World Civilization & Culture

8/12/2019 World Civilization & Culture

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Civilization: An advanced istaoe in the develooment of hrrman cultrrre: Iknowledoe of natr rrc nrnnrecc in ariscience anO tecfi-.roLog;evelopment of moral values, social and political organization

prosperity - advent of civilization essentially connected with urbanization"l d'",*'**Era) - time before the birth of Jesus Christ - AD (Anno Dominl or cE (the Christian Era or the

Common Era) refers to the time after the birth of JesusOther units of measuring time: Decade (10 years), Century(I00 years) and. Stone Age (also called pre-history or pre-literate period): period. Bronze Age (Appr. 3,500

World Civilization and Cutture {\ t{i6--kTopic 1: Introduction to culture and civilization ; - \rStone Age: prologue to civilization,iAAl:)


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:f{. l-fomo Habitis (fossil found in various part o lived abou

and animal bones - may have known the use of firet\2.5 to 1,5 /nillions Yearsmade tools from stone

H.Habilis

meatprobably used fi

their deadVo-o sapiens (the wise or intelligent human) - modern humans- the last phase in theevolution of the Hominid - appearance of earliest Homo Sapiens about 200,000-160,000 Years ago

-- '.\ 2." l-isearch of better living conditions , i . \ - 1ti:.,i' :-,J -,-t\if-') .-*-,{b{'u'"Main characteristics of - 'rt'.:$ ' " '' - L:y-gathering ''N6IrUY \vesetabies (roots, reav ,"f1"3[:,lliJ' iiver etc')' rish anc sea r


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Main Features:V. matn

. F]p f human setUement due to:i) Invention of boats anii) Need for new caused by increasing populationNew inventions and discoveries: fGei:*".ttry b wheel, tinltting)fire b houses ,.a"-il',[To*J.?' sl9_enrg of famiry (parents and their chirdren) as an institution for:L re of the youngII. of property

IV, Division of labourIIO::_ll family: potygamous and monogamous famitiesDevelopment of religiopeace or mind; basicairy ; ff:ff"liffJTl: :HfJ the evil and attain

Other achievements o the Neolithic age:w

.,4* i{,a

i) Development of agriculture needs discipline and aii).Military purposes -to conquer other territories oriii) Rise of individual leaders.high degree of social organisationto defend against ifrvasion

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution:Development of agriculture Domestication of animals

?urp-l : production and Food security Increase in population


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{g

a.b.c.

Private ownership of propefi,Class divisionMale supremacyd. f civilization

Theories of civilizationDifferent theories explaining the emergence of civilization include:

::' 4_OyStglg theory (challenge and response theory) of : Chaltenges or adverseconditions stimulate people to come up with ap propriate response; the stronger the challenge, thegreater the ng achievements, unless the challenge is too severe to stimulate any response.Civilization emerged in places with , where the people fourid out theright response to adversities or challenges.

Ancient Civilizations

(h{gyss. Azlecs. elc l


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Summer 2009a civilization: about 4000 - 3500 BCE in th -- -:-' --

Warm and relati'yely dry climate -=A.bundance of datesAnnual floociing: moisture and alluviumrnsufficient.aii?iltP"19ql. epidemicsLack of natural barrier/ protection from invasion*Pl9t.ryug of moisture of the soil

of civilizations- s- most notable were:Chaldean Sumerian, Babylonian,the reqion - set Sumerian Civilizationthe tune of subsequent Mesopotamian civilizations in terms of writing,an0 commerce

systern

AN

2.II

Tigris-Euphrates Vallel

e first

confedera'tion of city-states, united basicaily for military purposes+-FMainly agricultui'e ancj tiade, with minimum state controlSharp. y - the rich owned rnost of the propertyEfficient cultivation produced ample harvest of wheat, barley, vegetables, datesExternal trade: importing metal and timber in exchange for agricultural products and somemanufactured goods like ornaments, m and weapons etc,Well organized Business system- use of bills, Leceipts, notes and even letters of creditsWritten agreements: for concluding business deals

class: sgf9-and slavesal: limited rights and status of women (frual right of inheritance, ownership of property and)

Polygamy generally discouraged


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's

Dowry - paid by the ridegroom to the bride's family before the marriage

Equal retaliation: an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a mb for a limb etc'Semi-private administration of justice - court played the role of agumpire - the party of thrnequality before the law - discrimination based on the social position of offenders and victims

Polytheism (belief in more than one god) - .deities represented variousnatural forcesHuman qualities ettjrbqlg to god - gods capable of being both good andevil at the same timeReligion for this world, little concern for life after deathReligion connected with material benefit or loss rather

Ziggurfi

ethical value

ets; gradrial development from pictographic systern to syllabic and phortetic:'lsigns numbering aboutLiteraturei in the Old Testam-entScienceSome important inventions: rrherbal medicine etc.Aftdid not encourage large-scale constructions - Ziggurats made of ricks-re.. pragmatic people - more concerned with practical aspects of life (i'e.j ce, ]u1-e of law, business transactions etc.) than ethical or esthetic aspectsetc.),. Model for subsequent civilizations in Mesopotamia - many of its

than of sPiritual or

C u neiform

basic arithmetic, astronomy/

Sumerian ClaY Doll

(i,e, art, ethics, literatureachievements were replicated in the


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mous Code cf -lammurabi (consistingon the Sumerian and other codes of law

{t

_ urrrtiiJt"i territories conquered bycapitai cf their empirechievenrFnts

These laws',vere made to suitMore active rcle played-6 Th-6More severe punishments:etc.

a Semitic people named Amorites aroun th Babylon as the

- compiled a more comprehensive legalthe needs of a centralised empireking's officers in a and punishing offendersdeath sentence for of duty

of the empirethe beginning oi the i8th century BCE - due to irrternal disorder and external invasionReplication of the Sumerians inOriginality in law and science and calendar)Preserved the Sumerian heritage, and added their own contributions to it.

The genei-al emphasis was on the protection of prope{_and life, and promotion ofagi-iculturr: and ir,.-inessPrivate enterprise well protected, but strictly regulated by law (business deal withoutwritten contract or witnesses punishable by death)In agriculture, cultivating land and taking care of the ikes and canals was obligatoryGenerally prospercus economy, but most of the benefits went to the richPolytheism.Didn't bother about after lifeInfluence of Sriperstitions and magic

many respects(especially astronomy

( odc otHrrnnrurabi


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4tE5:ggsment, l"ragmatic people - more concerned with practical aspects of life (i.e, justice, rule of law,business transactions etc.) than ethical or esthetic aspects (i.e. art, ethics, literature etc.)." Model for subsequent civilizations in Mesopotamia - many of its achievements replicated laterBabvlonian Civi lization

1800 BCE - Babylon

Hammurabi (consisting of ?8 paragraphs and 282 c e rses), based on theSumerian and other codes of law - a more comprehensive legal system.r\The code made suitable for the needs of a centralised empireor) lvlore active role played by the king's officers in apprehending and punishing offenders.S':.More severe punishments: death sentence for theft, plqnQerl 9,_negligence of dutyetc.gtlj General emphasis on the protection of property and life, and promotion ofagriculture and business/,ftt"nouv 1,3 Po''t\

{.Private enterprise well protected, but strictly regulated by law (business deal withoutwi-inen contract or witnesses punishable by death)In agi-rculture, r:uitivating land and taking care of the dikes and canals made obligatoryep Gener-aiiv prosperous economy - but unequal distribution-/.-- 9' ^i{-^ttE a _"l;;,heism. Lack of concern for after lifen Influence of Superstitions and maglcWritingFollowed the Sumerian Cuneiform writing - no alphabets discovered so far, learning was encouraged/fuience_)-- Progress in algebra, geometry and astronomy - divided year into 12 months and 360 days, and weekinto 7 days - gcod rnaps - practice of medicine and surgery

At the beginning of the l8th century BCE - due to internal disorder and eKernal invasionAssessment. Replicaticn of the Sumerians in many respects. Originality in law and science (especially astronomy and calendar). Preserved the Sumerian heritage, and added their own contributions to it,

Code ofHarnmurrbi


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'J/ World Civilization and CultureTopic 3: Mesopotamian Civilization

Mesopotamian civilization : approximately. ^,Natural conditions )Warm and relatively dty climate

