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Wri$ngthewhoreinEarlyModerndrama
HeatherFroehlich
UniversityofStrathclyde@heatherfro
Callingawomanawhoreis
• Awayofkeeping“troublingindividualsgroupedintheirmarginalisedplaceandtoinsistthattheplaceisavulgar,degradedonefromwhichtheycanneverescape”
(Stanton2000,81)
Stanton(2000)looksateveryinstanceinShakespeare’splaysforthelemma
‘whore’
– Whore(45x)– Whore’s(2x)– Whores(8x)– Whoreish(1x)– Whoring(1x)– Whored(1x)– Bewhored(1x)
Sowhat?
• Stantonusestwoancientandan$quatedpiecesoftechnologycalled‘aconcordance’and‘adic$onary’
• Takethisapproach,WIDEN
ShakespeareComedies&CityComedies
• Knownquan$tybaseline(Shakespeare’sComedies)
• MostlyContemporaryplaysbyarangeofauthors(CityComedies)– Jonson,Dekker,Middleton,Massinger,Sharpham,Chapman,Barry
Citycomedyisdefinedby
Londonse]ng,sociallyheterogeneouscharacters,trickery,mockery,socialmobility,moralambiguity…(Bruster2005,32)
Methods
1. Getalistofwordsassociatedwith‘whore’fromtheHistoricalThesaurusoftheOED
2. Makealistofrulestousefortext-taggingwithUbiqu+ity
3. MeasurefrequenciesinbothShxcomediesandCityComedies
HistoricalThesaurusoftheOxfordEnglishDic$onary
hdp://historicalthesaurus.gla.ac.ukhdp://www.oed.com/thesaurus/(£)
society>morality>moralevil>licen$ousness>unchas$ty
Thereare10availablesubcategoriesrelevanttoissuesofunchas$ty
—[noun]—[adjec$ve]—[adverb]—[verb(intransi$ve)]—unchaste[verb(transi$ve)]—[phrase]—lasciviousnessorlust—lossofchas$ty—fornica$on,adultery,orincest—pros$tu$on
Historicaltermsforwhores:bythenumbers
• 1,497phrasesorindividuallexemesfor‘whores’ortheac$onofbeingwhorish
• NarrowtothoseinuseduringShakespeare’slife(inusebetween1564-1616)– E.g.adultery(1stcitedbyOEDin1405)s$llinusebetween1564-1616
----->to304words
FiveWaysofTalkingaboutWhoresinShakespeareanEngland
1. Thestateofbeingunchasteorawhore;waysofdescribingonewhoisunchasteorwhorishorassociateswithindividualswhoarewhores
2. Sexualdesireandtheindulgenceoflust3. Dishonourandnega$vityadachedtosexual
deviance(realorimagined)4. Thelossofvirginity/fornica$on5. Violence
Thestateofbeingunchasteorawhore(asample)
• bitchery,brothel,brothels,brothelly,commonstale,commoners,commoner,community,crushabell,crushabells,cunts,cunt,curtal,curtals,customers,customer,doll-commoner,doll-commons,doll-common,drivelling,forwhore,hackster,hacksters,hackney,harlot,harlots,harlo$ng,harlo$ng,harlo$se,harlo$sed,harlo$ses,harlo$ze,harlo$zed,harlo$zes,harlotry,harlotry,hell-mouths,hell-mouth,hiren,hirens,incon$nence,incon$nency,incon$nent,jumblers,jumbler,keepawoman,land-frigate,light-heels,lighted-tailed,looseinthehilts,loose-legged,loose-tailed,mermaid,mermaids,miss,molls,moll,night-worm,night-worms,occupant,pagans,pagan,paphians,paphian,polecats,polecat,pros$tutes,pros$tute,pros$tuted,pros$tu$on,publiccommoners,walk-street,wenchout,wench,wenched,wenchel,wenchels,wenches,wenching,whore-lust,whore-lusts,whore-man,whore-men,whore,whoredom,whoreishness,whorekeeper,whorekeepers,whoremaser,whoremonger,whoremongering,whores,whoring,whorish,whorishly,whorishness,whory,ETC
Sexualdesireandtheindulgenceoflust(all)
