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OGP JOINT INDUSTRY PROGRAMME: OGP JOINT INDUSTRY PROGRAMME: E&P SOUND AND MARINE LIFEE&P SOUND AND MARINE LIFE

Research and Development to InformDecision Making, Risk Reduction

and Management

Russell D. TaitRussell D. Tait

Presentation to Presentation to

OGP Sound & Marine Life JIPOGP Sound & Marine Life JIPTagging WorkshopTagging Workshop

St. Andrews, ScotlandSt. Andrews, ScotlandMarch 20, 2007March 20, 2007


Sperm

Calving / Feeding

Bottlenose Habitat

Fisheries

Gray

Migration / Feeding

S. Right / Blue / Humpback

Migration / Breeding / Calving

Humpback / Sperm / Others

Migration / Breeding

BowheadMigration / Calving

Gray

Migration / Calving

Global Nature of E&P Operations and Global Nature of E&P Operations and Sound IssueSound Issue

Fisheries


Man-made Sound in The Marine Man-made Sound in The Marine EnvironmentEnvironment

• Industry faces this issue on global basis– Operational and access restrictions

• Regional issues– Taken up in a number of places and generally concludes that

too little is known– Parallel issue: Marine Protected Areas

• Scientific basis needed to assess extent of the issue– Assess real risks/ impacts from E&P operations– Evaluate mitigation methods and develop effective options– Input to policy and regulatory decision processes

• JIP will address the issue by facilitating acquisition of required information – Rigorous scientific approach– Focus on key questions relevant to E&P Industry– Industry specific and collaborative research identified


Source – Pathway – Receiver ModelSource – Pathway – Receiver Model

Propagation• divergence• attenuation• sea bed effects

Sound Sources• source level• spectral content• duty cycle• Directivity

Receiver• audiogram• demographic• activity• population status

Dose

Re

sp

on

seBehaviorDiving

BreathingVocalization...

Physical InjuryAuditory Injury

Behavior Changes

Biological Significance

?

IMP

AC

T ?

•Navies•E&P•Construction•Shipping•Other

OGP JIP will focus on

Mitigation

Research Tools


Phased Approach to AddressPhased Approach to AddressE&P Sound and Marine LifeE&P Sound and Marine Life

Phase 1:• Duration: 4Q 2004 to 1Q 2006• Members:

– BP Chevron ConocoPhillips– ExxonMobil Hydro IAGC– Shell Statoil Total

• Assessment of issue, knowledge gaps, research options, model for prioritization

Phase 2 / Research Implementation:• Address Research/Scientific gaps• Mitigation and monitoring• 14 E&P Companies

• Anadarko, BG Group, BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni,ExxonMobil, Norsk-Hydro, Santos, Shell, Statoil, Total, Woodside,

• 1 Industry Association (IAGC)• Funding

– 2006 >US$8M– 2007 ~US$8.3M

Uses/Users of Research Results• Companies, Trade Associations, Researchers, JIP Programme Manager• OGP secretariat• OGP/ IAGC Marine Mammal Task Force (advocacy)

CompleteComplete

3 year commitment3 year commitmentinitiated May, 2006initiated May, 2006


2006 Implementation of Prioritised 2006 Implementation of Prioritised Research Research

Higher Priorities (as a proposal to JIP Phase 2):– Sound characterization methods standardisation and industry Sound characterization methods standardisation and industry

sound inventorysound inventory – Source characterization for seismic exploration and other E&P Source characterization for seismic exploration and other E&P

sound sources sound sources – Sound propagation models Sound propagation models – Passive Acoustic Monitoring: especially PAMGUARD software Passive Acoustic Monitoring: especially PAMGUARD software

development development – Understanding biological significance Understanding biological significance – Animal tagging technology development Animal tagging technology development – Temporary threshold shift in Cetaceans after exposure to repeated

pulse sounds from airguns – Sound attenuation technologySound attenuation technology – Effectiveness of airgun start-up procedures and operational

parameters – Behavioural reactions of marine life to E&P sound – Electrophysiological methods to enhance audiogram collection

