
S.No
Name of the Sector/Scheme
Number of
Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing Plantation Patches Total Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Plan 3 60 14.65 18000 15000 27900 42900 14.61 2 State Plan 2 40 5.00 10500 8500 0 8500 7.17 3 CM Participatory 1 20 1.965 6000 6000 0 6000 3.24 4 CAMPA (2010-11) - - 18.25 - 8120 0 8120 16.87 5 CAMPA (2011-12) 17 332 132.87 94584 139670 47750 187420 118.37
6 FDA Old
Liability - 8.85 0 0 0 0
9.20
Total 23 452 181.585 177290 75650 252940 169.460
12th Five Year Plan
Year 2012-13 (Annual Plan)
S.No Name of the
Sector/Scheme
Number of
Closures formed
Area in Ha.
Funds released (in lacs)
Fencing Plantation Patches /Napier Total Plants & Patches
Expenditure
(in rft.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in nos.) (in lacs.)
1 District Plan 3 60 14.65 18000 18000 15000 33000 14.64 2 State Plan 2 40 8.21 12000 12000 8000 20000 8.19 3 CM Participatory 1 20 2.85 6000 - - 0 2.82 4 CAMPA (2011-12) - - 14.50 - - - - 5.41 5 CAMPA (2012-13) 14 295 125.62 89000 167800 77000 244800 110.13
93
6 FDA 18 200 46.95 Advance work = 200 Ha., Creation Work = 100 Ha. & Maintt. = 398 Ha. 43.83
Total 38 615 212.780 125000 197800 100000 297800 185.020
Year 2013-14 (Ending 10/2013)
Fencing (in rft.) Plantation (in nos.)
Patches/Napier (in nos.)
S.No
Name of the Sector/Scheme
Number of
Closures formed
Area in
Ha.
Funds Proposed (in lacs)
Funds released (in lacs)
Target Achivement Target Achivement Target Achivement
Expenditure
(in lacs.) 1 District Plan 3 51 10.990 6.075 15300 15300 15300 15300 15000 5000 5.88 2 State Plan 2 34 8.250 4.950 10200 10200 10200 10200 10000 5000 4.43
3 CM
Participatory 1 20 2.370 1.420
Already fenced during 2012-13
6000 6000 4000 4000 1.25
4 CAMPA (2012-
13) - - 16.340 16.340 - - -
7.38
5 CAMPA (2013-
14) 14 268 143.910 68.510 80500 80500
Plantation = 136000 & BUC = 75200 Total = 211200
Plantation =
72500 & BUC = 23700 Total = 96200
78000 36000 51.11
6 FDA - - 96.960 36.610 120000 - 143000 - - - 0.63
7 National Bamboo Mission
2 30 3.760 1.880 9000 Repair =
9000 10000 10000 - 0 1.48
Total 22 403 282.580 135.785 235000 115000 395700 137700 107000 50000 72.160
94
5.5 Focus of 12th Five Year Plan In J&K
5.5.1 During the 12th Five Year Plan, focus will be given towards strategic
directions for managing environment and forest in more professional
manner.
1. Greening of degraded land, afforestation and eco-restoration of
ecological sensitive areas.
2. Technology based monitoring of forest cover, biodiversity and growing
stock besides establishment of open web-based National Forestry and
Environmental Information system for research and public accessibility.
3. Establish forestry seed in forest circles and model Nursery in potential
areas.
4. Improve forest productivity, production and sustainable management of
biodiversity (equity in access to benefit sharing with local people).
5. Restoration and intensification of forest-rangeland/grazing –land
management and establish community grazing land around forest fringe
villages.
6. Revive seed orchards for various types as well enlisted species under
minor forest produce/non-timber forest produce.
5.6 Suggestions Based on Condition of The Crop
5.6.1 It has been observed during the preparation of this Plan that very little
effort has been made to regenerate the Fir forests of the Division. Even
the previous Working Plan Officer had suggested that a Fir nursery
should be developed in Dudu and Panchari Ranges but nothing has been
done so far because of the financial constraints. It’s therefore suggested
to allocate sufficient funds in the Propsed Plan period so that the
nurseries could be established.
5.6.2 In addition there is no exact data available with regards to the
distribution of medicinal plants of the Division. So a detailed survey
regarding the diversity of mecicinal plants is the need of the hour.By
95
knowing the exact extent, the future strategry with regards to their
extraction and conservation could be taken.
96
CHAPTER VI
Staff & Labour Supply
97
CHAPTER VI
Staff and Labour Supply
Staff
6.1.1 The following statement shows the sanctioned strength, the staff
actually working and , as per PCCF No. PCCF/NG/SD/484-557 dt:-
19.05.2009.
Sanction strength/Working Strength of Udhampur Forest
Division existed as on date 05.08.2013
Table 6.1
S.No
Name of Post /Pay Scale
Sanctioned Strength as per PCCF No. PCCF/NG/SD/484-557 dt:- 19.05.2009
Working / existing Strength
Excess
Vacancy
Remarks
Category-Gazetted 1 DCF 1 1 - - 2 ACF 1 1 - - 3 Range Officer-I 4 3 - 1 Category-Non Gazetted 4 Range Officer-II 1 1 - - One Forester
working as I/c R.O
5 Foresters 29 23 - 6 6 Dy. Foresters 14 5 - 9 7 Forest Guards 150 79 - 71 8 Jr. Driver 1 - - 1 Category-Ministerial Staff 9 Sr. Assistant 1 1 - - 10 Accountant 1 1 - - 11 Jr. Assistant 7 6 - 1 Category- Class-IV 12 Helpers - 76 76 - 13 Watcher 2 3 1 - One working on
Adhoc basis 14 Mali 8 4 - 4 Two working on
Adhoc basis 15 Cleaner 1 - - 1 16 Orderly/ Peon 3 6 3 - 17 Chowkidar1 6 3 - 3 One working on
Adhoc basis.
98
Labour Supply
6.2.1 It is not always possible to muster sufficient labour, particularly, for
large scale forestry operations. Although unemployment is quiet high in
the area but during the working season, when local people can get
employment, they remain busy in their fields. For timber extraction
operations, the skilled labour is usually imported from other parts of the
state. For resin extraction work, labour is imported from neighbouring
Himachal Pradesh as the skilled labour in sufficient number is not
available in the tract.
99
CHAPTER VII
Past System Of Management
100
CHAPTER VII
Past System of Management
Past History
7.1.1 Very little is known about early history of these forests. Like all other
forests of the State, these forests were originally under the nominal
control of the Revenue Department and were badly administered. Up to
the year 1889 the trees were sold by the girth at throw away price. The
fellings were generally unrestricted.
7.1.2 Major portion of these forests, as part of Ramnagar Tehsil was included
in the Jagir granted to Late Raja Ram Singh Ji in 1876 AD. After the death
of Raja Sahib in 1889 AD, the Jagir reverted to State and with it the
forests also, which were then taken over by the Forest Department,
which had been created in 1891 AD. During these years also forests were
worked very unsystematically. Sale of trees by girth continued till 1889
AD, when it was replaced by a system of sale on royalty on sawn out
turn and in the later case trees were not even marked before felling.
7.1.3 In 1891, Mr.J.Macdowell, Conservator of Forests was asked to regularize
the working of State forests. As a result, the forests were demarcated
and various conservatory measures introduced.
7.1.4 In 1893 AD, Udhampur Division was formed and the same was split in
1906 AD in to Reasi and Kishtwar Divisions. From 1899 to 1914 AD, Dudu
Range formed part of the old Ram Nagar Forest Division. In 1914 Dudu
Range was carved out of the Ram Nagar Division and transferred to
Billawar, now renamed as Kathua Forest Division.
