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WWII
Discuss the major events and outcomes of WWII.
Nazism
FascismCommunism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are completely different theories that are bitterly opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour
Totalitarianism
I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953.
What is Communism?
• LEFT WING• based on theory by Karl Marx• revolutionary idea of a political, economic and social system that creates a “classless society”• state ownership and control of the means of production (no private ownership)• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”, was more of a totalitarian and military state combined with elements of communism
I am Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy from 1922 to 1943.
What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING• intense nationalism and elitism• totalitarian control • interests of the state more important than individual rights• maintain class system and private ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and totalitarian • based on beliefs of the National Socialist German Workers Party• belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan, the “master race”• belief that all Germans should have “lebensraum” or living space in Europe•Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germany’s problems on them
Adolf Hitler – Mein Kampf
“All the human culture, all the results of art, science and technologythat we see before us today, are almost exclusively the creativeproduct of the Aryan… It was he who laid the foundations anderected the walls of every great structure in human culture…
Only an adequate large space on this earth assures a nation offreedom of existence… We must hold unflinchingly to our aim…
to secure for the German people the land and the soil to which theyare entitled… And so we the Nazis… take up where we broke off 600 years
ago… and turn our gaze toward the East. If we speak of soil in Europe today, we can primarily have in mind only Russia.”
This Nazi propaganda poster reads, ‘Behind the enemy powers: the Jew.
“The Eternal Jew”Depiction of a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Posters like this promoted a sharp rise in anti-Semitic
feelings, and in some cases violence against the Jewish community.
• GESTAPOGESTAPO:: the Secret State Police the Secret State Police • SSSS (Schutzstaffel):(Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps “black shirts”, an Defense Corps “black shirts”, an elite guard unit formed out of the SAelite guard unit formed out of the SA
• SASA (Sturmabteilung): (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that protected leaders and early private Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political partiesopposed rival political parties
• LebensraumLebensraum (living space): (living space): concept that emphasized concept that emphasized need for territorial expansion of Germany into eastneed for territorial expansion of Germany into east
• WehrmachtWehrmacht: : German armyGerman army
• HJHJ (Hitler Jugend): (Hitler Jugend): Hitler YouthHitler Youth
• EinstazgruppenEinstazgruppen: : Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing unitsunits
• Volk:Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the superiority of German culture and race; led implying the superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of to policy of VolksgemeinschaftVolksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in government policies and racial Nazi community in government policies and programs)programs)
• Nazi Expansion and WWII– Aggression and Appeasement, 1933-1939
• Borders and Territory- T of V:• Lebensraum:• Rearmament:• Appeasement:• Rhineland:• Munich Conference:• Sudetenland:• Nevel Chamberlain:• Italy in Ethiopia:• Spanish Civil War:• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact:• September 1, 1939- Poland :
***ARTICLE 231: The “war guilt clause”
***ARTICLE 232: The “reparations” clause
ARTICLE 51: Alsace and Lorraine returned to France
ARTICLE 119: Germany’s colonies are renounced
ARTICLE 45: Germany cedes to France the Saar Basin – coal mine region
ARTICLES 80, 81, 87 AND 116: Germany recognizes independence of:Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Baltic nations (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania)
ARTICLE 160: German army must not exceed 100,000ARTICLE 181: German navy must not exceed: 6 battleships, 6 light cruisers12 destroyers, 12 torpedo boats – no submarinesARTICLE 198: Germany can’t have any military or naval air forcesQUESTION:
Who will enforce this?
