World War IIWorld War II

On to war!On to war! March 1939 – Br and Fr agree to help Poland if March 1939 – Br and Fr agree to help Poland if

invadedinvaded Aug 1939 – Hitler and Stalin agree to a ten year Aug 1939 – Hitler and Stalin agree to a ten year

Non-Aggression Pact (secret document attached Non-Aggression Pact (secret document attached about how to divide up E. Europe)about how to divide up E. Europe) Ribbentrop-Molotov PactRibbentrop-Molotov Pact

Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invades PolandSept. 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland Blitzkrieg, Poland down in a month, Holocaust begins Blitzkrieg, Poland down in a month, Holocaust begins

in Polandin Poland Stalin seizes E. half of PolandStalin seizes E. half of Poland

Sept. 3, 1939, Br and Fr declare war on Sept. 3, 1939, Br and Fr declare war on GermanyGermany

Taking over PolandTaking over Poland

September 1, 1939September 1, 1939 Falls very quickly (3 wks)Falls very quickly (3 wks) Poland split between Poland split between

Nazis and SovietsNazis and Soviets Soviets – imprison many Soviets – imprison many

peoplepeople Nazis – Nazis –

Goal to turn Poles into Goal to turn Poles into unskilled workersunskilled workers

Begin arresting and Begin arresting and imprisoning Poland’s large imprisoning Poland’s large Jewish populationJewish population

BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg

““Lightning War”Lightning War” Three pronged attackThree pronged attack

LuftwaffeLuftwaffe TanksTanks Infantry troopsInfantry troops

Britain and France Declare War on Britain and France Declare War on GermanyGermany

Sept. 3, 1939Sept. 3, 1939 Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain

(Britain’s PM)(Britain’s PM)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolradio/rams/worldwar2audioclipslibrary_clip01.ram

Evacuation of Evacuation of the Childrenthe Children

Britain immediately begins Britain immediately begins evacuating children from their evacuating children from their citiescities

1.5 Million relied on gvt for 1.5 Million relied on gvt for evacuationevacuation

2 Million made independent 2 Million made independent arrangementsarrangements

Princess Elizabeth’sPrincess Elizabeth’s

Message from Message from the future the future QueenQueen

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolradio/rams/worldwar2audioclipslibrary_clip06.ram

Gas Mask PrecautionGas Mask Precaution

1940 - A Year of Success for 1940 - A Year of Success for GermanyGermany

April 9April 9thth – Invades and Occupied Denmark and – Invades and Occupied Denmark and NorwayNorway Denmark offers little resistanceDenmark offers little resistance Norway puts up a fightNorway puts up a fight

May 10May 10thth – France, Belgium, Netherlands, – France, Belgium, Netherlands, LuxembourgLuxembourg France is attacked and invadedFrance is attacked and invaded

So much for the Maginot LineSo much for the Maginot Line

Belgium receives a fullscale Blitzkrieg attackBelgium receives a fullscale Blitzkrieg attack Netherlands attacked by airNetherlands attacked by air

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic 1939 – 19451939 – 1945 Germany’s fight against the AlliesGermany’s fight against the Allies

U-boats and armed merchantsU-boats and armed merchants Wolf pack attacksWolf pack attacks

Try to block supply routes and convoysTry to block supply routes and convoys

Miracle at Miracle at DunkirkDunkirk

British and French forces British and French forces become trapped at Dunkirkbecome trapped at Dunkirk

Number of men rescued (in Number of men rescued (in chronological order):chronological order):

27 May (7669 men) 27 May (7669 men) 28 May (17,804 men) 28 May (17,804 men) 29 May (47,310 men) 29 May (47,310 men) 30–31 May (120,927 men) 30–31 May (120,927 men) 1 June (64,229 men) 1 June (64,229 men) 2–4 June (up to 54,000 2–4 June (up to 54,000

men) men)

