World History 1500 to presentUnit 4 : Growth of Western Democracies, End of Old Empires, Causes and Effects of WWISOLs: WHII 8 a-c; 9 a-c; 10a

Unit 3 Review before moving on.IndustrializationNeed for natural resourcesNeed for new markets for industrially produced finished goodsNeed to establish the most powerful empire Need to embrace and justify IMPERIALISM

ImperialismJustified as the White Mans Burden (Rudyard Kipling) Idea that technologically advanced Europeans were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the AmericasColonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

Africa falls to Imperialism

Berlin Conference: 1884-1885

CHINA: Dynasty Song?!Confucian values and traditional beliefsExternal pressures from the Western powersInternal pressures Corruption and incompetencePeasant unrestIncreased population growth and decreased food production (famine and death)

China: Taiping Rebellion (late 1830s to 1850s)Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian convert who thought he was Jesus little brotherMeans Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace14 year civil war with 20 million killedForeign powers came together to crush it

CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842Economics of trade balanceBritain spent too much silver on Chinese importsBritish East India Co. sold Opium to ChineseChinese lost the war and Hong Kong

CHINA: under Western spheres of influenceExtraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nations lawsUSAs Open Door Policy declares equal access to China to all European nations(AND the USA!)

CHINA: Boxer Rebellion (1900)Shadow-boxing and the name Society of the Harmonious FistsAnother attempt to get foreigners OUT of ChinaFailed after allied foreign armies crushed them and demanded they pay for damages (!)

China: Moving into the Modern AgeRepublic of China est. 1911 under Sun Yixian (aka Sun Yat-Sen) Three Principles of the People:NATIONALISMSOCIALISMDEMOCRACYFather of Modern China

Sun Yat-Sens 3 PrinciplesNationalism: to unite the Chinese people against foreign influences and give them a Chinese IdentitySocialism: to lead to greater equality and opportunityDemocracy: to give the people the ability to make their own future

Sun-Yat Sen & CommunistsMost of the intended reforms did not happen and a workable system did not emerge in modern ChinaBy 1921, radical Chinese college students and faculty form The Chinese Communist PartyCommunist International, formed in 1919, (Comintern) advised the new party to join Sun Yat-Sens Nationalist Party

Sun Yixian and Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-Shek)The Communist/Nationalist Alliance helped oppose Chinese warlords and drive out imperialist powers.3 yearsRevolutionary army marches north to take control Sun Yixian dies in 1925 and Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Nationalist Party

Sun Yat-SenChiang Kai-shekCHINESE NATIONALISTS (Nationalist Party)

Communists are a disease of the heartChiang Kai-shek and his forces attacked the communists in Shanghai, killing thousands (Shanghai Massacre)

The Nationalist Party-Chinese Communist alliance was..over

Chinese Communists After the Shanghai Massacre they go into hidingIn the mountainous south, they find a strong leader in MAO ZEDONGMao sees the future of Communism not in the urban working poor but in the rural peasants

Chinese Nationalists vs CommunistsBy 1931, Nationalists drive most Communists from ShanghaiMaos Communists are smaller in number BUTeffective at guerilla tactics in battleLONG MARCH 1935-1936: Maos communist forces marched 6,000 miles to the last base in the North

90,000 troops marched North---only 9,000 made it

Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) tries to force China to reformUse of dictatorial powers to prevent spread of communismLand reform programSmall middle class in urban areas accepted some western practices:material wealthindividual advancementPeasants were 80% of Chinese population

Confucian Values and New ChinaSuccesses: roads, railways, educationChiang Kai-shek wanted to combine the BEST Western innovations with traditional Chinese values (while rejecting excessive greed and individualism)Hard-workObedienceIntegrity

Major Problems for ChinaJapan was threatening to take over more of Northern China (Manchuria, 1931)Great Depression was affecting the Chinese economyChiang Kai-Sheks support base (landed gentry and urban middle class)..he did not want to lose their supportDid NOT attempt redistribution of wealth programsCensorship and suppression of opposition alienated intellectuals and moderates

Nationalists & Communists:Part 2Chiang Kai-sheks Nationalists and Mao Zedongs Communists put the civil war on hold in 1936 to work together against the JAPANESEJapanese take capital of NanjingWW II ends in 19451946 Nationalists and Communists go back to full scale civil war

Communists eventually win ChinaPeasants love the idea of free landMillions join the CommunistsNationalists flee to Island of Formosa (TAIWAN)Mao Zedong takes over China and begins the Great Leap Forward (but China falls on its butt)Saga to be continued in Unit 5

JAPAN

Japan: a brief reviewBy 1000 AD the Imperial period was in decline and the feudal age on the riseCertain families gained power and weakened the central power of the emperorEmperor becomes more of a ceremonial figure than a real POWER

