Written Final Exam Review

Mitochondria

• Found in eukaryotic plant and animal cells

• Mitochondria processes: • Cellular Respiration- breaks

down sugar to make ATP• Mitochondria components:

– Outer membrane• (Matrix surrounded by cristae

folds)

– Inner membrane– DNA

Chloroplasts

• Found in plant cells • Chloroplast processes: • Photosynthesis-uses solar

energy to make sugar• Chloroplast components:

– Inner and outer membrane• Thylakoids• Stroma

– Chlorophyll - pigment– DNA

Similarities between Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

• Both of these organelles – CONVERT ENERGY– Contain their own copy of DNA– Have 2 membranes

Differences between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis occurs in CHLOROPLASTS• Equation• 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Carbon Dioxide + Water + Sun light Glucose + Oxygen

• Occurs in AUTOTROPHS- plants

• Cellular Respiration occurs in MITOCHONDRIA• Equation• C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy

• Glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + ATP• Occurs in EUKARYOTIC HETEROTROPHS and AUTOTROPHS

(ANIMALS and PLANTS)

STEPS IN CHEMICAL ENERGY PROCESS

Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis

1. Glycolysis – glucose is broken down into two pyruvates

1. Light dependent reaction – Chloropyhyll absorbs energy from sunlight. Water is broken down and oxygen is released as a waste product. ATP and NADPH are made and transferred to light – independent reaction (calvin cycle)

2. Krebs Cycle – Each Pyruvate is broken down into 3 CO2 molecules and released as waste

2. The Calvin Cycle – Carbon Dioxide is added tothe Calvin Cycle. Glucose is produced.

NADH and FADH2 are formed

3. Electron Transport Chain – NADH and FADH2 molecules release hydrogen ions that are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of electrons. The result of these multiple processes is the production of large amount of ATP.

ENERGY AND MATTER CYCLES

• Similarities between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration– Both cycle matter ( glucose, oxygen, carbon

dioxide and water)– Both transfer energy- flows between biotic

and abiotic structures.

• Similarities and differences between Prokaryote and eukaryote cells.

ProkaryoteEukaryote

1. Living

2. Cytoplasm

3. DNA

4. Cell Membrane

5. Ribosomes

6. Can be unicellular

1. Membrane-bound organelles

2. DNA in nucleus

3. Larger and Multicellular or unicellular

5. Ex: Plants, Animals, Protists and Fungi

BOTH

1. No membrane bound organelles

2. free-floating DNA

3. Smaller and only unicellular

4. Ex: Bacteria

Carbon Based Molecule

What structures in the cell are they a part of?

Carbohydrate Labels on cell membraneCellulose in cell wall- structure

Lipid Phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane)Cholesterol (cell membrane)

Protein Channels/pumps thru the membraneMusclesEnzymes

Nucleic Acid DNA/RNAIn the nucleus

Carbon Based Molecule

What are the monomers

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide (simple sugar)Ex: glucose

Lipid Phospholipid (fatty acid tails and phosphate)Triglyceride (fatty acid tails and glycerol)Fatty Acid

Protein Amino Acid

Nucleic Acid Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base)DNA- deoxyribose sugarRNA- ribose sugar

Carbon Based Molecule

What are the polymers

Carbohydrate POLYSACCHARIDESStarch – plant energy storageCellulose- plant structural materialGlycogen- animal energy storage

Lipid Phospholipid- in bilayer

Protein Polypeptide chain which folds into a Protein (example- protein channels, muscle, enzymes, antibodies, hair, nails)

Nucleic Acid DNARNA

What do all Carbon-based molecules have in common?

• They all contain CARBON- (with Oxygen and Hydrogen) makes them ORGANIC

• They are necessary for life

• They are all made from monomers

• They all have the capability to make polymers-macromolecules

Enzymes

• Enzymes are a sub class of proteins. – Their structure is

an enzyme with an active site and a separate substrate to be acted on.

Substrate

Active site

Enzyme

Enzymes– Their function is to catalyze (speed up)

chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy (they put objects in the correct position so that a reaction happens quicker).

– They can be denatured with temperature and pH changes.

Why do water molecules move with osmosis?

• Osmoregulation- the control of water movement across the cell membrane.– Water “follows” solute.

• Solute- a substance dissolved in solvent

• Tonic- term used to refer to solvent– Hypertonic- more solute in solvent outside of cell– Hypotonic- less solute in solvent outside of the cell– Isotonic- equal amount of solute outside of cell and

inside of cell.• Solute is usually charged and does not move through

membrane

Why do water molecules move with osmosis?