(e.g. Auditory Evoked Potential) Medium & Lower Priority research projects (22 Identified)


2006 Implementation of Prioritised 2006 Implementation of Prioritised Research cont.Research cont.

Medium priorities (as a proposal to JIP Phase 2):– Develop Measurement Standards for Sound Source Develop Measurement Standards for Sound Source

CharacterizationCharacterization– Beaked Whale Issue: Nitrogen Bubble FormationBeaked Whale Issue: Nitrogen Bubble Formation– Collect and Analyze Marine Mammal Observer (MMO) Data– Alternative Sound Sources and Sound Reduction: Alternate Alternative Sound Sources and Sound Reduction: Alternate

Seismic ExplorationSeismic Exploration– Development and Improvement of Autonomous Buoys for PAM– Epithelial/Hair Cell Damage in Fish Ears– Audiograms – Fish– Anatomical Ear Models of Larger Whale Species (for developing

audiograms)– Active Acoustic Monitoring (AAM)– Marine Mammal Observers (MMO) Methods and Effectiveness


Research Projects InitiatedResearch Projects Initiated

1 Sound Source Characterisation– Seismic 3-D characterisation– Single/Cluster measurement– Sound attenuation review– Industry sound inventory review

2 Physiological Effects– TTS in Odontocetes– Blood nitrogen uptake– Mysticete hearing

3 Behavioral Reactions & Biological Significance

4 Mitigation & Monitoring– PAMGuard– Active Acoustic Monitoring– Acoustic vector sensor– MMO data methods & potential use– Silencing technologies review

5 Research Tools– Tagging development workshop– GPS/Depth Tag field testing

6 Other– Conference support– Publications support– Communication


Animal Tagging Technology Animal Tagging Technology DevelopmentDevelopment

• Objectives:– Assess the capability of current tags – As necessary, support development of tagging technology to

provide tools applicable for assessment of interaction of E&P sound and marine life

• Tagging developments: – Record relevant aspects of animal behaviour (breathing, dive

profiles, swimming speeds, etc.)– Improve tag durability and duration of recording (temporal and

data rate)– Tag deployment, data transmission and tag recovery– Improve battery life– Parameters which facilitate a better understanding of biological

significance for key species– Sound exposure / received levels

• Field testing and proof-of-concept


Migrating FeedingBreedingResting

Dose

Re

sp

on

se

Behavior i

Dose

Re

sp

on

se

Behavior j

Dose

Re

sp

on

se

Behavior k

Dose

Re

sp

on

se

Behavior m

T1ia

T1ib

T1jb

T1ja T1jcT1kb T1kc T1mc

Adult Survival Reproduction

T2ax T2bx T2bz T2cz

Population ViabilityBiological Significance

T3x T3z

BehaviorOrientationBreathingVocalizationDivingResting.......

Life FunctionMigrationFeedingBreedingDefense.......

Vital RateSurvivorshipReproduction(age-specific)

NRC PCAD Model Provides Context NRC PCAD Model Provides Context


Tagging Developments / ChallengesTagging Developments / Challenges

• Exposure of animals will not always be avoidable– Assessment of exposure

• Questionable links between fine scale behavioral effects and higher level effects, especially population level effects – Transfer functions will take a long time to develop– Will always lead to additional questions that cannot be answered

• If operations focus on managing risks at the vital rate level, tools are needed to establish effects at the life function level and relate how these could affect reproduction and/or survival – How do you assess levels of change in feeding? How long does it

take before affected animals resume feeding?– How much change in migration route is needed to become

consequential to reproduction or survival?– What do demographics tell us?– What are key biological rates, and how does assessment relate

to these?

Documents

Www.soundandmarinelife.org/site/ OGP JOINT INDUSTRY PROGRAMME: E&P SOUND AND MARINE LIFE OGP JOINT INDUSTRY PROGRAMME: E&P SOUND AND MARINE LIFE Research