Social organization in Japan Shogun- appointed by emperor, military leader, most powerful person in JapanDaimyo (DIME-yo)- landowners, loyal to the shogun, but powerful in their own rightSamurai- warrior class that supported the daimyo and shogun militarily in return for land and suppliesPeasants and Artisans: exchange services for protectionMerchants: bottom of the social scale, but rich

China VS JapanScholars were respected in ChinaBuddhism and Confucian values focused on family and relationships China was easily invaded Warriors were respected in JapanJapanese were able to repel attacks by invaders & develop in isolationFostered a militaristic attitude (Code of Bushido)

Japan: Between 1500 and 18003 Great Unifiers (Last was the powerful daimyo of Tokugawa Ieyasu)Tokugawa shogunate takes over 1603 great peace until 1868Europeans come in with clocks, tobacco, eyeglasses, Christianity (Jesuits destroyed shrinesnot good PR move)

Japan: Between 1500 and 1800Japanese Christians were persecutedEuropean merchants were also forced out, only a small Dutch port was left in Nagasaki..one time every year, 2-3 months MAXDaimyo hostage system of ruleSamurai lost warrior status and became managers of daimyo hansRonin were masterless samurai

Japan: Between 1500 and 1800Formal foreign relations until 1800 with only Korea, The Hermit KingdomForeign trade ships were driven away from Japan4 US WARships under Commodore Matthew Perry Perry brings a letter from President Millard Fillmore (sailors in cages, trade)Perry comes back with bigger fleetTreaty of Kanagawa signed

Treaty of Kanagawa:Return shipwrecked sailors (free from cages)Open 2 ports for US tradeConsulate establishedExchange foreign ministers

Japanese ResistanceSamurai classes strongly resisted1863, Satsuma and Choshu areas formed an alliance to force the shogun to end relations with the WestWestern ships were stronger and revealed to the Japanese that they were militarily WEAK!The Sat-Cho alliance attacked the shogun and forced the restoration of the emperor

Meiji RestorationSat-Cho leaders began a new policy to make Japan strong enough to resist Western imperialismYoung emperor was Mutsuhito who called the new era Meiji for Enlightened Rule

Changes under Meiji rule in JapanWestern political style: a legislative assembly with imperial ruleLiberals (want Parliament powerful and representative of people) and Progressives (power shared between legislative and executive**) emergeBy 1890, the German model (attractive to Progressives) wonTraditional and modern..same power people had powerDemocratic in form, authoritarian in practice

Japanese society under MeijiAristocratic privileges abolishedWomen got jobs and educationMore industrialization and shift to citiesLOTS of westernization (dancing, eating, playing games, clothing)Exploitation of working classesDemands for more political voice

Japans Imperial dreams.Need for colonies, just like the westRyukyu islands (had been under Chinese control)Korean ports forced to open upManchurian city of Port Arthur and TaiwanWar with Russia over Korea, Japan wins (Peace negotiated by POTUS Teddy Roosevelt)Japan becomesSignificant as a world power

Chilly relations with United States

USA wants more power in the Pacific and authority over PhilippinesUS restricts Japanese immigrationRacism and nativism in US, especially on West Coast

Causes of World War IThe Industrial Revolution leads nations to compete for economic dominance and international prestige.

Question: By 1900, which countries were the most industrially developed in the world?

Causes of World War IImperialism:Militarism:Alliance System:Nationalism:

Imperialism (as a cause of WWI)Competition over access to resources and markets = economic rivalryBritish and French concern over GERMAN competition and colonial claims German growth in all areas:

French Colonies 1914:British Colonies 1914:

Militarism (as a cause of WWI)Arms race =Industrial nations build up better weaponsMilitary power = national prestigeGlorification of all things militaryMilitary leaders become powerful..Social Darwinism.stronger can outfight the weaker

Militarism: New tech for WWIMachine gunsHand grenadesPoison gasZeppelinsSubmarinesSOME airplanestrench warfare strategy

Trench Warfare = STALEMATE!

Defensive strategyHorrific casualitiesRats: feeding on deadLice: everywhereMud: WET, slimyTrenchfoot

Trench Warfare = STALEMATE!

