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World War I
Woodrow Wilson
1913-1917
World War I
Causes-1- Imperialism
Imperialism Continued
• European countries were in competition for overseas colonies.
• By 1910 the best colonies were taken and rivalry developed between nations
2- Militarism
Militarism Continued
• The great powers of Europe began to spend huge sums of money on
1- Large armies
2- New weapons
a- Airplane
b- submarine
c- Tank
d- poison gas
e- Zeppelins
f- machine gun & Big
Bertha
3- Nationalism
Nationalism Continued
• Great powers acted in their own interest;
Powerful nations went
to war for borderlands
such as Alsace –
Lorraine
• Ethnic groups ruled by one nation wanted to be independent or a part of another nation.
4- Military Alliances
• Triple Entente - Allies
• Russia
• France
• Serbia
• Great Britain
• Italy joined later in the War
• Triple Alliance – Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
5-Immediate Cause of War
Assassination of Arch –Duke- 1914
• The heir to the throne of Austria, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo by Serbian Nationalist
• This group wanted to independent from Austria-Hungary
Map of Europe 1914
Stalemate on Western Front
Stalemate Continued
• The Allies ( British & French) and the Central Powers ( Germany & Austria) reached a point where neither army could move forward on the boundary of France & Belgium. (Western front)
• Each Side built Trenches
Trench Warfare
Stalemate Continued
• Britain places a naval blockade at German ports to break the stalemate
Submarine Warfare
• Germany uses the U-Boat or submarine to break the naval blockade
• The U-Boats sink passenger and merchant ships of neutral nations without warning
U.S. is Neutral 1914
U-Boats sink Lusitania
• U-boat sinks Lusitania in 1915, America turned against Germany
• To prevent the U.S from entering the war Germany issued the Sussex pledge
• This pledge was a promise to warn passenger & merchant ships before u-boat attacks
• America remains neutral
The Lusitania
America Prepares for War
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany announced they would end the Sussex Pledge
• Britain intercepted a German Telegram, The Zimmerman Note encouraging Mexico to attack the U.S.
• Germany resumed unrestricted sub warfare
• The U.S. declared war on Germany 1917
Selective Service Act- Draft 1917
America on the Home Front
Financing the war
• The U.S. sold war bonds to raise money
Voluntary Rationing
• Herbert Hoover was placed in charge of the Food Administration
• Voluntary Conservation
• Victory Gardens: people grew their own vegetables
• Meatless Mondays
Propaganda
Loyalty at home
Sedition Act
• Anyone could be arrested if they encouraged rebellion.
Espionage Act
• Anyone could be arrested if they interfered with the draft
Loyalty At Home Continued
• Industrial Workers of the World (WOBBLIES) were critical of the war
• 200 members were arrested
• Eugene V. Debs was arrested for his anti-war position
• Schenck v U.S established : The Clear & Present Danger Clause; Freedoms could be restricted
Women in the War
Women in the War Continued
• Women ran the businesses during the war
• Women worked in factories during the war
• Women served in the Red cross during the war
• Women worked for the right to vote
Women’s Suffrage - 19th Amendment
Great Migration
• African Americans served in all Black units during World War I
• During World War I African-Americans began to move to Northern cities for Jobs
• This continued after WWI
Woodrow Wilson & the War
• Had to convince America the war was right;
• “Make the World Safe for Democracy”
• “The war to end all wars”
• “Peace without Victory”
Fourteen Points
• Wilsons’ Plan for Peace
• Called for the establishment of a League of Nations
• The League would be a place to settle world disputes
• The League was the 14th
point
Treaty of Versailles 1919• Wilson traveled to Paris
to negotiate the treaty• Met with the “Big Four”
to negotiate the treaty(France, Britain, Italy, & U.S.)
• Wilson did not want to punish Germany
• The other leaders did want to punish Germany
• The treaty included the League of Nations .
• The U.S Senate did not ratify the Treaty
• They were against the League of Nations
U.S. Senate rejected the treat of Versailles
David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson
Map of Europe 1919