7.1.5 In 1924, Reasi Division was split in to three divisions namely Udhampur,
Ramban and Reasi Division. In the same year, Dudu Range was
transferred to Udhampur Division along with Ramnagar Range. In 1947
AD, Jammu Range and forests of Jammu side of Krahidhar were carved
out from Udhampur Division to constitute Jammu Forest Division.
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7.1.6 To Dudu Range was also tagged that part of Chenani Jagir that drains in
to Tawi River, immediately after the Jagir was liquidated and
amalgamated with the district of Udhampur during the year 1948.
7.1.7 The present day Udhampur Forest Division has emerged after the
formation of Panchari Range in 1979 by transferring Co. 1 to 38 of
Panchari block from Udhampur Range ,Co. 19 to 27/ Reasi from Reasi
Range & Co. 82 to 105 C/Lander from Lander Range of Ramban Forest
Division. Later, in the year 1984 Ram Nagar was carved out of Udhampur
Forest Division to constitute the present Ram Nagar Forest Division.
Result Of Working Up To 1911 AD
7.2.1 When the forests were taken over by the state they were in a depleted
condition. In the best interest of the crop, therefore, exploitation of
green timber was stopped and from 1899 to 1908 operations chiefly
confined to removal of dead Deodar.
Dudu Basantgarh Plan
7.3.1 In 1910 AD, systematic working under old Dudu Basantgarh Plan
prepared by W.H. Lovegrove, IFS, was introduced in Dudu Range while
the low lying Chir areas were brought under resin tapping. A system of
improvement felling on 15 years cycle was introduced. Felling passes
over most of the conifer forests once during the period. The plan was
ordered to be repeated for another felling cycle at the expiry of the first
felling cycle. Due to slump in the timber market in 1930 AD, the second
felling cycle could not be completed.
7.3.2 As a result of the improvement markings during the plan period, young
crop started appearing and establishing themselves, worthy to note
being Kail which besides colonizing blanks on southern aspects of valley,
has established a pure crop almost throughout the stretch on left bank
of Tawi on northern aspect. Seedlings of Deodar were planted on a
modest scale near Bandhole and it achieved spectacular results.
102
Sh.S.D.Dhar’s Plan (1941 – 1950)
7.4.1 The old plan was revised by Pt. S.D.Dhar for Dudu Range alone. As the
forests had improved considerably due to improvement felling in the
previous plan, they were considered fit for invoking regular system of
working. The following three working circles were constituted to satisfy
the objects of the management.
i. Deodar – Pine Working Circle
All such areas that contained Deodar – Kail as the main species were
allotted to this Working Circle. Selection cum Improvement system was
prescribed on a 20 year felling cycle. Exploitable size was fixed at 30’’
diameter and rotation at 160 years. Yield was fixed at 1% of the growing
stock. The prescriptions of the plan left a satisfactory impact on the
young regeneration and pole crop that had resulted in the previous plan
period.
ii. Fir – Spruce Working Circle
All such areas which were having well stocked Fir and Spruce forests
were allotted to this working circle. These forests were worked under
Selection system. Exploitable size was fixed at 30’’ diameter. A rotation
of 160 years was fixed with a 20 year felling cycle. Annual yield was fixed
at 1% of the total growing stock but due to limited demand for Fir the
yield was reduced by 50%. None of these forests except Co. 81 was
taken up even during extended period of time.
iii. The Unregulated Working Circle
All such forests which were not allotted to either Deodar, Kail or Fir –
Spruce Working Circle were allotted to this Working Circle. The demand
of the local concessionists was to be met from this Working Circle. No
specific tending operations were prescribed.
R.M.Malhotra’s Plan
103
7.5.1 Sh. S.D Dhar’s plan was revised by Sh. R.M. Malhotra, the then DFO
Udhampur Forest Division but unfortunately it could not see the light of
the day.
Working Plan For Chenani Jagir Forests (1909 TO 1928 AD)
7.6.1 For parts of Chenani Jagir forests which lie on Shibgarh Dhar side, now
included in Dudu Range, first Working Plan was prepared by Sh.Raizada
Hukum Singh Bali in 1909 AD. The method of treatment applied was
improvement with an area and stem check and it consisted mainly in the
removal of unsound and malformed, dead, dying trees. Exploitable size
was fixed at 6’ girth at breast height.
7.6.2 The plan was revised by Sh.Badri Nath Panth, after the expiry of the plan
in 1928. He also advocated improvement system with area and stem
check. The exploitable size for Deodar, Kail was fixed at 6’ and for Fir at
7.5’ girth at breast height. The maximum possibility of the annual cut
was determined by applying the following formulae:
For Deodar – Kail = 0.5 (I + II class) ± 0.10 × III class
30
Chir = 0.5 (I + II class) ± 0.20 × III class
30
Fir = 0.5 × I class + 0.10 × II class)
45
Note:
I class = over 7.5 girth at b.h
II class = 6’.7.5’ girth at b.h
III class = 4.5’.6’ girth at b.h
IV class = 3’.4.5’ girth at b.h
Working Plan Of Sh. I.B.Biswas
104
7.7.1 Sh. I.B Bishwas of Kashmir Forest Service revised the old Working Plan in
1939 AD & constituted 4 working circles:
1. Chenab Selection Working Circle.
2. Tawi Improvement Working Circle.
3. Chir Working Circle.
4. Protection Working Circle
The yield was calculated by formulae :
Y = V / N
Where , V = Total growing stock
N = No. of years required for a tree of 12’’ diameter to grow to
exploitable size of 27’’. It was fixed as 110 years.
` Sh. G.R Sufi’S Plan (1959-60 TO 1973-74)
7.8.1 This was the first consolidated plan of Udhampur Forest Division, which
had emerged after the readjustment of its boundaries with various other
divisions surrounding it. Every attempt was made to bring coniferous
forests under regular system of working. The following Working Circles
were constituted:
i. Deodar Kail Working Circle
This Working Circle comprises of all easily accessible well stocked
Deodar-Kail forests of Dudu Range. Conversion to Uniform under
Shelter-wood Compartment System was adopted. Rotation was fixed at
150 years. Exploitable diameter was fixed at 24’’ d.b.h. Average crop age
was worked out to be 50 years and accordingly 100 years conversion
period was fixed.
Only two Periodic Blocks namely Regeneration and Un-allotted were
recognized. Regeneration block comprised of all such compartments
which were to be regenerated during the plan period. All other areas of
105
this Working Circle which were not allotted to conversion block were
allotted to Un-allotted block.
Yield was calculated by dividing the fit green growing stock of the
Working Circle by conversion period i.e., 100 years.
Closure of the compartments after regeneration fellings was advocated.
In the Un-allotted block, B/C grade thinning and improvement fellings
where necessary were also recommended.
ii. High Level Selection Working Circle
The Working Circle included all such compartments which had Fir-Spruce
as the predominant crop. Few compartments with Deodar-Kail as the
major crop were also allotted to this Working Circle purely on
configurational grounds. The crop was to be treated under Selection
System. Rotation of 180 years was fixed with a felling cycle of 30 years.
Exploitable size for Deodar was fixed at 30’’ d.b.h , for Kail 27’’ and for
Fir at 30’’ d.b.h (ob).
iii. Chir Working Circle
All low lying Chir forests which were easily accessible, well stocked and
compact were allotted to this Working Circle. The forests were to be
treated under Shelter wood compartment system. The whole crop was
to be converted in 90 years period. Regeneration period was fixed as 30
years and the exploitable diameter was fixed at 24’’. Two Periodic blocks
namely Regeneration and Un-allotted were recognized. Regeneration
block comprised of compartments where regeneration felling was to be
carried out. Remaining compartments of this Working Circle were
allotted to the Un-allotted block.
Closure of the compartments after regeneration fellings was proposed. C
grade ordinary thinning was prescribed in Un-allotted areas.
iv. Resin Tapping Working Circle
This Working Circle included all such Chir forests which were considered
not fit for extraction of timber. Trees were grouped in two main classes
106
i.e. 13’-23’’ & over 23’’ dbh. One channel was to be made on trees of
13’’ to 23’’ dbh and two channels on trees of over 23’’ diameter.