Rats: feeding on deadLice: everywhereMud: WET, slimy

Alliance System (as a cause of WWI)Agreements between nations to aid each other if attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc.)Russia is the protector of smaller Slavic nationsEmergence of the Allies (Britain, France, Russia)Emergence of the Central Powers(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

Nationalism (as a cause of WWI)French want revenge against GermanyFrench want Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany (after Franco-Prussian war)Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a Southern European state for Slavic peopleGermany wants a place in the sun (recognition and respect for its power)

Immediate Cause:Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, August 1914

Alliance System (as a cause of WWI)Agreements between nations to aid each other if attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc.)Russia is the protector of smaller Slavic nationsEmergence of the Allies (Britain, France, Russia)Emergence of the Central Powers(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

Examples of Nationalism (as a cause of WWI)French want revenge against GermanyFrench want Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany (after Franco-Prussian war)Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a Southern European state for Slavic peopleGermany wants a place in the sun (recognition and respect for its power)

Immediate Cause:Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, August 1914

United States and World War I

For three years, America remained neutral, and there was strong sentiment not to get involved in a European war.

continuing German submarine warfare restricts freedom of the seas

American cultural ties to Great Britain.

Wilson wanted to make the world safe for democracy.

United States and World War I1. Propaganda fuels anti-German feelings2. Germany sinks Lusitania ship3. Zimmerman telegram intercepted4. Russian revolution breaks out and a non-autocratic government is set up..BEFORE it goes communist5. April 2, 1917USA declares war on Germany

United States and World War IDraft lawsRationing and government organizes war productionAmericans SUPPORT war effort

Govt acts to STOP those who protest:Espionage and Sedition Act

Americas military resources of soldiers and war materials tipped the balance of the war and led to Germanys defeat.

Armistice DayNovember 11th, 11:00 am, 1918

Wilsons Fourteen PointsWilsons plan to eliminate the causes of warKey ideas:Self-determinationFreedom of the seaLeague of NationsMandate system

Treaty of Versailles (Verse-EYE)The French and English insisted on punishment of Germany.A League of Nations was created.National boundaries were redrawn, creating many new nations.

League debate in United StatesObjections to U.S. foreign policy decisions made by an international organization, not by U.S. leadersU.S. Senates failure to approve Treaty of Versailles

Russia and the Revolution

RUSSIA: the Land and People1/6 of Earths surface is Russia and its republicsTundra, taiga, steppe and desert from the Caspian Sea in Asiatic highlands

Ural mountains divide Europe from Asia

Volga River is longest in all of Europe (flows South to Caspian)

Lake Baikal is the deepest freshwater lake (1 mile at deepest)

Historical Background of RussiaEarliest invaders were Vikings from the North (Norsemen or Varangians)Reddish hair (rus) gave name to earliest state of KievKievan Rus..became RussiaViking names (Helga and Waldamar) became Russian names (Olga and Vladimir)

Background History of RussiaRiches of Kiev led to its downfallTatar/Mongol Domination for almost 300 yearsPaid taxes to Khans; military serviceCut off from WestAllowed Orthodox Christianity to remainAutocracy is accepted; screws up Russian thinking about govt for..(ever?!)Rise of Moscow: Russian princes eventually put down Mongols 1380 at Battle of KulikovoMoscow is geographically important on trade routes from EastPrinces of Moscow maintain a stable govt

Background History of RussiaIvan III (The Great) 1462 1505 built a framework absolute ruleLimited the power of boyars Adopted Byzantine customs,grandson:Ivan IV (The Terrible) 1533- 1584Centralized royal powerExchanged land to boyars for military service Entrenched serfdomWas NUTS

Background History of RussiaTime of Troubles 1604-1613Political instability, peasant uprisings, invasions by foreignersEnds with the Zemsky Sobor appointment of the Romanov Dynasty beginning with Michael in 1613

Brief Outline of the modern Age)RomanovsAlexander I: 1st to embrace liberal ideas, but after Napoleon, went conservative at COVNicholas I: cracks down on dissent, uses secret police, starts modernizationAlexander II: loses Crimean War; FREES the serfs, assassinatedAlexander III: cracks down on dissent, censorship, secret police, exiled people, Russification esp against Jews (pogroms)Nicholas II: Ineffective ruler and soldier, WWI, October Manifesto, Bloody Sunday, assassinated w/family

Russian RevolutionCzar Nicholas IIs reforms were too little too lateNo industrial power = no national powerLoss to the Japanese was humiliating announcement of weaknessWWI participation sucked Russia dry and made civil war inevitable Weak resistance to well organized and mobilized Bolshevik radicalsTotal abdication and assassination end the Romanov Dynasty

Vladimir LeninMarxist Revolutionary NEP allowed some capitalism and helped Soviet economy recover from early communist stagnationDies of stroke, 1924

Leon TrotskyCo-founder with LeninOrganized and trained the RED ARMYPractice of decimation made Red Army effectiveRival of StalinAssassinated in Mexico with an ice-pick

Lenins Communist Dictatorship in Russia 1917-1924 Bloodshed & BrainwashingTerror Tactics: use mass executions to wipe out opposition Economic Control: nationalization of industry, banks, foreign trade (& NEP)Centralization of Govt: total control of govt, trade unions, youth groups, ban other political parties, ethnic republics est.

