World War II

World War IIWorld War II

Chapter 16Chapter 16

World War LoomsWorld War Looms

Section One: Section One: Dictators Threaten Dictators Threaten

PeacePeace

CommunismCommunism Definition: an economic and political Definition: an economic and political

system based on one-party government system based on one-party government and state ownership of property. and state ownership of property.

In the 1930’s communism only existed in In the 1930’s communism only existed in the Soviet Union (USSR/Russia)the Soviet Union (USSR/Russia)

Far left of political spectrum Far left of political spectrum

FascismFascismDefinition: a political philosophy that Definition: a political philosophy that

advocated a strong, centralized, advocated a strong, centralized, nationalistic government headed by a nationalistic government headed by a powerful dictatorpowerful dictator

In the 1930’s fascism existed in Italy, In the 1930’s fascism existed in Italy, Germany & SpainGermany & Spain

Far right of political spectrumFar right of political spectrum

Joseph Stalin:" the man of steel”Joseph Stalin:" the man of steel”Soviet Union (Russia)Soviet Union (Russia)

StalinStalin Took power in 1924 after Lenin diedTook power in 1924 after Lenin died Stamped out private enterprise Stamped out private enterprise State ownership of propertyState ownership of property Turned Soviet Union into police stateTurned Soviet Union into police state Used five year plans to industrialize the Soviet Used five year plans to industrialize the Soviet

UnionUnion By 1939 became third largest industrial power By 1939 became third largest industrial power

after the U.S. & Germanyafter the U.S. & Germany Great Purge of the 1930’s killed ten’s of Great Purge of the 1930’s killed ten’s of

thousands of Communist Party officials & military thousands of Communist Party officials & military officers officers

Killed 8 to 13 million people from 1924 to 1953Killed 8 to 13 million people from 1924 to 1953

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini ItalyItaly

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini“Il Duce” (the chief)“Il Duce” (the chief)

Established Fascist Party in 1921Established Fascist Party in 1921 Came to power in 1922Came to power in 1922 Military expansionism Military expansionism Extreme Nationalism Extreme Nationalism Charismatic leaderCharismatic leader Private property with strong Private property with strong

government controlsgovernment controls Anti- CommunistAnti- Communist

Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler ”der F ”der Fuuhrer” (the leader)hrer” (the leader)

AdolfAdolf HitlerHitler

Joins National Socialist German Joins National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in 1919Workers Party (Nazi Party) in 1919

Nazi party wins most votes in 1932 Nazi party wins most votes in 1932 electionelection

Appointed chancellor in January of Appointed chancellor in January of 19331933

Ended the Weimar Republic & Ended the Weimar Republic & established the Third Reich established the Third Reich

Adolf HitlerAdolf HitlerHis book His book Mien Kamph Mien Kamph (My Struggle) (My Struggle)

laid out his planslaid out his plans

1.1. Extreme nationalist and wanted to Extreme nationalist and wanted to join all German speaking people join all German speaking people into one empire. (Third Reich)into one empire. (Third Reich)

2.2. Germans (Aryans) were the master Germans (Aryans) were the master racerace

3.3. Lebensraum (living space): the land Lebensraum (living space): the land the Germans were entitled tothe Germans were entitled to

JapanJapan Nationalist military leaders take Nationalist military leaders take

control of government control of government

Hideki Tojo – becomes Prime MinisterHideki Tojo – becomes Prime Minister

Invades and conquers Chinese Invades and conquers Chinese province of Manchuria (1931) province of Manchuria (1931)

Japan leaves the League of Nations Japan leaves the League of Nations

Aggression inAggression in EuropeEurope Germany leaves the League of Germany leaves the League of

Nations (1933)Nations (1933)

Officially begins military buildup in Officially begins military buildup in violation of Treaty of Versailles violation of Treaty of Versailles (1935)(1935)

Sends troops (army) into Rhineland Sends troops (army) into Rhineland (1936) (1936)

Aggression in EuropeAggression in Europe Italy invades and conquers Ethiopia Italy invades and conquers Ethiopia

(1935-1936)(1935-1936)

League of Nations imposes League of Nations imposes ineffective economic boycott of Italyineffective economic boycott of Italy

Haile Selassie: Ethiopian EmperorHaile Selassie: Ethiopian Emperor““It is us today. It will be you tomorrow” It is us today. It will be you tomorrow”

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism

Strong antiwar feelings ( poll taken in Strong antiwar feelings ( poll taken in 1937 stated 70% thought we should 1937 stated 70% thought we should not have entered WWI)not have entered WWI)

Neutrality Acts: no arms sales or Neutrality Acts: no arms sales or loans to nations at war (1935-36) loans to nations at war (1935-36)

Neutrality Breaks DownNeutrality Breaks Down Spanish Civil War: Germany & Italy Spanish Civil War: Germany & Italy

assist Spanish fascists (Francisco assist Spanish fascists (Francisco Franco) in war. Many Americans Franco) in war. Many Americans sympathize with Republican sympathize with Republican government (1936-39)government (1936-39)

Japan attacks China. U.S. sends Japan attacks China. U.S. sends supplies to China (Roosevelt uses supplies to China (Roosevelt uses loophole in law) (1937) loophole in law) (1937)

Section TwoSection Two

War in EuropeWar in Europe

AustriaAustria

March, 1938March, 1938

German troops march into German troops march into Austria unopposed and Austria unopposed and Anschluss (union) is Anschluss (union) is declared the two German declared the two German speaking nations. speaking nations.

