www.psywar.orgwww.psywar.org

World War IWorld War I• III. The HomefrontIII. The Homefront

– A. Economic MobilizationA. Economic Mobilization

• 1. Financing the War1. Financing the War– Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

– TaxesTaxes

World War IWorld War I• III. The HomefrontIII. The Homefront

– A. Economic MobilizationA. Economic Mobilization

• 2. Organizing the Economy (war 2. Organizing the Economy (war boards)boards)– a. War Industries Boarda. War Industries Board

» Bernard BaruchBernard Baruch

– b. Food Administrationb. Food Administration

» Herbert HooverHerbert Hoover

» Volunteerism & ConserveVolunteerism & Conserve

» Victory Gardens, “wheatless Victory Gardens, “wheatless Wednesdays” & “meatless Wednesdays” & “meatless Tuesdays”Tuesdays”

– c. Fuel Administrationc. Fuel Administration

» ““heatless Mondays” & heatless Mondays” & “gasless Sundays”“gasless Sundays”

– d. National War Labor Boardd. National War Labor Board

» William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

» Resolve Labor disputesResolve Labor disputes

» 8 hr. day, wages rise, union 8 hr. day, wages rise, union members increasemembers increase

» Workers not strike & Workers not strike & employers not lockoutemployers not lockout

» Ludlow MassacreLudlow Massacre

World War IWorld War I• III. The HomefrontIII. The Homefront

– A. Economic MobilizationA. Economic Mobilization

• 3. Economic & Social Results3. Economic & Social Results– a. African Americansa. African Americans

» ““Great Migration”Great Migration”

» Race RiotsRace Riots

– b. Womenb. Women

World War IWorld War I• III. The HomefrontIII. The Homefront

– B. War PropagandaB. War Propaganda

• 1. Committee of Public 1. Committee of Public Info./George CreelInfo./George Creel

• 2. Forms of Propaganda2. Forms of Propaganda

• 3. Results3. Results

World War IWorld War I• III. The HomefrontIII. The Homefront

– C. Civil Liberties & Repressing C. Civil Liberties & Repressing Dissent Dissent

• 1. Espionage Act (1917)1. Espionage Act (1917)

• 2. Sedition Act (1918)2. Sedition Act (1918)

• 3. “patriotic organizations”3. “patriotic organizations”

• 4. “100 Percent Americanism”4. “100 Percent Americanism”

Civil Liberty CasesCivil Liberty Cases• The The Espionage ActEspionage Act, passed in 1917, made it a crime to obstruct military recruitment and it authorized the Postmaster General to deny , passed in 1917, made it a crime to obstruct military recruitment and it authorized the Postmaster General to deny

mailing privileges to any material he considered treasonous or harmful to the war effort. mailing privileges to any material he considered treasonous or harmful to the war effort. • The The Sedition ActSedition Act, passed in 1918, made it illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language” , passed in 1918, made it illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language”

about the government, the Constitution, the flag, the armed forces or even the “uniform of the Army or Navy.” about the government, the Constitution, the flag, the armed forces or even the “uniform of the Army or Navy.”

• Case #1: The American Revolution Movie (Case #1: The American Revolution Movie (U.S. v. Spirit of ’76)U.S. v. Spirit of ’76)• A Hollywood movie producer issued a film, A Hollywood movie producer issued a film, The Spirit of 76The Spirit of 76, which portrayed some scenes in which British soldiers , which portrayed some scenes in which British soldiers

committed some atrocities.Claiming that the film questioned the faith of our ally, Great Britain, the prosecution argued that the war committed some atrocities.Claiming that the film questioned the faith of our ally, Great Britain, the prosecution argued that the war effort demanded total Allied support.effort demanded total Allied support.

