Chapter 23: World War I

Section 1: The Road to WWISection 1 The Road to World War I Competition over trade and colonies led to the formation of two rival European alliances—the Triple Entente of Great Britain, France, and Russia; and the Triple Alliance, consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Austria-Hungary, as well as numerous other European governments, confronted challenges from minorities who wished to establish their own national states. Strikes and violent actions by Socialist labor movements also threatened European governments. Many European states responded with increasing militarism and nationalism. The assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary by a Bosnian Serb militant set off a chain of diplomatic and military decisions that led all of the great powers of Europe into World War I in 1914.

Zimmerman Note: •Message from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to his ambassador in Mexico.•Britain got the message before it could reach Mexico

• Message asked Mexicans to support Germans in return for land (New Mexico, Texas and Arizona)

Section 1: The Road to World War I (Why did the US go to war?)

•British gave the Zimmerman Note to the American government•New pressure for the US. To get involved in the war; Germany was clearly prepared to fight with the Mexicans over the Southwest United States

Section 1: The Road to WWI (Why did the US go to war?)

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare•German submarine attacks on merchant and passenger ships carrying Americans (attacked ships with warning them first)motivated US to fight back•Ships were carrying supplies to the allies; American casualties were a problem for US Gov’t•President Wilson believed that Americans (citizens of a neutral nation) had the “right to safe travel on the seas.” RMS Lusitania (British

passenger ship sunk by a German submarine in 1915)*1,198 died (128 Americans)*Germany promised to warn ships before attacking them – passengers could escape.*Germany did not keep its promise and attacked without warning.

Assassination leads to warBalkan Peninsula was known as “the powder keg of Europe”Austria-Hungary, a central power- had taken control of Bosnia in 1878 (blamed Serbia (an allied power) of trying to subvert its power in BosniaIn June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was shot and killed as he visited the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo by Garvilo Princip (19 years old), a Serbian National

“Slippery Slope” of alliances leads to war.

Section 1: The Road to WWI (Why did the US go to war?)

Witness to the murder: “Here Princip had taken his stand. As the car came abreast he stepped forward from the curb, drew his automatic pistol from his coat and fired two shots. The first struck the wife of the Archduke, the Archduchess Sofia, in the abdomen. She was an expectant mother. She died instantly. The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart. He uttered only one word, 'Sofia' -- a call to his stricken wife. Then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly. The officers seized Princip. They beat him over the head with the flat of their swords. They knocked him down, they kicked him, scraped the skin from his neck with the edges of their swords, tortured him, all but killed him."

Outbreak of War: Summer 1914• After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip (June,

1914), Austria-Hungary sought an alliance with Germany in attacking Serbia – they needed the alliance because they feared the Russians would protect Serbia– Germany promised Austria-Hungary a “blank check” of support – promising full

military and political support in their attack on Serbia

• Russia mobilized (assembling troops and supplies and preparing for war) its forces in aid to Serbia in July

• Germany told Russia to halt their mobilization, which Russia ignored• Germany followed the Schlieffen Plan which had the Germans mobilize

against Russia and invade France at the same time; Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914; it also issued an ultimatum to Belgium, demanding the right to move their troops through Belgian territory– This access caused Great Britain to join the war, declaring war on Germany, because

the Germans violated Belgian neutrality

• By August 4, 1914, all the great powers of Europe were at war.

Section 1: The Road to WWI

Nationalism Imperialism Militarism Alliances

A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation- often lead to a competitive nature between countriesDesire for people of the same ethnicity to have their own country. Increased nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th century led to conflict throughout the world.

Competition among European countries to establish colonies in South America and Africa to get raw materials

Countries began building large militaries to deter competing countriesArms race= as one country began to produce more weapons (such as a larger navy or other weapons) other countries tried to build their navy and weapons. Most European countries required conscription, or forced military service for men; this caused European armies to double in size.

