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Worlds in Motion1450–1550:Native Americans and European Conquest
Main Themes
New Worlds for All
Native American Life Before Euros
Columbus and “The New World”
Power Dynamics from The Start
Early British Settlement
Worlds in Motion1450-1550
Overview The World of the Indian Peoples The Worlds of Christopher Columbus Worlds in Collision The Biological Consequences of
Conquest Onto the Mainland
Worlds in Motion1450-1550
The World of the Indian Peoples The Archaic Indians The Indians of the Eastern Woodlands The Indians of the Plains The Indians of the Deserts The Indians of the Pacific Coast The Great Civilizations of the Americas
The World of the Indian Peoples
The Archaic Indians Native American societies spread across the Western
Hemisphere between 10,000 BCE – 3,000 BCE 1st N.A. crossed Bering Strait @ 16,000 years ago
Clovis peoples: hunter-gatherers
Native Americans developed broad cultural
diversity Adapted to different environments, climates, and
developed distinctive cultures
Great variety: over 300 languages, more diversity of
language than other regions of world
History of Human Migration
The First Americans
When did first Americans arrive? How?
Bering Strait
Beringian Corridor
Coastal Route
Both?
At different times?
clovis tip – dated to 9000 BCE
Clovis points (Clovis, NM)
Were the makers of these the first Americans?
Moving from Alaska to tip of S.A. in 1500 years?
Following big game?
Clovis Point Found with Bison
But what about thesePre-Clovis sites?
Location of Dated North American Pre-Clovis Sites –14000 – 40000 years old
Topper Site video
PBS “Time Team America” Video link
Questions to answer: Goals of the archeologists studying the Topper
site? Methods/tools archeologists use? What questions have been answered at Topper
with firm evidence? What is the evidence? Which questions are still up in the air or
controversial? Criticisms of the show?
Variety of major Native American cultural areas
Different Types of North American Amerindian Cultures
Hunter-Gatherers – in the Arctic and Great Basin (present-day NV, UT)
Limited-Scale Tribal Societies – Canadian Subarctic, Algonquians, NW Coastal people, and others
Full-Scale Tribal Societies – Plains, Prairie, Southeast, and Eastern Woodland Indians
Complex Societies – Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian
The World of the Indian Peoples
Native American Economic Complexes:
Four Geographic-Cultural Domains in North
America:
Eastern Woodlands: horticulture and hunting
Mississippian mound builders
City center: Cahokia
Iroquois
Algonquians
Plains: maize and buffalo hunting
Buffalo hunters
The World of the Indian Peoples
Deserts: maize horticulture
Anasazi pueblos villages
Chaco Canyon
Mesa Verde: Link to online photos
Pacific Coast: fishing and hunting
The Great Civilizations of Mesoamerica
Mayas and Toltecs
Mesa Verde, Spruce Tree House, Winter
Life at Mesa Verde
Mayan Pyramids
Chichen ItzePyramid
Indicates a hierarchicalsociety
Rituals and Rulers
Priests and Ritual Blood-letting – portal to spiritual world
Mayan Codex
Mayan Bowl & Lid
Mayan Flints
Mayan Seated Figures – Copan Site
Mayan Gold Jaguar Jewelry
Aztec and Inca Empires,1300-1550
Pre-Spanish Invasion
Effects of Isolation in the Americas Lacked contact with other cultures – no
means of acquiring new technologies or ideas
Late to start agriculture, so social developments arose later too
Lacked immunity to diseases Lacked large mammals for work or food
Ancient Societies of MesoAmerica
Aztecs
Mayans
Olmec
The Aztec Empire
Founding myth stated that people were led to Lake Texcoco by the god Huitzilopochtli (Southern Hummingbird
There they saw an eagle perched on a cactus, eating a snake – a positive omen
They built their city on islands in the lake
Aztec society only existed for 200 years before Spanish invasion, but ruled over 10-20 million people
City in the Lake – Tenochtitlan
City built in Lake Texcoco Chinampas agriculture – floating gardens, plenty of
water, very productive & nutritious crops Lake provided protection from invaders 200,000 inhabitants – supported by subject peoples
Map of Chinampas farming methods
Mayan Writing – The Codices
Pictographic writing system Carved on stone and written on tree bark
paper books, called codices (plural) or a codex (singular)
Thousands of these books existed, documenting history, astronomy, philosophy
Only FOUR of these books remain – the rest were burned by the Spanish conquistadors and priests
Mayan Dresden Codex Codices give accounts of:
Calendar of Rulers
History
Rulers and war
Territorial battles and conquests
Gods and divination rituals
Healing rituals
Mayan Social Hierarchy
Aztec Imperial Beliefs
Aztec Empire established by Motecuzoma in 1468
Based on cosmic mission theory – sun and earth needed human sacrificial victims to gain energy; w/o them, earth would go dark
Theory justified imperial growth and expansion
High demand for sacrifice = need for slaves Also kept commoners and subject peoples
under control – fear and domination
Like the Mayans,the Aztecs recordedhistory and beliefs in Codices
Only a few exist
This image is from the Florentine Codex,Page I, F, 6r. Human sacrifice
Aztec War
Images from theFlorentineCodex
Tlatelolco. The remains of 41 sacrificial victims. 30 infants and the rest youths and adults found at the foot of the stairway of the Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl temple.
