Who knows the name of this person?

KARL MARX

(1818-1838)

the founding philosopher

of “communist”

economics

“Prophets” of a Different Sort: 19th Century’s Social

Revolt Movements Chapter 16

Rise of Social Revolt Movements: Native American resistance to U.S. Expansion◦ Territorial expansion in the US confined many Native peoples to

reservations and this led to much despair.

Orthodox Islamic Movements in Asia and Africa, China almost becomes Christian

The Rise of the Bolsheviks in Russia◦ Also during this period, the Enlightenment ideas that fostered revolution

in France and in the North American British colonies such as laissez-faire/capitalistic economics & the nation-state, new technologies, and industrial organizations now provided answers to old questions about how people should be governed but also opened the door to new ideas through different individuals revered as “prophets”. Elitist governments are now put on notice by the peasantry/common people who demanded changes.

This would be a period of the…

In Europe—political culture was topsy-turvy! War via French Revolution and Napoleon’s attempts at domination

In USA—territorial expansion took place leading to the dispossession and genocide of Native peoples.

In South America—new nation-states emerged after overthrowing European rule following the fall of Napoleon

In Asia and Africa—rulers there had to deal with the rise of Western military and industrial power.

Unsettling times brought by new prophetic figures and revolutionaries who challenged ideas stemming from industrialization, capitalism, and expansionism.

Reactions to Social and Political Changes brought about during 18th century

concerns over the spread of Europe’s kingdom’s power and cultural influence (via Christianity)

Nations such as Egypt began to modernize their states and military.

Religious revitalization took place, transforming whole governments into theocratic political entities.

What is a theocracy?

Prophecy and Revitalization in the Islamic World and Africa

Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)— founder of this movement who believed in a return to “pure Islam”

Believed that Islam fell into a degraded state of existence especially around the Saudi Arabia region

Rallied against those Arabic Bedouins who still practiced polytheism.

What is POLYTHEISM?

Movement stresses the absolute oneness of Allah and the practice of extolling the lives of saints is bad.

Mostly from Saudi Arabia, began a militaristic revolution where they ended up sacking shrines, attacking the holy cities of Mecca and Medina

Wahhabism

Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817)◦ created a movement that emphasized the

inspiration of Muhammad and urged followers to vigorously attack heathenism and wage a holy war (jihad) against unbelievers

◦ a Sufi Muslim—a popular form of Islamic practice (book says form of Islam—is erroneous) that involves an emotional connection with God through a strict regimen of prayers (much meditation is involved in Sufism).

◦ created a vast empire with his fellow Fulani kinfolk from Senegal that would encompass much of northern Nigeria

Over in Africa…

Fulani women were instrumental in the success of dan Fodio’s Islamic revolt/movement as they gave tremendous support through the community’s military and religious endeavors. Women would accompany warriors on their campaigns, encamped with them, prepared food for them, nursed their wounds, and provided “daily encouragement.”

The Ladies made Dan Fodio’s day!

◦ Southern Africa—home to the Bantu-speaking peoples (Nguni)

Encroaching European presence (For example the Portuguese and their dealings with Mozambique) caused grave concerns for the traditional social order.

One particular group of Nguni THE ZULUS Shaka (1787-1828): creator of a ruthless warrior state

He converted small clan community villages into large, centralized monarchies across southern and central Africa.

Used genocidal terror to intimidate people into compliance who had the charisma to create a mighty army of soldiers from conquered communities.

His efforts led to the creation of the modern nations of Zimbabwe and the Sotho state of South Africa.

Cultural Movements outside of Islamic Africa

Following the Opium war a growing presence of Western influence in its realm.

instability due to Opium trade led to social unrest as peasants looked for a brighter future for China

Hong Xiuquan (1813-1869): held belief that he was an emissary sent by God. asserted an allegiance to Christianity, led baptized

converts to rebellion: The Taipang Rebellion brought a new era of

economic and social justice.

China: Prophecy and Rebellion

Social ideas to come out of this were the Qings (Manchu rulers) were demons causing God’s kingdom on Earth to not happen, alcohol and opium consumption were bad, as were any indulgence.

Women were considered important as military units and members of the bureaucracy.

Bible translated into Chinese Land could be divided equally among families (men and

women). Hong led his forces to Nanking in 1853 where a genocidal

massacre of women, children, and men took place. However, the Taipang had issues within its leadership and its

repudiation of Confucian values and western nations having issues with Hong’s perversion of Christianity led to a mercenary force of troops to take down Hong’s troops in 1864…Both Hong and his 100000 troops were taken out!

Impact of Taipang Rebellion

Congress of 1815◦ return to the old ways was the way to prevent another

Napoleon from rising new ideas and a challenge to old beliefs fostered

from the Napoleonic era◦ Liberalism◦ Being fed up with the large expansionist

monarchies like that of the Ottomans and Austrians◦ Charles Fourier (1772-1837)—utopian socialism◦ KARL MARX (1818-1838)—founder of communism, a

severe form of socialism where the working class Proletariat will bring down “capitalistic tyrants” who exploited them and promote a government that allows for equality…

Europe: Restoration and Resistance AFTER NAPOLEON

Native Groups like the Shawnees grew tired of the new Americans encroaching in their territory especially in the Ohio River valley

Tenskwatawa (1775-1836): called for reducing dependence on European trade & technology.

Tecumseh (1768-1813): militaristic leader who created a multi-ethnic Native force of peoples to strike at the US. He died in battle in 1813 but before his death he led resistance movements from the Great Lakes area to the Gulf of Mexico. His death and the ultimate defeat of the British in the War of

1812, who fought with the British against the U.S. caused the U.S. to have a genocidal policy against the Native Americans and between the Appalachian Mts. & the Mississippi River, genocidal purges of Native Americans took place…

The USA and Mexico

Mayans along the Yucatan Peninsula fought against the newly-minted Mexicans Due to the land as not being a source of metals, they avoided

enslavement in silver mines or sugar plantations. would grow into a force that would ultimately go to a half-century

war with Mexico that ended in 1847 over tax policies and a rising autonomy.

under revolutionaries like Jacinto Pat and Cecilio Chi held the view that Mayans were equal under the law and they fought for their sovereignty…

Whites fought the Mayans to maintain a status of elitist inequality as the whites viewed themselves as forward-looking liberals and the Mayans as a backwards people.

The whites were fortunate on 2 fronts: First, many Mayan rebels went back to the farm to plant seeds…Second, the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million for the acquisition of land following the end of the Mexican American war…the money led Mexico to invest into a mega force of troops.

Mexico

◦ British India Company by 1857 had control of the nation for a century.

◦ Mughal rule existed only in name◦ British officials began annexing India’s land, robbing the

local rulers of power, and collected taxes from peasants.◦ British culture failed to respect Hindu Indians’ beliefs in

not consuming in any fashion (including biting gun cartridges laced on suspicion with animal fat) and this led to anger…also an attempt at converting folks to Christianity led to rage.

◦ Peasantry and other lower class citizens led the fight to destroy anything representing Britain or the India Company (prisons, factories, police posts, railroad stations).

India and the 1857 Rebellion

British fought back… they committed atrocities against the Indians such

as tying rebels to cannon and blowing them to bits…The Mughal emperor was ultimately dethroned and murdered along with his sons.

Despite the victory, the British government abolished the company and under Queen Victoria, a proclamation was made declaring religious toleration, promising improvements overall, involving Indians in the government.

India and the 1857 Rebellion, continued