."3) Abundance of dates

,/

c55n the Tigris-Euphrates Valley

.,:r) f nsufficient ra i nfal I" I Periodic epidemicsrd) Lack of natural barrierChallenges. Preservation of moisture of the soiln Defending the territory from external attacksSeries of civilizationsMesopotamia - birthplace of several civilizations - most notable ones: Sumerian, Babylonian,Assyrian and civilizations

1 ci'riiizati,-.,ir :n tt-re rejl-onSumerian Civilization- pioneering Mescpotamian civiiization inence, and commerce \v

of city-states - es ,f'tEcglgnv.-.lMainly agriculture and trade - minimum state control.-:r rsharp inequality - most of the property owned by the rich.:,, Efficient cultivation - ample harvest of wheat, barley, vegetables, clates

s like. j.'Well organized Business sy

ry written agreements for concluding business deals

Lower class: serfs and slaves

Tigris-Eu phratcs Vallcl

Loose confederation

,,y1c^&-\ Sqz-Pg 'f-e Tr'ott4--./ . rdtt.t5 tl*vu A'nvcs


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.g) Polygamy discouraged - though keeping mistresses allowed

.:Marriage - document_ed by ltjritten agreement - divorce Uras permitted

.'li Dowry - paid by the pi'ospective bridegroom to the bride's family before the marriageLex Talionis (l@) - s CE - under the kingcopied by subsequent rulers and states

Ziggu rir i

AchievementsDungi - s,

atures of the law:Law eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a limb for a limb etc,Sem ration of justice - court played the role of an umpire - the party oithevictim had to bring the accused to justicer 3) Inequality before the law - discrirnination based on the social position of offenders and victims, cr)Inadequate distinction between intentional and accidental killingBel-t-qraro Practised Polytheism - deitiqs represented various natural forces

to god - gods capable of being both good and Human qualities attributeevil a1, the same tinre. Reliqiorr fcr this worldo Religion cr-rilnecj,ed witl'r materlal l:enefit or irrss retht-'r i:han of spiriti-ral :;i"ethical value. Ziggurat (tempies) - piace for conducting the religious rites - also used asgranary, treasury, cantonment and administrative centre of the city statesWritlnq iting - no alphabet - wedge-shaped characters imprinted on ciayI development from pictographic system to syllabic and phonetic signsnumbering about 500.LiteratureEpics of Gilgamesh (about 2000 BCE) - theincorporated in the Old Testanrent story of Flood and Creation, laterScienceImpoftant inventions like lunar calendar, basic arithmetic, astronomy, herbal medicine etc,AftMetal work, 9ffi carving, sculpture - no large-scale constructions due to lack ofstone -Ziggurats: best example of architecture - made of mud bricks

Sunrcrian Clav Doll


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Cf;JteruDrygaqen? - AAIAncient Egypt, along with Mesopotamia - known as th f civilization; existed from about

4,009J_Aoq BCE to ?:jcE ( by Persia)The river Nile with its annual floods jJ,rl:-S.p :mb_e , carrying rich

friendly factors - strong current and wind from opposite. Abundant supply of fish and ducks and geese. limate - c1ry and warm,. Limited area (less tha

people to live in ciety. Well protected Territory by natural barrierwest, s coast line on the nofth, ro.ty@ur_g ,on thesouth. Availability of metals and good building stonen Comparatively free from infectious diseasesThe Challenge

.-tlCnievements

Egttt

sulpii, of ',vaier; the

(5)."0 Solar cblendar: 360+5 days

. $Medical science - diagnosis and treatment (including surgery an 9-W) of various diseasesb, Writing, Literature an afts

. Literature was basically religious and phiiosophicai, with some exceptions

.o-d,o l'ii1 .l 1Ii,u g? toIraiT TIIta., *;ullt i

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l' [l.rE [,,HAti,..,"t *i\ ti-**R5"i, t c8t'

ISummer 09


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o ArchiteclLlre ancj Aft - gigantic pyramids and temples requiriiiE peirect skiiis cnci; Fainting generhlly

Hicroglyphicordtnaflness

.5. Equality of all free citizens before iaw - slaves had no rights

. q.King (Pharaoh) - the supreme judge and lawrnalierlottrEr govt,. $. ases used a. f .Generally, not as harsh as the lvlesopotamian lawstraders, a rtisans, free farn'rgrs=

.L-Soclai ltr"quuli*V - big gap berrryeeh the rich and the pooro f monogairllc

.{ Education through Public schools

. T.Development of accounting and bookkeepingica I

Conc usion (9)Great importance of Egyptian civilization due tc:. High level of engineering skills" Developed system of jurisprudence and political theory

Developed sense of art and architectureSysterri of s

.1. Rule of law prevailed, thoughoq.Based on common sense viewjustice

no written code found so farof right and wrong - also on the concept of truth, balance and

officials also judged

landowners; icdieciass:serfs. -:-._._=---

c")o l. DeeP influence of religion on the society - PJggq,l-r congidered the living represqntativg g God.a.t:-u$acg of Polytheism; two main gods -_4g (Srn) and Qsiris (God of vegetation and water).9. Later came abstrqct_ conception of uity of soui af,ter death led to thenecessity of pie-serv'rig the dead body

--"--

l1

Sun:mer 09

Pyramid


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Fall?t109

- known as theby Persia)M

from aboutAncient Egypt, aiong with Mesopotamia4,000-3,500 BCE to 525 BCE (occupationcradle of civilization; existed

ural advantaqes B Pc.Ll"tE.1.The river Nile rvith its annual flocds (June-September), carrying richalluvial soils12 Navigation-friendly factors - strong current and wind from oppositedirections.3 Abundant supply of fish and wate#owl - ducks and geeseo1 Moderate climate - dry and warm, invigorating.5 Limited area of fertile soil (less than 10,000 sq. miles) - promptingpeople to live in a comPact societY.6 Well protected Territory by natural barriers: desert on the east andwest, harbourless .oart lin" on the north, rocky cataracts on the

south. { Availability of metals and. 6comparatively free fromThe Challenoeinsufiicient rainfall coulCresponse - irrigaticn

good building stoneinfectious diseasesnot sustain land fertilitr1 - need to

Egvpt

ensure reguiai' supply gr ',r;3i3r, ih

Yrr,"nr" and technology 9 gcn^Sa-rJ. Irrigation by building dams and canals.p Solar calendar: 360+5 daYs.3 Arithmetic - addition, subtraction and division; numerals without zero; geometry - computingwith accuracy the areas of triangles, rectangles and hexagons.q Medical science - dlagnosis and treatment (including surgery and dentistry) of various diseases. 5Invengon of sundial, paper, glass, metallurgy (ornaments of copper and gold), super qualitylinen and cotton clothb. Writing, Literature and fine arts. 1 First form of writing - Hierogtyplrrc system (literal meaning in Greek,'sacred carving'J - -gradually dlveloped from pictographic te syllabic toalphab,etic.p. .. ter"rture was basically rqligious and philosophical, with some exceptions

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7,Yrtorld Civilization and CultuTopic 5: Ancient;l#'" ,vu.A-ksJLrD

Started around 13200 BCE

Architecture e town planning: -citadel for the rulers and Lower Town forcommon people

AA]ied culture

Citadel

Nt.$_The also well planned - enclosed by walls - broad, straight roads

-c' " r into blocks of almost equal slzequal.4, c. f. bathrooms and toilets - Sewerage system with covered drainse5Fligh land fertility - growth of agriculture - well developeC irrigation systemwith a wide netwoi-k o1'canals. g-.r r;'=p; f ii'::iiriu :,ri:gci

Do;-nesticaieci anirnals

r. ed units of measurenrent (v',,eights, scales) for trading. Highly skiiied aitists - terracotta (ciav) flgures, both rand rnade and; mould maCe --metalworksW Scrlpt (?). Noi yet deciphered. Looks like htefqglyplrjg_Ittitt_qgl with each symboi representing an idea^\ --v 6).i.a{,.$.Individualistic religion everyone worshipped his/her gods and goddesses

@l.l{ , us rites. j ' ly practiced Animal sacrifice.6. B- [ia[.of the dead n-crematiot':v sorf,ty '--. Stratified, class divided

It"tlrfAt so- 44lqns CCcold in the Hr,3)Variations in weather (i.e, floods, droughts, causing good harvests in some areas anclfamines in others (. dThe l-limalayas on the north - s.9 Difficulty ln communicatlon a ing in isolated kingdomsIndUs Vallev Clvillzatlon


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Backqno,JndThe Aryans (also knownAfghanistan sometir,re after as Indo-Aryans) - via2000 BCE - no system of writing untilCE;,+ainTeaIuFEi