Religious Persecution: seizure of church land & property, jail/kill priests, close church schools, GOD does not exist, Lenin is your god nowIdeology: censor critics and foreign news, use of PROPAGANDA

Rise of Totalitarian RegimesCommon Features:Single party dictatorship State control of the economySecret police/state sponsored terrorism Censorship & Propaganda/government control of the media Schools used to indoctrinate citizens Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler

Totalitarian Regime at FDHS extra TEST grade creative writing????Follow each direction to the letterIt is a test gradeVideo presentation is OK, but it must make sense, follow the rubric and not waste time!

Post World War I Nationalist Movements

Mehmet II enters the city of Constantinople in 1453..by 1633, spans 3 continents

Ottoman Empire circa 1683

Ottoman Empire post WW IGreat Britain & France decided during WWI (secretly via Sykes-Picot Agreement) to divide parts of the Ottoman Empire amongst themselvesMandate system est. by League of NationsNew foreign rulers simply planted the seeds for future conflicts in the region

Young Turks of the Ottoman Empireshared the common goal of reformSuper-secularPrimarily envisioned an intellectual elite to govern the empirebut labeled liberalmilitary and social uprisings characterize the movementNow blamed for the Armenian genocide of 1915Term Young Turks" now used to identify any groups or individuals inside an organization who are more progressive and reform minded and are grabbing power

Turkey under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) democracy in theory, not practiceSuppression of criticsRomanized alphabet (Arabic gone)Popular educationLast names for families (Euro style)IndustrializationMAJOR secular ideas that dont sit well with super-Muslim conservatives

Cultural changes that Muslims hatedNo fez for men or veils for womenMarriage & inheritance rights for womenRight to vote for womenRight for anyone to convert to other religions

Emergence of Modern IranReza Shah Pahlavi

Reforms under PahlaviStrengthen & modernize military, governmentIran 1935Remains MuslimForbids women wearing veils in publicModern education

Pahlavi DynastyFriendly relations with Germany (by default)Great Britain/USSR invade IranReza Shah Pahlavi resigns, his son takes over

Ibn Saud

Ibn Saud & Saudi ArabiaWon a series of military victories over more powerful enemies

transformed himself from a minor sheikh into a respected king and was visited by world leaders such as Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt (see picture)took many wives & concubines (fathered almost one hundred children)A devout Muslim Saudi Arabia is a CLOSE ally of the West AND.the birthplace of Osama bin Laden and most of the 9/11 hijackers

Other Arab Nationalist MovementsMandate System creates artificial nations after WWIBritain: Palestine, Iraq and JordanBalfour Declaration Not to undermine rights of non-Jews (98% Muslim residents)Zionist Movement strenghtensFrance: Syria and Lebanon

Indian NationalismMohandas Gandhi Civil disobediencePassive resistanceBritish extend political influence for SOME IndiansSalt March, 1930

Indian NationalismWestern educated intellectuals challenge Gandhi's leadership which was traditional, religious and INDIAN.Jawaharlal Nehru is most modern, secular and .Western

Nehru Dynasty

Indian Islamic nationalism

Indian Islamic nationalismCalls for a separate Muslim state in India beginMuhammad Ali Jinnah wants to see Pakistan ruled by Muslims

1. Define IMPERIALISM and then describe the different forms of IMPERIALISM that Europeans used to gain resources and markets for their industrial economies.

2. Review CH:11 and prepare a CHART of the political, economic, social and cultural impacts of European imperialism in each of the following areas

Africa

Middle East

India

Southeast Asia

3. Explain why China fell to European imperialism and how European imperialists crushed Chinese nationalism.

4. How was Japan able to resist European imperialism and ultimately become an imperial power themselves?

5. What role did the United States play in the age of imperialism?

What part of the world most concerned the United States and.

how did US officials handle foreign policy in these areas?

(6A).Explain the four main causes of WWI ..

(6B.)and the GLOBAL impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

7. Describe the causes of the Russian Revolution and how Lenin and Stalin changed it under communism.

8. Describe the position and politics of the following people:

Sun Yixian

Jiang Jieshi

Mao Zedong.

How did their visions for Chinas future differ?

9. Describe the Nationalist movement in India under Gandhi. What methods did he use that were most successful?

10. Compare and contrast the nationalist movements in: India, Turkey, Persia, and Saudi Arabia. What cultural problems accompany modernization in this area of the world? Use a CHART to show your answer.

India Turkey Persia Saudi Arabia