Elaborate guidelines were laid down for setting blazes on trees. Each
Block Officer was required to sow Chir seeds annually in 2.5 acres on
blanks or partially stocked areas.
v. Protection Working Circle
This Working Circle included poorly stocked forests of the division. The
treatment prescribed was to rehabilitate the areas artificially within a
period of 3o years.
vi. Broad Leaved Working Circle
This Working Circle included almost all low lying forests forests of
Udhampur Range and Banj Oak forests of Dudu valley and Ladha dhar.
No specific treatment was prescribed. Two felling series, scrub and Rakh
were constituted for extraction of firewood.
vii. Unregulated Working Circle
This Working Circle comprised of all such forests which were situated far
away or occupied the lands of catchments or were poorly stocked and
could not be worked systematically. Almost all the high level alpine
pasture was placed in this Working Circle. It was recommended to lay
few research plots to conduct research on fodder grasses, incidence of
grazing and other factors allied with grazing.
Result Of The Operation
7.8.2 In some compartments where adequate protection was given after
regeneration felling such as in compartment 55a and 98/ Dudu,
adequate regeneration has come up. Adequate follow up actions after
regeneration fellings as prescribed in the plan was not taken up. As a
result regeneration failed to come up in most of the compartments.
For the assessment of growing stock in Deodar, Kail and high level
selection Working Circles, total enumeration was conducted in 45% and
42% of the total commercial area respectively and these figures were
107
projected for the whole of Working Circle by volume area proportion
method. Since the compartments where total enumeration was carried
out represented best of the lot, the growing stock figures got inflated
and consequently annual yield prescribed for different Working Circles
was on higher side.
Sh. S.P Sharma’s Plan
7.9.1 Sh. G.R Sufi’s plan was taken up for revision by Sh. R. M Saxena in 1973
but it could not be approved. Subsequently, Sh. A.R Keema was asked to
revise Part-II of Sh. Saxena’s plan but he could not complete the
assignment. In 1982 Sh. S.P Sharma took up the revision of this plan. Sh.
Sharma’s plan did not prescribe any significant change in the
management of these forests. Stratified random point sampling
technique was applied for the assessment of growing stock and total
enumeration was carried out in compartments proposed for felling
during the currency of the plan. Aesthetic Working Circle was carved out
to manage the forests in and around Panchari, Mantalai, Kud and
Patnitop to promote tourism. Compartments of Panchari Range were
given new serial numbers.
7.9.2 Following Working Circles were constituted:
i. Deodar-Kail Working Circle
All easily available and well-stocked Deodar-Kail forests were allotted to
this Working Circle. The method of treatment adopted was Conversion
to Uniform crop under Shelter wood compartment system. It was also
clarified that no attempt should be made to produce theoretical uniform
crop, as it would involve huge loss of advance growth in the form of pole
crop. It was proposed to retain advance growth and to remove over-
wood in a series of operations called regeneration fellings.
It was proposed to confine regeneration fellings to conversion block,
which contained mature to over-mature trees. In conversion block,
regeneration fellings were to proceed in a succession of seedling,
secondary and final fellings. At the start, seedling felling was
108
recommended to induce regeneration wherever wanted by making
openings in the over-wood. Seedling fellings were to be followed by
secondary fellings where regeneration was nearing establishment.
Removal of over-wood in final felling was recommended where
regeneration was established and needed to be freed from over-wood.
Comprehensive marking rules were prescribed for conducting
regeneration fellings. Ordinary thinning of B/C or C grade were
prescribed for congested pole crop along with removal of dead,
diseased, malformed and suppressed trees with the objective to
improve the crop.
Cultural operations such as clearance of shrubs, where ever too dense
and debris burning were prescribed.
Rotation: A technical rotation of 120 years corresponding to 60 cms dbh
(ob) was recommended.
Conversion Period: Average diameter of the advance growth (of crop
upto 50 cms dbh) was calculated as 27 cms for Deodar and 28 cms for
Kail. Average age of the advance growth was worked out with the help
of FRI yiels table for Deodar of site quality II. It was estimated that
regeneration was 65 years old(approximately). Remaining conversion
period was worked out as under :-
Conversion period = Rotation – average age of advance growth
= 120 years – 65 years = 55 years
Regeneration Period: Regeneration period of 30 years was prescribed.
Felling Series: Only one felling series comprising of all Deodar-Kail
forests allotted to this Working Circle was prescribed.
Periodic Blocks: Under the floating periodic block system, three different
periodic blocks were recognised:-
(a) Converted Block : This block comprised of all such areas where final
regeneration felling has been completed.
109
(b) Conversion Block : Conversion block was further divided into two sub-
blocks i.e. conversion-A and conversion-B.
Conversion ‘A’ : It includes compartments where seedling fellings had been
completed and adequate regeneration had come up. Over-wood retained
at the time of seedling felling was recommended for removal.
Conversion ‘B’ :This block included compartments which had got adequate
advance growth in the form of pole crop with mature to over-mature wood.
Seedling fellings were prescribed to induce regeneration wherever deficient
and secondary/final felling where over-wood was interfering with advance
growth already established.
Statement Showing Range-Wise Compartments Allotted To
Conversion Blocks (A&B) Is As Under
Range Conversion Block ‘A’ Conversion Block ‘B’
Dudu 54b, 55a, & 56a 5, 23, 67b, 68a
Panchari 25 66b
(c) Un-allotted Block :Rest of areas of the Working Circle, which were not
included in either of the above periodic blocks were allotted to this
periodic block. The areas allotted to this periodic block were reserved
for future working.
Size of annual coupe: Remaining unconverted areas were proposed to be
converted in conversion period i.e. 55 years, which gave an annual area of
95.2 Ha. Accordingly, an area of 916 Ha. was allotted for conversion during
currency of the plan.
Growing Stock : The technique of point sampling was used for assessment
of growing stock. Total enumeration was conducted in compartments
allotted to conversion block. Average growing stock for the whole Working
Circle was 223.82 cubic meters / hectare.
Yield : No felling was recommended for crop of up to 50 cms diameter. 30%
of Deodar and Kail and 20% of Fir of 50-60 cms diameter class (described as
110
approach class) was recommended for removal. The crop above 60 cms
diameter was considered as over-wood, and based on silvicultural
availability factor of 80% for Deodar and Kail and 50% for Fir, crop
constituting over-wood was recommended for removal.
Yield for Deodar-Kail = 0.30 (G.S of 50-60 dia class) ÷ 0.80 (G.S of 60 cms
and above dia)
Remaining conversion period i.e. 55 years
The annual yield was worked out to be 3900 m³ for Deodar and 6200 m³
for Kail.
Yield of Fir = 0.20 (G.S of 50-60 dia class) + 0.50 (G.S of 60 cms and above
dia class)
55 years
Yield of Fir was worked out to be 1000 m³. However it was further
reduced by 30%.
Out of total yield of the Working Circle, as above, most of the yield was
to be extracted from conversion block. In view of the recommendations
of the Committee on Forest Protection, exploitable diameter for Deodar
and Kail was raised from 60 cms to 70 cms and for Fir from 70 cms to 80
cms. Accordingly yield was reduced by 40%. After 40% cut, yield for
different species was as under:-
Deodar = 2340 m³
Kail = 3720 m³
Fir = 420 m³
Operations in Converted block: Thinnings of B/C or C grade were
prescribed in order to create optimum growth conditions for the pole
crop.
111
Operations in un-allotted block: Improvement cum hygienic markings
were prescribed.
Supplementary markings: Markings of dead, dying, diseased and
damaged trees were prescribed for those compartments where major
fellings had been completed.