Aztec Social Classes
Kings & Nobles
Priests, Warriors, Merchants
Artisans,Farmers,Slaves
Social Classes and Roles
Class of Lords – Tecuhtli – successful generals, officials, priests – not hereditary
Warrior meritocracy – commoners could rise through military skill
Education for all Aztec children Merchant class – Pochteca – closed caste Artisan class – Tolteca Commoners – Macehualtin – had civil rights Slave class – Tlatlacotin
The Incan Empire
Developed later than Aztecs
3000 miles long Built upon the
work of earlier societies and Andean cultures
Building the Incan Empire
In 100 years, Inca created one of the largest empires in human history
Two legendary rulers: Pachacuti – 1438-1471 CE Topa Inca Yupanqui – 1471-1493 CE
Incorporation of conquered peoples – announced attacks, used force only if persuasion failed
Resettlement and incorporation – non-discrimination against incorporated people – became Inca
Consolidating Empire
Common trade language
Road and bridge system through mountains connected all parts of empire
A message could be carried from one end to the other in 12 days
Machu Picchu
Incan Class System
Sapa Inca – Ruler
2 Noble Classes: Inca Caste & Curacas (Sapa Inca’s Family) (Govt. Officials)
Commoner Class
(Worked fields and paid tribute to higher classes)
Incan Building methods
Many buildings still stand Rocks fit together so well, there was no
need for mortar
Machu Picchu
360 degree site tour
Rediscovered in 1911
1200 people could have lived there, butbelieved to be retreat for rulers
1400s-1600s
European Exploration and Colonization
Euro. Colonization and the World Economy In less than 50 years, from Columbus’ first
voyage to the mid-1500s, the Americas were incorporated and became a major part of a new global economy
This new global economy was based on labor and environmental exploitation
The core of the new economy was Europe Other regions and peoples were forced
into dependency, servitude, and slavery
Worlds in MotionEuropean Exploration and Colonization Changes in Europe Led to Increased
Exploration, Trade, Conquest Spanish and Portuguese Were Leaders Early Exploration and Colonization Set Up Model of Colonization Followed by
Other European Powers Columbian Exchange: People, Goods,
Disease Issues of Power, Domination, and Control
from the Outset of Europeans in Americas
Major Themes – British Colonization Early British colonization of Americas was
minor blip in a much more extensive history and process of European colonization
British modeled themselves after Spanish and Portuguese – imperial competition
British adopted and adapted Spanish and Port. modes of dealing with Native Americans and Africans
Growth of British power over time
Age of Exploration
Major Questions: Why did Europeans with their history of
fragmentation and internal problems, begin to look towards expansion abroad?
What were European motives? Who were the major European colonial powers? How did they accomplish overseas expansion? What effects did expansion have on European
societies? What effects did expansion have on colonized
or enslaved peoples?
