xexilis baRis - Elkana

soflis meurneobiis modernizaciis, bazrebze wvdomis da moqnilobis

(AMMAR) proeqti

Tbilisi 2019

xexilis baRis gaSeneba da movla

gamocemulia biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia „elkanas“ mier, „SerCeuli sawarmoo jaWvebisaTvis klimatis cvlilebisadmi mdgradi agronomiuli sistemebisa da teqnologiebis danergva, treiningebisa da sademonstracio nakveTebis saSualebiT“ proeqtis farglebSi.

© yvela ufleba daculia

moamzades: lali goginavam da zurab xideSelma

redaqtori: manana gigauri

saredaqcio kolegia: Tamaz dundua, manana gigauri, sofio barbaqaZe

literaturuli redaqtori: nodar ebraliZe

ISBN 978-9941-8-1140-1

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Sesavali

mexileoba memcenareobis erT-erTi uZvelesi dargia. saqarTvelo mra-vali xexilvani kulturis - vaSlis, msxlis, komSisa da sxv., erT-erTi sam-Sobloa. xexilovan kulturebs saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan aSeneben, da Cveni qveyana mdidaria xexilis rogorc gareuli, ise kulturuli forme-biT, rac dasturdeba istoriul-literaturuli wyaroebiTac. Zveli ber-Zeni istorikosebi, qsenofonte da starboni saqarTvelos yovelgvari sik-eTiT Semkul, yovelnairi xiliTa da nayofiT savse qveyanad axasiaTeben (iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria, wigni meore). XVII saukunis miwuruls vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSromSi „aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa“, saqarTvelos daxasiaTebisas naTqvamia: „xolo xilni walkotTa mravalni: narinji, Turinji, limoni, zeTisxili, broweuli, yurZeni, atami, vaSli, yaisi, Werami, aluCa, tyemali, nuSi, unabi, TuTa, xarTuTa, bustuli, qliavi mravalgvari, komSi“.

samrewvelo mexileobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis meore naxevridan daiwyo da am periodSive Semovida CvenSi ucxo (ZiriTadad evro-puli) warmoSobis xexilis jiSebi, daiwyo mexileobis axali agroteqnikis danergva da saseleqcio muSaoba jiSebis gaumjobesebis mizniT.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos mexileobis seqtori bevri problemis winaSe dgas: moZvelebuli baRebi da arasakmarisi teqnika, gasarwyavianebis prob-lema, axali teqnologiebis Sesaxeb codnis deficiti da xelmiuwvdomloba da sxv.

winamdebare publikaciis mizania, mexile fermers gaacnos praqtikuli informacia vaSlis, atmisa da xurmis baRis gaSenebisa da movlis Taname-drove midgomebisa da maRalxarisxiani xilis moyvanis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb.

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1. vaSlis baRis gaSeneba da movla

1.1 mcenaris daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba

xexilovani kulturebidan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba vaSlis warmoebas, romelsac saqarTveloSi warmoebuli xilis 50%-i ukavia - igi saeqsporto produqciaa. vaSlis kulturuli jiSebis nayofi Seicavs Saqars (fruqtoza, glukoza, saqaroza), mJavebs (vaSlis, limonis), peqtins, cilo-van nivTierebebs, ujrediss, vitaminebs (A, B, C), wyals (83-90%) da sxv.

vaSli Teslovani kulturaa. bunebriv pirobebSi saSualo an didi zo-mis xe-mcenarea, romelic cocxlobs da msxmoiarobs 35-60 wels. vaSlis xe msxmoiarobas ZiriTadad meoTxe, meeqvse wels iwyebs da saSualo mosav-lianobaa 35-40 t/ha. Tanamedrove intensiur baRebSi ki msxmoiaroba mesame wels iwyeba da srul msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlisas mosavlianoba 50-60 t/ha-ze aRwevs.

vaSls axasiaTebs perioduli msxmoiaroba (mewleoba), rac ufro metad gamoxatulia mcenaris srul msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg. Tumca mewleoba gansxvavebulia jiSebis, saZireebis tipisa da movlis pirobebis mixedviT.

vaSli mravldeba TesliT da vegetaciurad, mynobiT (kalmiT, kvirtiT). TesliT mravldeba vaSlis Zlieri saZireebi (kulturuli naTesari, maJa-lo). mynoba xdeba naxevrad nagala saZireze (M7, MM106) da nagala saZireze (M9,M27), romelic mravldeba kalmiT. mynoba SesaZlebelia CavataroT adre gazafxulze da agvistoSi.

