World War IWorld War I

The End of the WarThe End of the War

Events of 1917Events of 1917►United StatesUnited States

Sinking of Sinking of LusitaniaLusitania and other ships by and other ships by German U-boats German U-boats eventually convinces eventually convinces Americans to enter Americans to enter WWI (April 1917)WWI (April 1917)

American troops slow American troops slow to arrive in Europe, but to arrive in Europe, but by mid-1918 over 1 by mid-1918 over 1 million in France, with million in France, with 10,000 arriving each 10,000 arriving each dayday

Events of 1917Events of 1917►Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

In November, Czar In November, Czar Nicholas II and Nicholas II and government government overthrown by overthrown by Bolsheviks Bolsheviks (communists led by (communists led by Vladimir Lenin)Vladimir Lenin)

New government signs New government signs treaty with Germany, treaty with Germany, ends Russia’s ends Russia’s participation in WWI, participation in WWI, allows Germany to allows Germany to focus on Western Frontfocus on Western Front

Germany’s Last Push WestGermany’s Last Push West

►Germany racing west to take Germany racing west to take advantage of the period before advantage of the period before American troops arriveAmerican troops arrive

►Germans push west, get to 75km from Germans push west, get to 75km from ParisParis Ypres, the Somme, Passchendaele takenYpres, the Somme, Passchendaele taken Exhausted, no supplies, no replacementsExhausted, no supplies, no replacements

Hundred Day CampaignHundred Day Campaign

►Starting August 1918, series of Allied Starting August 1918, series of Allied attacks to push Germans backattacks to push Germans back

►Canadian troops played large roleCanadian troops played large role Successfully broke through Hindenburg Successfully broke through Hindenburg

Line, a series of German defences in Line, a series of German defences in FranceFrance

General Arthur Currie considered it General Arthur Currie considered it Canada’s greatest achievement in WWICanada’s greatest achievement in WWI

Hundred Day CampaignHundred Day Campaign

Collapse of the Central Collapse of the Central PowersPowers

► October 1918 – Austro-Hungarian Empire splits up; October 1918 – Austro-Hungarian Empire splits up; separate states negotiate peace with Alliesseparate states negotiate peace with Allies

► November 1918 – revolution in Germany; Kaiser November 1918 – revolution in Germany; Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicates; republic declaredWilhelm II abdicates; republic declared

ArmisticeArmistice

►Armistice – Armistice – November 11, November 11, 19181918 ““armistice” = armistice” =

trucetruce Signed in railcar in Signed in railcar in

FranceFrance Between Allies and Between Allies and

GermanyGermany In effect 11:00AM, In effect 11:00AM,

Nov. 11, 1918Nov. 11, 1918

ArmisticeArmistice

ArmisticeArmistice

Peace ProcessPeace Process

►Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference January 1919January 1919 PM Borden gets separate seat at PM Borden gets separate seat at

conference, rather than Britain conference, rather than Britain representing Canada; also signed Treaty representing Canada; also signed Treaty separatelyseparately

Talks dominated by Britain, France, USA, Talks dominated by Britain, France, USA, but Canada made its presence feltbut Canada made its presence felt

Result was the Treaty of VersaillesResult was the Treaty of Versailles

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles► June 28, 1919June 28, 1919► Laid out terms of peace for GermanyLaid out terms of peace for Germany► President Wilson proposed 14-point plan based President Wilson proposed 14-point plan based

on forgivenesson forgiveness► France and Belgium wanted Germany to payFrance and Belgium wanted Germany to pay

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

►German “guilt clause”German “guilt clause”►Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion Reparations - $30 billion ($300+ billion

today)today) Unable to meet paymentsUnable to meet payments

►Germany loses land to France and Germany loses land to France and Poland, among others (split in two)Poland, among others (split in two)

►German army limited to 100,000 soldiersGerman army limited to 100,000 soldiers►Not allowed U-boats or an air forceNot allowed U-boats or an air force►League of Nations formedLeague of Nations formed

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

League of NationsLeague of Nations

►President Wilson’s ideaPresident Wilson’s idea►Similar to today’s United NationsSimilar to today’s United Nations►Collective Security – one country is attacked, Collective Security – one country is attacked,

others help defend itothers help defend it►Britain and France not enthused about Britain and France not enthused about

LeagueLeague Wanted to remain imperialisticWanted to remain imperialistic League popular with the publicLeague popular with the public

►Canada an independent member of LeagueCanada an independent member of League

League of NationsLeague of Nations

►LimitationsLimitations Required co-operationRequired co-operation No military force, only economic sanctionsNo military force, only economic sanctions Americans refused to join, even though Americans refused to join, even though

Wilson’s ideaWilson’s idea

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Aftermath of WWIAftermath of WWI

►16 million dead worldwide16 million dead worldwide 10 million soldiers, 6 million civilians10 million soldiers, 6 million civilians 21 million wounded21 million wounded

►66,000 Canadians dead, 170,000 66,000 Canadians dead, 170,000 woundedwounded

►Spanish InfluenzaSpanish Influenza Spread by soldiers returning homeSpread by soldiers returning home 22 million dead worldwide22 million dead worldwide

►Including 55,000 CanadiansIncluding 55,000 Canadians

Spanish InfluenzaSpanish Influenza

Spanish InfluenzaSpanish Influenza

Effect of WWI on CanadaEffect of WWI on Canada

►National IdentityNational Identity►EconomyEconomy►Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights►Canadian AutonomyCanadian Autonomy► International StatusInternational Status►French-English RelationsFrench-English Relations►Racial DiscriminationRacial Discrimination►Thousands Dead and WoundedThousands Dead and Wounded