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Spring of 1938Spring of 1938

German media starts propaganda German media starts propaganda campaign declaring that the campaign declaring that the German speaking population of German speaking population of the Czech province Sudetenland the Czech province Sudetenland is being abused by the Czech’sis being abused by the Czech’s

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference

Munich ConferenceMunich Conference Hitler invites the leaders France & Hitler invites the leaders France &

Great Britain to meet with him in Great Britain to meet with him in Munich, Germany to settle the Munich, Germany to settle the Sudetenland problemSudetenland problem

Hitler promises peace for the Hitler promises peace for the SudetenlandSudetenland

Munich PactMunich Pact Neville Chamberlain: Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain: Prime Minister

of Great Britainof Great Britain Edouard Daladier: Premier of FranceEdouard Daladier: Premier of France Both agree to give Germany the Both agree to give Germany the

Sudetenland in exchange for” last Sudetenland in exchange for” last territorial demand” promise from territorial demand” promise from HitlerHitler

Munich Pact is signed in September Munich Pact is signed in September 1938 1938

““Peace in Our Time”Peace in Our Time” Prime Minister ChamberlainPrime Minister Chamberlain

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia Germany invades & annexes Germany invades & annexes

Czechoslovakia, March 1939Czechoslovakia, March 1939

Britain & France do Britain & France do nothing nothing

Nazis-Soviet Nonaggression Nazis-Soviet Nonaggression PactPact

Germany and Soviet Union sign Germany and Soviet Union sign nonaggression pact August 23, 1939nonaggression pact August 23, 1939

Enables Germany to avoid two front Enables Germany to avoid two front warwar

PolandPoland

Germany invades Poland Germany invades Poland September 1, 1939September 1, 1939

Britain & France declare Britain & France declare war on Germany war on Germany September 3, 1939 September 3, 1939

PolandPoland

Soviet Union invades Poland Soviet Union invades Poland on September 17, 1939 per on September 17, 1939 per the secret agreement in the the secret agreement in the Nazis-Soviet Pact (Soviet Nazis-Soviet Pact (Soviet Union annexes (takes over) Union annexes (takes over) 1/3 of Poland) 1/3 of Poland)

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg = lightning war = the Blitzkrieg = lightning war = the use of highly mobile land use of highly mobile land forces, supported by air forces, supported by air forces to break through an forces to break through an enemies defenses enemies defenses

Maginot LineMaginot Line French defensive line built between 1929 French defensive line built between 1929

& 1940 that extended from the Swiss & 1940 that extended from the Swiss border to the border of Luxemburgborder to the border of Luxemburg

British & French wait for Germans to British & French wait for Germans to attack (“Phony War” or “Sitzkrieg”) attack (“Phony War” or “Sitzkrieg”)

The Germans AttackThe Germans Attack April 9, 1940: Germany invades April 9, 1940: Germany invades

Denmark & NorwayDenmark & Norway May 10, 1940: Germany attacks May 10, 1940: Germany attacks

Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, and Holland, Belgium, Luxemburg, and FranceFrance

Germans break through French Germans break through French defenses & trap British Army at defenses & trap British Army at Dunkirk Dunkirk

France FallsFrance Falls British Expeditionary Force (BEF) is able to British Expeditionary Force (BEF) is able to

escape back to England from Dunkirkescape back to England from Dunkirk France surrenders June 22, 1940France surrenders June 22, 1940

““We Shall Never SurrenderWe Shall Never Surrender”” Winston Churchill replaces Winston Churchill replaces

Chamberlain as Prime Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Britain, May 1940Minister of Britain, May 1940

Charles De GaulleCharles De Gaulle French General who escapes to Britain French General who escapes to Britain

to organize French military resistanceto organize French military resistance

Battle of BritainBattle of BritainAmerican Eagle SquadronAmerican Eagle Squadron

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain July 10 thru October 30, 1940July 10 thru October 30, 1940 German Luftwaffe (air force) attacks German Luftwaffe (air force) attacks

Britain in a attempt to destroy the Britain in a attempt to destroy the Royal Air Force (RAF) to clear the Royal Air Force (RAF) to clear the way for German invasion of Britainway for German invasion of Britain

Radar and the new British Hurricane Radar and the new British Hurricane & Spitfire fighters defeat Luftwaffe & Spitfire fighters defeat Luftwaffe

SectionSection ThreeThree

The The HolocaustHolocaust

The HolocaustThe Holocaust Nazis believed that the German Nazis believed that the German

people were a superior race (Aryan)people were a superior race (Aryan) Nazis were anti-Semitic (hatred of Nazis were anti-Semitic (hatred of

Jews)Jews) Blamed Jews for all Germany’s & the Blamed Jews for all Germany’s & the

worlds problemsworlds problems

The HolocaustThe Holocaust April 1933: Hitler takes power and April 1933: Hitler takes power and

orders all Jews to be removed from orders all Jews to be removed from government jobsgovernment jobs

1935: Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews 1935: Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of civil rights & forced them to wear of civil rights & forced them to wear yellow Star of David yellow Star of David

November 1938: Kristallnacht November 1938: Kristallnacht (“crystal night”) Nazi gangs attack (“crystal night”) Nazi gangs attack Jewish shopsJewish shops

The HolocaustThe Holocaust America’s ResponseAmerica’s Response Albert Einstein & other notable Jews are Albert Einstein & other notable Jews are

allowed to immigrate to U.S.allowed to immigrate to U.S. Total of 60,000 German Jews allowed to Total of 60,000 German Jews allowed to

immigrate to U.S.immigrate to U.S. Immigration quotas were not increased to Immigration quotas were not increased to

allow more because of U.S. anti- Semitism allow more because of U.S. anti- Semitism & job fears& job fears

German cruise ship St. Louis filled with German cruise ship St. Louis filled with German Jews not allowed to dock in U.S. German Jews not allowed to dock in U.S.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

The Final SolutionThe Final Solution Targeted Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's Targeted Jews, Gypsies, Jehovah's

Witnesses, Freemasons, homosexuals, Witnesses, Freemasons, homosexuals, mentally & physically handicapped.mentally & physically handicapped.