Th' ple-

eism founded upon the teachings q__Ve4e@ transmitted orally forcenturies before put in writing l. Other religious scripts: Ramayana, Mahabharafa and lhe Upanishads. Aryan religion also known as Vedic religian or Brahmanism- later Hinduisrn. Recognitisn of (priests) as the sacred, privileged and dominant group. Emerflenee of and Jatntsm ln the 6th century BCE as a protest against the authoi'ity of tlre

eventually took upfarmlng. vigorous kind of people - fondg=o-odTilhfers

Brahmins and thE caste system. Patriarchal society. Initially - three social classes: warriors or aristocrary, the priests (Purohita), and the common p"otirt.- from class to Caste system

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artisan) and (labourer, servant, slave) - outside the caste structure - outcastes or untouchables- hereditary and permanent systemLived in tribes - each tribe with its king (Raja), whcse chief function was to lead in battlesTwo tribal assemblies: Sabha (probably the councjl of tribal elders), and Samiti (probably 'rie generalassembly of the entire tribe)Gradually, tribes united in states (pttg", by about - 4jvinitv attributeC ic king: {by thepriesis) - t'ise of king's pcrnrer and decline of ihe Sab,4a a:td Sanlft

Crlenea. Excelled in rnathernatics '- devised a zera eigr, rr,,erked out a decima system, could extract roots,knew the fundamentals of algebra. Studied medicine, particulariy Anatomy and Physiology: diagnosis, treatment and surgeryAssessment. Indo-Aryan civiiization - essentially religious in nature. Other aspects of lii'e (science, philosophy, iiteraiure etc,) made subsidiary to religion. Typical form of government - absolute monarchy (total power of the king). Sharp distinction between sociat ciasses -,gqsqq gyqlem. Development of science higher than in Greece or Rome. Great advancei'ileni in literature - Rarnayana aid"Mahabhara{a comparabie lo ltiad and inancient Greece -- ---. Subsequent western civilizations borroweci many ideas and innovations from ancient India,

aa


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World Civilization and CultureTopic 5: Ancient IndiaFall2009 AANatural conditions. Diverse topography - many rivers, desedsr mountains, forest, jungle etc. - highly diversified culture. Varied climate - tropical in the south, moderate in the north, cold in the Himalayan region. Variations in weather (i,e, floods, droughts, monsoons), causing good harvests in some areas andfamines in others. The Himalayas on the north - serving as a natural protection. Difficulty in communication among various regions - resulting in isolated kingdomsIndu s Valley Civilizati on

Started around 3200 BCE - full maturily around 2500 BCE - decline after 2000 BCE - over 1000 sites(including Harappa and Mohenjodaro) discovered so far - huge area of 1500 x 1200 km in Punjab, Sindh,Baluchistan, Harrying, Rajasthan and other areas in both Pakistan and India

. Immaculate town planning: cita Nfor tcommon people.f:tdel, built of mud and mud brick - raised on a platfor high'' \./' ncluded important public buildings and residences of theGreat Bath, Granary, Hlgh Priest's residence, Assembly Hall. The Lower Town also urell planned - enclosed by walls - broad, straight roadsdividing the town into blocks of almost equal size. private and public wells. bathrooms and toilets - Sewerage system with covered drains

. Efficient farmers, good traders and artisans. High Iand fertility - growth of agriculture - well develcped irrigation system

an idea

Hi cit"c.t lvith a wide ner*-ci-k of canals. Two crops (mainly wheat and barley) a year - Melons and dates -Domesticated animals. Profitable trade with Mesopotamia, Persia, Afghanistan and possibly Egypt. Exported timber, ivory, textiles, copper, shell; irnported woolen staff, precious stones and even-foodstuff. Industry included metallurgy (copper, tin, bronze, lead), pottery, shell cutting, jewelry. Used units of measurement (weights, scaies) for tradingArt. Highly skilled artists - terracotta (clay) figures, both hand made and mould made -

nretal works5slpt. Not yet deciphered. Symbols on seals, copper tablets and pottery. Looks like hieroglyphic writing, with each symbol apparently representingRelioion. I\,lot much known. Practiced polytheism. Individualistic religion everyone worshipped his/her gods and goddesses. Fire used as a paft of religious rites. Probably practiced Animal sacrifice. Burial of the dead - later on cremationSocietv' S'.ratified, class divided. The upper classes segregated from the lower ones. Low wealth concentration, but relatively fair distribution of wealth


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BackoroundThe Aryans (also knownAfghanistan sometime afterabout 1000 BCEMain FeaturesThe People

Aryan Civilizationas Indo-Aryans) - from lran via2000 BCE - no system of writing until

&,/r5* .TAA\\'

g_ooy' fightersfi:/"n \,"1o^ ,."Iit Irnnrd 'Yt9Y9r>olytheism founded updn the teachings of Veda (meaning knowledge or wisdom)- transmitted orally for. centuries before put in writing.2-other religious scripts: Ramayana, Mahabharafa and lhe Upanishads.{, Recognition of Brahmans (priests) as the sacreci, privilegld and dorunq1tl: group.5- Emergence of Buddhism and Jainism in ihe 6th century BCE as a protest against the authority of theBrahmins and the caste systemSocial and Political StructurePatriarchal society

Initially - three social classes: warriors or aristocracy, the priests (Purohita), and the common people- from class to Caste system ]nyoun Qog\z- eYgte/h/Aryan racial pride - caste distinction probably on the basis of skln colour (Varna)Four main castes (with sub-divisions): Brahmin (priesi), Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (farmer, trader,artrsan) and Shudra (labourer, servant, slave) - ouiside the caste struCure - outcastes cr unicuchables- hereditary and permanent system'.iveC in tribes - each tribe with its king (Raja), whose chief function was to lead in battlesTv,,c iribal assemblies: Sabha (probably the council of tribal elders), and Samiti (probably the generalassembly of the entire tribe). Gi'aduaiiy, tribes united in states (Rashtra,priests) - rise of kin-o's power and Cecline oi

Science. Excelled in mathematics - devised a zero sign, ,rcrred out a .decimal system, could extract roots,knerv the fundamentals of algebra. Sildied medicine, particularly Anatorny and Physiology: diagnosis, treatment and surgeryAssessment. indo-Aryan civilization - essentially relrgious in nature. Other aspects of life (science, philosophy, literature etc.) made subsidiary to religion. Typical form of government - absolute monarchy (total power of the king). Sharp distinction between social classes - casie system. Development of science higher than in Greece or Rome. Great advancement in literature - Ramayana and Mahabharata comparable to lliad and Odyssey inancient Greece. Subsequent western civilizations borrowed many ideas and lnnovations from ancient lndia,

Semi-nomadic people - animal breeders -farmingvigorous kind of people - fond of singing,

eventually took updancing, gambling -

by about 600 BCE) - divinity attributed tc k\ngs ('oy theihe Sabha and Samrti

-,,.i^, *',;'."a

Spread of Aryart culture


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Id(. W o r I d A-f:.UIi rBi ,ut-.,r.lidllglt u.reTcpic 6: rligilizationFailli:ilG*

early human habitation; tra.res of I'leolithic culture -

AAJ

Chinesc civilization

- 72t' centurycentury

tsaclrgrOgzui'Peking ma,4 - proof of

Agricultu:'e

Followed by the emei-gence of civilization about iStn rerrtury BCE - civilizationcame relatively later, Or, 1*9' 91 longeri.f;ain Featuresn Isolation from the rest of Asia by Na'cural ba;rle,> (mountains, deserts) -relatively ullinterrupted development, and less racial mixing. Emei"gence of absolute monarchy to rneet the challenges of fioods,irrigation and droughts - need for centi-:rrlsed suleryision

" Maln source of iivelihoocl; produce i.:':,.iea* ff"ensive tr+de

'rrt '"/. lwls;4:;i::.ir{: I ,. t. Logcgraphic: thousands of characters - educaiion i'emained limitec io scholarsand noblemennCet /

' ' -i.t 4-*n Dtvelopment in rnathematiCs, mediCine, astrt:1)my, geOgraphy. lrlost important inventions - paper, type for p;intl':+, quliD']wder, cernpass' Art and architecture\r( -T-h^ rl-arl lAl-ll n /^hin: i'hr rilf rn ?li1 r :-r' - rn1 stretclrino approximately 6,700 kilometres