Besides other subsidiary silvicultural operations, closure of worked out
compartments, etc. was prescribed to promote regeneration.
Result of operations: The most important prescriptions of the Working
Circle which relate to obtaining timber yield by removing over-wood
from compartments proposed for conversion to uniform crop were only
partially implemented.
The yield prescribed by the plan and actual extraction during currency of
the plan is as under:-
Table 7.1
Species Prescribed annual yield from Actual extraction during 84-85 to 89-
90
Conversion
Block (m³)
Converted & un-
allotted Block
(m³)
Conversion
Block (m³)
Converted & un-
allotted Block
(m³)
Deodar 2280 60 2140 1953
Kail 2700 1020 1673 6661
Fir 330 90 168 3811
It is obvious from the above table that even one year’s prescribed yield
from conversion block could not be extracted during the total plan
period, which negated the very purpose of constitution of the Working
Circle. There is nothing on records to indicate the reasons for not
following the prescriptions of the plan.
No thinnings were carried out in converted compartments. Most of the
prescriptions relating to subsidiary silvicultural operations, closure of
112
worked out compartments to promote natural regeneration, etc. were
not implemented. Practically no follow up action has been taken on
prescriptions of plan during its currency and therefore, results of
the operations at ground level were negligible.
ii. Fir Selection Working Circle
This Working Circle was constituted by including all well stocked and
accessible Fir forests. The method of treatment adopted was Indian
Selection System. Removal of silviculturally available mature to over-
mature trees was recommended. In view of poor regeneration in Fir, it
was recommended that only small openings be created.
Exploitable size: In view of the recommendations of the Committee on
Forest Protection , exploitable diameter of 80 cms(dbh) was fixed.
Rotation: Corresponding to 80 cms dbh, a rotation of 210 years was
adopted.
Felling Cycle: Felling cycle of 30 years was adopted.
Felling Series: Only one felling series, identical to Working Circle, was
recommended.
Growing Stock: Growing stock of the Working Circle was estimated as
under :
Deodar = 220109 m³
Kail = 177431 m³
Fir = 1362283 m³
Yield: Annual yield was worked out by using modified Brandis Method.
The species wise annual yield was prescribed as under:-
Deodar = 450 m³
Kail = 790 m³
Fir = 5080 m³
113
Size of the Annual Copue: The volume yield prescribed was to be
controlled by area check. Size of the annual coupe was worked out to be
205 Ha.
Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations: Serious concern has been expressed
over lack of regeneration in Fir. Closure to grazing, seed sowing, planting
and raking up of deep humus layer to expose mineral soil and other
associated operations were recommended to promote natural
regeneration of Fir. Slush burning, shrub cutting, etc. were also
recommended to induce regeneration in Fir. Plantation of nursery raised
polythene bagged plants was also recommended in compartments
which are devoid of regeneration.
Results of Operation: Annual yield prescribed and actual extraction
during currency of the plan are as under:-
Table 7.2
Species Annual yield ( m³) Annual Extractions during
1984-85 to 1989-90 (m³)
Fir 5080 39118
Kail 790 2981
Deodar 450 8083
TOTAL 6320 50182
It is obvious from the above table that eight years yield was extracted in
case of the principal species i.e. Fir. Actual extraction in case of Deodar is
quiet high in relation to its prescribed yield for no apparent reason.
The Officers, who implemented the plan, probably forgot that the main
objective of this Working Circle was to create congenial conditions for
growth and establishment of natural regeneration and to supplement it
with artificial regeneration by planting nursery raised plants.
Throughout the discussion on the Working Circle, the Working Plan
Officer has expressed grave concern over lack of regeneration of Fir. In
spite of this, various measures suggested for promoting natural
114
regeneration and artificial regeneration of Fir including establishment of
a nursery for Fir were ignored. No effort whatsoever was made to obtain
regeneration in Fir crop. There seems to be no reason, other than lack of
concern, for not implementing prescriptions of the plan in this regard.
iii. Working Plan for Chir Regular Working Circle :
All Chir forests, which are low lying and well stocked were allotted to
this Working Circle. Bulk of the crop was reported to be middle aged
with scattered mature to over-mature trees. Shelter-wood
Compartment System was prescribed for management of forests of this
Working Circle. Creation of heavy openings was recommended to induce
regeneration in the main species i.e. Chir. Trees of and above 60 cms
dbh were treated as over-wood. The trees in 50-60 cms dia-class were
termed as advance growth.
The exploitable diameter of 60 cms dbh (ob) corresponding to 120 years
age was fixed.
Average crop diameter of advance growth was worked out to be 29 cms
corresponding to 57 years of age. Therefore, remaining unconverted
crop was to be converted in 63 years conversion period. Since only
10.43% of areas of this Working Circle had been converted during
currency of Sh. Sufi’s Plan (during 1959 to 1984 ), it was obvious that
rate of conversion had slowed down drastically during the currency of
Sh. Sufi’s Plan itself. It was done, probably in view of change in
management’s priority from timber to resin extraction. In view of this,
an extended conversion period of 80 years was adopted in Sh. Sharma’s
Plan.
A regeneration period of 30 years was adopted.
A Floating periodic block system was adopted. Following periodic blocks
were recognised:-
(a) Converted Block: This block comprised of areas where regeneration
fellings had been completed.
115
(b) Conversion Block: This block comprised of such areas that had adequate
advance growth with scattered and mature & over mature trees.
Regeneration fellings were recommended in areas allotted to this block.
(c) Un-allotted Block: All such areas of this Working Circle which were not
allotted to either converted or conversion blocks were allotted to this
block. Improvement cum hygienic markings was prescribed for this
block.
Felling Series: Two felling series viz. Ram Nagar and Udhampur felling series
were constituted to ensure equitable distribution of work. Udhampur felling
series comprised of Udhampur, Panchari and Dudu Ranges. Ram Nagar
felling series comprises of Ram Nagar Range which was subsequently
carved out of the Udhampur Forest Division and made part of newly
constituted Ram Nagar Forest Division.
Size of Annual Coupe: Size of the annual coupe was worked out by using
following formula (for Udhampur felling series):-
Total unconverted area = 10358 ha = 129 ha/ year
Remaining conversion period 80 years
Growing Stock: Species – wise total growing stock of Udhampur felling
series was assesses as under:-
Chir = 2102071 cum.
Deodar = 308 cum.
Kail = 687222 cum.
(It appears that blunder has been committed while calculating growing
stock of Kail. As per area statement of the plan, only 233 Ha. area is
under Kail in Chir Regular Working Circle. Assuming average volume of
150 cub. m/ha. , total volume of Kail should have been 33500 cub.m
(approx) ).
Calculation of Yield: Trees up to 50 cms diameter were considered
advance growth and no felling was prescribed from this class. Trees of
50-60 cms diameter class were treated as advance growth or over-wood
116
depending upon the fact whether they uniformly mixed up with future
crop or they signed out conspicuously. 30% of the volume of this class
was considered to be available for felling. Trees of 60 cm diameter an
above dbh were treated as over-wood and it was assumed that 80%
trees of this class would be available for felling.
Annual yield prescribed from different blocks of Udhampur felling series
was as under:-
Species Yield from
conversion block
(m³)
Yield from
converted and un-
allotted block (m³)
Total Yield (m³)
Chir 3650 5360 9010
Kail 12 1248 1260
Yield from conservation block was to be obtained by the way of removal
of over-wood in a series of fellings called seedling, secondary and final
felling depending upon the requirement of the crop. Yield from
converted block was to be realised by way of removal of residual over-
wood and thinnings in young crop. Yield from un-allotted block was to
be obtained by way of improvement fellings and light thinnings.
Subsidiary Silvicultural Operations: Removal of Pine needles, felling
debris, dry twigs, etc, which are highly inflammable, was recommended
to protect the young regeneration from fire damage.
