Name__________________________________ Hour_____________

World War II Learning Targets 1. Describe what happened, where and why, for the 1937 ‘Rape of Nanjing.’ 2. Describe the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and why it was signed. 3. Define ‘appeasement’ and give an example of how it happened prior to WW II. 4. Define ‘isolationism’ and provide an example of it prior to WW II. 5. Explain how the roles of appeasement and isolationism helped lead to the outbreak of WW II. 6. Can I locate both the Allied and Axis powers on a map? 7. Describe the two principal ‘theaters of conflict’ in WW II. 8. Describe the following major turning points in WW II:

Germany’s Blitzkrieg Battle of Britain Battle of Stalingrad Battle of El Alamein Pearl Harbor Battle of Midway Battle of Guadalcanal D-Day (Invasion of Normandy) Battle of the Bulge Hiroshima/ Nagasaki

9. Describe at least two key strategic decisions made by world leaders during WW II. 10. Explain the significance of at least two major war conferences at the end of the war, and how

they changed the political geography of Europe. 11. Describe the Nazi policy of pursuing racial purity by explaining ‘who’, ‘why’, and ‘how’, for at

least three different groups they targeted. 12. Explain how the Nazi policy of racial purity turned into Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’. 13. Describe how the Holocaust began, what happened, to whom, when, and why. 14. Describe the human costs of WW II, with special attention to civilian and military losses in the

following countries: Russia, Germany, Britain, United States, China, Japan.

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GUIDED READING Hitler’s Lightning WarSection 1

A. Following Chronological Order As you read about war in Europe and NorthAfrica, answer the questions about the time line.

Hitler and Stalin sign a non-aggression pact.

Hitler invades Poland.

Hitler invades Denmark andNorway.

France surrenders.

German Luftwaffe begins bombing British cities.

Italy moves to seize Egypt and Suez Canal.

Hitler sends Rommel to helpItalian troops seize Egypt and the Suez Canal.

Hitler invades the Soviet Union.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, identify each of the following:

Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Atlantic Charter

CHAPTER

16

1939

Aug.

Sept.

1940

April

June

Sept.

1941Feb.

June

1. What did each leader gain from the secret agreement?

2. What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland?

3. What was Hitler’s plan for conquering France?

4. What happened at Dunkirk?

5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain?

6. What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk?

7. How did Hitler’s invasion compare with Napoleon’sinvasion of Russia?

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76 Unit 4, Chapter 16

Name Date

GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT

The Fall of SingaporeDirections: Read the paragraphs below and study the maps carefully. Thenanswer the questions that follow.Section 2

In February 1942, the Japanese army inflicted themost embarrassing defeat suffered by the British

Empire during the Second World War. The Britishlost Singapore, a tiny island at the southern tip ofMalaya, a peninsula in Southeast Asia.

Singapore was an extremely important locationduring the war. The British used it as a base to pro-tect India to the west and Australia to the south. Inaddition, Singapore lay along the prime shippingroute from Europe to China.

The British thought Singapore impossible forthe Japanese to capture. First, to the north acrossthe Johore Strait the intense heat and dense jungleof Malaya provided a barrier to invasion. Second,the south end of the island faced the Strait ofMalacca. There the British placed batteries of hugefifteen-inch cannons that could blast any enemyships.

However, the defenses contained one majordefect. The British had not bothered to fortify the

northern end of the island. They had assumed thateven if the Japanese attempted to come down thepeninsula, it would take them at least a year.Nevertheless, the Japanese decided to invadeSingapore in this way. The Japanese, concealed bythe dense jungle, were not spotted by British air-craft. By the time the British became aware of theJapanese, it was too late to mount an effectivedefense of the island. The British, who were pre-pared for an assault by sea, were not able to turntheir guns around to the north in time to halt theJapanese advance. It took the Japanese 68 days tostorm Malaya, cross the Johore Strait, and takeSingapore.