Religion. Stronqly influenced by philosophy - mo:.. concerned with human beings and their welfare than:odslspiriiso Vdorship of ancestors - without prayer or priests. Folk reiigion - local gods and splrits - varieri frli--, relionu iipreacl of Suddhism fr{cto region, even village to village


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Philo:;c,phy - an indispensable part of Chirre:,e life', {s.vwcienism and Daoism - twon't cst, Lropu I a r philosolthies

Fu-2'-;) - 6ti'-5th century BCEUo rt tt-.r.ir- d uties u ndi.rponsi bi I ities ; teachi n g

a-o&.Emphasis on life, rather than death or after-life ("We do not know life; how can weundbrstand death?)

n9 Development of individuals through education'\, Strict discipline in the family and society: five vital relationships. 6 Idolised benevolent rule, with the rulei' nct oni5, 63ttanding, but also sett ng examples for thepeople to follow"7 "All rnen are brothers"-- but one hacj rc be a lvoi'thy rnember of his c','.i community.beforebeing a part of the greater world communifrcountrres including nd Japan

,,. "1.i:.,'' '-rf 1i;f,rr.: J fcrl sn'v'incr:"'..': :tll:.liic.; ai ,int lhat dld-j-j: -.-_ ,_,.;,,-); a'*c,-r.iF6o to b:inE thei;c,;;c*ai inro perfect harmony with naiure ii:cugi. a m'y'stite,r union with the DaoProfound influence -cjf aiici6nt 'Chinese philosc;::rrr i m) on theChinese way of thinking - irrspired positive thinkin t the sametime, obstructed moderni China by suggesting traditional solutions tocontem porary probleirs,development of human society to a n elght,

Confucius

and took the


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S, r c Civiiization and EUltute

Fn l 2009

the ea ana - Iran)-- QroWthincludingMesopotamia E -''rtPt Darius I - anothecollapse i to invasion by alexiiEeF Great (356-323 BCE)Contrib -\.------'--- PemianfnrPircffi,'rirtrrtio, Pa*.s\ ar- ^d:v'^l' ^\db. v ^- G1ui"t )o l, ruled by "divine po\'\e:"c) g consulted big landov.rners, military chiefs, priests, top bureaucrats..,5 "Satrapy" - provinces (21) ruled by gcverncrs .*a':*--.\. Strict mtrnitoring by the King - governors and nrilitary commanders - "eyes and ears".5 Tolerance for socio-cultural norms and values of non-Persian nationsArchitecture. of Babylonian, EgyptianirrloLt rs,. Secular architecture -built mostlyAft and Science:r,::t-t;]^^ nf Rer'-'iarian aa6j fqugiiSnmoci:fications.

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and Greek architecture; but also addedpalaces r-aiher than Religionart arc s:ientii'ca -cc.rrplishments with

Economy. Agriculture - main sector - proJucec whe:i,. Big land holdings - ov"ned by hereditary ownersDa" ey/ and olive

anci culiivated mostly by l)trri:tn.-\rl

ac

serfs

Banking system-'ld'nn money and colF:.-iing taxes

Brief history

Xran spoke a language of the Indo-European group (resembled


22/44

ion Zrlanism ("Zproaster" is the Greek form of the Percian name "Zarathustra)

forces of evil and darkness. Although th ere almost evenly sirong, light,would eventuallyover da

The world to exist .12,000 years, after which AhylTUgAa wouldoverpower 4hilr?n - the dead would be ralsed frorir grave and judged- good people wlll be sent to heaven and the bad ones to hell - butail rvould be saved ultimatelYEthical religion - people free to choose between vitues and sins -after death

to be judged acccrdinglY

tri,thfu lness, hospita litytak:;ig ol in[erest on ::ans from fellowbelievers considered the "worst of sins"

u "Revealed religion" (revealed by god through a cnoser :-eDresen--aiiveany heavenly script, though they had their- saci'ecj script named "Avesta"

or pi-ophet) - withoutAssessmcnt, E.:ctency in adminjstrarion that ensurecl ,tt,ace anci security in tR region foi' a Ciuple of centuries\-*, Zoroastrianism represented a big step fonward in superior spiritual thinRiirg, presented concepts

(i,e. hell, ttul, rA:1d and punishment in the next world) - later reflected in subsequentrelrgions. Centers of civilization (Egypt, Mesopotamia) came under one rule - facilltating the developmentof a more cosmopolitan culture.


23/44

6'utl- (lt*n&AAJ

civilization al of the

r')-. Land not much ferttletr)-o Numerous mountains - natural walls as ''^;ell as g citystates

'"'Backqrou nd

l- o lliad and Odvssev. comoos

Potis - city-states consisting of a city, a fort a Cltn -ccvernment/types of Poiisand form of governance

,{ . Basically 3 ole citizens made soldiers - sick ones made sefsof the state - military training slnce9. Citizens a small minority (about 5o/o) - the res dary citizens -4. Crtizens provided with land by state, though all rnanuai iabour Including lanC cultivationby Helots (sqrfs)

ai'r,*-harbours - nct much int utside worl

. Total control of the state in the hands of a iew retired generals: a counckings and 28 nobles (aristoc a 5-menrber board called E 6-virtuallynl6.,. Few industries; travel discouraged and tradingcommercial class as in other city siates prchibited for citizens; absence of powerful

IntroductionClassical civilization; Anclent Greekachievements of ancient civilizations

- 323ke' - period tofamBCE) - thethe period and Hellenistic

Greece

v4t

Citv States

doneng two

T . Remarned a backward state, due tt i'-: r 911, nrilitarist poltcy


24/44

4r'oraclg$.. Generally,Conclusion

CulminationNew dimens U '

Greeks put supreme n man, rather than nature or rellgion"-

to citizens, constituting only about 40o/o of

UIiVC

e.i.o9..

7 n.ir.tl'-l--->Direct democracy, not representative

n :c1p:tg_d bY all citizens,Lgftation of Athenian democracY -population9g{r qg_rl1u"s: deprived of crvii t'igitts, riEhts of women were restrictedGolden age of Athenian democrac'y under the leadership AthensbEtiG;-strong empire - the centre of excellence in all sph6. Freedom generated by a democratic envlronment at the root of unprecedented development-t. cle$,c4_qy [z_q]19n i5th century BCE was centred around Athens - most of its achlevements made by

'L)Po'r]utL_.Comfortable not much Itu renot uch

I.,1. Extensrve domestic -and foreign trade; expelle4: m

--"t Sigrrificant advancement in s_cience - Aqlronc y (v()1.

a1ry'.4$-r

th by appearance and nature - had good and bad qualitiesLittle concern for after life, lnrorshipping uras generally limited to sacrifices

4science. Foundation of moCern western civilization


25/44

C)(+Y ''.lteo World Civili (-'-Ji'94"Fall2O09

Rome - estabiished around 1000 BCE - city kingdorn around 750 BCE - a huge empire byOctavian (63 BCE - 14 CE) - Divisiorr of the emplre in 395 CE - lVestern empire fell in 476

AAJ

CE - Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire with its capital in 'onstantinople(istanbul), continued til

Natural Conditions

A-. Only a few harbours'3.. Exposed from all sldes - subjected to many irva; c''ls -- nrilitarisiic traditions4,. r-' ,,rFi striDS of fertile land - developrner:i r,'a pretlori',irartily agrai'lan economy5.a il,en QualiLy marble and limited reserves cl'ccoper/ gold and ironG. Ftediterranean climate: miid temperature, p"c.r,:.; of ,.irfail and sunshine in most places

|lJ;'*";;-l

v ;r:Lj O i lt r ;. r,: ;t i :l aS.-c-- ia I :,ie,-l a r SICCfaCV'"=-_ -=1Weak position of the mid(le classSlaves - about 40o/o of the population

. Strictly Patriarchal society - Women could not occupy anli position of power in the society6,.