Used genocide (the deliberate & Used genocide (the deliberate & systematic killing of an entire people)systematic killing of an entire people)

Placed its victims in concentration camps Placed its victims in concentration camps & later death camps & later death camps

A prisoner who has been subjected A prisoner who has been subjected to low pressure experimentation at to low pressure experimentation at the Dachau concentration camp. the Dachau concentration camp.

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

The Final SolutionThe Final Solution

Six million Jews killedSix million Jews killed

Four million others killedFour million others killed

Section FourSection Four

America Moves Toward WarAmerica Moves Toward War

Moving Away from NeutralityMoving Away from Neutrality

Neutrality Acts are modified to allow Neutrality Acts are modified to allow a “cash and carry” provision which a “cash and carry” provision which allowed nations to buy arms if they allowed nations to buy arms if they paid cash & used own ships to paid cash & used own ships to transport themtransport them

Roosevelt argued that helping Britain Roosevelt argued that helping Britain & France was best way to stay out of & France was best way to stay out of warwar

Tripartite PactTripartite Pact September 1940: Germany, Italy & Japan September 1940: Germany, Italy & Japan

sign mutual defense treaty in which they sign mutual defense treaty in which they agreed to come to each others defense if agreed to come to each others defense if one is attackedone is attacked

Designed to keep America out of war by Designed to keep America out of war by threatening two-ocean warthreatening two-ocean war

Group becomes known as the Group becomes known as the AxisAxis powerspowers

Building America’s DefensesBuilding America’s Defenses

Defense spending is greatlyDefense spending is greatly

increasedincreased America’s first peacetime draft & one America’s first peacetime draft & one

million men are drafted for a one million men are drafted for a one yearyear

Roosevelt is reelected for third term Roosevelt is reelected for third term in 1940 in 1940

““The Great Arsenal of Democracy”The Great Arsenal of Democracy”

Lend-Lease PlanLend-Lease Plan Bt late 1940 Britain is out of cash Bt late 1940 Britain is out of cash

& desperately needs more arms& desperately needs more arms

FDR wanted to lend or lease FDR wanted to lend or lease arms to “any country whose arms to “any country whose defense was vital to the United defense was vital to the United States” States”

Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act Lend-Lease Act is passed by Lend-Lease Act is passed by

Congress in 1941 & is allocated Congress in 1941 & is allocated (given) $7 billion(given) $7 billion

Germany invades the Soviet Union Germany invades the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 & Soviet Union is on June 22, 1941 & Soviet Union is sent U.S. support under Lend–Lease sent U.S. support under Lend–Lease Act Act

German Wolf PacksGerman Wolf Packs German U-boats (submarines) hunt German U-boats (submarines) hunt

British convoys in the North Atlantic British convoys in the North Atlantic using groups of 15 to 20 U-boats using groups of 15 to 20 U-boats

Sink British shipping faster than they Sink British shipping faster than they can be replaced (April-May 1941)can be replaced (April-May 1941)

June 1941 FDR ordered U.S. Navy to June 1941 FDR ordered U.S. Navy to escort ships half way across Atlantic escort ships half way across Atlantic

U-boatU-boat

Planning for WarPlanning for War August of 1941 isolationist try to stop August of 1941 isolationist try to stop

extension of draftextension of draft Draft extension bill passes the House Draft extension bill passes the House

of Representatives by one voteof Representatives by one vote Roosevelt & Churchill secretly meet Roosevelt & Churchill secretly meet

aboard warship off the coast of aboard warship off the coast of Newfoundland Newfoundland

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic CharterOutlines the purpose for fighting warOutlines the purpose for fighting war1. Seek no territorial expansion1. Seek no territorial expansion2. Pursue no territorial changes without the consent of 2. Pursue no territorial changes without the consent of

the inhabitantsthe inhabitants3. Respect the right of the people to choose their own 3. Respect the right of the people to choose their own

form of governmentform of government4. Promote free trade among nations4. Promote free trade among nations5. Encourage international cooperation5. Encourage international cooperation6. Build secure peace based on6. Build secure peace based on freedom from want and fearfreedom from want and fear7. Work for disarmament of aggressors7. Work for disarmament of aggressors8. Establish a “permanent system of general security”8. Establish a “permanent system of general security”

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter The Atlantic Charter becomes the The Atlantic Charter becomes the

becomes the basis for new document becomes the basis for new document called the called the “A Declaration by the “A Declaration by the United Nations”United Nations”

The Declaration is signed by 26 The Declaration is signed by 26

nations including the Soviet Union & nations including the Soviet Union & ChinaChina

These nations become known as the These nations become known as the AlliesAllies

The Shooting BeginsThe Shooting Begins September 4, 1941: U-boat fires two September 4, 1941: U-boat fires two

torpedoes at the destroyer USS Greertorpedoes at the destroyer USS Greer

FDR gives order to fire on German ships on FDR gives order to fire on German ships on sightsight

American merchant ship Pink Star sunkAmerican merchant ship Pink Star sunk

October 1941: USS Kearny torpedoed by October 1941: USS Kearny torpedoed by U-boat, 11 sailors killed U-boat, 11 sailors killed

USS Rueben JamesUSS Rueben JamesSunk by U-boat Oct. 31, 1941Sunk by U-boat Oct. 31, 1941

100 sailors killed100 sailors killed

JapanJapan

JapanJapan July 1941: Japanese take over French July 1941: Japanese take over French

Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia & Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos)Laos)

USA cuts off trade to Japan, including USA cuts off trade to Japan, including oil, in response to this aggression oil, in response to this aggression

JapanJapanJapan has no oil fields under its controlJapan has no oil fields under its control

Japan therefore has two choicesJapan therefore has two choices

1. Persuade USA to end oil embargo 1. Persuade USA to end oil embargo (they would have to give up French (they would have to give up French Indochina & lose face)Indochina & lose face)

2. Seize the oil fields in the Dutch East 2. Seize the oil fields in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)Indies (Indonesia)