Paris Falls With the Rest of FranceParis Falls With the Rest of France

Paris falls June 14Paris falls June 14 Occupation divided between Germany and ItalyOccupation divided between Germany and Italy Germany can now focus efforts on BritainGermany can now focus efforts on Britain

Battle of BritainBattle of Britain

German Luftwaffe v. Britain’s RAFGerman Luftwaffe v. Britain’s RAF

If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be freed and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say: "This was their finest hour" '

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolradio/rams/worldwar2audioclipslibrary_clip08.ram

Spotter on London RooftopSpotter on London Rooftop

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolradio/rams/worldwar2audioclipslibrary_clip02.ram

StrategiesStrategies

Britain took Britain took advantage of a new advantage of a new technology: radartechnology: radar

Air raid sirensAir raid sirens Blackout curtainsBlackout curtains Bomb sheltersBomb shelters Fire Fighters*Fire Fighters* Blitz lasted for 57 Blitz lasted for 57

nightsnights

'Never in the field of 'Never in the field of human conflict has so human conflict has so much been owed by much been owed by so many to so few.' so many to so few.'

Most intense bombing Most intense bombing occurred between occurred between June 10 – Oct 31June 10 – Oct 31

Lasted through May Lasted through May 1941, when Germany 1941, when Germany turned towards turned towards SovietsSoviets

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schoolradio/rams/worldwar2audioclipslibrary_clip19.ram

So to recap…So to recap…

April 9, 1940 – Hitler takes Denmark and April 9, 1940 – Hitler takes Denmark and NorwayNorway

May 10 – Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, May 10 – Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France to British ChannelFrance to British Channel

June 10 – Fr govt fleesJune 10 – Fr govt flees June 14 – Germans take over ParisJune 14 – Germans take over Paris Aug 1940 – Luftwaffe hits London hardAug 1940 – Luftwaffe hits London hard

British Royal Airforce, Chamberlain – “Never in the British Royal Airforce, Chamberlain – “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few”many to so few”

Operation Barbarossa

Hitler’s attempt to conquer the Soviet Union

3 million Germans pour into the Soviet Union – Blitzkrieg attacks

Soviets initially lose about 2.5 million soldiers (caught off guard – missing their purged generals)

Scorched Earth Policy

Soviets destroyed their own crops, farm equipment and factories to prevent the Germans from using them

General Winter slows German advancement

September 1941 – siege of Leningrad begins

Total WarTotal War

What does a war like this mean for the What does a war like this mean for the civilian population? civilian population?

America’s Involvement Lend-Lease Act

FDR persuades Congress to sell or lend war materials to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the US”

Atlantic Charter – goal for the war – “final destruction of the Nazi tyranny”

“A day that will live in infamy” Pearl Harbor is bombed December 7, 1941 –

United States declares war on Japan the next day Germany and Italy declare war on US Allies meet and agree to target Europe, then Asia

North Africa Campaign

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_north_africa_campaign.shtml

German forces led by Erwin Rommel the “Desert Fox” Hitler wanted Suez Canal

Access to ME’s oil fields Cut off the India-Britain supply line

Axis and Allies battle back and forth through 1940 and 1941

1942 – Rommel aggressively takes N. Africa October 23, 1942 – 2nd Battle of El Alamein

– led by British General Bernard Montgomery

2nd Battle of El Alamein

October 23, 1942 – 2nd Battle of El Alamein – led by British General Bernard Montgomery

Allied troops provide reinforcementsN. Africa liberated by Allies, victory May

13, 1943

Australian Troops Attacking

El Alamein War Cemetary

American tank destroyers in Tunisia pass a farm on their way to battle Erwin Rommel's

Afrika Korps in 1943

Onto Italy

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_italy_campaign.shtml

Allies invade Italy on July 10, 1943Described as the “Beginning of the End” in

Anne Frank’s Diary

Meanwhile…Meanwhile…

Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad Hitler is determined to capture Stalin’s Hitler is determined to capture Stalin’s

namesake city; Stalin determined to namesake city; Stalin determined to defenddefend