"r- to.il"l.itizen,

rgh coins were scarcesiate support ond charity for poorer sections gradually

leUJ. -q r. Prcvalencc of Polythe(goddess of love) and many other deities


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)Yl fu. L0?23Christianit'y aciopted by ernperortjg}Roman Law - made enornrous contributicrn lc tire development of modern legal systemFirst code of civil and crinrinal lar.rv ._ cievelopt-:d about 450 BCE - written on ty;elve painted woodeirtablets (Twelve Tables)Eased on prevailing ncrms, reason and common gensecontinuously developed and uipdated during subsequent centuries - keeping track with changingsocial, political and economic situationEquality of all men before law - fundamental human riEhts as the law of nature - the Law ofContract - making parties entering into an agreement abide by ceftain terms and conditions

2o c[o J


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,'.'("-- // World Civilization and Culturei "r r Fail2oo9

AAJintrod uctionrlso known as Middle Ages - roughly the period between the fall of ihe (Western) Roman Empire (476CE) and that of the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire (1453 CE) - the period befween 1000and 1453 considered as high middle agesMain Features

nd Christianitydalism - a particular form of social and economic systeh after the fall of RomanEmpirePrompted by chaos and insecurity followed by the destruction of RometV. Lord - Vassal relationship centred around Fief - big landowners asserted themselves -their poorer neighbours came to them for protection

. - Smaller landowners lost their land and became Vassals - others sold out their land tobigger landowners and also became their Vassals..f-Even hurch property was not safe - churchmen became feudal landlords - othersbecame Vassals6. Feudal hierarchy - the King (ruling by "Divine Power") on the top - the serfs at thevery bottom - as many as 7-B intermediate Vassals (Dukes, Counts, Barons and so on)'f King - technically, the ultimate owner of land - granted Fief io his Vassalsog- Vassal became Lord by distributing land to smaller Vassals.'tr \/asseis ncl simpi;r lenani.s - oath cf loyalt-v to ire Lord ( 7 becorne )/aur man, to keep falthwith ycu agarnst a/l others).10 Obligation of the Vass.:l - assist the Lorci with troops and money in times of war - Loi-d wouldprotect his Vassals - shelter them from invaslon and setile dispu'.es among thern. .\ 1n .ut" of Vassal's disloyalty, his fief could be confiscated by the Lord and given to anotherVassalSovereignty"

Feudal InstitutionsMost significant institutions that within the feudal society: Manor and Chivalry

i uanor; a ,",;'{=Agricultural estate covering hundreds of acres of land, tilled by dozens of people -mostly sefsLife centred around the Castle - well defended residence of the LordVillage near the castie - where people who served the lord livedAll the surrounding lands ploughed, sowed and reaped togetherThe crop brought to the lord's mill for grinding - the greater paft went to his barnsOne-third of the arable land left unplanted each year to save the land fertilityThe Manor usuaily surrounded by a forestManor as a self-sufficient economic unit - nothing except salt and spices importedfrom outsideAll disputes within the Manor decided by the Manorial Court

Kr ng.,\ I .,-:r;LordsI,.,.,| ':"':Krrlg h ls...+l'r;':'"1';

Fcudal Hierarchy

Manor and Castlc


28/44

. Manor - absolute domain of the LordChivalrv *r_1y.'-b|l t From cavalier, the horse-riding soldier of theconduFoF the Knights-- ulqqe qseg - | g y g and lgde ofd. . Knights known as 99-od Christje4s - ready to d-efend the church as well as the poordaY llfeto ladies -"friend of God and woman"I of tlILtrY and comfort

Rise of ChristianiW: the Church j1i i 'i:-t p Growth of the Christian Church during the Roman Empire Despite persecution,L . After the fall of the empire - Rome became the centre of Christian churchRoman Catholicism ("Catholic" from Greek "Katholikos', meaning "Universal)a.{.1,'.'a

Emergence of a feudal hierarchy structure in the church - Priest, Bishop, Archbishopetc'the king

. Spread of education - e University as the highest seat of learning andcentre of culture

. Development of es - Engllsh, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German. philosophy - ba - devetopmenl-of SdFolasticiSm-: the beltef thatreason could co-existwith faith, that truth could be discovered through inquiry- butblind Christian faith Prevailecf. Development oft4_and architegture due to patronisation by rich feudal icrcs and thechurch - beautif[L Cathedials and Castles with marvellous interior decoratioi. Progress in science included invention ofglf5 .I9r, - s, plllllgllglg11

Drawbacks of FeudalismSaved Europe from complete dissolution after the fall of the Roman Empire - later obstructed socialprogress by frag1nenting the societ'/ into smaii groups - a rtgid hereditaT class system - inequallty andunfair advantages - deflnce of siate authority - hampered ine crocess cf national unification i:Eu rope

Knights

- emergence of

Cathed rals

Strenglhening of th KlngSRise of patriotism in among theIncreasing use of medium ofWeakening of feudal lords as a result of the Crusades (late 11th- Iate 13th centuries)

people leading to an urge for national unitypaymenl for services rendered increased theindependence ol the kings : 'spread of the people - protest against injusticeEpidemlcs uries - death of nearly half of Europe'spopulationIntroduction of gunpowder - demolished the invincibility.of the Castle, the ultimatearefuge of feudalism-


29/44

,.JYtBur'6.an_Cjvilization

Fall2009

IntroductionAiso knorvn as Middle Ages - roughly the period bel'ween the fall of the (Western) Roman Empire (+76CE) and that of the Eastern R.oman Empire or Byzantine Ernpire (1453 CE) - the perioC between 1000and 1453 considered as high middle agesMain FeaturesThe rise of Feudalism and ChristianityFeudalism. Feudalism - a particular form of social and economic system after the fall of Romar KlngEmpire. Prompted by chaos and insecurity followed b,v ihe

. Lord - Vassal relationship centred around Fieftheir poorer neighbours came to them for protecti. Smaller landowners lost their land and becambigger landowners and also became thelr Vassals. Even Church property was not safe - churchmen becarne feudal landlords - othersbecame Vassals. Feudal hierarchy - the King (ruling by "Divine Power") on the top - the serfs at thevery bottom - as many as 7-B intermediate Vassals (Dukes, Counts, Barons and so on) Fcud;rl llicrarchl'. King - technically, the ultimate ov/ner of land - g.anted Fief to his Vassals. Vassai became Lord by distributing lanci to smaiier Vassals. Vassals not simply tenants - oath of loyalty io ihe Lord ( "1 become you rnan,. tc i.ee,o faiihwith you against all others'). Obligation of the Vassal - assist the Lord with troops and ntoney in times of urar - Lorci tiouldprotect his Vassals - shelter them fronr invaslon ancj settle disputes an ong them. in case of Vassal's disloyalty, his fief coulJ be ccnfiscated by the Lord and given to anotherVassal. Three principal elements in the feudal system: Vassalage, Homage anrl the "Immunity andSovereignty"

Feudal InstitutionsMost significant institutions that within the feudal society: Manor and Chivalry

AA.7

Knigh'rs'..,gi:::'"::

aoaa

aa

Agricultural estate covering hundreds of acres of land, tilled by dozens of people -mostly serfsLife centred around the Castle - well defended residence of the LoroVillage near the castle - where people who served the lord livedAll the surrounding lands ploughed, sowed and reaped togetherThe crop brought to the lord's mill for grinding - the greater part went to hrt barnsOne-third of the arable land left unplanted each year to save the land fertilityThe Man'or usually surrounded by a forestManor as a self-sufficient economic unit - nothlng except salt and spices importedfrom outsideAll disputes within the Manor decided by the Manorial Court

Manor and Cnstlc


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. Manor - absolute domain of the LordChivalry. From cavalier, the horse-riding soldier of the middleconduct of the Knights. Knights known as good Christians - ready to defend

ages - life style and code ofthe church as well as the poor

and helpless. Truthfulness and courage in everyday life. Display of religious zeal and courtesy to ladies -"friend of God and woman". Most of the Knights were tyrants - lived a iife of luxuty and comfortRise of Christianity: the church Knights. Growth of the Christian Church during the Roman Empire Despite persecution. After the fall of the empire - Rome became the centre of Christian church - emergence ofRoman Catholicism ("Catholic" fronr Greek "Katho/ikos", meaning "UniversalJ. Emergence of a feudal hierarchystructure in the chr-rrch - Priest, Bishop, Archbishopetc.. Church leaders performed religious rites as well as duties of a feudal lord. Gradually - church the largest landholder with special privileges - even defied the authority ofthe king. Spread of education - emergence of University as the highest seat of learning andcentre of culture. Development of modern languages - English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German. Philosophy - basically theology - development of Scholasticism - the belief tha:reason could co-existwith faith, that truth coulcj be discovei'ed through inquiry- b:.,iblind Christian faith prevailed. Development of Art and architecture due io paironlsation b,v ricn;e;cal ,:;cs arc ir:church - beautiful Cathedrals and Castles with marvellous interioi decoiatici. Progress in science Included invention cf glass mirror, lens, printing press Cathedrals