JapanJapan October 1941: October 1941: General Hideki Tojo General Hideki Tojo

becomes prime minister of Japanbecomes prime minister of Japan

JapanJapan Tojo tells Emperor Hirohito that he Tojo tells Emperor Hirohito that he

will try to make peace with USA, but will try to make peace with USA, but if he fails the only alternative is warif he fails the only alternative is war

November 5,1941: Sends peace November 5,1941: Sends peace envoy to Washington D.C. & orders envoy to Washington D.C. & orders navy to prepare for warnavy to prepare for war

JapanJapan December 6, 1941: Tokyo sends December 6, 1941: Tokyo sends

message to their peace envoy message to their peace envoy informing him to reject all American informing him to reject all American peace proposalspeace proposals

This message is intercepted & This message is intercepted & decoded by U.S. and given to FDRdecoded by U.S. and given to FDR

FDR: “This means war”FDR: “This means war”

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 Japanese carrier based planes attack U.S. Japanese carrier based planes attack U.S.

Pacific Fleet at Pearl harborPacific Fleet at Pearl harbor All eight U.S. battleships at Pearl Harbor All eight U.S. battleships at Pearl Harbor

are sunk or badly damagedare sunk or badly damaged Ten other ships sunk or badly damagedTen other ships sunk or badly damaged 350 planes destroyed350 planes destroyed 2400 American dead2400 American dead



Congress Declares WarCongress Declares War December 8, 1941: FDR addresses December 8, 1941: FDR addresses

Congress and asks for a declaration Congress and asks for a declaration of war with Japan; Congress of war with Japan; Congress approved overwhelmingly approved overwhelmingly

December 10, 1941: Germany & Italy December 10, 1941: Germany & Italy declare war on the USA declare war on the USA

Chapter 17Chapter 17

The United States in The United States in World War IIWorld War II

Section OneSection One

The Home FrontThe Home Front

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

American’s Join the War EffortAmerican’s Join the War Effort

5 million volunteered for military 5 million volunteered for military serviceservice

10 million drafted10 million drafted

Women's Auxiliary Army Corps Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) formed –Director: Oveta (WAAC) formed –Director: Oveta Culp Hobby Culp Hobby

Minority Groups Opinion of WarMinority Groups Opinion of War

African American newspaper African American newspaper editorial: “Why die for democracy for editorial: “Why die for democracy for some foreign country when we don’t some foreign country when we don’t even have it here?”even have it here?”

Most felt that there was a greater Most felt that there was a greater threat from fascism threat from fascism

Minorities in Armed ServicesMinorities in Armed Services

500,000 Mexican American joined 500,000 Mexican American joined the armed services & were placed in the armed services & were placed in segregated units, most of them segregated units, most of them combat unitscombat units

1 million African-Americans joined 1 million African-Americans joined the military services & were placed the military services & were placed in segregated units that performed in segregated units that performed mainly non-combat roles mainly non-combat roles

Minorities in Armed ServicesMinorities in Armed Services

33,000 Japanese Americans joined: 33,000 Japanese Americans joined: 442nd Regimental Combat Team is 442nd Regimental Combat Team is the most decorated unit in U.S. the most decorated unit in U.S. military historymilitary history

13,000 Chinese Americans joined, 13,000 Chinese Americans joined, 20% of adult males20% of adult males

25,000 Native Americans join: U.S. 25,000 Native Americans join: U.S. Marine Corp Navajo code talkers Marine Corp Navajo code talkers

Life in the Home FrontLife in the Home Front February 1942: Last car for civilian February 1942: Last car for civilian

market produced market produced Factories converted to war Factories converted to war

production ( massive quantities production ( massive quantities produced)produced)

18 million workers (3 x 1941)18 million workers (3 x 1941) 6 million women workers 6 million women workers 2 million minority workers 2 million minority workers

““We Loyal Colored Americans We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Demand the Right to Work and

Fight for Our Country”Fight for Our Country” A. Phillip Randolph: African-American A. Phillip Randolph: African-American

labor leader calls for July 1, 1941 labor leader calls for July 1, 1941 march on Washington D.C.march on Washington D.C.

In exchange for no march, FDR gives In exchange for no march, FDR gives executive order calling for employers executive order calling for employers & unions not to discriminate& unions not to discriminate

The Role of ScienceThe Role of Science

Office of Scientific Research & Office of Scientific Research & Development (OSRD) is createdDevelopment (OSRD) is created

Radar & Sonar improvedRadar & Sonar improved DDT (insecticide) kills body liceDDT (insecticide) kills body lice Penicillin is developedPenicillin is developed Albert Einstein writes FDR to inform him of Albert Einstein writes FDR to inform him of

the potential of A-Bomb the potential of A-Bomb Manhattan Project is begun in 1942 Manhattan Project is begun in 1942

Japanese Americans InternmentJapanese Americans Internment


After Pearl Harbor many Americans After Pearl Harbor many Americans questioned loyalty of Japanese questioned loyalty of Japanese AmericansAmericans

War Dept. wants all Japanese War Dept. wants all Japanese Americans removed from Hawaii, but Americans removed from Hawaii, but military governor of Hawaii resists military governor of Hawaii resists because they are too important to because they are too important to economy & war effort (only a few are economy & war effort (only a few are relocated) relocated)


February 19, 1942: FDR orders February 19, 1942: FDR orders removal of Japanese Americans from removal of Japanese Americans from California & parts of WA., OR, & AZ.California & parts of WA., OR, & AZ.

2/3 were 2/3 were NiseiNisei ( (born in U.S.)born in U.S.)