Germans surround the city, Russians Germans surround the city, Russians encircle the Germans…encircle the Germans…

Winter sets inWinter sets in Germans surrender early 1943 and Germans surrender early 1943 and

lose over 300,000 men; one of the lose over 300,000 men; one of the costliest battles of the warcostliest battles of the war

Red Army launches a counter attack Red Army launches a counter attack immediately after and pushes the immediately after and pushes the Germans out of the Soviet Union – the Germans out of the Soviet Union – the retreat beginsretreat begins

D-Day http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/

launch_ani_overlord_campaign.shtml June 6, 1944 The 5000-vessel armada stretched as far as the

eye could see, transporting over 150,000 men and nearly 30,000 vehicles across the channel to the French beaches. Six parachute regiments -- over 13,000 men -- were flown from nine British airfields in over 800 planes. More than 300 planes dropped 13,000 bombs over coastal Normandy immediately in advance of the invasion.

War planners had projected that 5,000 tons of gasoline would be needed daily for the first 20 days after the initial assault. In one planning scenario, 3,489 long tons of soap would be required for the first four months in France.

By nightfall on June 6, more than 9,000 Allied soldiers were dead or wounded, but more than 100,000 had made it ashore, securing French coastal villages. And within weeks, supplies were being unloaded at UTAH and OMAHA beachheads at the rate of over 20,000 tons per day.

Captured Germans were sent to American prisoner of war camps at the rate of 30,000 POWs per month from D-Day until Christmas 1944. Thirty-three detention facilities were in Texas alone.

Success of D-DaySuccess of D-Day

Paris is liberated on August 25, 1944Paris is liberated on August 25, 1944All of France is freedAll of France is freed

Soviets Begin Advancing EastSoviets Begin Advancing East

After Battle of Stalingrad, Germans began After Battle of Stalingrad, Germans began to continually lose groundto continually lose ground

http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6660000/http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaselector/check/player/nol/newsid_6660000/newsid_6662600?newsid_6662600?

redirect=6662661.stm&news=1&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1redirect=6662661.stm&news=1&nbram=1&bbram=1&bbwm=1&nbwm=1

A group of German officers and civilians concluded in July A group of German officers and civilians concluded in July that getting rid of Hitler offered the last that getting rid of Hitler offered the last remaining chance to end the war before it swept onto German soil from two directions. On July remaining chance to end the war before it swept onto German soil from two directions. On July 20, 1944 20, 1944 they tried to kill him by placing a bomb in his headquarters in East Prussia. The bomb they tried to kill him by placing a bomb in his headquarters in East Prussia. The bomb exploded, wounding a number of officers-several fatally-but inflicting only minor injuries on Hitler. exploded, wounding a number of officers-several fatally-but inflicting only minor injuries on Hitler. Afterward, the GESTAPO (q.v.) hunted down everyone suspected of complicity in the plot. One of Afterward, the GESTAPO (q.v.) hunted down everyone suspected of complicity in the plot. One of the suspects was Rommel, who committed suicide. Hitler emerged from the assassination the suspects was Rommel, who committed suicide. Hitler emerged from the assassination attempt more secure in his power than ever before.attempt more secure in his power than ever before.

10 minute challenge – go!10 minute challenge – go!