D i-a''=r, backs of Feuda ismSaved Europe from complete dlssolution after the fall of the R.oman Empire - later obstructed socialprogress by fragnrenting the society into srnall gicups - a rigid hereditary class system - inequalibl andunfair advantages - defiance of state autnority - hampei'ed ihe process of national unification inEurope

.. \/eakening of feudal iords as a resuit of ihe Crusades (late 11th - late 13rh centuries). Strengthening of the position of the Kings. Rise of patriotism and nationalism among the people leading to an urge for national unity. Increasing use of money as a medium of payment for services rendered increased theindependence of the kings. Spread of education - increasing awareness of the people - protest against injustice. Epidemics of Plague (Black Death) in 14th and 15t'' centuries - death of nearly half of Europe'spopulation - shortage of labour leaoing to end of sefcJom. Introduction of gunpowder - demolished the myth of invincibility of the Castle, the ultimaterefuge of feudalism ,


31/44

Fall2009 f,}o.o'"-J e>,r'.- r-- iPxa'rit*' '/ [ rw"-

Most prominent representatives - poet Dante Alighiei'i (1265-1321), authcr oi the epic ehumanism, as well as the first modern poet (wroie Sonnets), Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-75),author of "Il Decamerone (Ten Days' Work)

ALIIntroductionRenaissance - "rebirth" or re-discovery of began in Italy - everrtuallYexpandgd into Germany, France, England and other parts of Europe

migr-ation of a large nunrber of scholitrs and atisis to ltaliar r:ities

? .e?+4.y Rediscovery of class r-i - renewed interest in classical (Greek and Roman) art,philosophy and literature&.- . curiosity and objectivity - an intense interest in lvorldly mattei's, shift from abstract discussions ofreligious issues to the morality of hLrman actions (though Christianlty was not abandoned)g. . - philosophy based on the idea that people are rational beings -emphasis on the freedom ana dignity of the i iduai and the impoftance of hisihe:. piacc in tf,euniverse - renewal of interest in individual human beings, the r ,,nique talents and potenlie;is4 . ducation - to de,.,elop in.li'ridual's taien5 in ail area.;, not restricted tc any specific

like Rome, Venice, Florence& Italian cities - centre of the 'highway oi trade' - i,:le.:l oi- the migrating talents

ac -rCemic discipline .' otJ={ creation :f sepaiaie nation states ---, gr-e}r}-*Criiical review of religion - ation tnoventetti rn the 16rh Ce riu?,-'/geographical discoveries - America in Il92,India in 149E cjre to demand for oriental goods (spices,colton, silk, precious metals, stones etc.) - urge to discover the entire wci-ld

5- .b.7.

4rtReduced control of the church, relative freedorn ofenvironment for further developmer,t of all formsarchitecture

,thinking and action created a favourableof art including painting, sculpture and

E . Tremendous growth of Trade and commerce, creating the foundation of capitalisnt "'-s *8"'4c-''bie .*'?" cwd( 'L,-).-L


32/44

J/ -:\/ &}j Lesser influence of classical art on painting due to scarcity of paintings from ancient Greece and Rome- an opportuni$ for the Renaissance aftists to be originalSpirit ol humanism prevailed, but the subject matter was distinctly ChristianMost famous artists included Michelangelo (1475-1564) - a sculptor, architect and poet -,Raphael (1483-1520) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), a painter, sculptor, architect,engineer, and scientist

Geoqraphical DiscoveriesDiscovery of many unknown places and routes - created far reaching impact on the history of mankind. End of isolation, beginning of a more compact and better connected world

Greater mobility of people leading to increased volume of trade Lconarrro drEmergence of a class of rich merchants and traders, strengthening the rising middle class vinciBeginning of colonial rivalry among European countries for the possession of newly discoveredterritories

e excesses done by the Church and the Pope - interferenceby Roman Gtholic Church in the internal affairs of other states, non-payment of taxes by thechurch, transfer of church funds from other countries to Rome etc,&, Siarted in Germany in 1517 under the leadership of Martin Luther - spreac io othei'countries of Europeg . Influenced by the ideas of humanism

q . Led to a division in Christianity - religious intolerance leading

Mona I-isir

aa

)lartin Luthcrto armed conflicts - further

strengthening cf nationa smAssessment. After the rigid and restricted environment of the middle ages, Renaissance revived the spirit ofhumanism and opened up new horizons of human creativity. Limitations of Renaissance: excessive glorification of ihe 'classic past', confinement of the

achievements within a narrow circle of enlightened people

,


33/44

\ 4-{'N

IntroductionFrench Revolution (1789 -1799) - transforniaiionnot confined to France-alone - cne of the rnostcivllization - beginning of modern civilization

AAJ

of the society and political system in France -

Qr:ctri Il:tric & iring l-ottis

on the one

impor-tant milestones in the development of

ruling familyFrench society divided into three classes: First Estalte iClergy), $econd

g t All the p,rfril"g"s enjoyed by the First and Second Estates - ihe price paid by the ThirdEstate

Lt . Sufter-ing and ooverty of the ccmmon Dei..Dle - luxuricus life cf the pri'Yileged nrnorilyStrengthening of the middle class - Grcroring demanct for more freedom for people ancj lesspower of the Kingf . indifference of the French monarchs to the suflering of the people - continued to rule asbefor

Cairsesl_ . Rapidly growing social Inequality amoilq the First Estate and the Second Estate

hand, and Third Estate on the otherQ.. Economic/Financial crisis - i:xceg.::vt, ;lnrl i:necir:ai taxation -- continuedborrowing by the government to meet ac:is, ineffcient economic nlanagementin generalCrisis of the Monarchy - loss of ciecii:iiib/ ,rf the absoiute monarclt',v - leadingto an erosion of legitimacy of the Old Regirne in the eyes of the peopleb . infiuence rrf Frencrr philosoptrers and thinkers in raising

I awareness of the people and motir.ratinq thern to flght for changeMontesq uieu, Roussea u, Volta ire

Ilortcrtluictt


34/44

. Inadequate reforms - unwillingness of the rulers to go for any major change inthe system.| Food crisis - acting

Nature of the Revolutionas the immediate cause

Based on the principles of liberty, eguality and fraternity, the French Revolution wasdirected against the feudal system arrc despntic rule -- with the ultimate goal of abolishingall fcrms of discrimination and establish:nq a republic of free citizens,Major events

. Refusal of King Louis XVI to yieldbring the prices down sparked offBastille)

to popular demands for reforms and failure tothe revolution on July 14, L789 (attack c

. Framing of constitution in 1791, with provisions for a constitutional monarchy2/. t792-t795) led by Robespierre, Danton, Marat and others-

sands of noblemen including the king and the queen one:lery*.). Finally, when all the successive governments failed,

Rousrcr rr

Guillot nc

)''v-- ta^e)-

in '1799 with the rise of Napoleon Bonapart s t-he the revolution came to an endabsolute ruler of France

;?- - Establisl'ied sovereignty of the people over despotism&.- tqotivated people with feelings of nationalism, uniling the entire nation4.- Inspired people of all countries with tiie spirit of liberty, equality anrJ fraternity,' and became a model of rebellion against despotism

Nrpolconllorrr;turtt'


35/44

0n ai'}fi(/.r*"'

AAJIntrcductionIndustrial Revolution -- unprecedented deveiopmerri of techriology in -urope ..iuringlBrh- 1gth centuries - resulte,j in repiacenienl of tnc:rrrai iabcur b7 m.rcr'ri;-r*-- transiormeijciviiizoi-ion radical y, within a reletively shrrt span crf ti;nr: - br'ought :rt'ou1;69 .rr,impoftanfhange in human civilizat:i r. afltei- Nea ithtc S.evoluiion

Faclors facilitating industrial revoluiion:.L- , resulling n incrcase,l ;roiuciion cifood and rawmaterials

ankinri, lert-rrnq ic accumr-riation ti w?alihand increase in dernand for manufaciureC citi:d:, -aovery of new regions and sea ro*tes, r*'slii:ril ili fui-ther expansion of tradeDeveiu", :':irt of science, creating the foundarior fol inventing nelv technologyExpansicn of domestic manl.rfact.iing s.\'3rrtc-?, :-rro:r,ttira enlrepi-eneui-ship anCfactory-based prod uction system

.6'Emergence of a middle class, whlch was the rlriving force of industrial revolutionIndustrial revolution started in Great Britain - favoui-able;iatural, social, politicallegal conditions ( of coa ancl iron, pc:i.icrl ':Labiiity, rule cf lat,'t. lalssezrcononr,, propefty riEhts) - gradually expaTr('.:C to i-1i-arrcr:, tJl,A, Germany andother countries InventionsRadical improvements of fT'extile nrachiney,'^ par:icularly the invention of"Spinning Jenny" (spinning B threads at the same time), introduced by

