World War IWorld War Iand the United Statesand the United States

Schlieffen PlanSchlieffen Plan

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

New WeaponsNew Weapons

Mass Mass ParticipationParticipation

The. U.S. enters the war, The. U.S. enters the war, April 6, 1917April 6, 1917

Proximate causes:Proximate causes: German resumption German resumption

of unrestricted of unrestricted submarine warfare.submarine warfare.

Zimmerman telegramZimmerman telegram Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson

sought grand goalssought grand goals Reshaping of Reshaping of

international order international order (embodied in 14 (embodied in 14 points)points)

Mobilization IssuesMobilization Issues

ManpowerManpower Industrial productionIndustrial production OrganizationOrganization

The Selective Service Act, May The Selective Service Act, May 19171917

All males age 21-30 to register for draft:All males age 21-30 to register for draft: Later extended to males aged 18-45Later extended to males aged 18-45

Local civilian boards selected draftees.Local civilian boards selected draftees. Equitable exemption & recruitment Equitable exemption & recruitment

policy:policy: No bounties, substitutions or No bounties, substitutions or

commutations.commutations.

1917: Assessing the Draft1917: Assessing the Draft

9-10 million men 9-10 million men registered in June.registered in June.

3 million called to 3 million called to service.service.

1 million rejected: 1 million rejected: physically unfit.physically unfit.

1 million obtained 1 million obtained other exemptions.other exemptions.

500,000 enter military 500,000 enter military service by end of year.service by end of year.

700,000 men 700,000 men volunteered for Army volunteered for Army and National Guard.and National Guard.

How Many Men?How Many Men?

1917: Army decides AEF should have 1917: Army decides AEF should have 1.3 million men in 30 divisions by 1.3 million men in 30 divisions by end of 1918.end of 1918.

July 1918: AEF to expand toJuly 1918: AEF to expand to 80 divisions by May 191980 divisions by May 1919 52 by end of 1918.52 by end of 1918.

AEF had 43 division at war’s end. AEF had 43 division at war’s end.

Sources for Officers?Sources for Officers?

Regular Army enlisted ranksRegular Army enlisted ranks R.O.T.C. (and related Student Army R.O.T.C. (and related Student Army

Training Corps).Training Corps). Officer training schools Officer training schools

camps/schools (for camps/schools (for enlistees/volunteers)enlistees/volunteers)

Economic DifficultiesEconomic Difficulties

Competing marketsCompeting markets Foreign: military and civilianForeign: military and civilian U.S.: military and civilianU.S.: military and civilian

Growth of U.S. military sectorGrowth of U.S. military sector Ideological/bureaucratic impedimentsIdeological/bureaucratic impediments Organizational discordOrganizational discord

War Organizations & War Organizations & InitiativesInitiatives

War Industries Board (1917)War Industries Board (1917) War Shipping Board & EmergencyWar Shipping Board & Emergency

Fleet Corporation (1916)Fleet Corporation (1916) Food Administration (1917)Food Administration (1917) War Trade Board (1917)War Trade Board (1917) management of railroadsmanagement of railroads Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

Support the War Effort!Support the War Effort!

EvaluationEvaluation

The good:The good: cantonmentscantonments basic suppliesbasic supplies

The bad:The bad: arms productionarms production

U.S. Navy and the AtlanticU.S. Navy and the Atlantic

Primary danger:Primary danger:

U-boats.U-boats.

The push for convoysThe push for convoys

William S. SimsWilliam S. Sims

Requirements for ASWRequirements for ASW

Escort shipsEscort ships DestroyersDestroyers ““splinter fleet”splinter fleet”

Merchant shipsMerchant ships SailorsSailors

Technological FixTechnological Fix

North Sea Mine North Sea Mine Barrage, 1918Barrage, 1918