Use pages 966-972Use pages 966-972Create a propaganda poster that illustrates Create a propaganda poster that illustrates

one of the concerns of France, Germany, one of the concerns of France, Germany, Britain, or Russia during WW IIBritain, or Russia during WW II

*Insert Class Discussion of Domestic *Insert Class Discussion of Domestic Challenges during the War here* Challenges during the War here*

Bombing GermanyBombing Germany

For two years the Allied For two years the Allied forces mercilessly forces mercilessly bombed German military bombed German military bases, factories, railroads, bases, factories, railroads, oil depots, and major oil depots, and major citiescities Hamburg – 10 day Hamburg – 10 day

bombing nearly levels bombing nearly levels the citythe city

Dresden – 135,000 Dresden – 135,000 people killed February people killed February 19451945

Hamburg Before the BombingHamburg Before the Bombing

Hamburg AfterHamburg After

Dresden in RuinsDresden in Ruins

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Germany’s last major standGermany’s last major stand Began December 16, 1944Began December 16, 1944 Known as the The German Known as the The German

Ardennes offensive or the Ardennes offensive or the Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge The Americans were taken The Americans were taken

completely by surprisecompletely by surprise Resisted and held Saint-Vith and Resisted and held Saint-Vith and

BastogneBastogne German effort was doomed after German effort was doomed after

December 23, when good flying December 23, when good flying weather allowed the weather allowed the overwhelming Allied air overwhelming Allied air superiority to make itself felt. superiority to make itself felt.

End of January, the last of the End of January, the last of the 80-km- (50-mi-) deep "bulge" in 80-km- (50-mi-) deep "bulge" in the Allied lines is eliminated. the Allied lines is eliminated.

Allied advance into Germany Allied advance into Germany resumed in Februaryresumed in February

Soviet SuccessesSoviet Successes

By December 1944By December 1944 Soviets have forced the Nazis out of Belarus, Ukraine, Soviets have forced the Nazis out of Belarus, Ukraine,

Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, and half of Hungary and Polandhalf of Hungary and Poland

Liberation of Majdanek – July 23, 1944Liberation of Majdanek – July 23, 1944 Fighting in BudapestFighting in Budapest Warsaw Uprising – Summer 1944Warsaw Uprising – Summer 1944 By the end of the warBy the end of the war

Soviets have also liberated Czechoslovakia, Poland, Soviets have also liberated Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camps, and the Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camps, and parts of Germanyparts of Germany

Liberation of MajdanekLiberation of Majdanek

Former Inmates After LiberationFormer Inmates After Liberation

By December 1944By December 1944

Warsaw UprisingWarsaw Uprising

http://www.warsawuprising.com/photos.htm

Allies SuccessesAllies Successes

Through the Spring of 1945Through the Spring of 1945 Liberated the Netherlands, Liberated the Netherlands,

Belgium, Luxembourg, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Austria,

Occupied portions of Occupied portions of GermanyGermany

April 1945 – FDR dies April 1945 – FDR dies suddenlysuddenly

April 30, 1945 – Hitler April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicidecommits suicide

May 8, 1945May 8, 1945

VE DayVE DayVictory in Europe!Victory in Europe!

Yalta Conference• Yalta – Feb 4 to Feb 11, 1945• Big Three• Begin making post-war plans• Roosevelt – wants Soviets to

help in the Pacific• Churchill – pushed for

importance of democratic gvts and free elections in Eastern Europe after the war

• Stalin – demands that Eastern Europe become a Soviet sphere of political influence for the USSR’s protection

• Discuss how to handle Germany

Conclusion of WarConclusion of War FDR dies April 12, 1945FDR dies April 12, 1945 Adolf Hitler commits Adolf Hitler commits

suicide April 30, 1945suicide April 30, 1945 Unconditional surrender Unconditional surrender

from Germans on May 7from Germans on May 7thth at General Eisenhower's at General Eisenhower's postpost

VE Day – Victory in VE Day – Victory in Europe – May 8, 1945Europe – May 8, 1945

Unconditional surrender Unconditional surrender from Germans on May 9from Germans on May 9thth in Soviet occupied Berlinin Soviet occupied Berlin