.Ot4l

' -> -(teana -1 i' f{Pfair: on^}.?-t*k

further develoom replaced handloom inaccelerated the production of clothinga . Invention of steam engine

r-isinc ,rvaier frame -nve;rtron of s.errring maciiisie in I8. 6

by Jaines VVati iii j 763 rev'oiirriionised the

S(el';t r irilwal, crr;ginc


36/44

entire industry; stearn power was later used for piooelling ships and railwayengines

.-.. j j ,i,-,:,, . i. ,

,Development of transportation thrc.ugh builcling of l'lard -surfacedhighways, canals as inland watervddys, railroads (at first u/oodenones with horse drawn cars, and tnen iron raiis and sl-eai-n-poweredlocomotives)

. S.Advances in communication - penny post, teiegnaph, telephone

roads and

t,//,/r f,ffezGY-\-/ . Unprecedented development of productivity, prcducticn techniquesand quality of produced goodsGn. Development of modernclass)

poor living and working condiiions. Preference for female and child labcur - ii-ici-easing number oiunemployed males

. Urge for colonial epansionConclusion G


37/44

W c, rl ri C i v1ijeO,g.1qa *rg1-3LUqg i- :,r:Iopic l4i SEd e r n -ry-i iiaatmnikl, er'^cgd-PeessFclt?899 .'.,1 7x'ryr-

ggstglauxdThe modern civilization - unprecr-:,irirlecl ect'i:cirirc cjeveicpmeni in the moreadvanced states of Europe - aiso crealeJ a ;'uthiess ccrnpetition among thosecountn.-; - ult:mately resulting in a devas'taiinq v;ai- c;llecj ihe First Worlcl War(also known as the Great War or World \'u'a'- I)

}4AJ-:-:

' ..-.,. 'ri" ^l:1 i r'/"r" 1

Lurop. ir l9l.lstruggie lor cclonie.s as poieirlial nrarket and:mpei-iaiisi r,ve;rii.s leziling io a Cirrisiot'l among the industrialized

countries - olo arrd new inipqrialistsb. Block p Triple Alliance (ccmpiising eentral Powcrs,r and iriple Fnfztlte

(consisting of Allied Pcrruers) - h,nre r-ivai r-niiitary ailiances represenling ivro g'e;p= o1imperialist states

e. he irLlnd among ihe rivai natioiis io resclv,::tnflicts tlrrough niiiliary r,,liinsirnmediate causelissasslnaticn oi Franz ie rCinand, Ai-cirdurie ll *rlsti'ia l'','J:::1,-:r. iei-i-o:i:ts Clrj:ne 23, i9i,c iit Sarajeitc, capii;i :-.,;3c::t:.-ltiia,:iir:a.','ila --:-l',-:il'r-i-l:sc:l:-ueii::c3[iiefl Austria anC Sei-b;a - July 2-3 - Aiist;-ian ceelaraiicil ,Li ivai- oi': Serbia -triggering off a chain of reactions:- Russia started mobiiizing troops on July 31 in suppot oi'Serbia

- Germany declared war on Ru'ssia on A'tl9'lst 1-- Germany declarecj "/\,'ar on Fi-ance cn Au,ousl 3- lngrand dedared \\tar on Germany cr ;\ugust 4Result of these events - beginning of Wci-ld lVar iFour years of war - involvino 32 countries ano 05 r'rilli:i'rmillicn vr,e,re vJounCed. /,gqiegate clireC cc:t .-f 1'lc vr

Cory of the allied pcwers po\rvets.

A number of peace treaties signed between the Aiiiecj Pcwers oi-Central Powers, on the other - I'e"eafy cf Versailies - the fit'sllhose treaties was signed

fter about fivenear ParisSr:nrrtrcr'2009

c. rce competition cind Gen-rianyd. : the ui-ge onr the rest of tneriiilitary buiid-up among rival alliances, par-ticularly

l-he part oi the advanced natlons to estao'ish a;ndi,rr; ri ri

Frar;z liaidinand & his n'ifc

sciiiirs; 10 million dieci and abotrt 21'r - aboirt US$ ii,6 biilion; ultimote result

,tLhe oni.: it.rnc,, ancl each of theand the nrcst pi-ominent among.+J i-etween Geri',tany and tlre AIlted Pctryer: - signiirg of the trr:aiy on June

rnonths of disci.issicl'ls anrj itegoiietion-., at the Paiace of ''lersailles


38/44

Territo ria I P ro visio nsAbout 71,000 sq, km. of German land (aboutterritor its nelghbours tncludingDenma lovakia

I3o/o of its EuropeanFrance, Belgium,

b

c. men - votrng righL; for the fii-st time afler thed. Strcngthening of the working class in the society V-".- .t

Improvement of human rights situationTriumph of nationalism and dentocracy Let'zfu"'L -^A r'^"^.4Gradual drift towards further violence and political extremism

pf,g.

po sjAio- d\- ry$ d Yt\a)^.' hv.crt- -g n- .[- r-&^*,-t , outi;La- LL

I , --:i

Division of Gcrmany&.n4-i 6 tn .

Confiscatlon of the entire coloniai enrpire of Germany and re-distribution among other states- Sovereignty of Belgium, Poland, Qechosiovakia a;tda. Military Provisions Austi'ia recognisedStrength of German army limited to 100,000 nr:nNo heavy artillery or tanksNavy with only24 ships - withoLtt submarinesNo military alrcraftPenzltiesGermany alone held responsible f rKaiser and other Gei'man leaders and military comrnandefs to be trred and punishedGermany to pay ior all damages done to the civllian pcrpulation of ine AlliedaoLrrit.les durlng the lvar

Cribcism of the Treawa. A dictated peace - imposed by dre winner on the loserb. An unjust peace that put all the blames on Germanyc. Crippled German economy by forcing Germany to pay a huge amount of reparationsthe then British Prime tvltniste;' later rernarked: "was it sensibie lo treat herw frcm w,hich to extraci' mill. anrl u\eef at the fime ttme?').d. A strong reseniment, hatred and a resoive tc taKe revenge among the German peoplecaused by the ireaty - eventually leading t itler in Germany, and finally, to

the Second World WarEffects of World War Ia. Radlcal change in the political situation: changed balance of powe;'b. Huge economic cost of the war weakened Europe as I wnole, though USA prospered

Signing of Vcrsailles trcaty

by Germany

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[r1in-O-p ,,"$r' GSSIntroduction:Unresotved problems from Wor,ci V/ar f political irrstabiiity and extremism as a result of lhe warand the Tteaty of Versa,lles - i,ne rr'iodern civiliz":J:icn at crossroads -- emergence of various

rian ideologies during the lnter wal. period (the period after the end of World War I in1918 and the beginninq of \liorlci War- II in L'9391) - particulai'ly Fascism and Nazism - a gravedanger for democmcy and liberal values, e'ren[uaily leading to the Second World War.

Totalitarianism - political systems ln which nearly every aspect of public and private life isregulated by the state - basic fultu*: ,f totaiitarianism:. unlimited power of the state

o rule by a single political party or grcup. the ruling party dominated by a siirqie incli'iiclual - developrnent of 'personality cult'. suspension of freedoln and demccralir. rrgh.r--