1.2 baRis gaSeneba

1.2.1 baRis dagegmva

sworad dagegmili da gaSenebuli baRi gansazRvravs mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis xasiaTs, mosavlianobas, mosavlis xarisxsa da baRis ekonomi-kur efeqtianobas. vaSlis baRi saukeTeso xarisxis mosavals iZleva, Tu igi gaSenebulia zRvis donidan 700-1200 m simaRleze. vaSli yinvagamZle kul-turaa, kargad uZlebs - 30-35 gradus. baRis gasaSeneblad unda SeirCes vake an 5-15 gradusis daqanebis ferdobebi. umjobesia baRi gaSendes Savmiwa, yav-isfer, mdelos yavisfer niadagebze.

1.2.2 nakveTis gakultureba

baRis gaSeneba iwyeba sabaRed gamoyofili nakveTis gakulturebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia buCqebisa da xeebis amoZirkva, nakveTis mosworeba-moSandakeba, niadagis ganoyiereba sasuqebis meSveobiT da plantaJis Cat-areba.

Rrma plantaJs ar iyeneben 7-10 gradus daxrilobis ferdobebze, Zlier karbonatul niadagebze, Zlieri Tixnari qveniadagis mqone farTobebze. plantaJis kargi alternativaa Rrma Cizeluri gamafxvierebliT an riperiT qveniadagis fenis damuSaveba 60 - 80 sm siRrmeze.

saplantaJe moxvna unda Catardes baRis gaSenebamde naxevari wliT adre. xvnis siRrme miwaze Seadgens 40-45 sm-s. plantaJis paralelurad tardeba niadagis ganoyiereba - am dros nakveTSi Sedis organuli sasuqebi (nakeli, komposti). sasuqebis Setanis dozebi ganisazRvreba niadagis analizis safuZvelze. dasavleT saqarTvelos mJave niadagebze, niadagis mJavianobis gasaneitraleblad, aucilebelia kiris Setana.

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1.2.3 baRis tipebi

vaSlis msxmoiarobaSi Sesvlis dro, mosavlianoba da eqspluataciis xangrZlivoba, movlis meTodebTan erTad, damokidebulia nargaobis tipze, formirebis wesze, jiSze, saZireze.

standartuli tipis baRi – Zlier saZireze damynili nergiT gaSenebuli baRia, sadac mcenareTa raodenoba ar aRe-mateba 250-300 xes/ha-ze. msxmoiarobaSi sak-maod gvian Sedis - dargvidan me-7-8 wels. xe-mcenareebis formirebis gavrcelebuli tipi jamisebria. Zlier saZireze damynobili baRi gvalvisadmi SedarebiT gamZlea.

naxevrad intensiuri nagala baRi - Sendeba saSualo siZlieris saZireze damynili namyeni nergisagan. vaS-lis baRebSi saZireebad gamoiyeneba M7, MM106, M26. mcenareTa raodenoba heqtarze aRwevs 660-800 xes/ha-ze. formirebis gavrcelebuli tipia cen-traluri lideruli da gaumjobesebul iarusiani. xeebis saSualo simaRle aRwevs 3-3.5 metrs. eqsploataciis periodi - 20-25 weli.

intensiuri (“mokle ciklis”) baRi - am-Jamad msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcele-buli tipis baRia. Sendeba mxolod nagala saZireze damynili namyeni nergisagan. vaS-lisTvis saZireebad gamoiyeneba M9-is sx-vadasxva kloni PAJAM, EMLA, T337 an M27. mcenareTa raodenoba heqtarze aRwevs 1250-2000 xes. msxmoiarobaSi Sedis dargvidan me-2-3 wels. formirebis gavrcelebuli tipia - Spindeli. xeebis saSualo simaRle aRwevs 2- 2.5 m-s. eqsploataciis periodi moklea - 10-15 weli. aqedan mieca dasaxelebac - “mokle ciklis” baRi. baRSi aucilebelia sayrdeni sistemis mowyoba, radgan mcenareebs aqvs niadagTan naklebi moWideba, gvalvis mimarT mgrZnobiarea da amitom ewyoba wveTovani morwyvis sistema.

