WORLD WORLD WAR IWAR I

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

TheThe

“Spark“Spark””

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Archduke is killed!

On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was riding in a car in Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia)

Gavrilo Princip, who was a member of the Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand, shot a killed the archduke and his wife Sophie

Why? The Black Hand wanted Bosnia to break away from Austria-Hungary and join Serbia

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

War is declared!!!

Within days of the archduke’s assassination, the system of alliances already in place began to be enacted.

Soon, the major powers of Europe were set to go to war against one another

Huge armies began to mobilize, or prepare for war.

Recruitment PostersRecruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central PowersRecruits of the Central Powers

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

Austro-Austro-HungariansHungarians

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

A German A German Soldier Says Soldier Says

Farewell to His Farewell to His MotherMother

New French RecruitsNew French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Soldiers Mobilized

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2

4

6

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12

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France Germany Russia Britain

Mil

lio

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Trench Trench Warfare:Warfare:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

Trench Trench Warfare:Warfare:

A “War of A “War of

AttritionAttrition””

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

The Western FrontThe Western Front

Who’s fighting?

The war pitted the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire against the Allied Powers – France, Britain, and Russia.

In time 21 other nations would join the Allies.

Stalemate in the Trenches

By November 1914, the German advance and the Allied counterattack created a deadly stalemate.– A stalemate is a deadlock in which neither side is

strong enough to defeat the other.

As a result, soldiers dug in, creating a huge maze of trenches.

The area between the trenches was called “no man’s land”….why do you think?

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

e German offensive.

e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

The United States The United States Goes to WarGoes to War

Wilson’s Peace Efforts

Wilson felt that the United States, as a neutral nation in the conflict, could lead the warring nations to peace.

His efforts failed. He was able to win reelection in 1916 with

the campaign slogan – “He kept us out of war!”

Submarine warfare

Germany had a new weapon that was wreaking havoc on the high seas.– This weapon was called submarine, or U-boat.

In an attempt to stop supplies from reaching Britain, German U-boats torpedoed and sank several merchant, or supply, ships.

Many of these ships were from neutral nations, including the U.S.

What do you think? Is it true that all is fair in love and war?

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

Germany forces America into the war

Two incidents forced the United States to declare war against Germany:– Sinking of the Lusitania– Zimmerman telegram

Cont.

The Lusitania was a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-boat on May 7, 1915. 1,200 people were killed, including 128 Americans.

The Zimmerman telegram was a secret message sent by the Germans to Mexico urging them to attack the U.S. if they declared war on Germany.– In return, Germany would help Mexico win back their

lost territory in the American Soutwest.

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

America Declares War On April 2, 1917, President Wilson went before

Congress to ask for a declaration of war. He declared that “The world must be safe for

democracy.” Congress voted for war 455 to 56 and on April 6,

1917 Wilson signed the declaration of war. For the Allies, America’s entry could not have

come at a better time. A revolution in Russia caused them to sign a separate peace with the Central Powers and they exited the war.

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

America mobilizes

The U.S. was able to raise an army by passing the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917.

It required all men from 21 to 30 to register for the military draft.– A draft is a law requiring people of a certain

age to serve in the military.

When a country goes to war, how does life change at home? How does a country prepare for

war?

Funding the War Effort

The government had to prepare to feed and arm the troops that would be fighting over in Europe.

In order to pay for the war, Americans bought Liberty Bonds, which was money lent to the government to pay for the war

Raising money wasn’t enough to prepare the nation – business, government, and industry had to coordinate their efforts

Financing the WarFinancing the War

Conserving Resources

The Food Administration and Fuel Administration were in charge of the production and supply of these essential resources.

Efforts by these administrations were huge successes.

Example: Victory Gardens

Victory GardensVictory Gardens

Organizing Industry

The War Industries Board (WIB), headed by Bernard Baruch, had overall responsibility for allocating scarce materials, establishing production priorities, and setting prices.

This was the government’s central war agency. Not all industry’s agreed with this – steel

example. Does this sound like laissez-faire?????

Mobilizing Workers Because of the draft, there was a shortage of labor. As

a result, union leaders took the opportunity to strike in order to get better wages and working conditions.

To prevent further strikes, President Wilson formed the National War Labor Board (NWLB) to arbitrate disputes between owners and workers

Women joined the workforce to supplement the lack of laborers.