Motives
Question: What were European motives for expansion? Economic – search for profits: silks, spices and
other goods that could benefit the Crown and merchant classes
Religious – Spanish Reconquista – take colonial possessions before Muslims could gain influence
Econ. & Religious – undercut or bypass Muslim world
Racial – through contact with other peoples, Europeans formulated ideas of racial superiority – combined ideas of cultural, scientific, religious, economic, and physical superiority
Means
How did Europeans expand beyond Europe? Creation of stable governments/monarchies
Spanish example – unification of different small kingdoms into one
Battle against Muslims (Reconquista) helped unify Spanish Crown (Ferdinand & Isabella)
Monarchs gained wealth, wanted to spend it on new things: new trade routes, exploration, expansion
New technologies or used borrowed technologies – Portolini (navigation maps), compass, astrolabe, knowledge of wind patterns
Portuguese Maritime Empire Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)
Wanted to find a mythical Christian Kingdom in Africa to ally against Muslims
Acquire new trade opportunities Extend the influence of Christianity
India and Vasco da Gama Original goal of da Gama’s mission was to
destroy the Muslim monopoly over the Spice Trade (economic)
1497 sailed around Cape of Good Hope in Africa Success = military superiority & seamanship
Global Exploration 1415 – 1522 C.E.
Flow of Commerce in Portuguese World 1600
Portuguese Atlantic System
Beginnings of plantation complex: Staple crops – grown for export to Europe Sugar plantations in Mediterranean, then off
African coast, then Brazil Use of slave labor: native populations, but,
particularly African slaves Slave forts on African coast – slaves captured
inland and taken to forts, then sold to Port. Other European powers soon competed for
slave labor
Lure of Discovery: Spain
Spanish Success = naval superiority, military strength & religious zeal
Spanish Model: crown maintained control over colonies most colonists were male (intermarried) wealth based on exploitation of native population
and slaves (not African) system of encomienda (labor system of service to
the local Spanish governors) – brutal exploitation 1592 Slave Laws – Catholic Church convinced
Crown to outlaw the use of the Native population as slaves
Link for History Channel information on Christopher Columbus
Columbus’ First Voyage
Spanish Exporation: Caribbean, North, and Central Americas
Links
Related Links for European Exploration: http://www.nps.gov/seac/outline/07-explora
tion/index.htm PBS Link for Guns Germs & Steel
The Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops and germs between Europe and the Americas – primarily benefited Europe, while harming native American societies
Link to National Geographic Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange
Worlds in Motion1450-1550
Worlds in Collision: Columbus in “The New World”
Thoughts on film? New World for Native Americans?:
Effects on Native Populations Encomienda system – tribute paid in labor to
benefit Spanish Demographic collapse – by early 1500s only
1,000 Tainos left on Hispaniola Smallpox and other diseases brought through
Columbian Exchange Loss of families, villages, cultures Search for labor in Caribbean = African slaves Central and South America = native
populations much larger, more gold, silver wealth
Onto the Mainland
The First Florida Ventures, 1513, 1521 Juan Ponce de León
What did the Calusa take away from their encounter with the Spanish?
The Conquest of Mexico, 1519 The Aztec Empire before conquest
City capital: Tenochtitlán (pop. 200,000) Ruler: Moctezuma
Hernán Cortés’s bloody conquest The Establishment of a Spanish Empire
Center The transformation of Tenochtitlán to Mexico City
Expansion Takeover of the Incan Empire in Peru Borderlands outposts in present-day New Mexico
Other European Colonial Powers Competition with Spain for power, wealth,
military strength
France (1534-1635) North America – 1534 Cartier (fur trade) Caribbean – Haiti – SUGAR (became most
important)
English First Attempts Roanoke, NC (Sir Walter Raleigh), 1585:
Link to PBS, Time Team America episode on Roanoke Island
East India Company, 1591 (India)
French Exploration in Americas
English in North America
Dutch Overseas Empire
Dutch East India Company, 1602 designed to breakup Portuguese monopoly
1621 Dutch West India Company (WIC) – Caribbean & North America
New Amsterdam (New York) – Fur Trade Curacao (Caribbean – slave trade, pirating,
cacao trade) Trade with Native Americans in North
America:Created problems for French & English and a mini arms race among Native Americans in the Northeast for furs. In exchange for beaver pelts – guns, gun powder, steel headed tomahawks & alcohol
Dutch Atlantic Empire
European Colonies by 1700
European Labor Systems
Colonization & Empires based on exploitation of native and African populations Spanish system = encomienda labor system =
mining and agriculture by natives (slaves/serfs) Portuguese, French, and English = enslavement
of Africans Creation of plantations in Caribbean, No. and So.
Americas to grow staple crops: sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton
Racial system of slavery eventually developed – Europeans rationalized only blacks could be slaves