World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930s-1963) - The learner will analyze United (1930s-1963) - The learner will analyze United

States involvement in World War II and the war's States involvement in World War II and the war's influence on international affairs in following influence on international affairs in following

decades. decades.

Aggressive nationalist movement that Aggressive nationalist movement that considered the nation more important that considered the nation more important that the individualthe individual

Believed that order in society would come Believed that order in society would come only through a dictator who led a strong only through a dictator who led a strong gov’tgov’t• No individual rightsNo individual rights

Nations became great by building an Nations became great by building an empireempire

Fascism is strongly anti communismFascism is strongly anti communism Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

Accepting demands in order to avoid Accepting demands in order to avoid conflictconflict

Made concessions in exchange for peaceMade concessions in exchange for peace Munich Conference: representatives from Munich Conference: representatives from

Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in Munich to decide Czechoslovakia’s fate. Munich to decide Czechoslovakia’s fate. • Sept 29, 1938: Britain and France agreed to Sept 29, 1938: Britain and France agreed to

Hitler’s demandsHitler’s demands Munich Pact:Munich Pact: gave Germany the gave Germany the

Sudetenland; Hitler promises no more Sudetenland; Hitler promises no more territorial demandsterritorial demands

FAILED!!FAILED!!

Attempt to avoid participation in the Attempt to avoid participation in the warwar

Wanted to avoid foreign Wanted to avoid foreign entanglementsentanglements

Neutrality ActNeutrality Act: illegal for Americans : illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country at warto sell arms to any country at war

FDR pledged to fight for theses four FDR pledged to fight for theses four freedoms which all human beings freedoms which all human beings deservedeserve

• Freedom of SpeechFreedom of Speech• Freedom of ReligionFreedom of Religion• Freedom from WantFreedom from Want• Freedom from FearFreedom from Fear

Allowed the United States to lend or Allowed the United States to lend or lease arms to any country considered lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the U.S.”“vital to the defense of the U.S.”

Allowed FDR to send weapons to the Allowed FDR to send weapons to the British if the British gov’t promised to British if the British gov’t promised to return or pay rent for them after the return or pay rent for them after the warwar

Rejects “cash and carry” policyRejects “cash and carry” policy Increasing aidIncreasing aid

Causes Course Consequences

Pearl Harbor (12 / 7/ 41)

D-Day (6 / 6/ 1944)

Pacific Island Hopping

El Alamein

Stalingrad

Battle of the Bulge

Manhattan Project: Atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

V-E Day

V-J Day

United Nations

U.S. and Soviet Union emerge as two world powers

Cold War begins

Germany divided among four allied powers

Nuremburg Trials: Nazi war leaders put on trial for crimes against humanity

Militarism

Appeasement

Totalitarianism (rise of Dictators)

Treaty of Versailles

Major U.S. Naval base in HawaiiMajor U.S. Naval base in Hawaii December 7, 1941: “Date that will December 7, 1941: “Date that will

live in infamy” live in infamy” • Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the

JapaneseJapanese• Sank or damaged 8 U.S. shipsSank or damaged 8 U.S. ships

U.S. declares war on Japan and U.S. declares war on Japan and enters WWIIenters WWII

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944 Operation OverlordOperation Overlord Normandy, FranceNormandy, France Allies cross the English Channel by boat to Allies cross the English Channel by boat to

land in German-controlled France under land in German-controlled France under the leadership of Dwight D. Eisenhowerthe leadership of Dwight D. Eisenhower

Largest amphibious (land and water) Largest amphibious (land and water) operation in history operation in history

Successful in opening a 2Successful in opening a 2ndnd front front

Americans’ strategy against Japan in Americans’ strategy against Japan in the Pacificthe Pacific

U.S. takes one island at a time:U.S. takes one island at a time:• TarawaTarawa• Kwajalein AtollKwajalein Atoll• Mariana IslandsMariana Islands• Iwo JimaIwo Jima• OkinawaOkinawa

North AfricaNorth Africa German General = Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”)German General = Erwin Rommel (“Desert Fox”) British forced Rommel to retreat in Nov 1942, British forced Rommel to retreat in Nov 1942,

after a 12-day battle against the coastal city of El after a 12-day battle against the coastal city of El Alamein near the Suez CanalAlamein near the Suez Canal

U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower takes command U.S. General Dwight Eisenhower takes command and invades North Africaand invades North Africa

Want to flank the Germans between two Allies Want to flank the Germans between two Allies (Britain and U.S.)(Britain and U.S.)

Finally, the Germans were pushed back by both Finally, the Germans were pushed back by both the Americans and the Britishthe Americans and the British• May 13, 1943 – the last German troops leave North May 13, 1943 – the last German troops leave North

AfricaAfrica

Stalingrad, USSRStalingrad, USSR USSR vs. GermanyUSSR vs. Germany Dec. 1944 – Jan 1945Dec. 1944 – Jan 1945 Turning point on the Eastern front Turning point on the Eastern front

because Germany is now on the because Germany is now on the defensivedefensive

Bloodiest battle everBloodiest battle ever

December 16, 1944 December 16, 1944 Germans surprised Americans Germans surprised Americans Last German offensive Last German offensive Major Allied victoryMajor Allied victory General George Patton becomes a General George Patton becomes a

herohero

Secret American program to develop Secret American program to develop an atomic bomban atomic bomb

July 16, 1945, they detonated the July 16, 1945, they detonated the first atomic bomb in New Mexicofirst atomic bomb in New Mexico

Physicist: J. Robert OppenheimerPhysicist: J. Robert Oppenheimer

August 6, 1945 – the August 6, 1945 – the Enola GayEnola Gay dropped dropped an atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) on an atomic bomb (“Little Boy”) on HiroshimaHiroshima• Killed b/t 80,000 and 120,000 pplKilled b/t 80,000 and 120,000 ppl