In areas, which are devoid of natural regeneration, seed sowing of (Chir)
in patches and plantation of polythene-bagged nursery raised plants was
recommended. Closure of worked out areas was recommended to
prevent grazing. Cutting shrubs around promising saplings was
recommended to provide better growth condition.
Result of Operations:
117
Yield prescribed from Udhampur felling series and actual extraction
during currency of the plan are as under:-
Table 7.3
Species Yield from Actual Extraction
Conversion block
(In cu.m)
Converted block
and un-allotted
block
(In cu.m)
Conversion block
(In cu.m)
Converted and
un-allotted
blocks (In
cu.m)
Chir 3650 5360 Nil 16010
Kail 12 1248 Nil 5.8
It is obvious from the above table that no yield was extracted from
conversion block, though some yield was obtained from converted an
un-allotted blocks. The basic objective of constitution of this Working
Circle was defeated by not removing the over-wood from regeneration
compartments allotted to conversion block. Similarly, none of the
prescriptions relating to subsidiary silvicultural operations i.e. thinnings
removal inflammable material etc. was implemented. Results of
operations of the plan prescriptions can be treated as nil as practically,
no follow up action on plan prescriptions was taken up during currency
of the plan.
iv. Improvement cum Rehabilitation Working Circle
All such areas, which were poorly stocked and close to habitation facing
excessive biotic pressure, were allotted to this Working Circle. For the
purpose of treatment the Working Circle was classified into four catagories.
(a) For areas bearing Oak and other broad-leaved forests, strict protection
against lopping and felling was prescribed. An area of 50 ha./annum was
proposed to be brought under artificial restocking programme.
(b) For areas devoid of any vegetation, a plantation target of 50/ha./annum
was fixed. For areas with degraded forests of Fir and Chir, protection
118
against grazing and promotion of natural regeneration along with
artificial restocking of 50 ha./annum was prescribed.
(c) For areas not so badly stocked but under heavy biotic pressure,
plantation of exotic fast growing species was to be taken up to meet the
local demand of fuel and fodder.
Result of Operations: No attempt was made by the implementing
authorities to protect Oak and other broad-leaved forests from lopping and
hacking. Oak and other broad-leaved forests continued to be lopped and
hacked during currency of the plan with the same or higher intensity as
before.
The prescription of Working Plan Officer to bring 50 ha. area of Oak and
other broad-leaved forests annually under artificial restocking was
completely over looked.
In some compartments, plantations have been raised with mixed results.
Very good regeneration has come up in all such Chir bearing areas where
adequate protection in the form of fencing was provided. No attempt was
made by implementing authorities to promote natural and artificial
regeneration in Fir forests. The prescription to bring 50 ha. area of Fir
forest, annually, under artificial restocking was totally ignored.
v. Broad Leaved Working Circle:
Scrub forests occupying lower areas of Udhampur Range and Oak forests
occupying higher reaches were included in this Working Circle. For the
purpose of management two distinct categories were made:-
(a) Game Reserve Series: Rakhs of Udhampur Range were included in this
series. Complete protection against poaching and development of
habitat for wild life were prescribed. The Working Plan Officer also
recommended that locals residing in vicinity of these Rakhs (within 5
Kms radius). Possessing fire arms should get themselves registered with
the DFO (territorial) or Wildlife Warden. It was also prescribed that half
of each Rakh should be closed for first five years and remaining half in
119
next five years, on rotational basis, in order to control and regulate
grazing. Several other measures were suggested to promote wildlife.
Result of Operations : During currency of the plan, Nehranal and Lansi
Rakhs were closed for grazing. Rest of the prescriptions were not
implemented.
(b) Broad leaved Series : Low lying miscellaneous scrub and high level Oak
forests were included in this series. Strict protection against fire, grazing
and felling of trees, improvement cum hygienic markings and other
subsidiary silvicultural operations were prescribed. Plantation in
permanent blanks was also recommended.
Result of Operations : None of the prescriptions were implemented. Low
lying scrub and Oak forests continued to suffer due to heavy biotic
pressure during the currency of the plan.
vi. Resin (Overlapping) Working Circle :
All Chir areas except compartments in converted block of Chir regular
Working Circle were brought under this Working Circle. French Cup and
Lip method was prescribed for resin tapping. Maximum permissible
number of blazes was shown as 775181 and annual yield at the rate of
2kg/blaze was estimated to be 1550 M. Tonnes.
Resin tapping was not allowed in compartments, which were
continuously under tapping for last 50 years. However, such
compartments were not identified. Resin tapping was prohibited in
those compartments of Improvement Working Circle also where density
of the crop was poor, but again such areas were not identified.
Results of Operations :
Again 7.75 lac nos. of blazes prescribed in the plan, approximately 12.0
lac blazes were tapped, annually, in 1984-85, 1985-86 & 1986-87. Annual
yield of resin was even much higher. Against the prescribed annual yield
of 1550 M. Tonnes, actual extraction was 3292 M. Tonnes in 1984-85,
2630 M. Tonnes in 1985-86 and 3013 M. Tonnes in 1986-87.
120
In 1988 French cup and Lip method was replaced with Rill Method as it
was found better and caused less damage to bole of trees.
Most of the surface area of trees had already been utilized in Cup and
Lip method of tapping when Rill method of tapping was introduced.
Since there was hardly any space for making new blazes at the time of
introduction of Rill method, intervening spaces between channels
started being used for tapping by this method.
It appears that the technique of resin tapping was not properly
implemented in field. Very deep rills were made in the expectation to
get higher yield of resin. Size of the blazes is also found to be more than
prescribed. Very deep over-sized blazes made for resin tapping have
caused extensive damage to the crop.
Total disregard to the laid down norms and guidelines of resin tapping
had resulted into enormous wastage of tappable space. Most of the
trees have already reached exhaustion stage for tapping. Though, the
Working Plan Officer had apprehended a decline in number of tappable
trees in years to come but that stage arrived too early due to faulty
implementation of prescriptions.
vii. Aesthetic Working Circle :
Compartments situated around Patnitop, Kud, Mantalai and Panchari
were included in this Working Circle. The object of management was to
promote tourism in these areas. Improvement cum hygienic markings
and C/D grade of ordinary thinnings in congested patches of pole crops
were prescribed. Construction of additional rest houses, trekking routes,
watch towers and other recreational facilities was prescribed.
Result of Operations:
Construction of 5 kms. long trekking route traversing through
compartment 93 and 94 /Dudu was completed during 1995. Rest of the
prescriptions were ignored.
viii. Protection Working Circle :
121
All other demarcated forests, which were not included in any of the
above Working Circles, were allotted to this Working Circle. The forests
allotted to this Working Circle bear open crop of Fir and broad-leaved
species and are located mainly at the heads of catchment of river Tawi
and its various tributaries. The objective of management was to give
complete protection for soil and water conservation. No felling of
whatsoever nature was prescribed. These forests were to be protected
against biotic influences like grazing.
Result of Operations:
None of the prescriptions of this Working Circle were applied during
currency of this plan. Instead of preservation, these compartments
required benign management intervention.
Buildings
7.10.1 Following buildings were constructed during the currency of the plan:
(i) Range Office Building, Panchari
(ii) Guard Hut, Mand
(iii) Mali Hut, Mand
(iv) Chowkidar Room, Cremation Ground, Udhampur
(v) Forest Check Post, Kainthgali
(vi) FRH, Chenani
Sh. Sarvesh Rai’s Plan (1998-1999-2009-2010)
7.11.1The third consolidated revision of working plan of Udhampur Forest
Division was done by Sh. Sarvesh Rai, IFS in the year 1998. The plan was
approved by J&K Govt in the year 2007 for a period of 10 years i.e from
1998-99 to 2009-10. In this plan the following working circles were
constituted:-
i. Deodar Kail working circles
ii. Fir selection working circle
122
iii. Chir Regular working circle
iv. Rehabilitation cum Rebiosement working circle
v. Wild life working circle.
vi. Grazing (overlapping) working circles
vii. Non timber forest produce (over lapping) working circle.
viii. Aesthetic working circle.
i. Deodar-Kail working circle :
All compartments bearing well stocked Deodar-Kail forests which were
fit for concentrated working were allotted to this working circle. It was
prescribed to treat the crop under shelter wood compartment system.
