X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs Mark Rivers Center for Advanced Radiation...
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X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs Mark Rivers Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago Front End Electronics 2014
X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs Mark
Rivers Center for Advanced Radiation Sources University of Chicago
Front End Electronics 2014 May 20, 2014
Slide 2
Outline 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status
and Future Needs 2 Differences in Detectors for High-Energy Physics
and X-ray Sciences Diverse detector needs for x-ray applications
Detector constraints APS Upgrade Plans For several detector types:
Where weve come from since the APS began operations in 1995 Where
we are now Where wed like to be in another 5-10 years
Slide 3
Detectors for High-Energy Physics and X-ray Science High Energy
Physics The detector is the experiment. As important (and costly)
as the accelerator 1 - 4 detectors highly specialized detectors per
accelerator Size is relatively unconstrained Cost is significant
part of the total project cost No commercial vendors Very large
team to develop Photon Sciences Very diverse needs, many types of
detectors required Each accelerator requires 100 1000 detectors
Each detector is a very small fraction of the total facility cost
(
Lattice design evolution from double-bend achromats (DBA) to
multi-bend achromats (MBA): lower emittance from increased number
of dipole magnets Factor of > 40 improvement in emittance from
cubic scaling DBA Multi-bend Achromat Magnet Lattice 7BA D. Einfeld
et al., Proc. PAC 95, Dallas TX Emittance is the product of the
size and divergence of the electron beam. Thus, a lower emittance
results in a higher brightness X-ray source.
Slide 9
APS MBA Upgrade Unique source properties: High brightness of
the upgraded ring Traditional strengths: High Energy Timing ring
Unique scientific opportunities complemented by new storage ring:
Coherent techniques: XPCS, CDI, Ptychography Tighter focus:
Micro/nano probe 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS:
Status and Future Needs 9
Slide 10
APS-MBA High-Level Performance Goals More than two orders of
magnitude increase in brightness at insertion device (ID) sources
over a wide range of hard X-ray energies Similar improvement in
coherent flux All bending magnet (BM) beamlines supported, with
greater flux and harder X-rays using three-pole wiggler sources At
least a factor of 2 increase in hard X-ray flux (BM and ID) 48 to
324 uniformly-spaced bunches supported Approaching diffraction
limited source 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS:
Status and Future Needs 10
Slide 11
APS-MBA Implications for Detector Needs Brightness increases
> 100 How to use the brightness gain: Decrease focal spot size
or divergence on sample with same # of photons/s No need for
detector changes Increase the number of photons in the same size
spot and divergence on sample Detector must count ~100 times faster
Detector could have lower efficiency but better resolution, etc.
5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future
Needs 11
Slide 12
Needs for X-ray Free Electron Lasers Complete data in few fs
Repetition rates increasing from 120 Hz (LCLS) to 27 kHz (European
XFEL) ~10 12 photons in 10 fs About the same number that APS
beamline delivers in 1 s Need for new technologies: integrating
detectors with storage & fast readout Some overlap with
synchrotron detector needs for applications such as time-resolved
pink-beam diffraction Photons being delivered much faster than
photon-counting detectors (e.g. Pilatus, Eiger) can handle
5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future
Needs 12
Slide 13
Spectroscopy detectors Measure energy of each x-ray photon as
it arrives Figures of merit Energy resolution Count rate Energy
range Where we were in 1995 13-element Canberra Ge detector NIM
readout electronics with 10 Mb/s Ethernet 100 ms to read 13 spectra
250 eV resolution Problem of escape peaks (E 9.89 keV) Good
high-energy performance 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the
APS: Status and Future Needs 13
Slide 14
Spectroscopic Detectors: Where we are State of the Art: Vortex
ME4 with XMAP shaping electronics ~170mm 2 total sensor area Peak
count rate: ~200 KHz/element Resolution (MnK ): 125 eV No cryogens
High energy option: Canberra Ge Big Challenge: Trade off between
shaping time (count rate) and energy resolution Longer shaping time
averages out background, yielding better resolution Move to deeper
sub- s shaping time, resolution balloons to several-hundred eV
5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future
Needs 14
Slide 15
Spectroscopy detectors Where we are XIA xMAP Digital Signal
Processing electronics 4 elements * 1000 pixels/sec = 4000
spectra/sec 16 MB/sec sustained 1 Mega pixel map in 20 minutes Next
generation detector and electronics reduces this to 5 minutes
5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future
Needs 15
Slide 16
GSECARS 13-ID-E X-ray Microprobe XRF Imaging: high spatial
resolution (500 nm) with high flux (>10 11 ph/s) Arabidopsis
seed Columbia-0 7 m 200 msec X26A NSLS 0.7 m 13 msec 13-ID-E APS T.