The British surrendered Singapore on February15, 1942. Adding to the humiliation of the defeat wasthe fact that British forces actually outnumbered theinvading Japanese army. In the end, 130,000 Britishtroops surrendered to 50,000 Japanese soldiers.

CHAPTER

16

����yyyy

SINGAPORESINGAPORE

MALAMALAYA

Singapore CitySingapore City

S t r a i t o f M a l a c c a

J o h o r eS

t r a i t

SINGAPORE

MALAYA

Singapore City

S t r a i t o f M a l a c c a

J o h o r eS

t r a i t

Invasion of Singapore

RailroadBritish military basesJapanese attack route

S o u t hC h i n aC h i n a

S e a

SingaporeSingapore

JapaneseJapanese Landings Landings Dec. 8, 1941 Dec. 8, 1941

MA

LA

YA

S o u t hC h i n a

S e a

Singapore

Japanese Landings Dec. 8, 1941

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Interpreting Text and Visuals

1. Where is the island of Singapore located? __________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think the British did not expect the Japanese to attack Singapore by land? ______

____________________________________________________________________________

3. In how many places did the Japanese land troops on December 8, 1941? ________________

4. On which part of Singapore did most of the Japanese army invade? ______________________

____________________________________________________________________________

5. How many British military bases were located on Singapore? __________________________

On which part of the island were most of them located? ______________________________

6. Why do you think the Japanese were able to capture Singapore even though the British had a

great advantage in number of soldiers? ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

7. What do you think made Singapore an important military target for the Japanese?

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Name The Fall of Singapore continued

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The Holocaust: 1933-1939 Once firmly in power, Hitler's plans for the ending of the struggle between the Aryan race and the "inferior races" was set to work. These races were feared as a biological threat to the "master race" purity. Hitler gained further support for his ideas via the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, headed by Dr. Joseph Goebbels, which filled the popular media with pro-Nazi material. Anything opposing the Nazi Party was censored and removed from the media. All forms of communication, newspapers, magazines, books, public meetings, rallies, art, music, movies, and radio, was controlled by the Nazis. Book-burnings of books that didn't gel with the "Nazi ideals" were frequent, some due to the their authors being Jewish, such as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, but many of them by non-Jews such as Ernest Hemingway, Jack London, Sinclair Lewis, and Helen Keller (a particularly offensive person to the Nazis since she successfully overcame her handicaps). The Jewish population of Germany hovered around 600,000 in total, less than 1 percent of the entire German population. Nonetheless, Nazi propaganda identified them as a "race" (incorrect) and an inferior one at that, the source of all the economic depression and defeat in World War I- failing to mention that many of the more than 100,000 Jews who had served in the war were highly decorated soldiers. The Jews of Germany still had some prejudices held against them but they were becoming more and more accepted. Interfaith marriages were on the rise and many Jews were prominent citizens: fourteen of the 38 Nobel Prizes awarded to Germans went to Jews. This was about to change, and for the worse. Laws were instituted against Jews forcing them out of public life, i.e. civil service jobs, law court and university positions, etc. Jewish business were boycotted as of 1935, the first organized boycott was on April 1, 1933. Jews were forced to label all exterior clothing with a yellow Star of David with the word Juden, (Jew). The "Nuremberg Laws" proclaimed Jews second-class citizens. Furthermore one's Jewishness, according to the Nuremberg Laws, was dependent on that of a person's grandparents, not that person's beliefs or identity. More laws passed between 1937 and 1939 were increasingly strict: Jews were more and more segregated and life was made much harder. Jews could not go to public schools, theaters, cinemas, or resorts, and furthermore, they were banned from living, or sometimes even walking, in certain parts of Germany. The Jewish population was less persecuted during the Summer Olympics of Berlin in 1936, however, no German Jewish athletes were allowed to compete. The period between 1937 and 1939 also saw the economic hardship for Jews increase. Actions against Jewish businesses and properties escalated from boycotts and seizures to destruction of stores and synagogues. In November 1938, the Kristallnacht took place, in which Jewish buildings were destroyed, and Jewish men were arrested and murdered. The riot (or pogrom) came be to known as the "night of broken glass," thus the name Kristallnacht. Over 1000 synagogues were burned, 7,000 Jewish business were wrecked. It had all been very carefully planned by Dr. Goebbels and other Nazi officials. Thirty thousand more male Jews were arrested the next morning for the "crime" of their religious beliefs. Some female Jews were arrested and sent to local jails. More restrictions were placed on the Jewish people, making it particularly tough for children, who were essentially housebound. Jews were not the only target of Nazi persecution despite their status as the main "problem." Nazi hatred extended to include groups deemed racially or genetically "inferior," which was advocated by scientists who promoted "selective breeding," or eugenics for the "improvement" of the human race.