The crop of deodar and Kail was still young to middle aged with
scattered mature and over mature trees. The crop had adequate
advance growth, so the over-wood needed to be removed to free the
young crop from suppression.No fixed periodic blocks were recognised.
Only regeneration and un-allotted were constituted. The regeneration
block consisted of two sub blocks namely Conversion Block and
Converted Block. A technical rotation of 150 years aws was adopted and
a conversion period of 65 years was fixed from the commencement of
the plan.Further a regeneration period of 30 years was prescribed
keeping in view distant seed years and biotic pressure.
Periodic Blocks : Two periodic blocks were constituted viz .Regeneration
Block and Unallotted Block. The Regeneration Block comprised of two
sub blocks viz. Conversion Block and Converted Block.
Size of Annual Coupe: An area of 639 Ha. Was allotted for conversion
during currency of the Working Plan.
Yield : The following table gives the statement of yield prescribed in the
Plan.
Species Exploitable dia 60cms fror D,K and 80
cms for Fir (M³)
Deodar 2000
Kail 3600
Fir 350
123
Result: -
Conversion could not be taken up because of ban on green felling and as
a result good advance growth has come up.
ii. Fir selection working circle:
All well stocked Fir forest was are allotted to this working circle. It was
prescribed to treat the crop under the Indian selection system. Only the
mature and over mature trees were to be removed. All possible efforts
were to be made to induce natural regeneration and supplement it with
artificial regeneration. As all fir forests are deficient in regeneration the
bulk of the crop is mature and over mature.
Exploiatable Size : Keeping in view the overall deficiency of regeneration
and higher proportion of mature and over mature trees in Fir,
exploitable diameter was raised from 70 cms to 80cms dbh(ob).
Rotation: Corrosponding to exploiatable diameter of 80dbh(ob) a
rotation of 240 years was adopted.
Felling Cycle: A felling cycle of 30 years was fixed.
Annual Yield: The total Annual Yield prescribed in the Plan is as under:
Result:
The crop consists of mature to over mature trees. No regeneration
efforts were made during the currency of plan due to which no
regeneration has come up. It was all due to disturbance in the area
because of militancy.
iii. Chir Regular working circle:
All easily accessible and well stocked Chir forests possessing adequate
regeneration/ advance growth were allotted to this working circle. It was
prescribed to treat the crop under the shelter wood compartment
system. Bulk of the crop is middle aged with scattered mature and over
Species Annual Yield
Fir 3048 m³
Deodar 620 m³
Kail 418 m³
Total 4086 m³
124
mature trees. Over-wood was to be removed in a phased manner to
save the young crop from suppression.
Exploitable Size & Rotation:Exploitable diameter of 60cms was adopted
and corresponding to exploitable diameter, a technical rotation of 120
years was prescribed.
Conversion Period: Since the process of conversion was very slow in the
previous plan, a conversion period of 80 years was prescribed, as it was
in the earlier plan.
Regeneration Period: Keeping in view the periodic outbreak of forest
fires and hevy incidence of grazing a safe regeneration period of 30
years was prescribed.
Periodic Blocks : keeping in view the irregular nature of the crop,
concept of floating periodic block was adopted in the plan. These include
the Converted, Conversion and Un-allotted blocks.
Annual Yield from Converted & Unallotted blocks: The following Table
shows the annual yield for the Working Circle and yield prescribed in the
previous Plans:-
Species
Sh Sufis Plan Sh. Sharma’s Plan
Udhampur felling series
Sh. Sarvesh Rai’s Plan
Conversion
Block M³
Unallotted
+
Converted
Block M³
Conversion
block M³
Unallotted
+
Converted
block M³
Conversion
Block M³
Unallotted
+Converted
Block M³
Chir 4616 5919 3650 5360 4637 933
Kial - 84.96 12 1248 - -
Result:
Conversion could not be taken up because of ban on green felling due to
which good advance growth as well as regeneration has come up.
iv. Rehabilitation Cum Reboisment working Circle:
125
This working circle included all degraded forests of this division. Most of
the compartments allotted to this working circle are located near human
habitations because of which these areas are facing excessive biotic
pressure. Regeneration in these areas has either failed to come up or
failed to establish due to excessive and uncontrolled grazing and
lopping. Problem of soil erosion is also severe in these compartments.
The working circle was constituted with the objective of creating
multiple product zones, so that these forests act as a buffer to the well
stocked core forest. These forests were managed to meet fuelwood,
fodder and NTFP requirements of the people.
Village Forest committees were to be constituted in each village for the
purpose of protection and management of these forests as per the
provision of SRO 61 of 1992.
Result:
An attempt has been made to rehabilitate the degraded areas naturally
as well as artificially but the objective could not be achieved due to
inadequacy of funds.
v. Aesthetic working circle:
This working circle included the forests located around famous hill
resorts of Patnitop, Kud, Mantalai and Panchari. These forests consist
mainly of Deodar and Kail.
vi. Wildlife working circle: -
The working circle included the Sudhmahadev Game Reserve which is
already under administrative control of wildlife (protection) Department
and Rakhs of Udhampur range which are maintained by Forest
department.
vii. Non timber forest produce (Overlapping) working circle:-
This working circle was overlapping one. The working circle was dealt
under to topics i.e. Resin tapping and NTFP other than the resin.
Result of Resin Channel Survey Exercise: Analysis of field data indicated
that there was an average availability of space for two blazes per tree. It
126
worked out to total available space for 12,44,515 blazes in Chir Regular
Working Circle and 11,89,159 blazes in Rehablitation cum Reboisment
Working Circle. Therefoe annaual number of blazes to be tapped worked
out was 124415 in Chir Regular Working Circle.Against the prescribed
number of blazes in the Plan period the table given below shows the
total number of blazes actually tapped:-
Statement Of Resin Extraction From Udhampur Forest Division For The
Period 2001-01 To 2012-13
Year No of Blazes -
Tapped
Weight of
Resin (In Qtls.)
(Qtls. Kg. Gms)
Total Revenue
(In Rs.)
In Lacs
2000-01 3,16,354 11071.52.800 17541049
2001-02 3,58,080 12879.73.320 16922143
2002-03 3,68,680 12050.390 gms 20696589
2003-04 3,59458 546.31.400 23712226
2004-05 1,59,429 16351.43.665 8020740
2005-06 1,93,396 6072.440 gms 17043661
2006-07 1,31,789 2520 Qtls. 5953865.68
2007-08 74890 812.58 10872293.19
2008-09 91590 2778.80.950 gms 7558714
2009-10 120800 2520 Qtls 17500579
2010-11 110900 3420 Qtls. 20230104
2011-12 107600 4148.48 23140650
2012-13 58000 1538.22 3591141
Source: DFO, Udhampur Forest Division
vii. Grazing (over lapping) working circles:
This working circle was also an overlapping one with areas allotted to
Chir working circle, Deodar-Kail working circle, Fir selection working
circle and Rehabilitation Cum reboisement working circle.
127
Statement Showing The Detail Of Markings Taken Over From Forest Division
Udhampur & Extraction Done By The SFC Division Udhampur
From 2000- 2012
Year
Comptt.
Detail Of Markings Extraction
Vol ume
(In
Lakh.Cft)
Working
Circle Deodar
Vol.
(Cft)
Kail
Vol.
(Cft)
Fir
Vol.
(Cft)
Chir
Vol.
(Cft)
TOTAL
Vol.
