World War I

World War I

AP US

Hamer (with help from Susan Pojer)

February 18-24, 2011

Causes of World War I

Imperialism

• Dominating another country or culture, usually for economic or military gain

• Through the colony building practices of imperialism, the world was more connected as England was no longer a single country but the British Empire

• Cause rivalries among countries• Caused many countries to increase the size

of their navy

Colonial Rivalries:

Africa in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914

The Balkans in 1878

The Balkan Wars: 1912-1913

Nationalism

• A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

• This concept grew in the 1800’s• Caused rivalries among countries• Caused countries like Russia to feel a link

to other countries with their Slavic culture like Serbia

Militarism

• The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.

• Caused by the increase in imperialism and nationalism.

• By 1890, Germany had the strongest army in Europe and England had the strongest navy.

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers

[Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany 73%

Militarism & Arms Race

Alliances

• By 1907, there were two major defense systems in Europe:

• The Triple Entente (the Allied Powers)– France, Britain, and Russia

• The Triple Alliance (the Central Powers)– Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy– (Italy left this group in 1915 and the Ottoman

Turks joined in late 1914)

1. Three Emperors’ League (1873) Ger, A-H, Rus.

2. Dual Alliance (1879) Ger. & A-H

3. Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.

4. Reinsurance Treaty (1887) restore relations between Ger. & Rus.

5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)

6. British-Japanese Alliance (1902)

7. The Entente Cordiale (1904) Br. & Fr.

Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914

8. First Moroccan Crisis (1905)

9. Russo-Japanese War (1905)

10. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Persia

11. Triple Entente (1907) Br, Fr, Rus

12. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908

13. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)

14. The First Balkan War (1912)

15. The Second Balkan War (1913)

Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914

Europe in 1914

The Balkans in

1914

The“Spark”

The“Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

June 1914

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

The Assassin:

Who’s To Blame?

The Dominoes Fall…Then:

• Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia• Russia felt that is should support its Slavic

brother (Serbia)• Germany supported Austria-Hungary by

declaring war on Russia and then France• Germany invaded Belgium and Great

Britain declared war on Germany

War in Europe

• Soldiers mobilized quickly from all sides• Germany used the Schlieffen plan to

move through Belgium to attack France– The plan was to finish France in 6 weeks and

then focus on Russia– This didn’t work and Germany ended up

involved in a 2 front war

Multi Front War• The Western Front:

– Trenches– Germany vs. England and France– More horrible than previous wars by a lot

• The Eastern Front:– More mobile– Germany and Austria Hungary vs. Russia– Russia has a revolution and drops out in 1917

• Other Fronts:– Italy vs. A-H; Middle East; Africa; Colonial Holdings in

Asia (Japan was an Allied Power)

A Multi-Front War

AmericaJoinsthe

Allies

AmericaJoinsthe

Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

Election of 1916• Democrats – Wilson again

“He kept us out of war”

• Republicans – Charles Evan Hughes

• Progressives – TR refused to run and split Republicans again

1916 Election Results

Democrat Woodrow Wilson 277 elec 49.2%pop

Republican Charles E. Hughes 254 elec 46.1% pop

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

America Mobilizes for

War

1. Enlistment

The Most Famous The Most Famous Recruitment PosterRecruitment Poster

Enlist Now

For Big and Little Soldiers

The Singingest War Ever!

Results of Enlistment: Results of Enlistment: 1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service ActResults of Enlistment: Results of Enlistment: 1917 – Selective Service Act1917 – Selective Service Act

24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.

4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).

400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.

15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.

11,000 women enlisted in the navy and 269 in the marines – non-combat positions

Expansion of the Federal Government

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense

Council of National Council of National DefenseDefense

War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch

Food Administration – Herbert Hoover

Railroad Administration – William McAdoo

National War Labor Board – W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh

U.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food Administration

Check out the amazing WWI food propaganda posters on my front wall!

U.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food AdministrationU.S. Food Administration

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

National War Garden National War Garden CommissionCommission

U.S. School Garden U.S. School Garden ArmyArmy

U.S. School Garden U.S. School Garden ArmyArmy

U.S. Shipping BoardU.S. Shipping BoardU.S. Shipping BoardU.S. Shipping Board

U. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel AdministrationU. S. Fuel Administration

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Economy?Organization of the Economy?

Results of This New Results of This New Organization of the Economy?Organization of the Economy?

1. Unemployment virtually disappeared.

2. Expansion of “big government.”

3. Excessive government regulations in economy

4. Some gross mismanagement overlapping jurisdictions.

5. Close cooperation between public and private sectors.

6. Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

Women during WWI

YWCA – The Blue TriangleYWCA – The Blue TriangleYWCA – The Blue TriangleYWCA – The Blue Triangle

The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!

Munitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions WorkMunitions Work

Although many more women went to work in munitions factories

during WWII than WWI, they did make a

significant contribution during the first World War.