Laws were passed between 1933 and 1935 to reduce the number of genetically "inferior" individuals in the gene pool through involuntary sterilization programs. The result: 500 African-German children and 320,000 to 350,000 people judged to be handicapped either physically or mentally were sterilized surgically or subjected to sterilizing radiation. The program drew support from people claiming that the handicapped population was a burden due to their care costs. Many Blacks and Gypsies were also sterilized and prevented from intermarrying with Germans. The Nazi tradition of mixing old prejudices in showed again when laws were passed decreeing Gypsies (30,000 of which resided in Germany) as "criminal and asocial" as a race in general. Other victims of Nazi persecution included political opponents of Hitler and trade unionists as well as other "enemies of the state." Between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexuals were placed in concentration camps. Due to the newly revised 1935 Nazi criminal code, simply being called a homosexual could result in arrest, trial, and conviction. The 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were banned in April 1933 because their religion prohibited them from swearing any oath to the state or providing service in the state military. The literature of the Jehovah's Witnesses was confiscated. They lost their jobs along with their unemployment benefits, social welfare benefits, and pensions. Many of them were put in concentration camps and prisons; their children went to juvenile detention centers and orphanages. In this time, approximately half the Jewish population of Germany fled along with more than two-thirds of the Austrian Jewry, the latter fleeing between 1938 and 1939. Emigration took them to Palestine (mainly), but also the United States, Latin America, Shanghai (where no visa was required for entry, a great convenience), along with eastern and western Europe, (a poor choice, since the Nazis would soon catch many of them again as they conquered Europe). The Jews who remained in Nazi Germany were either unwilling to leave or unable to obtain visas. Some could not get sponsors in host countries, or were simply too poor to be able to afford the trip. Many foreign countries made it even harder to get out due to strict emigration policies designed to thwart large amounts of refugees from entering, particularly in the wake of the Depression. The United States, Britain, Canada, and France were among these. Thirty-eight countries met at Evian, France to discuss the treatment of the Jews in Germany, but no real help was offered, to the delight of the German government, which was amused that while the world criticized their treatment of Jews, nobody was offering the Jews a place to go to when the opportunity was there.

Directions: The year is 1938 and you are a German citizen living in Berlin. You have just heard that Jewish synagogues and businesses have been vandalized and destroyed all across the country. After hearing reports of the destruction, you are so moved that you feel it necessary to write an editorial for your newspaper, The Berlin Post, the most widely read newspaper in Germany. In one paragraph describe how you, a German newspaper editor, feel about events of Kristallnacht. However, you understand that the newspapers in Germany were not free to write whatever they wanted. With that in mind, use the back of this sheet, class notes, and your textbook to write an editorial that could get published and not result in your imprisonment.

THE BERLIN POST

Friday, November 11, 1938 What I think of the Versailles Treaty— ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: The year is 1938 and you are an American citizen living in Kansas City. You have just heard that Jewish synagogues and businesses have been vandalized and destroyed all across Germany. After hearing reports of the destruction, you are so moved that you feel it necessary to write an editorial for your newspaper, The Kansas City Star, the most widely read newspaper in the region. In one paragraph describe how you, an American citizen from the midwest, feel about events of Kristallnacht. Use the back of this sheet, class notes, and your textbook to write an editorial that could get published and not result in your imprisonment.