(Cft)
2000-01
67ab/D - 0.433 0.009 - 0.442 0.228 DK
25/P - 0.476 0.060 - 0.536 0.171 DK
31/P - 1.064 0.005 0.001 1.070 0.425 DK
38/P - 0.320 0.075 0.001 0.396 0.131 DK
TOTAL - 2.293 0.149 0.002 2.444 0.955
2001-02
18/D 0.014 0.006 0.118 - 0.138 0.067 Fir
19/D 0.145 0.025 0.088 - 0.258 0.163 DK
27/D 0.129 0.015 0.004 - 0.148 0.071 DK
28/D 0.148 0.020 0.001 - 0.169 0.082 DK
48/D - 0.060 0.197 - 0.257 0.119 Fir
54/D 0.027 0.003 0.049 - 0.079 0.040 Fir
55ab/D 0.033 0.008 0.032 - 0.073 0.041 DK
62/D 0.004 0.119 0.047 - 0.170 0.088 Fir
64/D 0.013 0.489 0.037 - 0.539 0.287 DK
65/D 0.011 0.512 0.144 0.012 0.679 0.300 DK
69ab/D - 0.335 0.005 - 0.340 0.207 DK
70/D - 0.113 0.004 - 0.117 0.083 DK
72/D 0.016 0.315 - - 0.331 0.203 DK
73/D 0.008 0.227 - 0.011 0.246 0.132 DK
76/D - 0.284 - - 0.284 0.099 DK
22/P - 0.316 - - 0.316 0.105 DK
23/P - 0.171 - 0.024 0.195 0.068 DK
TOTAL 0.548 3.018 0.726 0.047 4.339 2.155
53ab/D 0.048 0.002 0.325 - 0.375 0.094 DK
128
2002-03
56ab/D 0.105 0.047 0.118 - 0.270 0.137 DK
60ab/D 0.069 0.179 0.429 - 0.677 0.287 DK
67ab/D - 0.267 - - 0.267 0.152 DK
29/P - 0.099 0.019 - 0.118 0.059 DK
30/P - 0.132 0.392 - 0.524 0.165 Fir
39/P - 0.113 0.717 - 0.830 0.227 Fir
40/P - 0.180 0.005 0.002 0.187 0.155 DK
48b/P - 0.089 0.016 - 0.105 0.084 DK
TOTAL 0.222 1.108 2.021 0.002 3.353 1.360
2003-04
29/P - 0.037 - - 0.037 0.021 DK
30/P - 0.049 0.061 - 0.110 0.048 Fir
40/P - 0.095 - - 0.095 0.053 DK
48b/P - 0.046 - - 0.046 0.029 DK
64/P - - - 0.037 0.037 0.011 Reb
48/D 0.001 0.111 0.188 - 0.300 0.162 Fir
56ab/D 0.137 0.036 0.022 - 0.195 0.128 DK
60ab/D 0.023 0.174 0.045 - 0.242 0.146 DK
72/D 0.001 0.136 - - 0.137 0.079 DK
73/D - 0.202 - - 0.202 0.116 DK
TOTAL 0.162 0.886 0.316 0.037 1.401 0.793
2004-05
22/D 0.122 0.126 - - 0.248 0.147 DK
23/D 0.080 0.166 0.009 - 0.255 0.136 DK
25ab/D 0.162 0.044 0.105 - 0.311 0.152 DK
27ab/D 0.445 0.155 0.129 - 0.729 0.413 DK
31ab/D 0.355 0.073 0.133 - 0.561 0.311 DK
33/D 0.007 0.018 0.293 - 0.318 0.115 Fir
24/P - 0.172 0.004 - 0.216 Not Worked
Out
DK
32/P - 0.155 - - 0.155 0.062 DK
60/P 0.001 0.056 - - 0.057 0.025 DK
TOTAL 1.172 0.965 0.713 - 2.850 1.361
7/U - - - 0.185 0.185 Not Worked
Out
Reb
8/U - - - 0.179 0.179 Not Worked Reb
129
2005-06
Out
7,8,9/U - - - 0.183 0.183 0.042 Chir/Reb
10,13/U - - - 0.129 0.129 Reb
63 - - - 0.425 0.425 0.222 Chir
66,67/U - - - 0.177 0.177 0.048 Reb/Chir
TOTAL - - - 1.278 1.278 0.312
2006-07
8,9/U - - - 0.032 0.032 0.007 Reb/Chir
10,12/U - - - 0.108 0.108 0.026 Reb
13/U - - - 0.057 0.057 0.008 Reb
18/U - - - 0.009 0.009 - Chir
63/U - - - 0.201 0.201 0.049 Chir
66/U - - - 0.206 0.206 - Reb
67/U - - - 0.130 0.130 0.006 Chir
68/U - - - 0.092 0.092 - Chir
69/U - - - 0.057 0.057 - Reb
73/U - - - 0.124 0.124 0.025 Reb
4/P - - 0.221 - 0.221 0.005 DK
50,51,52/P - - - 0.063 0.063 0.010 DK/Reb
TOTAL - - 0.221 1.079 1.300 0.190
2007-08
10/D 0.306 0.405 - - 0.711 0.371 DK
13/D 0.167 0.071 0.066 - 0.304 0.160 Fir
28b/D 1.138 0.028 0.199 - 1.365 0.473 DK
29a/D 0.022 0.031 0.168 - 0.221 0.079 Fir
66/D - 0.251 0.030 - 0.281 0.156 DK
68a/D - 0.204 - - 0.204 0.071 DK
75ab/D 0.010 0.433 0.043 0.001 0.487 0.225 DK
52/D 0.161 0.113 0.754 - 1.028 0.370 Fir
64,65,70,71
,73/ U
88/D
- - - 0.052 0.052 0.017 Reb
TOTAL 1.804 1.536 1.280 0.053 4.653 1.922
66,67/U - - - 0.007 0.007 - Reb/Chir
68,69/U - - - 0.005 0.005 0.003 Chir/Reb
73/U - - - 0.007 0.007 - Reb
130
2008-09
59/D - - 0.006 - 0.006 0.002 Fir
88/D - - - 0.072 0.072 0.015 Reb
89/D - - - 0.108 0.108 0.032 Reb
96/D 0.003 - - 0.162 0.165 0.049 Chir
TOTAL 0.003 - 0.006 0.361 0.370 0.101
2009-10
74,75/U - - - 0.047 0.047 0.013 Chir
86,87/D 0.003 0.067 - 0.077 0.147 0.053 DK
56ab/U - 0.002 - 0.011 0.013 0.005 Chir/Reb
71/P - - - 0.124 0.124 Not worked
Out
Reb
86,87/U - - - 0.251 0.251 0.044 Chir
3/P 0.003 0.003 - - 0.006 0.002 Reb
59,60/U - - - 0.058 0.058 0.012 Reb/Chir
60,61/U - - - 0.076 0.076 0.021 Chir
66,67,68,69
/U
- - - 0.150 0.150 0.081 Reb/Chir
TOTAL 0.006 0.072 - 0.794 0.872 0.231
2010-
11
18/D 0.290 0.052 0.147 - 0.489 Under
Progress
Fir
87b/D - - - 0.279 0.279 0.064 Chir
87c/D - - - 0.169 0.169 0.047 Reb
97a/D - - - 0.510 0.510 0.136 Chir
69/P 0.054 0.336 - - 0.390 0.166 DK
64/D 0.010 0.278 0.139 - 0.427 0.170 DK
65/D 0.010 0.273 0.082 - 0.365 0.153 DK
28a/D 0.752 0.016 - - 0.768 0.463 DK
48/D - 0.108 0.181 - 0.289 0.121 Fir
56/D 0.068 0.037 0.024 - 0.129 0.066 DK/Fir
13,14,16/U - - - 0.112 0.112 0.023 Reb
66,67,68/U - - - 0.074 0.074 0.012 Chir/Reb
69/U - - - 0.009 0.009 - Reb
TOTAL 1.184 1.100 0.573 0.195 3.052 1.421
67/P 0.046 0.064 - - 0.110 0.049 DK
66,67,68,69 - - - 0.026 0.026 - Chir/Reb
131
2011-12
/U
94,96/D - - - 0.059 0.059 0.009 Aesthetic/C
hir
50,51/U - - - 0.057 0.057 0.007 Chir
63/U - - - 0.015 0.015 Not Worked
Out
Chir
33/P - - - 0.009 0.009 0.003 Fir
TOTAL 0.046 0.064 - 0.166 0.276 0.068
Buildings
7.12.1 Following buildings were constructed during the currency of the plan:
(i) Guard Hut, Karlah
(ii) B.O Hut, Gharian
(iii) Mali Hut, Margana Nursery
(iv) B.O Quarter, Bali
(v) Dudu Hut, Dudu (Under construction)
7.13.1 List Of Nurseries maintained by Udhampur Forest Division:
Nursery Statement in respect of Udhampur Forest Division
Table 7.4
S.