Also, almost 500,000 African-Americans and thousands of Mexican-Americans migrated to the northern cities to work in factories.– This was called the Great Migration.

Munitions WorkersMunitions Workers

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died

Suppressing Opposition There was much opposition to the war voiced

across the country. In response, Congress passed the Espionage Act

and Sedition Act These laws outlawed acts of treason and made it

a crime to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal…or abrasive language” criticizing the government, the flag, or the military.

What does this go against????? Despite opposition to the laws, the Supreme

Court upheld the laws in Schenck v. United States

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Posters:Posters:

WartimeWartimePropaganPropagan

dada

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

German PosterGerman Poster

Think of Your Children!Think of Your Children!

What is propaganda?

Propaganda is the spreading of ideas that help a cause or hurt an opposing cause.– It is essentially brainwashing because the

purpose is to alter one’s opinion about a certain topic through visuals or audio.

Propaganda Assignment

Your assignment is two-fold:– 1st: Look through your magazine and find an

advertisement that you think could be deemed as propaganda. Cut the add out of the magazine. On a separate piece of paper, explain why you think it is propaganda.

– 2nd: On a separate piece of paper, create a wartime advertisement (propaganda) attempting to recruit Americans to help the war effort. This can be by joining the army or buying liberty bonds.

The War’s End and The War’s End and AftermathAftermath

Russia makes a separate peace

Russia withdrew from the war in March 1918 following a revolution of the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin.

Lenin embraced the ideas of Karl Marx, who stated that the working class would unite to overthrow the ruling class.

This would lead to a classless society with no private ownership – THIS IDEA IS COMMUNISM

Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia’s participation in the war.

Americans arrive in France

Over 1,000,000 American troops arrived in France in 1918 ready to fight.

They were led by General John J. Pershing. The U.S. wanted to have an independent role in

the peace talks and therefore operated as separate units from other soldiers already fighting in the trenches.

They were called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Harlem Hell Fighters The U.S. allowed very

few African Americans to train for combat.

However, one unit fought alongside the French and earned valor and respect on the battlefield.– These brave men

became known as the Harlem Hell Fighters

Marines hold at Belleau Wood

The U.S. faced its first real test at the Battle of Belleau Wood.

The battle raged for 3 weeks but the U.S. marines emerged victorious.

The Battle of the Argonne Forest

Following a failed German offensive in mid-July 1918, the Allied attempted one last offensive to destroy the retreating German forces.

After 47 days and 100,000 casualties, American troops won the Battle of the Argonne Forest.

Similar victories by British, French, and Belgian forces made it look like the war was finally about to come to end

Armistice Ends the War Germany offered an armistice to the Allies.

– An armistice is an agreement to stop fighting. The Allies agreed on 2 conditions:

1. Germany had to accept the proposed peace plan by Woodrow Wilson2. The German emperor had to abdicate, or give up power

Following the abdication of the emperor, the new German leaders agreed to the armistice terms.– The war ended at 11 A.M. on November 11,

1918 – The eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Wilson’s Fourteen-Point Peace Plan

Before the war ended, Wilson outlined his plan for peace known as the Fourteen Points.

Among his ideas were the end of secret agreements. Also, he urged freedom of the seas, free trade, and a limit on arms.

The fourteenth point was the most important – The League of Nations

League of Nations

The L.O.N. was to be an association of nations whose job would be to protect the independence of all countries

The Paris Peace Conference

Diplomats from 30 different nations met in Paris and Versailles to discuss peace.

Among them were the Big Four:– Woodrow Wilson: U.S.– David Lloyd George: Britain– Georges Clemenceau: France– Vittorio Orlando: Italy

The Treaty of Versailles The Allies hammered out a harsh peace

agreement for German called the Treaty of Versailles.– Germany wasn’t even invited to peace

talks. They were forced to take full blame for

starting the war and had to pay reparations, or cash payments, for the losses suffered during the fighting.– The sum totaled $300 billion

What did Germany owe?

Compensation to civilian populations Coal, livestock, ships, and timber Cost for damage to Allied property

Effects of the Treaty

Germany felt humiliated League of Nations is established to prevent

future wars– The U.S. did not join the league…why do you

think?– The U.S. wanted to practice isolationism

Several new nations were created formed on the principle of self determination.