• Hypertonic solution– Solute concentration

outside the cell is HIGHER than solute concentration inside the cell.

– Water is moving OUTSIDE the cell to follow solute

• Cell shrinks– plasmolysis

Why do water molecules move with osmosis?

• Isotonic solution– Solute concentration is

the same inside and outside the cell.

– Water moves equally into and out of the cell.

• Normal Cell- no change

Why do water molecules move with osmosis?

• Hypotonic solution– Solute concentration outside

the cell is LOWER than solute concentration inside the cell.

– Water is moving INSIDE the cell to follow solute

• Animal cell swells and will possibly burst

– Cytolysis

• Plant cell swells until cell walls restrict further swelling

– Turgor pressure

NET MOVEMENT

• Where is the water going?– The water is moving

toward areas of high areas of solute concentration = NET MOVEMENT OF WATER.

– The solute is unable to cross the membrane due to size.

• Example Starch is too big to pass through.

Identify and Describe types of active and passive transport

• Passive Transport- does NOT require energy– EXAMPLES– Diffusion- materials move

from high to low concentration

– Facilitated diffusion- diffusion through a protein channel

– Osmosis- diffusion of water through a membrane.

Molecules that can move through the membrane.

• Small and Non-polar molecules– Oxygen and carbon

dioxide

• Small polar molecule– Water

• Small sugars can, but move across very slowly– Glucose

Identify and Describe types of active and passive transport

• Active Transport- requires energy/ATP!– EXAMPLES: – Phagocytosis – intake of

food particles– Pinocytosis- intake of

fluid– Endocytosis- general

intake of materials (usually requires a key or receptor on outside of cell

– Movement against the concentration gradient.

EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW• Hunters on the planet Nefarious

have started to complain to the Intergalactic Wildlife Foundation (IWF) that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer since the IWF began gold mining in the high altitude environments. The number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer has increased from 5 in 2002, and increased again to 27 in 2008, and increased yet again to 89 in 2014.

EXPERIMENTAL REVIEW

• Gold mining results in mercury leaching into the soil and water, greatly contaminating it. Mountain Elkdeer breed in high altitude environments and drink from the streams there. A close cousin, the Plains Elkdeer, breed in low altitude and drink from lake water, and show only a few mutations- 2, 3, and 2 respectively in years 2002, 2008 and 2014. The IWF suspects that the mercury in the soil is causing newborn Mountain Elkdeer to become mutated.

How would you study this population?

• This experiment would have to take place in the field. – 1. Make yearly observations of both

the Mountain Elkdeer and the Plains Elkdeer populations for 5-15 years.

– 2. Establish total population numbers for each species per year.

– 3. Count the number of mutants occurring in each population.

– 4. Compute the average of mutated vs. normal elkdeer in each population.

What did the hunter’s observe about the Mountain Elkdeer?

• Mountain Elkdeer drink from streams and have mutated newborns

• Plains Elkdeer drink from the lake water and show no mutations.

• The HUNTER’s observed an increase in the number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer

Testable Question• Does mercury in water/soil affect the mutation

rates of the Elkdeer?

What would your independent variable be?

• The independent variable is something that the experimenter can manipulate.– In this experiment, the

independent variable would be the mercury tainted water caused by mining.

What would your dependent variable be?

• The dependent variable is something the experimenter will measure!– In this experiment,

the scientists are measuring the rates of mutation in Elkdeer.

As a member of the IWF, what would your hypothesis be?

• The hypothesis would be…– IF elkdeer drink mercury tainted

water, THEN they will become mutated.

Data to support hypothesis

• The number of mutated Mountain Elkdeer has increased an average of 5 in 2002, and increased again to 27 in 2008, and increased yet again to 89 in 2014. While the Plains Elkdeer have no significant increase in mutation rates.

What control would you have?

• The Plains Elkdeer drinking regular water, will be the control of this experiment.– They are not receiving the

independent variable (the mercury tainted water) and will establish how “normal” elkdeer are.

What constants would you have?

• This experiment is taking place in the field, so constants would be difficult to establish.– However, they may be…

• The use of elkdeer for both the experimental and control groups.

• Both groups will be exposed to a water source.

GRAPH

Graph

• If you had to graph the variables, type of Elkdeer and mutations, what type of relationship would be illustrated?

• POSITIVE