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Pertemuan 3

Kerangka Konseptual Umum TSA

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General presentation of the common conceptual framework for the TSA

Some historyObjectives and general structureMore detailed presentation of the

structure of the TSA– Demand in the TSA– Supply in the TSA– The framework of internal consistency– The sequence of tables and their link

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History (1)

• 1983: report illustrating how it is possible to describe tourism within the recommendations of National Accounts;

• Feasibility study by Statistics Canada for the application of the principles of satellite accounting to tourism (1987) (presented at the Ottawa Conference);

• Ottawa Conference (1991) presentation by WTO of a set of tourism concepts, definitions and classifications;

• OECD Manual on Tourism Economic Accounts (1991) relating the analysis of tourism with SNA68;

• OECD collects information along the principles of the TEA, starting in 1992;

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History (2)• EUROSTAT prepares a community methodology (approved

in 1995) on Tourism Statistics, compatible with UN/WTO standards;

• July 1994: first results of the TSA developed by Statistics Canada;

• WTTC develops simulation models in order to quantify the economic impacts of visitor consumption as well as total tourism demand;

• June 1999: WTO presents its conceptual framework at the world conference on the measurement of the economic impact of tourism;

• March 2000: the United National Statistical Commission approves the common conceptual framework presented by WTO, OECD and EUROSTAT.

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Tujuan dan Struktur Umum TSA

• TSA harus dipahami sebagai sistem definisi, konsep, dan klasifikasi terkait pariwisata, terutama dalam menggambarkan pariwisata dalam perspektif ekonomi, sesuai dan di dalam deskripsi macroekonomi suatu perekonomian secara umum

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TSA yang lengkap menyediakan:• Agregat makroekonomi yang menggambarkan ukuran

dan kontribusi ekonomi langsung pariwisata, NTB langsung pariwisata, dll .

• Data terperinci tentang konsumsi pariwisata and dan bagaimana permintaan ini bertemu dengan supply domestik dan impor;

• Neraca produksi terperinci industri pariwisata, termasuk data ketenagakerjaan, keterkaitan dengan aktivitas produksi lainnya dan pembentukan modal tetap bruto;

• Keterkaitan antara data ekonomi dan informasi non keuangan pariwisata, seperti jumlah perjalanan (atau kunjungan), lama tinggal, maksud kunjungan, dll.

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The proposal should be seen from two different

perspectives:• As a new statistical tool which will

allow for valid comparisons;• A building process to guide countries

in the development of their own system of tourism statistics.

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The TSA as a satellite account to SNA93• SNA93 provides a benchmark to precise the definitions, concepts and

accounting rules to be followed;• Nevertheless:

– As tourism is mainly defined from visitors, and being a visitor is not a permanent characteristic of an individual, the central framework is sometimes inadequate for the classification of transactions, as no permanent characteristics are to be taken into consideration;

– From a tourism perspective, who pays for an expenditure which is acquired by a visitor for his/her consumption is irrelevant, while it is an important issue in SNA93;

– The unique classification of a transaction within the whole system of SNA93 is not to be a constraint for the TSA;

– The classification of goods and services and of productive activities has to focus on those goods and services and activities of main interest for visitors. In some cases, different treatments are also necessary.

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Demand in the TSA

• Pariwisata didasarkan pada aktivitas wisatawan.

• Dari sudut pandang ekonomi, aktivitas seorang wisatawan (baik penduduk atau bukan) adalah konsumsi, yaitu konsumsi akan barang dan jasa untuk memenuhi keinginan dan kebutuhan sendiri atau bersama-sama.

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Visitor consumption

The total consumption expenditure made by a visitor

or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and

stay at destination.

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Visitor consumption

• Not only includes:– Out of pocket

consumption expenditure of visitors:

– Consumption expenditure while traveling;

• But also:– Expenditure made

by third parties on behalf of visitors;

– Consumption expenditure made for the trip, before or after;

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Extensions: from consumption to demand

The notion of tourism demand might be extended, to encompass other elements related to the activity of visitors:

The acquisition of produced fixed capital goods;The consumption of collective non market services related to tourism.