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.. /A=,'lX"--"o,*u of the German Nazi pa(y (abir:reviatioi'r of "Natiorial socialist German workers'Party') - factors contributing io the rise of l'Jazism: defeat in World War I, humiliationcaused by the Versailles Treaty, faiiure of parliamentaty democracy, economicdifflculties, and the strengthening of socialism created an unstabie situation in Germanytowards the beginning of 1930-s - Lj'.iiuinq lhis siluation, the Nazi party under theleadership of AdoNf HiUer took ovtr ihe state pa'der in Germany inRacial pride - in addition to other totaiitarian.t'eatures - Germans clair,ed to be the best race -lews were condemned as inferior people - \,vcre icr be hated and r'hysically eliminated -extermination of 5.6 - 5.9 million.lews - of rnrhiclr l-,5 mlllion'rvere children - systematii genocicieof the Jews is known as "holoc st". Despite:orire differences between Fascism and Nazism -both essentially Fascist ideologies - Nazisnt a5 ci n'iu're rjeveloped version cf Fascism,

t,/sJ(hevism\)z--rclshevism - a foi'rn of l"';rrxiar: socialis'ir -'firsi intraluced in Russia in 19i7----->socialist revolution named O hevik Revolution - main goalwas to abolish exploitation of man br, in.:n ald t-o establish social justice -revoiution led by V.I. Lenin '- unriei'Josef Staiin, U.S.S,F., (oi- Soviet Union, as socialistRussia became knor,vn) conveited into a trulV totalrtarian state during 193Gstsolshevism contained the main charaCeristics of i-otalitarianism such as absolute statecontrol, one-party rule, ruthless suppr-siol 3f 6pposition, Derscnality culi etc, - apartfrom the totalitarian forrn Solshe'/::rit iraci itlie ll ctmnton rvith Fascism and Nazism -tsolshevism - ideology of tiie i-acicai eri: '- Fr:;i:jsr iinil l.lazisni - e>ltrei.ite right- spreadcf Bolshevik ideology to many oihrr coi.:irii.ies - :,rill upli..:ld by the con':lnunist paftiesall over the world

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Totalitarian ideologies like Fascism anC i'Jazrsm adopted miEitarism as a state pollcy -gloriflcation of military power pe-ceivei as a S:rir;iary qoal of societ.vn even at the cosi of other

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social priorities and liberties - leaders ol Grrnrarry.lrd li.aly rapicily increased their miiitarystrength - believing that only a lul -scale war r,vould iuifill tirr:ir economic and political needs.Chauvinism, the extreme form of nationalism - pafticularly advocated by Nazism - claim olracial superiority of the Germans became an important par-t of Nazi propaganda - gave rise toihe ambition of subjugating other nations - Cirauvinrsm became a dangerous weapon in the handsof Fascists and Nazis.Militarism and chauvinism uitinetely led tc aggressive mililary actions and prepared the ground lor

Main causes of the war: /. Unresolved conflicts beo,areen cid ar-ro new imperralists countries. Failure of the Treaty of Versailles to ensure a fair and just peace. Aggressive and confrontationai policies followed by Nazi Germany andFascist Italy. lack of trust, confidence and ccrop+rati.-,r, anionq anti-fascist lorces. policy of appeasement pLrr"sued Lry 3r-;lain, France and alsc Soviet

UnionThe v/ar triggerecl ofi bv Germaii aitack agaiii:t priaird on septei-nber i, i939-Sepiember 3, Bribin and France declared v/ar cn Gei'nranir - German attack onSoviet Union on )une 22, 7947.eonclusionThe rise of totalitarian ideologies, particularly Fascis;-i ani Nazlsm - extrenrely harmful toituman civilization - encouraged violence anci caused sufferinq to the people all over theworld -World War II was the mi.st tt-aq1;c viai- in liurnen history sc far - Human losses: atleast 55 million people killed during six years; of tire war (1939i945F economic costs ofthe war exceeded one thousand billion Coilars - property worth hundreds of billion dollarsdestroyed - the war finally ended ,rultlr l:he expiosion of lwo Atomic Bombs over Japan -

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The Second World War significantlv chanqec ihe mcdern civilization - marked the beginning of anew phase in its development.

Summer2009


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Fall2009

IntroductionContemporary civilization - the period since the end of World War II - mostdeveloped phase of human civilization so far - a ver/ hi3h level of civilizationin terms of science and technology, art and culture, sociai and politicalgrganisation and all other aspects of life - achievements surpassed allprevious accomplishments in human history -at the Same time, various

the other it is an age of disparity and conflicts'I-" phtt"t "f.".t"tCold War- /-7-t.YCoW War - prolonged ideological, political and economlc struggie between two

J- superpowers and their alliance partners'- startecj soon after theJ Second Worl inued right up to the dislntegration of the USSR inearly 1990s - began in Europe - then gndually spread to other continents and

AA]

Bcrlin Wall: Symbol of Cold War

Disintcgration of Sovict U nicn

Arms Racc

challenges from within - extraordinary achievements in material, technological and socio-culturalfields acmmpanied by increasing disparity as well as political, ideological and cultural conflicts amon(lnalions - a period of contradictory features: on the one nand ri is the peak of human civilization, on

became the dominant trend in the contempomrv civilization- ideological andpolitical factors behind the Cold War - ideologica factor: conflict beb/veencapitalism and socialism, between democracy and totalitarianismpotitical factor: emergence of two superpowers with the ambition of expanding

their respective spheres of influence - the world divided into two opposingblocks - capitalist and socialist - no direct confrontation between thesuperpowers, but a very tense situation pievaileo throughout the world - f iei:ce competitionbetween the two opposing blocks in ali aspects of iife: frorn arms race (both nuclear andconventional) to Olympic gapres, from space technolog-v to hellet dance - the iryorld remained dividedinto fwo opposing parts during the entire period of the Coid Var.


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End of the Cold War af:er nearly hali a century of intense rivairy and tension with the disintegrationof the soviet Union in 1991 - but effecs ci the G:ld war felt even now.

End of the Cold Wai. - end of the isolatiori and drvisioi"r of the world - civilization could now developas a single global process - emergence ol USA as the sole sdperpower - gives the impression of aUnipolar Civilization - at the same time, signs of an emerging Multipolar Civilization, with the

" USR playlng a dominating role, are also becoming visible - This is often described as a Uni-multipolar world order, which is likely to iead to a multipolar civilization in future,Main CharacteristicsMain characteristics of contemporary civilization: Globalization, ICT Revolution, Rise of oriental

The term globalization is usedwith each other arounci the

to cjescribe how human beings are rapidly becoming intertwinedpolitical, and

cultural: fr-ee fiow of goocis and services (free trade), of people (migration), of

capital (Foreign Direct Investnient or FDI), ancl of technology (transfer of technology): COn)inoil irriern,,,.ioi'lai rulgS, inStitUtiOnS, valUeS and praCtiCeS - mOStcountries of the world are based cn some cci'i-ifnon norms and values, have slmilar institutions andare managed in a similar mannerCultural globalization: spread of new rdeas, fashions, artistic creations and expiessions around theglobe - global bnnds like Coca-Coia, Sony, Tcyota, Flollywood and Bollywood movles etc.Criticjsm of Globalization as a disguised lorm oi "Westernization" or "Americaniza6on" of rvorldcivilizailon and culture - example: richer nations become beneflciaries of globalization, while thepoorer countries suffer from unequal eonipetitionICT RevolutionRevolutionary development in Information and eonnmunications Technology (ICT) - digitaltechnology entering all spheres of human activities - Computers becoming household produds -Internet as the cheapest means of comrnunication, and also a vital source of information andknowledge - great inventions like mobile phone, satellite phone, global positioning system


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(GpS) devices have made communication throughout the world easy, convenient and cheap - ICTrevolution dramatically changing the course of civilization

China anrl India emerging as ne\ry centres of civiiization - increasing economic, political and militarypower - contributing to the spread of multipolar civilizationChallenqes

,..: ,, Terrorisnr and Climate ChangepTerrorisrn: Sp:ead of irrrrorist activities - pafticularly since September 11, 1001; "Global war on

terror', by USA and arlies - q - increasing violence and instabiiity inmany parts of the 'rvorlc: Increasing global warming since the middle of 20th century - increase in theaverage temperature of the air and oceans - melting of glaciers and ice on mountains - sea levelrise - changes in rainfall pattern - scarcity of safe water- Possible Impact on contemporarycivilization ,fln - erc"o n L.o .-,6 a- fla"t$'- )J vConclusion)espite unpi-eedented cjeveiopriei'i - ccrti.nuec ccrrlic.s, c,lestruCricn ani i:secu;-iry Curingconrem Dorz ry civiilzation - Cold War i-esuliing in a huge waste of resources, time and efforts -Globaiization ieading tl further enrichment of the developed world at the cost of their poorerneighbours - new kinds of conflics and terrorlsm since the end of the Cold War - new challengeposed by global warming and ciimate change - economic mismanagement resulting in a severerecessron.Thus, ihe contemporanr period, the latest phase in the development of human civilization, remainsfuli of contradictions. 6owever, the long history of wo,-ld civilization and culture shows that humanbeings, with their unlimiied creative potentials, have alr.,'alis been able to find appropr'nte soluttons tothe challenges they faceij. That prorrides the ground to believe that the contemponry probtems ofcivilizaticn would also be overcorne, and that civilization tryould rise to a new height once again'

Documents

World Civilization & Culture