• By-lus$ng,cockish,cockishness,cocky,concuspiscen$al,covet,cove$ng,covetous,effeminate,flesh-lusts,flesh-lust,hot-backed,lascivient,lascivious,lascivity,lecher,lechers,lecherer,lecherhead,lecherness,lecherous,lecherous,lechery,libidinosity,libidious,libidiousness,liburical,lickering,lickerous,lickerousness,lickster,lubric,lubricity,lubricous,lust-breathed,lust,lus$ng,luster,lusuul,lusuulness,lus$head,lus$ness,lus$ness,lus$ng,lustly,lustre,lustylaurence,lustylawrence,luxe,luxur,luxurious,luxuriousness,luxurity,luxury,man-wood,rampant,ru]sh,salacity,saltness,saucy,togotosault,venerial,venerian,venerian,venerious,veneriousness,venerist
Dishonourandnega$vityadachedtosexualdeviance(realorimagined)(All)
• afateworsethandeath,adulter,adulterate,adulterated,adulterer,adulterers,adulterise,adulterize,adulterous,adulterousness,adempt,adempter,behorn,byhore,bywhore,cornutecornuted,cornutes,cornuto,corrup$on,cuckally,cuckold-maker,cuckold,cuckoldry,cuckolds,cuckoldy,cuckquean,cuckqueans,defiler,dishonor,dishonored,dishonour,dishonoured,forked,foul,fulyie,horn-mad,horn-maker,horn,horned,horner,horning,hornity,ram-head,ruin,shame,spouse-break,spouse-breaking,togivehornsto,unconstant,unfaithful,vi$ate,vi$a$ng,vi$a$on,wedlock-break,wedlock-breaking,worsethandeath
LossofVirginity/Fornica$on(all)
• bawding,bawdry,constupra$on,defile,deflora$on,deflourish,deflower,deflowerer,deflowering,defouling,depucel,depucelate,dedorate,devirginisa$on,devirginiza$on,devrginate,dismaiden,mackerelage,maintainer,panderage,pandering,panderirms
Violence(all)
• rape,raped,raping,rapter,rapture,ravener,ravishment,ravishment,stupra$on,tup,unmaiden,unmaidening,viola$on,viola$on,violator,abuse,abuser
hdp://vep.cs.wisc.edu/ubiq/
Finding#1
• Shakespeare’scomediesarefoundatthebodomofeachchart
Finding#2
• RoaringGirl(Dekker/Middleton)• TheFamilyofLove(Dekker/Middleton)
• Cupid’sWhirligig(EdwardSharpham)• MichaelmasTerm(Middleton)• MadWorldmyMasters(Middleton)
WhyisRoaringGirlconsistentlyrankedhighly?
WhyisRoaringGirlconsistentlyrankedhighly?
TheFamilyofLoveAct4,Sc2TCPIDA07495
AChasteMaidinCheapside,Act5TCPIDA07493
• HERMIAOme!Youjuggler,youcankerblossom,Youthiefoflove!What,haveyoucomebynightAndstolenmylove'sheartfromhim?HELENAFine,infaith.Haveyounomodesty,nomaidenshame,Notouchofbashfulness?What,willyoutearImpa$entanswersfrommygentletongue?Fie,fie,youcounterfeit,youpuppet,you!
AMidsummerNight’sDream(3.2.299-303)
• PROSPEROThoumostlyingslave,Whomstripesmaymove,notkindness,Ihaveusedthee,filthasthouart,withhumanecare,andlodgedtheeinmineowncell,$llthoudidstseektoviolatethehonorofmychild.
(Tempest1.2.412-417)
Conclusions
• Ihaveshownwiderviewofhowtheconceptofalackofchas$tyfunc$onsinShakespeare’sEngland.– 5uniquecategoriesofwhorishnesscoveringavarietyofcontexts
• MoretermsthanStantoncankeeptrackof!
Conclusions
• Andtestedonamorevariedcorpus• Shakespeareandhiscontemporariesbothusetheseterms,butthereisvaria$on– CitycomediesaremorelikelytousethesetermsthanShakespeare’scomedies
Futuredirec$ons
• Observevaria$onacrosslargerx-sec$onofcomedies– Changeover$me?– Periodicstyle?– Theatrecompanies?– Poten$almarkerforauthorship?
Thanks!