August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” dropped on August 9, 1945 – “Fat Man” dropped on NagasakiNagasaki• Killed b/t 35,000 and 74,000 pplKilled b/t 35,000 and 74,000 ppl

• Japan Surrenders on Aug 15, 1945Japan Surrenders on Aug 15, 1945• V-J Day V-J Day

Women:Women: “Rosie the Riveter,” women working in “Rosie the Riveter,” women working in factories to produce war suppliesfactories to produce war supplies

Rationing:Rationing: mandatory rationing of food and mandatory rationing of food and supplies so extra could be sent to Allied troopssupplies so extra could be sent to Allied troops

War Production Board:War Production Board: increased production of increased production of war supplies in the U.S. (use of assembly line; war supplies in the U.S. (use of assembly line; mass production)mass production)

Selective Service Act of 1940Selective Service Act of 1940 ““V V”-V V”- African American movement: fight racism African American movement: fight racism

in Europe, then racism at home!in Europe, then racism at home! G.I. Bill: G.I. Bill: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act:

provided funds to veterans to help them establish provided funds to veterans to help them establish businesses, buy homes, and attend college businesses, buy homes, and attend college

After Pearl Harbor, Americans After Pearl Harbor, Americans become suspicious of Japanesebecome suspicious of Japanese

Japanese Americans are put in prison Japanese Americans are put in prison campscamps

They are stripped of their rightsThey are stripped of their rights

Japanese Americans were seen as a Japanese Americans were seen as a National Security risk during WWIINational Security risk during WWII

Allowed internment camps because Allowed internment camps because of military urgencyof military urgency

The basic policy throughout the Cold The basic policy throughout the Cold WarWar

Contain Communist (Stop it from Contain Communist (Stop it from spreading around the world)spreading around the world)

““Iron Curtain”Iron Curtain” George KennanGeorge Kennan

Turkey and GreeceTurkey and Greece Truman asked Congress for $400 Truman asked Congress for $400

million to million to fight the spread of fight the spread of CommunismCommunism

Goal: aid free peoples who are Goal: aid free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressurespressures

Sec of State, George C. MarshallSec of State, George C. Marshall Give European nations American aid Give European nations American aid

to rebuild their economies and to to rebuild their economies and to prevent the spread of prevent the spread of communismcommunism

Rejected by Soviet Union and Eastern Rejected by Soviet Union and Eastern European nationsEuropean nations

NATO:NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Organization• At first, 12 countries (U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy, At first, 12 countries (U.S., Canada, Britain, France, Italy,

Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxemburg, and Iceland)Luxemburg, and Iceland)

• Agreed to come to the aid of any member who was Agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attackedattacked

SEATO:SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Southeast Asia Treaty Organization• 1954: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and 1954: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines, and

AustraliaAustralia United Nations:United Nations: General Assembly in which each General Assembly in which each

nation would have one votenation would have one vote• Peace Keeping OrganizationPeace Keeping Organization• Security Council w/ 11 members (Permanent members = Security Council w/ 11 members (Permanent members =

U.S., Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union)U.S., Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union)

Soviet influence after WWIISoviet influence after WWII Agreement between Soviet Union Agreement between Soviet Union

and Eastern European countriesand Eastern European countries Rejected by Satellite statesRejected by Satellite states

Causes Course EffectsAfter WWII, the Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel w/ the Soviet Union controlling the North and the U.S. controlling the South

North Korea = Communist

Border clashes were common

June 25, 1950, N. Korea invades S. and quickly drive back their troops

Violation of containment policy; Truman asks the UN to respondAmerican troops sent to Korea

UN Police Action

Sept. 15, 1950, MacArthur orders invasion

Push N. Koreans back to China’s border

China warns U.S. to stop advance; warnings ignored

China mobilizes their troops to the border

MacArthur wants to bomb China (w/ a-bomb)

Truman fires MacArthur for insubordination in April of 1951

By mid-1951, U.S. and UN forces had pushed China and N. Korea back across the 38th parallel

Peace negotiations began

Armistice finally signed in July 1953

33,600 Americans died

U.S. embarked on a major military buildup

Cold War expanded to Asia

38th Remains

NO PEACE TREATY

1962, JFK’s Presidency1962, JFK’s Presidency CIA finds missiles aimed at the U.S.CIA finds missiles aimed at the U.S. Naval blockade of CubaNaval blockade of Cuba Soviet Union agreed to remove missiles if Soviet Union agreed to remove missiles if

U.S. removed theirs in TurkeyU.S. removed theirs in Turkey Did not want a nuclear warDid not want a nuclear war

• Both nations considered the consequences of a Both nations considered the consequences of a nuclear warnuclear war

• Both nations started to build up their militariesBoth nations started to build up their militaries

**Closest world has been to a nuclear war****Closest world has been to a nuclear war**

1940s: Blockade and Berlin Airlift1940s: Blockade and Berlin Airlift• Allies merge their zones; Soviets cut off Allies merge their zones; Soviets cut off

trade routestrade routes 1961: 1961: Berlin WallBerlin Wall goes up goes up

• To stop flow of East German refugees To stop flow of East German refugees into West Germanyinto West Germany

• 1989: Wall comes down1989: Wall comes down

Fidel Castro comes to powerFidel Castro comes to power Sets up Communist gov’tSets up Communist gov’t Allies w/ Soviet Union and KruschevAllies w/ Soviet Union and Kruschev Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

• U.S. tries to overthrow CastroU.S. tries to overthrow Castro• Failed attempt; embarrassing Failed attempt; embarrassing