1.2.4 mcenareTa ganlageba

baRSi mcenareTa ganlagebis swori sistemis SerCeva farTobis erTeul-ze mcenareTa optimaluri raodenobis ganlagebis saSualebas iZleva. mcena-reTa swori ganlageba uzrunvelyofs mcenareTa mier kvebis aris maqsim-alur aTvisebas, sinaTlis efeqtur gamoyenebas, teqnologiuri procesebis meqanizacias, Sromis nayofierebis zrdas da sxv.

vaSlis baRis gasaSeneblad saWiro kvebis areebia:

• Zlier saZireze (kulturuli naTesari, maJalo) 8X8m;

• naxevrad nagala saZireze (M7, MM106 ) 5X3m;

• nagala saZireze (M9, M27) 4mX1,5m, 3mX1m, 3mX2m. aucilebelia sayrdeni sistema.

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1.2.5 vaSlis jiSebi

msoflioSi vaSlis 10 aTasze meti jiSia cnobilia. maTgan saqarTveelo-Si gavrcelebulia 200-mde jiSi.

adgilobrivi jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia:

abilauri - mesxuri warmoSobis adgilo-brivi jiSia. xe Zlieri an Zalian Zlieri zrdisa, maRalmosavliania, nayofi momrgvalo-mobrtyo formisaa, moyviTalo feris, srul simwifeSi, mzis mxareze, wiTel alisfers Rebulobs, ro-melic mkveTri Sefervidan TandaTanobiT Ria wiTel ferSi gadadis, ikrifeba oqtombris meore naxevarSi, inaxeba maisamde.

TuraSauli - adgilobrivi jiSia. xe saSua-loze didi zrdisaa, uxvmosavliani, Senaxvisu-nariani da garemopirobebisadmi gamZle jiSia. nayofi momrgvalo formisaa, Ria momwvano-moyvi-Talo feris, muqi wiTeli zolebiT, ikrifeba oq-tombris meore naxevarSi, inaxeba gazafxulamde.

qarTuli sinapi - adgilobrivi jiSia. xe Zlieri zrdisaa, gvian Sedis msxmoiarobaSi, maRalmosavliania, nayofi mogrZo-cilindruli formisaa, mwvane feris, mzis mxares Seferilia Jolosfer-wiTlad, Sebrtyelebuli, saSualo zomis, ikrifeba oqtombris meore naxevarSi, inaxeba april-maisamde.

iveria - qarTuli seleqciuri jiSia xe sa-Sualo da Zlieri zrdisaa, xasiaTdeba mewleo-biT. nayofi wiTeli feris, mrgvali, msxvili, kani - cximiani, rbilobi - nazi, wvniani, momJavo-motkbo. sagemovno Tvisebebi saSualoa. ikrifeba oqtombris bolos, kargad inaxeba mais-ivnisamde. maRalproduqtiuli jiSia. rekomendebulia sam-rewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

kexura - adgilobrivi jiSia. msxmoiarobaSi gvian Sedis, maRalmosavliania, xasiaTdeba mew-leobiT. nayofi wiTeli ferisaa, mrgvali, msx-vili, sagemovno Tvisebebi saSualoa. ikrifeba oqtombris bolos, kargad inaxeba mais-ivnisamde. maRalproduqtiuli jiSia, rekomendebulia sam-rewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