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Supply in the TSA: a difficult focus

• Tourism is defined through the activity of visitors, which is a consumption activity;

• Visitors can acquire any consumption good and service produced by any kind of producers;

• There are no clear cut tourism product which concentrate most of tourism consumption, and there are no clear cut tourism productive activities which concentrate the supply of goods and services to visitors (the case of food services…).

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Tourism specific products;Tourism specific activities

• Nevertheless, it is possible to define some products and activities which seem more “concerned” by tourism than others, and for which the demand by visitors represent a significant share of their supply: these are the tourism specific products and activities.

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Example of tourism specific products:

• Passenger transportations;

• Hotels and other public accommodation services;

• Restaurants;• Travel agency

services;• Some recreation

activities..

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Relating demand and supply:

Tourism industries Non tourism industries

Typical output

Secondary output

Typical output

Secondary output

Products supplied by to Characte

ristic products

Other products

Non character

istic products

Other products

Visitors Focus of internal tourism

consumption analysis

Non visitors

Focus of tourism supply analysis

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Supply and use scheme

total supply trade and net taxes on total supply agric. …. education public total CIF/Fob imports

(purchasers' price) transport products (basic prices) hunting health admon. economy adjustm

Products margins soc.serv.

1. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products2. Ores and minerals3. Electricity, gas and w ater

4. Manufacturing5. Construction work and construction6. Trade services, restaurants and hotel services7. Transport, storage and communication services8. Business services9. Community, social and personal servicesadjustments

CIF/FOB adjustment on imports

Direct purchase abroad by residents

TOTAL

total supply net taxes total Exports total gross

(purchasers' price) products economy final cons. capital

expenditure formation

1. Agriculture, forestry and fishery products2. Ores and minerals3. Electricity, gas and w ater

4. Manufacturing5. Construction work and construction6. Trade services, restaurants and hotel services7. Transport, storage and communication services8. Business services9. Community, social and personal servicesTotal intermediate consumption

Total gross value added of activities

Compensation of employeesOther taxes less subsidies on production

Gross Mixed income

Gross Operating surplus

Intermediate consumption of industries

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Topic No 4

Tourism consumption in the TSA:

Its various aspects

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Tourism consumption in the TSA:Its various aspects

When does tourism consumption take place ?

What does tourism consumption include ?

Where does tourism consumption occur ?

Combining where and whenIntroducing tables 1 to 3 and table 4

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When does tourism consumption take place ?

• General considerations• The case of consumer durables

–Visitor consumption and the use of goods and services on trips

–Treatment of consumer durables in the TSA

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General considerations

Tourism consumption occurs when a good or service is acquired by a visitor to meet some of his/her needs or wants, that is:

• All acquisition of consumption goods and services during a trip;

• All consumption goods and services purchased for a trip i.e. before or after with the clear purpose of being used on a specific trip;

• All purchase of tourism single purpose consumer durables made outside the context of a specific trip.

Tourism single purpose consumer durables are those, the use of which can be considered as almost exclusively on trips.touri

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The case of consumer durables

Definition:

consumer durables are those goods which may be used for purpose of consumption repeatedly or continuously over a period of more than a year, assuming a normal or average rate of physical use

TSA: MR ¶ 2.49. and SNA93 ¶ 9.38.

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Consumer durables in the TSA

• Acquisition, not use, is considered within the TSA and within tourism consumption: no service associated with their use on own account;

• Two categories of consumer durables:– Tourism single purpose consumer durable

goods

All purchase is included in tourism consumption whenever the time of purchase;

– Multipurpose consumer durable goods

Theoretically, only purchases made on trips are included in tourism consumption;

nevertheless, those of small unit value, purchased before a trip to be used on the trip or to be taken as gifts are also included in tourism consumption;

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What tourism consumption includes:

Visitor consumption focuses on the behavior of the visitor as a unit of final consumption: all acquisitions for purposes different from final consumption are excluded.

