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World War I
General Background &
U.S. Involvement
Causes
M.A.I.N. + “Spark” Militarism
Build-up of military; no “wait” time
Alliances Triple Alliance > Central
Powers Triple Entente > Allied
Powers Creates global war
Imperialism Competition, rivalry &
distrust over expansion Nationalism
Devotion to country New independence
movements Spark
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
War Begins
Complex alliance breakdown Serbian assassinates
Austro-Hungarian Russia (Serbian ally) &
German (A-H’s ally) join Germany invades
Belgium to get to France (draws in Britain because neutral & France because threatened)
WWI Alliances Map
World War I
Trench warfare New kind of warfare Stalemate
New weapons Poisonous gas Tank airplanes
U.S. Response
Initial Response Isolation… but leaned towards Allies
2 events that draw the U.S. in Unrestricted submarine warfare Zimmerman Telegram
Unrestricted sub-warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare German u-boats violated neutrality American ships at risk (especially because aiding
British) Sinking of the Lusitania (1915)
British passenger ship 128 Americans aboard died
Sussex pledge (1916) German promise not to sink merchant ships without
warning
Zimmerman Note
Zimmerman Note Note from Germany to Mexico proposing an
alliance Mexico to “keep U.S. occupied” then Germany will
help return former Mexican land Note intercepted by the British > published in U.S.
newspapers > U.S. declares war in 1917
Americans in Europe
Selective Service Act (May 1917) Congress passed > required men between 21-30
to register to be drafted into military U.S. soldiers
Segregated troops by race African Americans & Latinos often experienced
discrimination Some women served
Mostly nurses & switchboard operators (“Hello Girls”)
War Ends
Armistice signed 11/11/1918 Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s peace plan Self-determination: right of people to decide their own
political status League of Nations: peace organization to settle disputes
Paris Peace Conference
Big 4 David Lloyd George (Britain) Georges Clemenceau (France) Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) **Who’s missing? Why? Conflicting desires/wants at conference
Treaty of Versailles
Military changes
-German army limited to 100,000 (no tanks/artillery)
-German navy limited to 15,000
-No German Air force
Territory changes
-Germany gave up land to France, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Belgium
-Germany surrendered all colonies to League of Nations
-Germany & Austria prohibited from uniting
War-guilt provisions
-Germany solely responsible for losses & damage
-Germany owed $269 billion (later $132)
League of Nations
-Germany initially not permitted to join
Fight over the treaty
Wilson presents Treaty to Congress (July 1919) for ratification Democrats
Supported immediate ratification Irreconcilables
Urged outright rejection of U.S. participation in League of Nations Reservationists
Ratify only with changes Result
Wilson went to American public > health concerns Treaty failed to pass U.S. signed separate peace treaties U.S. failed to join League of Nations