110,000 sent to ten internment 110,000 sent to ten internment

campscamps

Camp At Topaz, UtahCamp At Topaz, Utah

Family being sent to Owens ValleyFamily being sent to Owens Valley

Economic ControlsEconomic Controls Office of Price Administration (OPA) Office of Price Administration (OPA)

froze prices on most goodsfroze prices on most goods Income Tax increased & the number Income Tax increased & the number

of people paying increased greatlyof people paying increased greatly People had few consumer goods to People had few consumer goods to

buy so they saved their money thru buy so they saved their money thru War Bonds War Bonds

Economic ControlsEconomic Controls OPA established rationing system for OPA established rationing system for

essential goods (gasoline, meat, essential goods (gasoline, meat, sugar, coffee, & shoes) Each sugar, coffee, & shoes) Each household received ration bookhousehold received ration book

War Production Board (WPB) War Production Board (WPB) determined what companies would determined what companies would convert to war productionconvert to war production

Section TwoSection Two

The War for Europe and The War for Europe and North North AfricaAfrica

Germany FirstGermany First FDR & Churchill meet at White FDR & Churchill meet at White

House for three weeks beginning on House for three weeks beginning on Dec. 22,1941Dec. 22,1941

Two important decisions were madeTwo important decisions were made

1.The defeat of Germany was the top 1.The defeat of Germany was the top priority of the Allies. priority of the Allies.

Germany FirstGermany First Reasons why Germany needed to be Reasons why Germany needed to be

defeated before Japan.defeated before Japan.A. FDR considered Hitler the number one A. FDR considered Hitler the number one

enemy of the U.S.enemy of the U.S.B. The Soviet Union was in desperate need B. The Soviet Union was in desperate need

of help & the Soviet Union was the only of help & the Soviet Union was the only nation with the potential of defeating nation with the potential of defeating Germany (large population with direct Germany (large population with direct land access to Germany)land access to Germany)

C. Only after Germany was defeated could C. Only after Germany was defeated could the U.S. expect help from Britain & the the U.S. expect help from Britain & the Soviet Union with JapanSoviet Union with Japan

Germany FirstGermany First2. Allies would accept only the 2. Allies would accept only the

unconditional surrender of Axis unconditional surrender of Axis powers powers

““complete victory …(was) essential to complete victory …(was) essential to defend life, liberty, and religious defend life, liberty, and religious freedom, and to preserve human freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands rights and justice in their own lands as well as others”as well as others”

The Battle of the AtlanticThe Battle of the Atlantic

U-boats sink 87 U.S. ships off the U-boats sink 87 U.S. ships off the Atlantic shoreline in first four months Atlantic shoreline in first four months of warof war

681 allied ships sunk in first seven 681 allied ships sunk in first seven months of 1942months of 1942

Allies are losing ships faster than Allies are losing ships faster than they can be replaced they can be replaced

The Battle of the AtlanticThe Battle of the Atlantic Allies use convoy systemAllies use convoy system Destroyers use sonar to hunt U-boatsDestroyers use sonar to hunt U-boats Ships & airplanes use radar to hunt U-Ships & airplanes use radar to hunt U-

boats boats Allies greatly increase merchant ship Allies greatly increase merchant ship

productionproduction 1943: Germany begins losing U-boats 1943: Germany begins losing U-boats

faster than they can be replaced faster than they can be replaced

StalingradStalingrad August 1942 to February 2, 1943August 1942 to February 2, 1943 Germans attack city with 333,000 Germans attack city with 333,000

men of the Sixth Armymen of the Sixth Army November of 1942 Russians launch November of 1942 Russians launch

counter attack & surround Sixth counter attack & surround Sixth Army in StalingradArmy in Stalingrad

February 2, 1943 91,000 survivors of February 2, 1943 91,000 survivors of the Sixth Army surrender to Russians the Sixth Army surrender to Russians

StalingradStalingrad



1,250,000 Russian soldiers & 1,250,000 Russian soldiers & civilians civilians diedie in battle in battle

Turning point of the WarTurning point of the War

Gen. Erwin RommelGen. Erwin RommelCommander of German Afrika CorpCommander of German Afrika Corp

The Desert FoxThe Desert Fox

North AfricaNorth Africa

German Field Marshal Rommel German Field Marshal Rommel (Desert Fox) defeated at the battle of (Desert Fox) defeated at the battle of El Alamein & is forced to retreat to El Alamein & is forced to retreat to TunisiaTunisia

Operation Torch: Nov., 1942 Operation Torch: Nov., 1942 Americans land west of Germans in Americans land west of Germans in French North Africa (Casablanca, French North Africa (Casablanca, Oran, & Algiers)Oran, & Algiers)

May 1943: Afrika Corp surrenders May 1943: Afrika Corp surrenders

The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign Casablanca Conference: FDR wants Casablanca Conference: FDR wants

to invade northern France from to invade northern France from England as soon as possibleEngland as soon as possible

Churchill wants to attack Italy “the Churchill wants to attack Italy “the soft underbelly of the Axis”soft underbelly of the Axis”

They compromise, the British & They compromise, the British & Americans attack Italy immediately & Americans attack Italy immediately & prepare for cross English channel prepare for cross English channel invasion invasion

The Italian CampaignThe Italian Campaign Sicily falls in the summer of 1943Sicily falls in the summer of 1943 Mussolini is deposed on July, 23 1943 Mussolini is deposed on July, 23 1943

& was arrested (latter freed by & was arrested (latter freed by German commando raid)German commando raid)

Germans troops occupy ItalyGermans troops occupy Italy Germans fight successful delaying Germans fight successful delaying

actions that frustrates Allied actions that frustrates Allied attempts to force them out attempts to force them out

Italian CampaignItalian Campaign Jan. 22,1944: Americans use Jan. 22,1944: Americans use

amphibious landing at Anzio in amphibious landing at Anzio in attempt to bypass German attempt to bypass German resistance (25,000 Allied dead after 4 resistance (25,000 Allied dead after 4 months of fighting)months of fighting)

Rome Falls on June 4, 1944Rome Falls on June 4, 1944 German Field Marshall Kesselring German Field Marshall Kesselring

surrenders May 6, 1945 surrenders May 6, 1945

Italian ProverbItalian Proverb“Those who are always right, “Those who are always right,

always in up in Loreto always in up in Loreto Square.”Square.”