Punshon and A. Sivitz, Dartmouth Fe (~70 ppm) Mn (~70 ppm) Zn (~100
ppm) see Kim et al., Science, 2009 for background
Slide 17
Spectroscopy Detectors: Near-term Improvements 5/20/2014 M.
Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 17 127
eV FWHM with 250 ns peaking time Cube pre-amp: Italian company
marketing readout ASIC for SDDs Lower capacitance than standard
JFET readout better noise performance; good Si resolution with fast
shaping times Available on next-gen SDDs (Ketek, Amptek, Vortex)
Pictures and more info: http://www.xglab.it/ New shaping
electronics: FalconX from XIA and Xpress3 from Quantum use advanced
fitting techniques to lower shaping time MHz rates from standard
(JFET) SDDs Images and more info: http://www.xia.com,
http://www.quantumdetectors.com Energy resolution vs. count rate
for Xpress 3
Slide 18
Spectroscopy Detectors: Medium-term Improvements MAIA Detector
Pixelated Silicon Energy Dispersive Detector by BNL and CSIRO High
total count rates via pixilation Energy resolution: ~250 eV Next
version incorporates SDDs Can be purchased through CSIRO 5/20/2014
M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 18
[18] CCD Detectors Can have good energy resolution, lots of pixels,
fast frame rates.Could do MHz count rates in single photon counting
mode PnCCD: Made by PnDetector (Max Plank Institute) 150 eV
resolution; 400 Hz frame rate Novel applications simultaneous XRF
and imaging I. Ordavo et al, NIM A 654 (2011) 250-257.
http://www.rdmag.com/a ward-winners/2011/08/x-
ray-detector-delivers- more-pixels-faster-data
http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au /mediarelease/mr11-63.html
Slide 19
Spectroscopy detectors Future Needs Few eV resolution Higher
count rate However, problem of ring repetition rate Xpress3 can do
> 3MHz. APS bunch rate in 24-bunch mode is about 6 MHz.
Significant pileup problems Really need more detectors, each
running at ~1MHz. High energy detector with good resolution and
speed Energy resolving pixel-array detector High-speed fluorescence
tomography High-speed diffraction using white beam 5/20/2014 M.
Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 19
Slide 20
Superconducting Detectors for the APS-U Simultaneous broadband
response (e.g., ~200 eV to 12 keV) and energy resolution of less
than 3 eV. Resolve essentially all elemental x-ray overlaps and
provide a wealth of chemical detail in x- ray spectra. Scanning
nanoprobes and spectroscopy (XAS/XES) beamlines. Design Goals
1000-pixels Total area 100 mm 2 Mean Energy resolution 3 eV at 6
keV Total Count rate: 100 kcps Peak-to-background: 10,000:1
(uncollimated) Cryostat hold-time: 7 days Sensor-window distance:
10-15 mm Snout Length: 300-500 mm Snout Diameter: 8 conflat
(tappered to accommodate focusing optics) Technology for APS-U
Project: Microwave resonator coupled Transition Edge Sensors
Combines the multiplexing power of MKIDs (ANL/APS) with the low
noise TESs (NIST/SLAC). R&D activities to support this are
underway 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status
and Future Needs 20 NIST Microwave resonator coupled TES
Slide 21
Diffraction Detectors Figures of merit Pixel size Readout time
Energy range Where we were in 1995 Scintillator/photomultiplier for
point-detector Online image plate reader, 3 minute readout CCD
cameras with scintillator and fiber taper, 2Kx2K with 5 second
readout 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and
Future Needs 21
Slide 22
Familiar technology: Pilatus Traditional counting electronics
placed in 175 m pixel Reliable, easy to use, low background Count
rate limitation: ~1MHz Favorite at APS since debut in 2007
5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future
Needs 22 Hybrid pixel devices: Pixelated sensor + application
specific chip = intelligent pixels Application Specific Integrated
Circuit (ASIC) C. Broenimann, et al. J. Synchrotron Rad. (2006),
13, 120-130. Area Detectors: Current Technology
http://necat.chem.cornell.edu/status/Oc tober2011.html
Slide 23
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Bragg peak
Anti-Bragg Given a fixed Q rock the sample so the rod cuts through
Ewald sphere: provide an accurate measure of the integrated
intensity Integrated intensity is corrected for geometrical factors
to produce experimental structure factor (F E ) for comparison with
theory e.g. lsq model fitting Symmetry equivalents are averaged to
reduce the systematic errors Single crystal mineral specimen Q L K
H Measurement by rocking scans:
Slide 24
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Scan of rod
through resolution function defined by the detector slits Int Q LL
Measurement by rocking scans:
Slide 25
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Int Q LL
Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector
slits Measurement by rocking scans:
Slide 26
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Int Q LL
Scan of rod through resolution function defined by the detector
slits Measurement by rocking scans:
Slide 27
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction background
Integrated Intensity Int Q LL Since rods are slowly varying the
width of L has a small effect on resolution. Data integration can
be corrected for resolution Scan of rod through resolution function
defined by the detector slits Measurement by rocking scans:
Slide 28
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Pixel array
detectors with high dynamic range and fast readout means data
collection speedup 10x or more: CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere TDS
from nearby Bragg peak CTR intersecting Ewald Sphere Powder
ring
Slide 29
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction Pixel size
172 x 172 m^2 Active area 83.8 x 33.5 x mm2 Counting rate
>2x10^6/pixel/s Energy range 3 30 keV (abs. 100% - 10%) Readout
time 2.7 ms Framing rate 200 Hz Power consumption 15 W, air-cooled
Dimensions 275 x 146 x 85 mm Weight 4 kg
https://www.dectris.com/index.php
Slide 30
Experimental methods, data collection and reduction PILATUS
100K detector r-Cut Fe 2 O 3 11L Rod
Pulsed laser heating, gating Pilatus 1 s Goncharov, Prakapenka
et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010)
Slide 33
Pulsed laser heating, gating detectors 1 s Goncharov,
Prakapenka et al, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 113902 (2010) Laser X-ray
T, K
Slide 34
0.2 s Delay, s Synchrotron hybrid fill 500 ns, 88 mA 16 mA
Slide 35
2600 K 300 K 3600 K Pulsed laser heating Ir at 40 GPa
Slide 36
Diffraction Detectors: Dectris Eiger 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray
Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 36 Slide from C.