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Tourism consumption• Includes

– All unused non refundable tickets and cancellation costs;

– The financial leasing of vehicles or any other consumer durable good;

– The resale of goods purchased to be used on trips are considered as negative consumption;

– The issuance of passports and other types of licenses;

– The service component of the purchase of insurance policies;

• Excludes– Purchases for

business or commercial purposes;

– Purchases for the visitor’s fixed capital formation;

– Purchases of valuables;

– Payments that are not the purchase of goods and services;

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Where does tourism consumption occur

• In the place visited;• But also within the usual environment

of the visitor (purchases for a trip made before or after a trip, single purpose consumer durable goods);

As a consequence, the destination of the trip and the place where tourism consumption occurs might differ.

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Domestic tourism: is the tourism of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference; 

Domestic tourism consumption: comprises the consumption of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference;

Inbound tourism: is the tourism of non resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference; 

Inbound tourism consumption: comprises the consumption of non resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents;

Outbound tourism: is the tourism of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference; 

Outbound tourism consumption: comprises the consumption of resident visitors outside the economic territory of the country of reference and provided by non residents;

Internal tourism: is the tourism of visitors, both resident and non resident, within the economic territory of the country of reference;

Internal tourism consumption: comprises the consumption of both resident and non resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference and/or that provided by residents,

National tourism: is the tourism of resident visitors, within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference.

National tourism consumption: comprises the consumption of resident visitors, within and outside the economic territory of the country of reference.

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Same-day Tourists Total visitors

visitors

Products

A. Specific products

A.1 Characteristic products

1 – Accommodation services 2 – Food and beverage serving

services (3)

3 – Passenger transport services (3) 4 – Travel agency, tour operator and

tourist guide services

5 – Cultural services (3) 6 – Recreation and other

entertainment services (3)

7 – Miscellaneous tourism services

A.2 Connected products

B. Non specific products

TOTAL

TABLE 1

Inbound tourism consumption by products and categories of visitors

(visitor final consumption expenditure in cash)

(net valuation)

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Topic 5 :The supply to visitors in the TSA

• General Background• Characteristicity at a

national level• Characteristicity at an

international level• Tourism employment• Relating demand and supply

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SNA93 general classification of goods and services for use in satellite accounts

All goods and services

Specific good and services

Non specific good and services

Characteristic goods and services

Non characteristic goods and services

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The foundations of characteristicity

Product type Basis for the definition

Examples

Characteristic products

Products would cease to exist in meaningful quantity without tourism

Scheduled air passenger transportationhotel lodging, travel agency services

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Connected products

Products affected significantly without tourism, or important to tourism

Taxicab transportationmuseum services, spectator sport facility

Non specific

products

Consumed but little significance for tourism and vice versa

Cosmetic, books, newspapers, pharmaceuticals

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Characteristicity at an international level

• Needed to make international comparisons possible and meaningful;

• List of characteristic products: TSA/TCP;

• List of characteristic activities: TSA/TCA.

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Characteristics of tourism employment (1)

• Strong fluctuation in demand (seasonality);• Predominance of small and medium sized

enterprises, whereas most of the employment is generally located in the bigger enterprises;

• Labor intensive, at least in the major industries;• Higher employment growth (as compared to the

total economy) in the major industries;

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Other characteristics of tourism employment

o High proportion of female workers;o High proportion of young people;o High proportion of part-time workers

(in some major activities);o Lower standard hourly wages

(compared to total economy);o High labor turnover.

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Primary objective of the employment module

• To provide statistical framework and methodological guidelines to establish the size and some characteristics of employment in the tourism industry.

• Two approaches are possible:– The supply approach;– The demand approach;

• Both will be used and combined

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Relating demand and supply: the typical step of a TSA compilation

Tourism industries Non tourism industries

Typical output

Secondary output

Typical output

Secondary output

Products supplied by to Characte

ristic products

Other products

Non character

istic products

Other products

Visitors Focus of internal tourism

consumption analysis

Non visitors

Focus of tourism supply analysis