Benito Mussolini in Piazzale Loreto, Benito Mussolini in Piazzale Loreto, Milan on April 28, 1945Milan on April 28, 1945

General Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Dwight D. Eisenhower

D-DayD-Day

Western allies had been Western allies had been preparing for two years to preparing for two years to open a “second front” in open a “second front” in northern France to draw northern France to draw German troops away from German troops away from Russian front Russian front

D-DayD-Day Buildup in England: Buildup in England: 3,000,000 men in 52 divisions 3,000,000 men in 52 divisions 80,000 trucks; 10,000 tanks 80,000 trucks; 10,000 tanks 60,000,000 C and K rations 60,000,000 C and K rations 5200 bombers, 5500 fighters 5200 bombers, 5500 fighters 2400 transport planes from 163 airfields 2400 transport planes from 163 airfields 1200 naval ships: 2 battleships, 23 1200 naval ships: 2 battleships, 23

cruisers, 105 destroyers cruisers, 105 destroyers 2500 landing craft 2500 landing craft

D-DayD-Day

June 6, 1944 the Allies June 6, 1944 the Allies launch an amphibious launch an amphibious landing on five landing on five beaches on the beaches on the French coast of French coast of Normandy Normandy

D-DayD-Day

D-DayD-Day

D-DayD-Day 6:30 a.m. - landings began along 100 miles 6:30 a.m. - landings began along 100 miles

at 5 beaches at 5 beaches Utah - 23,250 land - 200 killed Utah - 23,250 land - 200 killed Omaha - Big Red One & 34,250 land - 1000 Omaha - Big Red One & 34,250 land - 1000

killed killed Gold - British 50th & 25,000 land Gold - British 50th & 25,000 land Juno - Canadian 3rd & 21,400 land Juno - Canadian 3rd & 21,400 land Sword - British 3rd & 28,850 land Sword - British 3rd & 28,850 land 82nd & 101st Airborne land 16,000 on west 82nd & 101st Airborne land 16,000 on west

flank and British 6th Airborne land 8,000 on flank and British 6th Airborne land 8,000 on east flank east flank

D-DayD-Day The landing was successful & within The landing was successful & within

one month 1 million troops, 567,000 one month 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies & 170,000 vehicles are tons of supplies & 170,000 vehicles are landedlanded

July 25, 1944: Allies break out of July 25, 1944: Allies break out of Normandy into the heart of FranceNormandy into the heart of France

General George Patton leads 3General George Patton leads 3rdrd Army Army across France to the German border across France to the German border

Paris is liberated on Paris is liberated on Aug. 25,1944Aug. 25,1944

LiberationLiberation

By September 1944 France, Belgium, By September 1944 France, Belgium, Luxemburg, & most of the Luxemburg, & most of the Netherlands our liberated from Netherlands our liberated from German controlGerman control

November 1944: FDR is reelected for November 1944: FDR is reelected for fourth termfourth term

Harry S. Truman new Vice President Harry S. Truman new Vice President

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge


December 16, 1944: Germans December 16, 1944: Germans launch massive surprise launch massive surprise offensive thru Ardennes region of offensive thru Ardennes region of Belgium & Luxemburg Belgium & Luxemburg



Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge BATTLE FACTSBATTLE FACTS · The coldest, snowiest weather “in · The coldest, snowiest weather “in

memory” in the Ardennes Forest on memory” in the Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border. the German/Belgium border.

· Over a million men, 500,000 · Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000 Americans and Germans, 600,000 Americans and 55,000 British. 55,000 British.

· 3 German armies, 10 corps, the · 3 German armies, 10 corps, the equivalent of 29 divisions. equivalent of 29 divisions.

· 3 American armies, 6 corps, the · 3 American armies, 6 corps, the equivalent of 31 divisions. equivalent of 31 divisions.

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Battle FactsBattle Facts The equivalent of 3 British divisions as The equivalent of 3 British divisions as

well as contingents of Belgian, Canadian well as contingents of Belgian, Canadian and French troops. and French troops.

100,000 German casualties, killed, 100,000 German casualties, killed, wounded or captured. wounded or captured.

81,000 American casualties, including 81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed. 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed.

1,400 British casualties 200 killed. 1,400 British casualties 200 killed. 800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000 800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000

German aircraft. German aircraft.

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge The German objective was to take The German objective was to take

the Belgian port of Antwerp & split the Belgian port of Antwerp & split the western Allies armies in twothe western Allies armies in two

The offensive was slowed when the The offensive was slowed when the 101101stst Airborne Division held the Airborne Division held the crossroads town of Bastognecrossroads town of Bastogne

The offensive was defeated when The offensive was defeated when Patton’s Third Army counterattacked Patton’s Third Army counterattacked from the south & relieved Bastogne from the south & relieved Bastogne


The Malmedy MassacreThe Malmedy Massacre 86 American soldiers murdered86 American soldiers murdered worst atrocity committed worst atrocity committed

against American troops during against American troops during the course of the war in Europe. the course of the war in Europe.