REMEMBERTreaty of Versailles
Demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland
OTHER CLAUSES OF THE VERSAILLES TREATY
BY 1936, THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES HAD NO RELEVANCE
MEANWHILEMUSSOLINI MAKES A “BOLD”
MOVE AND INVADES ETHIOPIA IN 1935
THE SPANISHCIVIL WAR1936-1939
NATIONALISTS LED BY FRANCOVS.THE REPUBLICANS
FASCISTS AND CONSERVATIVESVS.COMMUNISTS AND LEFTISTS
FOREIGN INVOLVEMENT1. GERMANY AND ITALY SUPPORTED FRANCO WITHTROOPS AND WEAPONS2. SOVIET UNION SUPPORTEDTHE REPUBLICANS WITH ARMSAND ADVISORS
“TESTING GROUND FOR GERMANY AND THE SOVIET UNION”
APPEASEMENTREACHES
ITS GREATESTHEIGHT
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER NEVILLE CHAMBERALINAPPEASES ADOLF HITLER
MUNICH AGREEMENTOF 1938
HITLER REQUESTS THAT HIS TROOPS OCCUPY THE SUDETENLANDLOCATED IN CZECHOSLOVOKIA – WHY?MANY ETHNIC GERMANS LIVED THERE AND IT POSSESSED COPIOUS RESOURCES HITLER
PROMISESTHIS WILLBE THE LAST OFHIS DEMANDS
MOLOTOV,VON RIBBENTROP
AND STALIN
SIGNING THESOVIET-NAZI
NON-AGRESSION PACTAUGUST 1939
FASCIST – COMMUNISTAGREEMENT?SHOCKING!!!
TERMS
1. SOVIET SPHERE – THEBALTICS AND EASTERN POLAND2. GERMANY – FREE REIGNIN WESTERN POLAND3. WON’T ATTACK EACH OTHER
WHY?
Europe
1939
Katyn
Polish POWs captured by Soviets
The Forest of the Dead at Katyn, a Nazi propaganda poster from World War II
– Hitler’s Empire, 1939-1942• Blitzkrieg:• Battle for France:• Petain’s Vichy Government:• Charles de Gaulle:• Evacuation at Dunkirk:• Winston Churchill:• Battle of Britain:• Operation Barbarossa:• Battle of Stalingrad:• Pearl Harbor:• New Order:• Final Solution:• Holocaust:• Ghetto:• Death Camps:• Crimes against humanity:• Nuremberg Trials:
WWII Political Leaders
Swing Kids - 1939
Petain meeting Hitler October 1940
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Evacuation of Dunkirk
Battle for Britain
Operation Barbarossa
• Axis conquers vast areas of the Soviet Union and inflicts heavy losses on the Red Army, but fails in its overall strategic goal of defeating the USSR in a Blitzkrieg campaign
Pearl Harbor
Final Solution
"Selection" on the Judenrampe, Auschwitz, May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the gas chambers. This image shows the arrival of Hungarian Jews from Carpatho-Ruthenia, many of them from the Berehov ghetto. It was taken by Ernst Hofmann or Bernhard Walter of the SS. Courtesy of Yad Vashem.
– The Grand Alliance• Europe First:• Atlantic Charter (1941):
FDR and Churchill- suggestive of WW’s 14 pts, provided reasons for why war was fought
Opposed imperialistic acquisitions, encouraged national self-determination, disarmament, and system of general security
• Casablanca Conference (1943): Meeting of Big 2 (FDR and Churchill) Agreed to unconditional surrender of Axis powers, aid to
Soviet Union, and invasion through Sicily (Italy)
• Unconditional Surrender:
– The Tide of Battle• Stalingrad:• Battle of Midway and Coral Sea:• Island Hopping:-- The Pacific• Total War:• African Campaign:• Teheran Conference (1944):
Meeting of Big 3 (FDR, Churchill, and Stalin) Planned cross channel invasion
• Big 3:• D-Day: Omaha Beach (June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge (Jan 1945)• Berlin:• Yalta Conference: (Big 3 Feb 1945)—final plans for the defeat of
Germany, postwar Europe plans, UN Conference date set• Potsdam Conference (July-Aug 1945): Churchill, Stalin, Truman, Attlee;
unconditional surrender of Japan• Manhattan Project:• Hiroshima and Nagasaki:
D-Day Battle Plan
Yalta
Potsdam
• Chapter Review Questions• What are the characteristics of totalitarian states, and to
what degree were the characteristics present in fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and Stalinist Russia?
• What were the underlying causes of WWII, and what specific steps taken by Nazi Germany and Japan led to war?
• What were the turning points in WWII?• What were conditions like on the home front for the major
belligerents in WWII?• What impact did WWI have upon totalitarian governments
in Italy, Germany and the Soviet Union at the conclusion of WWII?
