World History AP

World History AP

Chapter 22Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Land based empires cost

more to defend; fewer choices for expansion; emphasis on agriculture & political centralization.

Disadvantage in competition

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Society of Jesus (Jesuits)Francis Xavier, Matteo Ricci

brought Catholicism and European ideas to Japan & China, and ideas & info. from Eurasia to Europe.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800The Portuguese, the

Spanish, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) & the East India Company of England opened new trade avenues with the east.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800

New state – Muscovy. Absorbed former Kievan state, Novgorod, khanates of Kazan & Astrakhan & northern Caucasus region in east. Led by Ivan IV (Tsar)

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Russian aristocracy (boyars)

overthrew Muscovite rulers and established the Romanov line in 1613. Continued Eastern expansion.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Peter the Great – wanted

port, built St. Petersburg. Wanted to westernize Russia. Undermined the boyars & controlled Russian Orthodox Church.

Peter the Great

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Expansion in America driven

by search for fur. Russians dominated fur & shipping in North Pacific.

Catherine the Great (r.1762-1796) built empire on agriculture, furs, fishing, logging

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Late Ming problems (global):

drop in temperature numerous events. May also caused Mongol & Manchu to take Ming lands.

New World silver & inflation.


More problems: disorder & inefficiency in industrial sector, no growth in agricultural productivity & low population growth.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Increased threats on Ming

borders by new Mongol confederation. Lost $$ when they helped Korea defeat Japanese invasion. Riots in Southwest, pirates in SE.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Rebel forces led by Li

Zicheng overthrew the Ming in 1644, and the Manchu Qing Empire entered Beijing, restored order & claimed China as its own.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Manchu imperial family

ruled Qing empire. Majority of the population was Chinese.

Qing fostered foreign trade & overland communication.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Qing conquered Central Asia

gaining access to Afghanistan horses, coal, iron, gold & silver.

Eliminated danger of Mongols.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Kangxi (r.1662-1722)

Expanded territory & stabilized empire. Qing willing to learn from Mongolians, Tibetans, …Jesuits.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Qing wanted to expand

trade, but needed to control it to tax efficiently & control piracy & smuggling.

Single market point for each foreign sector.


British saw Qing as limiting their ability to make profits.

Sent Lord Macartney to open diplomatic relations and revise the trade system.


Russians transitioned to sea exploration & colonization which destroys the status quo between Russia & China.


Peace and increased agricultural productivity led to Chinese population explosion and environmental stress.


Population grew but not the number of officials. Qing depended on local officials who maintained order but couldn’t do much else.


Qing investment in new industries was limited. Focus moved to taxing foreign trade to increase revenues.


New Shogun: Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Rewarded loyalty w/land.Emperor had no political

power.


Developed well-spaced urban centers in all regions.

Result: good transportation infrastructure and commerce.


Successful new merchant class allied with lords and the shogun.

Wealthy families held key to modernization, industry.


Rural rebellions blamed on Christianity.

Results: persecution, ban on Christianity, & in 1649, closing of Japan’s borders.


Closed country policy intended to prevent foreign influences, not knowledge.

“Dutch Studies”Outer lords…Inner lords.


Pop. growth in central Japan strained agricultural sector.

Economic growth outstripped pop. growth in the outer provinces.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Shogunate needs to control

price of rice & interest rates, but can’t.

Samurai and regional lords are dependent on merchants to extend credit.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800Merchants at low social

status; Shogunate found it hard to regulate their activities. Merchants enjoy new freedom & become influential.

Eastern Eurasia 1500-1800“Forty-seven Ronin”

incident demonstrates problem of making the military obey civil law to build standardized law system.

Conclusion

2 land-based empires competed for the same resources. Kept their pop. In agricultural sector without the right of ownership.

ConclusionQing had limited exposure to

European contact & ideasRussia had unlimited

exposure, accepted military technology, rejected any liberal policies.

ConclusionJapan – decentralized.

Tokugawa allowed variety of policies, gave lords incentive to develop lands, stimulated merchants & local enterprises.

Documents

World History AP