The War Ends in EuropeThe War Ends in Europe April 12, 1945: FDR diesApril 12, 1945: FDR dies April 25, 1945: Russian enter BerlinApril 25, 1945: Russian enter Berlin April 30, 1945: Soviets reach center April 30, 1945: Soviets reach center

of Berlin & Adolf Hitler & Eva Braun of Berlin & Adolf Hitler & Eva Braun commit suicide commit suicide

Soviets suffer 81,000 dead in Battle Soviets suffer 81,000 dead in Battle of Berlin (20,000 to 25,000 dead in of Berlin (20,000 to 25,000 dead in city)city)

V-E DayV-E DayMay 8, 1945May 8, 1945

Section ThreeSection Three

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific

Japanese AdvancesJapanese Advances

After Pearl Harbor Japan took After Pearl Harbor Japan took Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaya, Thailand, Burma, Formosa Thailand, Burma, Formosa (Taiwan), Guam, Wake Island, (Taiwan), Guam, Wake Island, Philippines, the Dutch East Philippines, the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) & most of the Indies (Indonesia) & most of the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands

Japanese ConquestsJapanese Conquests

Doolittle RaidDoolittle Raid April 18, 1942: 16 B-25 bombers take April 18, 1942: 16 B-25 bombers take

off from the aircraft carrier Hornet & off from the aircraft carrier Hornet & bomb Tokyo & four other cities bomb Tokyo & four other cities

PhilippinesPhilippines 80,000 American & Filipino troops for 80,000 American & Filipino troops for

5 months5 months General Douglas MacArthur General Douglas MacArthur

commands Allied forces in the commands Allied forces in the Philippines, but is ordered to leave Philippines, but is ordered to leave by FDRby FDR

American & Filipino forces surrender American & Filipino forces surrender and are forced to march to their and are forced to march to their prison camps prison camps

Bataan Death MarchBataan Death March

Japanese Victory?Japanese Victory? Japanese won at great victory at Japanese won at great victory at

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor Japanese fail to destroy American Japanese fail to destroy American

aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor aircraft carriers at Pearl Harbor because they are at seabecause they are at sea

Japanese do not hit submarine base Japanese do not hit submarine base at Pearl Harbor at Pearl Harbor

These failures will result is disaster These failures will result is disaster for the Japanese for the Japanese

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral Sea May 1942: U.S. & Australian navy May 1942: U.S. & Australian navy

war ships intercept Japanese strike war ships intercept Japanese strike force on their way to take Port force on their way to take Port Morsby in New Guinea Morsby in New Guinea

May 3-8, 1942: Battle is fought using May 3-8, 1942: Battle is fought using only carrier based planes. Opposing only carrier based planes. Opposing ships never saw each otherships never saw each other

Japanese win tactical victory, but the Japanese win tactical victory, but the invasion attempt is stoppedinvasion attempt is stopped

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway Admiral Chester Nimitz is the Admiral Chester Nimitz is the

commander of American naval forces commander of American naval forces in Pacificin Pacific

American code breakers intercept & American code breakers intercept & decode Japanese messages that a decode Japanese messages that a large invasion fleet was headed for large invasion fleet was headed for Midway Island Midway Island

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

Japanese Carrier Hiryu Japanese Carrier Hiryu

USS EnterpriseUSS Enterprise

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway June 4-6, 1942: The opposing fleets fight June 4-6, 1942: The opposing fleets fight

what would become the decisive of the what would become the decisive of the Pacific Theater Pacific Theater

Japanese lose four aircraft carriers & their Japanese lose four aircraft carriers & their most experienced pilotsmost experienced pilots

Japanese never recover from the defeat Japanese never recover from the defeat

Island HoppingIsland Hopping The American strategy used in the The American strategy used in the

Pacific campaign was to bypass or Pacific campaign was to bypass or leapfrog Japanese strongholds. The leapfrog Japanese strongholds. The Americans seized less-well-fortified Americans seized less-well-fortified islands & built airfields on them. islands & built airfields on them. They then used the airpower to cut They then used the airpower to cut supply lines to the other Japanese supply lines to the other Japanese held islands. held islands.

Island HoppingIsland Hopping

Guadalcanal: Aug 7, 1942 thru Feb 9 Guadalcanal: Aug 7, 1942 thru Feb 9 19431943

Tarawa: Nov. 22, 1943Tarawa: Nov. 22, 1943 Saipan: June 15 thru July 9, 1944Saipan: June 15 thru July 9, 1944 Tinian: July 24, 1944Tinian: July 24, 1944 Guam: Aug. 11, 1944Guam: Aug. 11, 1944 Peleliu: Sept. 15, 1944 Peleliu: Sept. 15, 1944

Island HoppingIsland Hopping Philippines: Oct. 20, 1944 thru July Philippines: Oct. 20, 1944 thru July

19451945

Iwo Jima: Feb. 19, thru March Iwo Jima: Feb. 19, thru March 17,194517,1945

Okinawa: April 1, thru June 21, 1945Okinawa: April 1, thru June 21, 1945

General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur

Admiral Chester NimitzAdmiral Chester Nimitz

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater

Marines at TarawaMarines at Tarawa

KamikazeKamikaze Kamikaze means “divine wind” & Kamikaze means “divine wind” &

refers to typhoon that destroyed a refers to typhoon that destroyed a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281Mongol invasion fleet in 1281

Planes & ships who's crews crashed Planes & ships who's crews crashed into Allied ships in a last desperate into Allied ships in a last desperate effort to save Japan effort to save Japan

Kamikazes first used during the Kamikazes first used during the Philippians campaignPhilippians campaign

KamikazeKamikaze

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer leads Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer leads

group of multinational scientists in group of multinational scientists in Los Alamos, New Mexico in effort to Los Alamos, New Mexico in effort to build Atomic Bombbuild Atomic Bomb

First A-bomb is detonated on July 16, First A-bomb is detonated on July 16, 1945 in New Mexico desert1945 in New Mexico desert

Decision to use A-bombDecision to use A-bomb

Petition from 70 scientists Petition from 70 scientists argued that bomb should not argued that bomb should not be dropped on Japan without be dropped on Japan without prior warning prior warning

Decision to use A-bombDecision to use A-bomb

Interim Committee led by Interim Committee led by Oppenheimer concludes that Oppenheimer concludes that bomb should be dropped on bomb should be dropped on military targets in Japan military targets in Japan without warning without warning

Decision to use A-bombDecision to use A-bombReasons given by committee to use Reasons given by committee to use

a-bomb:a-bomb:1. Nothing less than dropping a bomb 1. Nothing less than dropping a bomb

on a city would convince the on a city would convince the Japanese to surrenderJapanese to surrender