• Guilty or Not Guilty?Guilty or Not Guilty?• Sentence/Fine: Sentence/Fine:

• Case #2: The Anti-Draft CircularsCase #2: The Anti-Draft Circulars ((Schenck v. U.S.)Schenck v. U.S.)• An American Socialist, feeling that American involvement in World War I was an attempt to bolster the capitalist An American Socialist, feeling that American involvement in World War I was an attempt to bolster the capitalist

system, mailed circulars to men eligible for the draft, stating that being conscripted against one’s will was unconstitutional and should system, mailed circulars to men eligible for the draft, stating that being conscripted against one’s will was unconstitutional and should be resisted.The prosecution argued that this interfered with the government’s right to raise an army in time of war. be resisted.The prosecution argued that this interfered with the government’s right to raise an army in time of war.

• Guilty or Not Guilty? Guilty or Not Guilty? • Sentence/Fine: Sentence/Fine:

• Case #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a WindowCase #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a Window ((Abrams v. U.S.)Abrams v. U.S.)• Several men, concerned about America’s involvement in the unfolding Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, dropped some Several men, concerned about America’s involvement in the unfolding Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, dropped some

leaflets from a window to pedestrians below.The leaflets urged that American workers go on strike to protest America’s involvement in leaflets from a window to pedestrians below.The leaflets urged that American workers go on strike to protest America’s involvement in another nation’s civil war.The prosecution argued that while the leaflets made no statement about the U.S.’s role in World War or its another nation’s civil war.The prosecution argued that while the leaflets made no statement about the U.S.’s role in World War or its allies, a strike might hamper war production and thus their actions were illegal. allies, a strike might hamper war production and thus their actions were illegal.

• Guilty or Not Guilty? Guilty or Not Guilty? • Sentence/Fine: Sentence/Fine:

• Case #4: The Anti-Draft SpeechCase #4: The Anti-Draft Speech ((U.S. v. Debs)U.S. v. Debs)• An American Socialist leader stood on a street corner in Cincinnati, Ohio and told a crowd of passers-by that the draft An American Socialist leader stood on a street corner in Cincinnati, Ohio and told a crowd of passers-by that the draft

was wrong, that the European War was not America’s fight, and that the U.S. should withdraw its troops immediately.The prosecution was wrong, that the European War was not America’s fight, and that the U.S. should withdraw its troops immediately.The prosecution contended that these words were inflammatory and could hinder the recruitment of soldiers by the Selective Service Administration. contended that these words were inflammatory and could hinder the recruitment of soldiers by the Selective Service Administration.

• Guilty or Not Guilty? Guilty or Not Guilty? • Sentence/Fine: Sentence/Fine:

• This comes from Mr. Feldmeth = http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html This comes from Mr. Feldmeth = http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html

Civil Liberty CasesCivil Liberty Cases• Case #1: The American Revolution MovieCase #1: The American Revolution Movie• U.S. v. Spirit of ’76U.S. v. Spirit of ’76The producer was fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison The producer was fined $10,000 and given a 10-year prison

sentence (later commuted to three years). sentence (later commuted to three years).

• Case #2: The Anti-Draft CircularsCase #2: The Anti-Draft Circulars • Schenck v. U.S.Schenck v. U.S. A 10-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court, which A 10-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court, which

established the “clear and present danger” doctrine for the boundaries of permissible established the “clear and present danger” doctrine for the boundaries of permissible speech.speech.

• Case #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a WindowCase #3: The Leaflets Dropped From a Window • Abrams v. U.S.Abrams v. U.S. A 20-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court.Abrams A 20-year sentence upheld by the Supreme Court.Abrams

was later released from prison on the condition that he emigrate to the Soviet Union. was later released from prison on the condition that he emigrate to the Soviet Union.

• Case #4: The Anti-Draft SpeechCase #4: The Anti-Draft Speech • U.S. v. DebsU.S. v. Debs 10-year sentence commuted by President Harding in 1921. 10-year sentence commuted by President Harding in 1921.

• This comes from Mr. Feldmeth = This comes from Mr. Feldmeth = http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html http://www.polytechnic.org/faculty/gfeldmeth/USHistory.html