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Semotanili, ucxouri jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia:

gala - axalzelandiuri jiSia. arsebobs am ji-Sis mravali kloni - roial gala, gala masti, galaq-si, Sniga, geil-gala da sxv. xe saSualo zrdisaa, nayofi konusuri formisaa, saSualo masa - 170 - 180 grami, Seferva – alisfer-wiTeli, metad aromat-uli, saukeTeso sagemovno TvisebebiT, simwifeSi Sedis da ikrifeba seqtembris dasawyisSi, mwifdeba araerTdroulad, ikrifeba or vadaSi. moixmareba mokrefisTanave. maRalproduqtiuli da uxvmosav-liani jiSia, perspeqtiulia samrewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

golden deliSesi - amerikuli jiSia, gavrceleb-ulia mravali kloni, romelTagan yvelaze gavrcele-bulia golden smuTi, golden reindersi, golden B da sxv. xe saSualo zrdisaa, male Sedis msxmoiaro-baSi, uxvmosavliania, nayofi yviTeli ferisaa, ko-nusuri, saSualo an didi zomis, xasiaTdeba sauke-Teso sagemovno TvisebebiT. ikrifeba seqtembris bolos an oqtombris dasawyisSi, samacivro pirobebSi inaxeba april-maisamde. rekomendebulia samrewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

mucu - zamTris simwifis periodis iaponuri ji-Sia (miRebulia golden deliSesisa da indos Sejva-rebiT). saSualo zrdis, mobrtyo-momrgvalo formis varjiT. msxmoiarobaSi saSualo saZireze Sedis me-4-5 wels, jiSs midrekileba aqvs mewleobisken. sauke-Teso sasaqonlo saxisaa, ZiriTadi Seferva - momwvano-oqrosferi (yviTeli), mkafiod gamoxatuli kanqveSa dawinwkvliT. sardafis pirobebSi inaxeba aprilamde.

fuji - iaponuri jiSia. mravali kloni arsebobs - fuji naga-fu 12, fuji kiku, san fuji da sxv. xe saSu-alo zrdisaa. nayofi momrgvalo-konusuri formisaa, saSualo masa - 180-200 g, Seferva - wiTeli. rbilobi xraSunaa, yviTeli feris, wvrilmarcvlovani, tkbili gemosi. ikrifeba oqtombris Sua ricxvebSi. sardafis pirobebSi inaxeba april-maisamde. maRalproduq-tiuli da uxvmosavliani jiSia, perspeqtiulia sam-rewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

jonagoldi - amerikuli jiSia. xe saSualo an Zl-ieri zrdisaa. nayofi momrgvalo-konusuri formis-aa, msxvili, Seferva - wiTel-yviTeli, zoliani. axali klonebi wiTeli ferisaa. gamoirCeva sasaqonlo sax-iT. rbilobi xraSunaa, moyviTalo-moTeTro feris, ikrifeba oqtombris dasawyisSi. sardafis pirobebSi inaxeba april-maisamde. perspeqtiulia samrewvelo mexileobis zonisaTvis.

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1.3 dargva

vaSlis nergis dargvis periodi damokidebulia klimatur pirobebze. dargva SeiZleba rogorc SemodgomiT, ise gazafxulze.

Zalze mniSvnelovania sargavi masalis xarisxi, amitom misi SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: nergi unda iyos erT- an orwliani, kargad ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistemiT, dauzianebeli, aranakleb 140-160 sm-is sigrZis.

jiSebis SerCevisas yuradReba eqceva Semdeg sakiTxebs: erTdrouli yvaviloba, urTierTganayofierebis maRali xarisxi, zrdis siZlierisa da simwifis periodebi unda emTxveodnen erTmaneTs.

dargvis win, sasurvelia, sargavi ormo amoRebuli iyos ramdenime dRiT adre, ormos diametri - 50-60 sm-ia, xolo siRrme - 50 sm. gasaSenebel ormoe-bsa da tranSeebSi sasurvelia mxolod kargad gadamwvari nakelis an Zveli kompostis Setana. dargvamde nergi unda Semowmdes da dazianebuli fesvis boloebi zomierad waekvecos. namyeni irgveba im varaudiT, rom niadagis da-jdomis Semdeg nergis namyeni adgili miwis zedapiridan 4-5 sm-is simaRleze mainc unda ganTavsdes.

dargvis dros yuradReba unda mieqces nergis vertikalur mdgomareo-bas. dargvis Semdeg dautotavi nergi gadaiWreba 60-80 sm simaRleze. darg-vis Semdeg nergi aucileblad unda moirwyas wveTovani irigaciis meSveobiT. dargvis Semdeg namyens akraven sarze, kanafiT, arabuli cifri 8-ianis gamo-saxviT. nagala baRis gaSenebis dros ki - Spaleris pirvel marTulze.