No
Details of the Nursery
Name of
Nursery
Location with
Adjacent
village
Gross Area Effective Area Capacity to produce
plants/ type of plants
132
1 Mand Mand 1.50 Ha. 1.25 Ha. 1.20 lacs plants (approx)
2 Santhali Chulna 1.00 Ha. 0.80 Ha. 0.60 lacs plants (approx)
3 Thathli Thathli 1.05 Ha. 1.00 Ha. 0.80 lacs plants (approx)
4 Margana Akla, Bain 0.75 Ha. 0.70 Ha. 0.75 lacs plants (approx)
5 Kassal Karlah 0.10 Ha. 0.08 Ha. 0.40 lacs plants (approx)
Past Revenue & Expenditure
7.14.1 Statement showing revenues and expenditure of the Division from the
year 1996-97 to 2012-13:
TABLE 7.5
YEAR Revenue (Rs.) Expenditure( Rs.)
1996-97 15328231 -
1997-98 13720485 -
1998-99 43501327.51 -
1999-00 19371910.49 -
2000-01 21913895.40 -
2001-02 21462752.45 -
2002-03 26552927.87 -
2003-04 35593046.77 17381555
2004-05 20482533.00 25332037.00
2005-06 31310456.50 -
2006-07 8352804.68 35513951.00
2007-08 11790176.19 -
2008-09 13732591 -
2009-10 23096990 45277042
2010-11 31028865.00 45277042
2011-12 36422617.00 72624139
2012-13 17274583.00 74428979
133
CHAPTER VIII
STATISTICS OF GROWTH AND YIELD
134
CHAPTER VIII
Statistics of Growth & Yield
Inventory Method Adopted
8.1.1 For the assessment of the growing stock point sampling technique
developed by Bitterlich has been adopted. The technique is quite simple
to apply and preferable to total or partial enumeration as it involves less
time and expenditure, gives accuracy to the desired extent, more
convenient to carry out in coniferous forests and eliminates personal
bias.
As the forests of the division are heterogeneous in nature, it has been
divided into nearly homogeneous units called strata. The stratification
has been done on the basis of crop composition, treatment warranted,
species, Age group, density etc.
The following strata have been identified: -
1. Deodar – Kail Sub-Stratum.
2. Fir Sub-Stratum.
3. Chir sub-stratum.
4. Rehabilitation Stratum.
Rehabilitation stratum is divided into three Sub-Strata: -
a) Chir Sub- Stratum.
b) Deodar-Kail/Fir Sub-stratum.
c) Broad Leaves Sub-Stratum.
8.1.2 After stratification, the number of sample points required to be
surveyed and measured in each of the above strata to achieve the
desired precision of ± 10% at 95% probability was determined. The
135
sampling intensity has been kept at 0.01% i.e., 100 Ha = 1 Sq. km =One
sample plot/sample point. As the total area that needs to be sampled in
the Udhampur Forest Division is 408 sq kms. , therefore the total
number of points to be sampled would be 408 (i.e., one point per Sq.
Km).
The Strata wise breakup of the points in various Working circles is listed
below
Table 8.1
Circle/Strata Udhampur
(No. of Points)
Pancheri
(No .of Points)
Dudu
(No. of Points)
Total Sample
Points
Deodar/ Kail
W.C
3 30 54 87
Chir W.C 51 23 14 88
Fir W.C - 9 52 61
Reboisment W.C
Chir 47 40 5 91
DKF 1 12 27 40
Broad Leaved 5 8 21 34
Eco- Tourism
W.C
- 1 6 7
Total 107 123 179 408
8.1.3 For fixing the position of sampling points, a sample frame was prepared
on a transparent graph sheet. The sample points were then delineated
at random on the co-ordinates by using a table of random numbers.
These points were then marked on a sample frame and were
subsequently transferred on base map and G.T map of the area to mark
their location on base map. On the basis of their position on base map
and G.T map of the area, these points were located on the ground with
the help up G.P.S device.
At each sample point, the stems all around the point were viewed
through a wedge prism of basal area factor 1, by making a complete
136
sweep of 360°. The number of trees whose trunk at breast height
subtended an angle larger than the critical angle of the wedge prism
were numbered and their details regarding DBH (ob) and height were
recorded in tally sheets designed for the purpose. The full tallied tree is
counted as one, while half tallied is counted as half. Thus, two half
tallied trees make one full tallied tree.
8.1.4 In areas where point sampling exercise was not possible because of
dense shrubs and broad-leaved trees, sample plots of 0.1 Ha. were laid
and total enumeration of growing stock was carried out in these plots.
8.1.5 Calculation of basal area / hectare, number of trees/ hectare and volume
/hectare is done by using standard formula as described below :-
a) Basal Area/ Ha = Basal Area Factor × Number of Tallied Trees at the
Point.
b) No. of Trees/ Ha. (N) = BAF × 1/𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑖=1
Where Bi is the basal area of the i th tallied tree at the point
n = total number of tallied trees.
c) Volume per Hectare = Basal Area Factor × 𝑉𝑖/𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑖=1
Where Vi = Volume of I th tallied tree at that point
Bi = Basal Area of the I th tallied tree at the point.
8.1.6 Volume for the tallied tree corresponding to its diameter is obtained
from the local volume table. For this purpose of calculation of volume,
Kulu volume table was used.
8.1.7 The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to check the
value of standard error percent. The result of analysis are given in
respective Working Circles.
Volume Tables
137
8.2.1 Ideally, Volume Table should have been prepared for the division but the
same would have required growth analysis on quite good number of
stems distributed at random throughout the crop. Due to complete ban
on green felling, it was not possible to carry out stem analysis.
8.2.2 Even in past Working Plans of the Division, Kulu Volume Table was finally
adopted for calculation of volume of Deodar, Kail and Fir.
8.2.3 No attempt was made to carry out stump analysis to establish age-
diameter relationship due to paucity of stumps. Although stumps of
already felled trees were available but the same were hollow and rotten
rendering them unfit for stump analysis.
Quality Class
8.2.4 The quality class of Deodar and Kail of the Division is II. Quality class of
Chir of the Division varies from II to III. Quality class of Fir varies from I to
II.
Kulu Volume Table
Table 8.2
Dia class VOLUME IN M³
Deodar Kail Fir Chir
10-20 0.14 0.14 0.14 -
20-30 1.27 0.28 0.23 -
30-40 0.76 0.76 0.84 0.48
40-50 1.33 1.36 1.56 1.13
50-60 2.10 2.27 2.97 2.21
60-70 3.14 3.34 4.90 3.54
70-80 4.39 4.42 6.85 4.87
80-90 5.66 5.35 8.30 6.20
90-100 6.85 6.14 9.40 6.99
100 & Above 7.85 5.74 10.19 7.48