SchulzeBriese, Eiger Workshop, 2013. Available as download from
dectris.com. Smaller pixels, so more required to fill same area as
typical Pilatus sensor. 1M Eiger is ~ 80 mm X 80 mm. Less counter
depth, but faster image rates. 3kHz @ 12 bits, but 9 kHz @ 4 bits
Still has count- rate limitations - ~10 12 /s max on 1M
detector
Slide 37
Diffraction Detectors: Other commercial PADS ADSC Dual Mode PAD
Selectable pixel logic single photon counting or ramp counting
(quantized integrating) Total of ~32 bits dynamic range 150 m pixel
size; 1kHz frame rate Pixirad: Commercial PAD with CdTe sensor
Relatively thin sensor efficient to ~100 KeV 60 m hexagonal pixel;
200 Hz image rate More info: http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/ Marie Ruat:
Will see many companies marketing CdTe in next few years. 5/20/2014
M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 37
Images courtesy Ron Hamlin, ADSC Images:
http://pixirad.pi.infn.it/
Slide 38
Exceptional Cases: Custom PADS for the APS New initiative in
hybrid pixel detectors for the APS Initial plan: Two integrating
detectors emphasizing high frame rates and wide dynamic range:
Fermi-Argonne Semiconductor Pixel Array X-ray detector (FASPAX):
In-pixel analog storage allows burst frame rate matched to timing
mode fill pattern (13 MHz) CDI detector: High dynamic range
detector with small pixels (50- 60 m) optimized for coherence-based
science (CDI) kHz frame rates 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors
for the APS: Status and Future Needs 38 T. Weber, et al, Applied
Crystallography, Vol 4 (2008), pgs. 669-674.
Slide 39
Imaging Detectors Figures of Merit Pixel size Speed Sensitivity
Where we were in 1995 Analog video cameras with frame grabbers
Cooled CCD cameras, mechanical shutter, 3 frames/s 5/20/2014 M.
Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs 39
Slide 40
Absorption Tomography Setup 13-BM-D station at APS X-ray Source
Parallel monochromatic x-rays, 7-65 keV APS bending magnet source,
20 keV critical energy 1-50mm field of view in horizontal, up to 6
mm in vertical 1-20 micron resultion, depends on field of view
Imaging System YAG or LAG single crystal scintillator 5X to 20X
microscope objectives, or zoom/macro lens 1360x1040 pixel CCD
camera Data collection Rotate sample 180 degrees, acquire images
every 0.25 degrees Data collection time: 3-20 minutes
Reconstruction time: 1-2 minutes X-rays Rotation stage Sample
Scintillator Microscope objective CCD camera X-rays Visible
light
Slide 41
Degassing and bubble growth at 1 atm X-ray radiography of
sample inside furnace, 30x time compression, heating to 600C
Tomography after cooling can heat a little, image, heat some
more,
Slide 42
Point Grey Model GS3-U3- 23S6M 1920 x 1200 global shutter CMOS
No smear Distortion-free Dynamic range of 73 dB Peak QE of 76% Read
noise of 7e- Max frame rate of 162 fps (~400 MB/S, 4X faster than
GigE) USB 3.0 interface $1,295 Comparable to PCO Edge and Andor
Zyla for 10X less money Imaging Detectors: Current Low-End
Conclusions Improvements in x-ray sources and detectors have
the potential for transformative improvements in x-ray science in
5-10 years Improvements needed in Spatial resolution Temporal
resolution Energy resolution, energy range The detector data rates
are pushing x-ray science into the realm of big data, where
high-energy physics has been for a long time Clear need for major
computing infrastructure improvements However, in many cases we
need domain-specific solutions because of the diversity of science,
where needs are often unique 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors
for the APS: Status and Future Needs 44
Slide 45
Conclusions Commercial detectors have provided many exciting
new capabilities in fields where there is a substantial market Many
of these are a spin-off of fields like medical and other
non-synchrotron applications There is a role for national labs in
developing novel detectors. Hard to know where to put limited
resources. But some efforts have had major impacts:
Energy-dispersive Si detectors from LBL CCD array detectors for
protein crystallography from ANL PSI pixel-array detectors, spun
off to Dectris 5/20/2014 M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS:
Status and Future Needs 45
Slide 46
Acknowledgments Robert Bradford, APS Detector Group for many of
the slides Peter Eng, GSECARS for surface diffraction Vitali
Prakapenka, GSECARS, laser heating in diamond anvil cell 5/20/2014
M. Rivers X-ray Detectors for the APS: Status and Future Needs
46