1.4 vaSlis sxvla-formireba

xis gasxvliT mcenares eZleva saTanado forma, rac uzrunvelyofs mzis sxivebis optimalur SeRwevadobas da maRali mosavlis, msxvili da kargi Se-fervis nayofis miRebis winapirobas warmoadgens.

sxvla-formireba aucilebelia:

• mcenarisaTvis Sesabamisi formis misacemad, rac uzrunvelyofs mce-naris gamartivebul movlas (gaTxeleba, mosavlis aReba, Sesxureba);

• msxvili nayofis misaRebad;

• wliuri msxmoiarobis regulirebisaTvis (maRali da stabiluri mo-savlianoba yovelwliurad);

• vegetaciuri zrdisa da sayvavile kvirtebis Casaxvis regulirebi-saTvis;

• xis msxmoiare nawilis ganaxlebisaTvis;

• Warbi nayofis mosacileblad da nayofis zomis gasazrdelad (amci-rebs nayofierebis potencials im konkretul weliwadSi);

• mewleobis Sesamcireblad (balansi vegetatiur da msxmoiaire nawi-lebs Soris);

• ganaTebis gaumjobesebisaTvis (intensiurad Seferili nayofis mis-aRebad);

• xis zomis dasaregulireblad.

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intensiur da naxevrad intensiuri meTodiT gaSenebul baRSi, rogorc wesi, gamoiyebeneba varjis formirebis meTodi - centralur lideruli forma. am meTodiT formirebisas kvecaven da amokleben gverdiT totebs, raTa metad ganviTardes centraluri anu lideri toti, Tumca igi zedme-tad rom ar gaizardos, masac amokleben. darCenil gverdiT totebs amagre-ben mavTulze. yovel momdevno gasxvlisas toveben axlad warmoqmnil gver-diT totebs, romlebic mavTulis gaswvriv viTardebian. saboloo jamSi mcenare konusur formas iRebs. aseTnairad grZeldeba 4-5 wlis ganmavloba-Si, SemdegSi xdeba moberebuli vertikalurad mozardi, CaxSirebuli da nak-lebad produqtiuli totebis gamoxSirva.

gasxvla SesaZlebelia Catardes xeebis mosvenebis periodSi, gvian Semodgomidan adre gazafxulamde.

1.5 niadagis ganoyiereba da movla

niadagis ganoyiereba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria mosavliano-bis gazrdisTvis. sworad SerCeuli da Catarebuli ganoyierebis sistema 20-25%-iT zrdis xexilis baRis mosavlianobas, amaRlebs xilis xarisxs, aZlierebs mdgradobas mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT.

ganoyiereba ZiriTadad tardeba organuli sasuqebisa da e.w. mwvane sa-suqebis (sideratebis) saSualebiT.

amasTan, sasurvelia niadagis da foTlis analizis periodulad Cat-areba - analizis Sedegebis mixedviT bevrad advilia sakvebi nivTierebebis donis regulireba.

kvebiTi zRvrebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba foTlebis analizis mniSvnelo-bebis ganmartebisTvis

dasaxeleba deficiti dabali saSualo maRali

mSrali masa %

azoti <1.60 <1.80 1.80–2.80 >2.80

fosfori <0.11 <0.15 0.15–0.30 >0.30

kaliumi <0.70 <1.20 1.20–2.00 >2.00

kalciumi <0.31 <1.30 1.30–3.00 >3.00

ppm

manganumi <5 <22 22–140 >140

rkina <25 <40 40–100 >100

spilenZi <4 <6 6–25 >25

bori <11 <35 35–80 >80

qvemoT cxrilSi mocemulia makro- da mikroelementebis saWiro raode-noba 1 t vaSlis warmoebisaTvis. es mniSvnelobebi mxolod miaxloebiTia. SesaZlebelia, rom garkveul situaciebSi bevrad gansxvavdebodes qvemoT mocemuli monacemebisgan.