The Kansas City Star

Friday, November 11, 1938 What I think of Kristallnacht— ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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PRIMARY SOURCE from Hiroshimaby John Hersey

On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima,Japan. Journalist John Hersey wrote an account of six Japanese survivors whoselives were forever changed by the blast. As you read part of this account, consid-er what each of the survivors was doing when the bomb exploded.

Section 4

At exactly fifteen minutes past eight in themorning, on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at

the moment when the atomic bomb flashed aboveHiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the per-sonnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, hadjust sat down at her place in the plant office andwas turning her head to speak to the girl at the nextdesk. At that same moment, Dr. Masakazu Fujiiwas settling down cross-legged to read the OsakaAsahi on the porch of his private hospital, over-hanging one of the seven deltaic rivers which divideHiroshima; Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailor’s widow,stood by the window of her kitchen, watching aneighbor tearing down his house because it lay inthe path of an air-raid-defense fire lane; FatherWilhelm Kleinsorge, a German priest of the Societyof Jesus, reclined in his underwear on a cot on thetop floor of his order’s three-story mission house,reading a Jesuit magazine, Stimmen der Zeit; Dr.Terufumi Sasaki, a young member of the surgicalstaff of the city’s large, modern Red Cross Hospital,walked along one of the hospital corridors with ablood specimen for a Wassermann test in his hand;and the Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, pastor ofthe Hiroshima Methodist Church, paused at thedoor of a rich man’s house in Koi, the city’s westernsuburb, and prepared to unload a handcart full ofthings he had evacuated from town in fear of themassive B-29 raid which everyone expectedHiroshima to suffer. A hundred thousand peoplewere killed by the atomic bomb, and these six wereamong the survivors. They still wonder why theylived when so many others died. Each of themcounts many small items of chance or volition

[will]—a step taken in time, a decision to go indoors,catching one streetcar instead of the next—thatspared him. And now each knows that in the act ofsurvival he lived a dozen lives and saw more deaththan he ever thought he would see. At the time,none of them knew anything. . . .

Then a tremendous flash of light cut across thesky. Mr. Tanimoto has a distinct recollection that ittravelled from east to west, from the city towardthe hills. It seemed a sheet of sun. Both he and Mr.Matsuo reacted in terror—and both had time toreact (for they were 3,500 yards, or two miles, fromthe center of the explosion). Mr. Matsuo dashed upthe front steps into the house and dived among thebedrolls and buried himself there. Mr. Tanimototook four or five steps and threw himself betweentwo big rocks in the garden. He bellied up veryhard against one of them. As his face was againstthe stone, he did not see what happened. He felt asudden pressure, and then splinters and pieces ofboard and fragments of tile fell on him. He heardno roar.

from John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Bantam, 1946),1–7.

Research OptionForming and Supporting OpinionsUse on-line or print resources to research thedebate in 1945 among scientists and American gov-ernment officials over whether the United Statesshould use the atomic bomb on Japan. Then, withyour classmates, hold a mock debate in which youargue for or against using the bomb.

CHAPTER

16

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GUIDED READING Europe and Japan in RuinsSection 5

A. Summarizing As you read this section, fill out the chart by writing notes todescribe conditions in postwar Europe and Japan.

B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, explain the objectives of the NurembergTrials and the demilitarization of Japan.

CHAPTER

16

Postwar Europe:

1. Note three ways war affected the land and people of Europe.

2. Note three political problems postwar governments faced.

3. Note one way the Allies dealt with the Holocaust.

Postwar Japan:

4. Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan.

5. Note three ways U.S. occupation changed Japan.

6. Note three provisions in Japan’s new constitution.

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Resu

lts

Th

e Decisio

n

The Atomic Bomb

Th

e Pro

blem

U

se pages 512-513 to complete the organizer

Reaso

ns fo

r R

eason

s against

The A

fterm

ath

of W

WII

Use pages 514-517 in your text to com

plete the organizer.

New

Conflicts D

evelop

U

nited Nations

Alliances B

reak Up