Potsdam Conference

• July-August 1945• Truman, Stalin, Churchill, and

Atlee• Issue ultimatum to Japan of

“prompt and utter destruction” if they don’t agree to unconditional surrender

• **Truman receives word of successful atom bomb test**

• Truman tells Stalin that the USA has a new powerful bomb

• Agree to partition Germany and work on • demilitarization,

democratization,• de-nazification, and

decentralization

Casualties of WW IICasualties of WW II

Picture Picture

Partitioning GermanyPartitioning Germany

Germany is divided up Germany is divided up into four partsinto four parts

Britain, United States, Britain, United States, France and the SovietsFrance and the Soviets

The democratic states The democratic states become West Germanybecome West Germany

Soviet state becomes Soviet state becomes East GermanyEast Germany

The Eastern BlocThe Eastern Bloc Soviets refuse to give up Poland and cling Soviets refuse to give up Poland and cling

onto the countries they had liberated from onto the countries they had liberated from Nazi GermanyNazi Germany

Soviet Red Army hand picked dictators Soviet Red Army hand picked dictators that would be allegiant to the Soviet Unionthat would be allegiant to the Soviet Union

Eastern European countries forcibly Eastern European countries forcibly become communistbecome communistopposition is eliminatedopposition is eliminatednoncompliant states are threatened to be noncompliant states are threatened to be

“crushed with Soviet tanks”“crushed with Soviet tanks”

Eastern Bloc states forced to have communist leadership Eastern Bloc states forced to have communist leadership and have “loyalty” to Soviet Unionand have “loyalty” to Soviet Union

NATO established April 1949, still existsNATO established April 1949, still exists North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization Today: 26 member states, 14 alliesToday: 26 member states, 14 allies

Soviet Union successfully tests the atom bomb August Soviet Union successfully tests the atom bomb August 19491949

Warsaw Pact established to counter NATOWarsaw Pact established to counter NATO Officially Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, Officially Warsaw Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation,

and Mutual Assistanceand Mutual Assistance Signed May 1955, not disestablished until 1991Signed May 1955, not disestablished until 1991 Founding members: Albania (leaves 1961), Bulgaria, Founding members: Albania (leaves 1961), Bulgaria,

Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and later Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary, and later East GermanyEast Germany

Rebuilding EuropeRebuilding Europe

• Europe is in ruins• Aerial attack abilities devastated most of the

major cities of Europe• Rebuild buildings, railroads, and infrastructure• Where do you start?

– brick by brick

Warsaw in RuinsWarsaw in Ruins

Hamburg, GermanyHamburg, Germany

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

European Recovery PlanEuropean Recovery Plan Secretary of State – George MarshallSecretary of State – George Marshall Reconstruction plan offered in July 1947 Reconstruction plan offered in July 1947 Intended to help foster stability and rehabilitation to Intended to help foster stability and rehabilitation to

European countriesEuropean countries 4 year plan of economic and technical assistance – 13 4 year plan of economic and technical assistance – 13

billion US Dollarsbillion US Dollars West takes advantageWest takes advantage Eastern bloc offered same deal if the Soviets were willing Eastern bloc offered same deal if the Soviets were willing

to make political reforms and allow for some external to make political reforms and allow for some external controls – Deny helpcontrols – Deny help

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan

Extremely successful! Extremely successful! Restores countries to even better status Restores countries to even better status

than before the warthan before the war

United NationsUnited NationsApril 1945 50 countries metApril 1945 50 countries metCharter and purpose developedCharter and purpose developed

Save future from warSave future from warPromote national self-determinationPromote national self-determinationPromote respect for human rightsPromote respect for human rightsHelp nations solve problemsHelp nations solve problems

Headquarters- New York CityHeadquarters- New York City

Advantages Over Advantages Over LeagueLeague

No major power refused No major power refused to jointo join

UN peace keeping forceUN peace keeping forceArmed group to enforce Armed group to enforce

decisionsdecisions

Overall…Overall…UN more effective socially, UN more effective socially,

economically not politicallyeconomically not politically1948 Universal Declaration of 1948 Universal Declaration of

Human Rights-Human Rights-Protect from oppressionProtect from oppressionPreservation of rightsPreservation of rights