European powers decided to protect themselves by forming alliances (groups of nations that pledged military support for each other)Triple Entante (Allies) France Britain, and RussiaTriple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

CHAPTER 23: Causes for World War I

Section 2 World War I On the Western Front, trench warfare between France and Germany turned into a stalemate and casualties mounted on both sides. On the Eastern Front, Germany and Austria–Hungary defeated Russia. The air war began in 1915, and in 1916 the British used armored tanks. Italy switched sides, and the Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Triple Alliance. The war broadened further when German colonies came under attack and the British encouraged Arab princes to revolt against the Ottomans. The United States entered the war in 1917 in response to the German use of submarines against passenger ships. As the war dragged on, governments

Section 2: World War I, 1914-1918

took control of national economies, censored the news media, and used propaganda to bolster public opinion. Women entered the workforce in large numbers. After the war, many lost their jobs to men but gained expanded rights and status. By 1921 women had the vote in Austria, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States.

Section 2: World War I, 1914-19181914 - 1915: Illusions & Stalemate 1916-1917 The Great Slaughter

Western Front Eastern Front Trench Warfare War in the Air"West" border of Germany

"East" border of Germany/Austria-Hungary

Western Front: Military leaders expected troop movement and trenches were unfamiliar in military tactics.

First time where airplanes were used in battle.

First Battle of the Marne: 2,000 Paris taxicabs and sent them to the front line

Fighting against Russia. Russia suffered many losses

Only move was to force 100's of men to run toward the enemy lines through "No Man's Land"

"The Red Baron" famous German flying ace.

Became bogged down in trench warfare

Italy betrayed Germany in the Triple Alliace & attacked Austria

Millions of men died this way.

Germany was successful on the Eastern Front

War of Attrition: war based on wearing the other side down.

Section 2: World War I, 1914-1918

Increased Government Manipulation of Public Opinion

Total War & Women

-Draft (forced service in military begins in US & Britain)-Government control over pricing. (Price fixing)-rationing of food-Control of transportation, import & export

-Propaganda used to convince people to fight (if they don’t fight they are weak)-Protestors arrested for opposing the war-Atrocities exaggerated so that people would feel justified in fighting a war.

-Women took on the jobs left behind that men had filled-Women lost jobs & had lower wages after the war-helped give women the right to vote (New Zealand was the first country to do this)

Section 2: World War I, 1914-1918

Section 2: WWI, Trench Warfare & Mustard Gas

During World War I, a new style of fighting known as trench warfare pitted two armies close enough to each other that they could yell across the lines. But soldiers rarely ventured into the area between the two trenches commonly referred to as no man's land for fear of being gunned down, and battles would often settle into a stalemate. Chemical agents such as mustard gas became a way to break that uneasydeadlock. Germany's first attempted at chemical warfare came in 1915 at the Battle of Ypres in Belgium, in the form of chlorine gas. The gas cleared large sections of soldiers from the front lines, who fled once exposed, and ultimately killed 5,000 opposing troops Chlorine gas burns the throats of its victims and causes death by as phyxiation, much like smoke kills people during a house fire.

Section 3: The Russian Revolution Section 3 The Russian Revolution Russia was unprepared for World War I and suffered massive casualties early in the war. Bread shortages and anger at the mounting casualties brought street protests led by working-class women and a workers' general strike in Petrograd. Czar Nicholas II stepped down, ending the Romanov dynasty, and a provisional government was formed. Meanwhile, Soviets—councils representing workers and soldiers—sprang up throughout the country. The Bolsheviks, a party committed to violent revolution, played a crucial role under the leadership of V.I. Lenin. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government. Civil war ensued between the Bolshevik, or Communist, forces

and anti-Communist, or White, forces. Despite aid from the Allied forces, the anti-Communists were defeated by a well-disciplined Communist Red Army. By 1921 the Communists were in complete command of Russia.

The Romanov family was murdered by Bolsheviks. Room where family was shot

Section 3: The Russian Revolution Background to the

RevolutionRise of Lenin Bolsheviks Seize Power

-Too many land owning poor-not prepared for WWI and sent out to fight without weapons-German born wife controlled government while Czar Nicholas was off fighting. She allowed a priest, Rasputin, to advise her on every issue. She had 5 children, 4 girls 1 boy. Her son had a fatal disease which she thought Rasputin could cure.-Rasputin was assassinated-March 8th 1917: women lead a revolt wanting peace & bread-July 1918: Family is executed. (all members)

-Soviets (working class socialist radicals in St. Petersburg)-Bolsheviks: Followers of Karl Marx’s idea of socialism. Their leader was ЛЀНИН or Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov Lenin). They led a violent revolution. -1917 he saw an opportunity to seize power. Germany sent him there to cause problems. -Bolsheviks promised to end the war, give land to the poor, give factories to the workers.

