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Bonding - a chemical attachment that forms a new substance.
This new substance has new chemical and physical properties
Example: Sodium is an explosive metal.Chlorine is a toxic gas.Sodium chloride is salt.
I. Bonds
Ionic Bond- an exchange of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal.
This creates oppositely charge ions that are attracted to each other.
-Losing e- forms a Losing e- forms a cation (+ ion)cation (+ ion)
-Cats have paws-Cations are pawsitive
-Gaining e- forms an Gaining e- forms an anion (- ion)anion (- ion) -Onions make you cryOnions make you cry-Anions are negativeAnions are negative
I. BondsB. Covalent Bonds
- Formed by sharing electrons
- Between two nonmetal atoms
C. C. MetallicMetallic Bonds Bonds- Formed by a - Formed by a sea of electronssea of electrons passing over the metal atoms passing over the metal atoms- flexible connection, does not - flexible connection, does not
form a fixed moleculeform a fixed molecule
II. CompoundsA. Ionic Compounds
- They only have two elements
- the total amount of positive charge must equal the total amount of negative charge
Compounds MUST be neutral
II. CompoundsA. Ionic Compounds
- subscripts are used to show how many of each element is needed to balance the overall charge
II. CompoundsA. Ionic Compounds
- the metal's name does not change
- the nonmetal retains the root of its name and adds the suffix -ide
Magnesium and Chlorine
17+ and 18- = 1-
Cl-
17+ and 18- = 1-
Cl-
12+ and 10- = 2+
Mg2+
17+ 12+ 17+
- -2+
MgCl2 magnesium chloride
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Na +1 and Cl -1
NaCl
sodium chlorideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Na +1 and O -2
Na2O
sodium oxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Al +3 and Cl -1
AlCl3
aluminum chlorideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Al +3 and O -2
Al2O3
aluminum oxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
II. Compounds
- the formula of an ionic compound must be in the lowest whole number ratio of the two elements to form a neutral compound (empirical formula)
A. Ionic Compounds
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Mg +2 and O -2
MgO
magnesium oxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
II. Compounds
- metals with variable charges must include the charge in the name using Roman numerals
A. Ionic Compounds
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Pb +2 and O -2
PbO
lead (II) oxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Mn +4 and O -2
MnO2
manganese (IV) oxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Cu +2 and N -3
Cu3N2
copper (II) nitrideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
II. Compounds
Polyatomic ions- a group of covalently bonded atoms with an overall charge that react as a group
A. Ionic Compounds2. Polyatomic ion Compounds
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Cu+2 and SO4 -2
Cu SO4
copper (II) sulfateWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Na+1 and SO4 -2
Na2 SO4
sodium sulfateWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
II. Compounds
If more than one polyatomic ion is needed to make a neutral compound, you must use parenthesis to group the ion.
A. Ionic Compounds2. Polyatomic ion Compounds
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Ba+2 and OH -1
Ba(OH)2
barium hydroxideWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Ionic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
Al+3 and SO4 -2
Al2 (SO4)3
aluminum sulfateWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
II. Compounds
Nonmetals want to gain electrons. When two nonmetals are together, they share the electrons.
B. Covalent (Molecular) Compounds
II. CompoundsNaming covalent compounds
- Because covalent compounds may form different compounds between two nonmetals with different ratios, the subscripts are denoted in the name by a prefix.
II. CompoundsNaming covalent compounds
- The element on the left will go first in the name.
- The element on the right will go lastin the name. The root remains the same, but the suffix –ide is added.
- The prefix in front of each element give the number of atoms (subscript written behind.)
Is it covalent or ionic?Covalent- Look for prefixes (except dichromate)
- 2 nonmetals
- prefixes become subscripts
- Remember these are the easy ones. No charges! No crisscross!
Ionic- metal & nonmetal or metal & polyatomic
- write the symbol and charge
- balance charges to form a neutral compound (crisscross)
- check to make sure you have the lowest whole number ratio!
Write the formulas for these
lithium permanganate tetraiodide monoxide tin (II) oxide tin (IV) oxide diphosphorus pentoxide aluminum dichromate tetrasulfur hexaphosphide
Write the formulas for these
nitrogen trioxide magnesium cyanide copper (II) hydroxide carbon tetrafluoride iron (III) bicarbonate manganese (IV) chlorite iron (III) carbonate
II. Compounds
The anion changes its suffix:
-ate converts to -ic acid
-ite converts to -ous acid
-ide converts to hydro--ic acid
C. Acids - (Special Ionic Compounds)3. Acids- ionic compounds that start with H+1 plus an anion
II. Compounds
You –ate something and it made you s–ick,
and you mite give it to -ous.
C. Acids - (Special Ionic Compounds) 3. Acids- ionic compounds that start with H+1 plus an anion
Acidic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
H+1 and Cl -1
HCl
hydrochloric acidWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Acidic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
H+1 and SO3 -2
H2SO3
sulfurous acidWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Acidic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
H+1 and SO4 -2
H2SO4
sulfuric acidWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?
Acidic NomenclatureWhat is the formula for
H+1 and CrO4 -2
H2CrO4
chromic acidWhat are the symbols and charges?
How many of each atom is needed to make the compound neutral?