Women Used In RecruitmentWomen Used In RecruitmentWomen Used In RecruitmentWomen Used In Recruitment

Hello, Hello, Big Boy!Big Boy!

Hello, Hello, Big Boy!Big Boy!

Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

Even Grandma Buys Even Grandma Buys Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

National League for National League for Woman’s ServiceWoman’s Service

National League for National League for Woman’s ServiceWoman’s Service

The Red Cross - Greatest The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World

The Red Cross - Greatest The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the WorldMother in the World

Women’s Suffrage• Wilson finally agrees to push for a suffrage

amendment as “a vitally necessary war measure” after suffragettes protested in front of the White House (watch Iron Jawed Angels!)

African Americans during WWI

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1African-Americans in WW1

“Great Migration.” 1916 – 1919 70,000

War industries work.

Enlistment in segregated units.

The Great Migration

True Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of FreedomTrue Sons of Freedom

African-Americans on a Troop Ship African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for FranceHeaded for France

African-Americans on a Troop Ship African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for FranceHeaded for France

““Rescuing a Negro During the Race Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919Riots in Chicago”, 1919

““Rescuing a Negro During the Race Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919Riots in Chicago”, 1919

Immigrants during WWI

The “Flag of Liberty” The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!Represents All of Us!The “Flag of Liberty” The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!Represents All of Us!

Wartime Propaganda

The Committee of Public The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)Information (George Creel)The Committee of Public The Committee of Public

Information (George Creel)Information (George Creel)

America’s “Propaganda Minister?”

Anti-Germanism.

Selling American Culture.

““Remember Belgium” and the Remember Belgium” and the “Mad Brute”“Mad Brute”

““Remember Belgium” and the Remember Belgium” and the “Mad Brute”“Mad Brute”

Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”Beat Back the “Hun”

The Western Front:

A “War of Attrition”

The Western Front:

A “War of Attrition”

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Trench Warfare

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

Verdun – February, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

The Somme – July, 1916

War IsHELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The War of theIndustrial

Revolution:

NewTechnology

The War of theIndustrial

Revolution:

NewTechnology

New Weapons of WWI - Tank• The tank was invented

to roll across no man’s land and over enemy trenches.

• The British Mark I was the first successful tank used on the battlefield.

• The Americans also developed a smaller, two man tank, the FT-17

French Renault Tank

New Weapons of WWI - U-Boat

• The U-Boat (or unterseeboot in German) was the German submarine used in WWI.

• They were very effective at blockading England for a time and destroyed both English (and American) Navy and merchant vessels.

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes and Zeppelins

• The new technology of the airplane saw its first use in battle during WWI.

• Originally used as fighters, by the end of the war they were also used as bombers and reconnaissance.

• The Zeppelin blimps were also used as spy ships and bombers during the war.

New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes

The Red Baron’s Fokker Tri Plane

Eddie Rickenbacher, US

FrancescoBarraco, It.

Rene PaukFonck, Fr.

Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.

[The “RedBaron”]

Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.

Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.

The Flying Aces of World War I

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

GrenadeLaunchersGrenade

Launchers

FlameThrowers

Poison GasPoison Gas

Machine GunMachine Gun

Poison Gas and Machine Guns

New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas

• Chlorine gas was first used by the Germans at the Second Battle of Ypres in April of 1915.

• Phosgene gas which was more deadly was also used after this.

• Mustard gas which caused blindness and often death from pneumonia was invented and used in the last years of the war.

New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas

• British tear gas casualties

• British troops in gas masks at Ypres 1917

• German soldier and horse in gas masks

Poison Gas Casualties of WWI

Nation Gas casualties (estimated)

Fatal Non-fatal

Russia 50,000 400,000

Germany 10,000 190,000

France 8,000 182,000

Britain 8,000 181,000

Austria-Hungary 3,000 97,000

USA 1,500 71,500

Italy 4,500 55,000

Total 85,000 (3% of combat deaths)

1,176,500

The Central Powers Fall• On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary

surrendered. • On November 9, 1918, socialist leaders took

over the German capital and established a German republic; the Kaiser gave up the throne.

• Finally, Germany agreed to sign an armistice (truce). On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month of 1918, World War I was over.

The War to End All Wars?

• World War I was the bloodiest war in history to that time. – 22 million were dead – more than half of them

civilians. – 20 million people were wounded – 10 million became refugees.

• The U.S.A. lost 48,000 men in battle with another 62,000 dying of disease. More than 200,000 Americans were wounded.

Major Players of WWI

Primary Allied Powers• Great Britain• France• Italy• Russia (until 1917)• United States (after

1917)

Primary Central Powers• Germany• Austria Hungary• Ottoman Turks• Bulgaria

The Aftermath of WWI• After Germany signed an armistice in 1918,

negotiations began: • The peace treaty was dictated by the leaders

of the four remaining Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Italy, and America.– Russia was not allowed to enter into the treaty

because they had dropped out of the war (and because they were communist).