2. The test might be a dud2. The test might be a dud3. The Japanese might shoot down the 3. The Japanese might shoot down the

delivery plane or move American delivery plane or move American POWs to test area POWs to test area

Decision to use A-bombDecision to use A-bomb American casualties were becoming very American casualties were becoming very

high as they came closer to Japan high as they came closer to Japan Japan seemed to be willing to sacrifice Japan seemed to be willing to sacrifice

anything rather than surrenderanything rather than surrender The Soviet Union was beginning to be The Soviet Union was beginning to be

viewed as a potential threat & the use of viewed as a potential threat & the use of the bomb would hopefully discourage the bomb would hopefully discourage hostile actions by the Soviet Union hostile actions by the Soviet Union

Decision to use A-bombDecision to use A-bomb July 25, 1945: Truman orders military July 25, 1945: Truman orders military

to make final plans for dropping the to make final plans for dropping the bomb on Japanbomb on Japan

July 26, 1945: Japan is warned that July 26, 1945: Japan is warned that they “prompt and utter destruction” they “prompt and utter destruction” if they do not surrender at onceif they do not surrender at once

Japan refuses to surrenderJapan refuses to surrender

President Harry TrumanPresident Harry Truman

““The final decision of where and The final decision of where and when to use the atomic bomb was when to use the atomic bomb was up to me. Let there be no mistake up to me. Let there be no mistake about it. I regard the bomb as a about it. I regard the bomb as a

military weapon and never had any military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used.”doubt that it should be used.”

President TrumanPresident Truman

On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay dropped an named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, code named atomic bomb, code named Little Little BoyBoy, over the city of Hiroshima. , over the city of Hiroshima. Over 75,000 people were killed.Over 75,000 people were killed.

On August 9, 1945 a second bomb On August 9, 1945 a second bomb code named code named Fat ManFat Man was was

dropped on the city of Nagasaki. dropped on the city of Nagasaki. Over 35,000 people are killed.Over 35,000 people are killed.

HiroshimaHiroshima

Rebuilding BeginsRebuilding Begins

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference Feb 1945 FDR, Churchill & Stalin Feb 1945 FDR, Churchill & Stalin

meet & agree to create United meet & agree to create United Nations based on the Atlantic CharterNations based on the Atlantic Charter

Stalin agrees to enter war against Stalin agrees to enter war against JapanJapan

Rebuilding BeginsRebuilding Begins Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference July 1945: Truman, Churchill & Stalin July 1945: Truman, Churchill & Stalin

meet in Potsdam, Germanymeet in Potsdam, Germany Agree on how to disarm & de-Nazify Agree on how to disarm & de-Nazify

GermanyGermany Established sectors of occupation for Established sectors of occupation for

Germany Germany

Nuremburg TrialsNuremburg Trials

International tribunal representing 23 International tribunal representing 23 nationsnations

200 Nazis leaders tried for war 200 Nazis leaders tried for war crimescrimes

22 top Nazi leaders tried in first in 22 top Nazi leaders tried in first in first trials first trials

12 of the first 22 executed12 of the first 22 executed

Herman Goering Cheats Herman Goering Cheats Executioner Executioner

Occupation of JapanOccupation of Japan Japan was placed under the Japan was placed under the

command General MacArthurcommand General MacArthur Introduces free-market practices that Introduces free-market practices that

lead to remarkable economic lead to remarkable economic recoveryrecovery

Introduces new constitution that Introduces new constitution that guarantees women suffrage & basic guarantees women suffrage & basic rights that is still in force today rights that is still in force today

Section FourSection Four

The Impact of the WarThe Impact of the War

Economic GainsEconomic Gains Unemployment fell to 1.2% in 1944Unemployment fell to 1.2% in 1944 Wages rose 70%Wages rose 70% Farmers crop production increase by Farmers crop production increase by

50% & income tripled 50% & income tripled Work opportunities increased for Work opportunities increased for

womenwomen

Population ShiftsPopulation Shifts States with defense industries had a States with defense industries had a

significant increase in populationsignificant increase in population

Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, Florida, & the Pacific Coast Michigan, Florida, & the Pacific Coast states had largest gainsstates had largest gains

South lost populationSouth lost population

Social AdjustmentsSocial Adjustments Working mothers needed child care, Working mothers needed child care,

which became more acceptablewhich became more acceptable Marriages increased, followed by Marriages increased, followed by

increase in divorce rateincrease in divorce rate GI Bill of Rights (GI Bill) paid for GI Bill of Rights (GI Bill) paid for

education & training for returning education & training for returning soldiers soldiers

Discrimination & ReactionDiscrimination & Reaction

African-American soldiers placed in African-American soldiers placed in segregated unitssegregated units

African American leaders force African American leaders force government to allow African-government to allow African-American units to serve in combat American units to serve in combat unitsunits

9292ndnd Infantry Division (Buffaloes) Infantry Division (Buffaloes) 9999thth Fighter Squadron (Tuskegee Fighter Squadron (Tuskegee

Airmen)Airmen)

Discrimination & ReactionDiscrimination & Reaction 330,000 African-Americans leave South 330,000 African-Americans leave South

(most for the West Coast)(most for the West Coast) Many found good jobsMany found good jobs James Farmer starts interracial James Farmer starts interracial

organization called Congress of Racial organization called Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)Equality (CORE)

June of 1943 race riot in Detroit, FDR June of 1943 race riot in Detroit, FDR sends in Federal troops to restore ordersends in Federal troops to restore order

Discrimination & ReactionDiscrimination & Reaction

Most Mexican-Americans served in Most Mexican-Americans served in segregated unitssegregated units

Summer of 1943 “zoot-suit” riots in Summer of 1943 “zoot-suit” riots in Los Angeles Los Angeles

Zoot-SuitZoot-Suit

Documents

World War II