Nov 6th, 1917 Bolsheviks took power from the provincial government. -Renamed themselves ‘Communists’-March 3, 1918: Lenin made peace with Germany by giving up Poland, Ukraine, Finland and Baltics. This REMOVED Russia from WWI.-Russia moved into a civil war between the ‘Red’ and ‘White’ Armies.…..-The Red Army: Communists……- Symbol: Hammer (Workers) …….Sickle (farmers)

Stalin

LeninTrotsky

Rasputin

Section 4: End of WWIAllied forces finally defeated Germany at the Second Battle of the Marne but would not make peace with the German emperor. In the face of upheaval, William II fled Germany. Social Democrats then formed a democratic republic, which signed an armistice with the Allies and crushed a Communist attempt to seize power. The Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved into four separate states. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sought to pave the way for a just and lasting peace by creating the League of Nations. However, the Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh penalties on Germany. The war settlements made at the Paris Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe and dissolved the Ottoman Empire. Ignoring promises made during the war, France and Britain took control of several Arab states through the mandate system. As a result of new boundaries, many Eastern European states included large ethnic minorities, setting the stage for later conflicts.

Section 4: End of WWIApril 6th 1917: The United States enters the war on the side of the Allies. The new troops brought a refreshed spirit to the fighting. This was just as the Russians left the fight to concentrate on their own issues. American soldiers were called, ‘dough boys’.

The war ended November 1918 when the German people forced the autocratic government out of power and began to form a democratic government. An armistice (a truce, an agreement to end the fighting) was signed on Nov. 11th.

March 1918: Germany was within 50 miles of attacking Paris. They were pushed back in the 2nd Battle of the Marne on July 18th. By September, Germany knew that the war had been lost.

Wilhelm II of Germany

Removed German leader

President Wilson’s 14 points: To try and explain the war and keep the peace

•Abolition of secret diplomacy by adoption of open covenants (agreements), openly arrived at.•Freedom of the seas in peace and war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action to enforce international covenants.•Removal of international trade barriers where-ever possible and establishment of equal trading conditions among the nations accepting the peace.•Reduction of armaments to the lowest point consistent with public safety.•Adjustment of colonial claims, taking into account the interests of the colonial population as well as those of the rival colonial powers.•Evacuation of German troops from Russian territory, and an opportunity for Russia, then engaged in the Communist revolution, to determine its form of government without outside interference.•Evacuation of German troops from Belgium.•Evacuation and restoration by Germany of French territory, with restoration to France of Alsace-Lorraine.•Readjustment of the frontiers of Italy along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.•Opportunity of autonomous development for the peoples of Austria-Hungary.•Evacuation by the Central Powers of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania; granting of seaports to Serbia; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the Balkan states.•Internationalization of the Dardanelles and self-determination for non-Turkish peoples under Turkish control.•An independent Poland with access to the sea.•Establishment of a general association of nations to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to large and small nations alike

Section 4: End of WWITreaty of Versailles: Signed June 28th, 1919 formally ended the war. Treated Germany very badly in the end by making them pay for the damages of war – called reparations. Germany was reduced in size. Russia had become the Soviet Union, or USSR.

The map of Europe was re-drawn. Austria-Hungary was eliminated & Germany and Russia lost land. New nations emerged: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria & Hungary. Serbia formed Yugoslavia. 10 million people had died.

Legacy of World War I

• The death of almost 10 million people and the destruction caused by the war undermined the ideas of progress that had been hailed during the late 19th and early 20th century

• World War I was a “total war” – it involved complete mobilization of people and resources, giving government a lot of power over daily lives (rationing, censorship, etc).

• The turmoil of the war created insecurity throughout the world; revolutions broke up old empires and created new states