– This was one of the first major occasions where only the victors sat at the negotiation table.

Wilson’s 14 Points

• President Wilson of the United States came up with a set of ideas known as the 14 points.

1.No secret treaties between nations2.Freedom of the seas for all3.Lower or abolish tariffs between nations for

free trade4.Reduce arms stockpiles5.Colonial policies should take the interest of the

colonial people into consideration as well as the imperialist powers

Wilson’s 14 Points cont.

Points 6-13 dealt with establishing boundaries in Europe along ethnic identities when larger nations were broken up.

14. Establish a League of Nations to provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their

grievances before turning to war

Problem!

All the European leaders rejected Wilson’s 14 points. They wanted to make Germany pay and Wilson was left

fighting for only the League of Nations.

Treaty of Versailles• The final treaty established new nations out of the

boundaries of old nations, especially Austria-Hungary.

• Germany could not maintain an army.• Germany also had to return/give land to France.• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies in

war reparations• Germany had to follow the war-guilt clause in

which Germany had to take full responsibility for the war.

• Germany was stripped of colonial possessions.• A League of Nations was formed.

New Nations &Territories After WW I

Results of the Treaty of Versailles

• The U.S. never joined the League of Nations and the League could not deliver the peace that Wilson hoped for. The demands placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were too great.– They were humiliated and forced to pay more

money than they could possibly come up with.– The economic and moral disasters in Germany

caused by the Treaty of Versailles would set the country up for a dictator who would lead them into WWII.

Problems for Wilson

• Imperialist leaders in Europe weren’t as idealist as Wilson

• European leaders were worried about threats from Communism

• Isolationist senators at home said they wouldn’t pass the League of Nations – this game the Europeans more power at Versailles

Problems for Wilson

• Allied countries wanted territory– France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar

Basin– Italy wanted Fiume– Japan wanted part of China and Pacific

islands

• Isolationists in America still refused to sign the treaty

The Beginning of the End for Wilson

• Wilson collapsed in Colorado during his tour to take the League to the people (9/25/1919)– He then had a stroke

• Lodge smelled blood and tried to strip the treaty, but Wilson was still able to get loyal Democrats to vote against it

• Because of this in-fighting, the treaty never passed and died

Election of 1920• Republicans nominated Ohioan, Senator

Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as his VP

• Democrats nominated Ohioan, Governor James M. Cox with FDR as his running mate!

• Harding wins (with a landslide) in an attempt to “return to normalcy”… I like Ike

The 1920 ElectionThe 1920 Election

Attacks on Civil Liberties

at Home

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of

AmericansAmericans

1.1. Espionage ActEspionage Act– 1917• forbade actions that obstructed

recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

• ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail.

• fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

Government Excess & Threats Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americansto the Civil Liberties of Americans


2.Sedition Act Sedition Act – 1918• it was a crime to speak against purchase

of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of productionof things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.



3.Schenck v. USSchenck v. US– 1919- in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judgedaccording to the circumstances in which it was spoken. -The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] - If an act of speech posed a clear andpresent danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.



4.Abrams v. USAbrams v. US– 1919- majority ruling --> said that the leafletters were inciting violence - cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine. - Holmes & Brandeis dissented:The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.



5. Post-war labor unrest: Coal Miners Strike of 1919.

Steel Strike of 1919.

Boston Police Strike of 1919.

Anti-Labor Anti-Labor Anti-Labor Anti-Labor

““If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago Chicago TribuneTribune

Consequences of Labor UnrestConsequences of Labor UnrestConsequences of Labor UnrestConsequences of Labor Unrest

““While We Rock the Boat” – While We Rock the Boat” – Washington TimesWashington Times

Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919Coal Miners’ Strike - 1919

““Keeping Warm” – Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles TimesLos Angeles Times

Steel Strike - 1919Steel Strike - 1919Steel Strike - 1919Steel Strike - 1919

““Coming Out of the Smoke” – Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York WorldNew York World

The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”The “Red Scare”

““What a Year Has Brought Forth” – What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY WorldNY World

““Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismRed Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism““Red Scare” -- Anti-BolshevismRed Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism

““Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia InquirerPhiladelphia Inquirer

Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919

““He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune

Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919Boston Police Strike - 1919

““Striking Back” – Striking Back” – New York Evening WorldNew York Evening World



1919 - 3rd. Internationalgoal --> promote worldwide communism.

Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)

Palmer Raids - 1920

6. “The Red Scare”:

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Raids Scare” – Palmer Raids““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Raids Scare” – Palmer Raids

A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 1920A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 1920

Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920

““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Raids Scare” – Palmer Raids““RedRed Scare” – Palmer Raids Scare” – Palmer Raids

Documents

World War I