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makroelementebis da mikroelementebis raodenoba 1000 kg vaSlis mosavalze

makroelementebi (kg) mikroelementebi (g)

N P K Ca Mg S B Zn Cu Mn Fe

1.05 0.17 1.91 0.76 0.23 0.08 4.97 3.23 2.46 9.83 7.91

1.5.1 organuli sasuqebi

cxoveluri warmoSobis (msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, frinveli) or-ganuli sasuqebi - nakeli, torfi, komposti, wunwuxi da sxv. mniSvnelovnad aRadgenen niadagis nayofierebas, aumjobeseben niadagis fizikur Tvise-bebs, amdidreben mas sasargeblo mikrofloriT, xels uwyoben mcenaris miwisqveda da miwiszeda nawilebis ganviTarebas. organuli sasuqebis gam-oyenebis saSualo doza 1 ha-ze Seadgens 20-50 tonas. igi farTobze SeaqvT gvian SemodgomiT an adre gazafxulze, gadamwvar mdgomareobaSi.

1.5.2 sideracia (mwvane sasuqebi, sideratebi)

sideracia aris organul nivTierebaTa da azotiT niadagis ganoyierebis iseTi xerxi, romelic xorcieldeba nakveTze specialur mcenareTa TesviTa da maTi mwvane masis niadagSi CaxvniT. baRSi sideratebad umetesad gamoiy-eneba parkosani mcenareebi (TeTri mdogvi, barda, esparceti, facelia, qeri, Wvavi da sxv.), romlebic iZlevian didi raodenobiT vegetatiur masas. maTi Caxvnis Sedegad niadagi mdidrdeba azotiT, fosfatebis moZravi formebi-Ta da organuli nivTierebebiT. sideratebi iTeseba gazafxulze an Semod-gomiT, Semdegi raodenobiT: barda - 180-200 kg/ha, cercvela - 150-180 kg/ha, Svria - 50-60 kg/ha, facelia - 16 kg/ha.

1.5.3 mcenareTa damatebiTi kveba

damatebiTi kveba niSnavs ganoyierebas foTlebze sasuqebis da mikroel-ementebis xsnaris SesxurebiT. sasuqebis Setana bevrad efeqturia niadagSi maTi SetaniT. rac Seexeba mikroelementebs, maTi gamoyeneba ufro mizanSe-wonilia swored foTolze Sesxurebis gziT.

1.5.4 niadagis movla

Tanamedrove tipis xexilis baRSi gamoyenebulia niadagis movlis mTa-vari principi: xeebis mwkrivi 0.8-1.0 metris siganeze Tavisufali unda iyos sarevelebisgan, risi miiRweva SesaZlebelia niadagis meqanikuri gafxviere-biT - Toxnis an specialuri manqana-iaraRebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT da mulCirebiT. xeebis mwkrivSi mosavlelad yvelaze Zvel meTods warmoadgens Zirebis Semobarva da Toxna. vegetaciis periodSi tardeba 3-5 Toxna.

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mulCireba - niadagis movlis efeqturi meTodia. mulCi aris organuli warmoSobis sxvadasxva masalebsagan (naxerxi, namja, torfi, Tiva, gadam-wvari nakeli, komposti da sxv.) gakeTebuli niadagis safari. mulCi mcenaris garSemo sqel (10-20 sm) sisqis fenad iyreba da niadags icavs zedmeti gadax-urebisa da swrafi gaciebisagan, kargad inaxavs tens, rac mniSvnelovania gvalvis periodSi, aferxebs sarevelebis ganviTarebas, aumjobesebs niada-gis struqturas da amdidrebs organuli nivTierebebiT.

Savadxnuli aneuli - niadagis movlis es meTodi gulisxmobs rigTa-Sorisebis mudmivi damuSavebis Sedegad, niadagis Savad Senaxvas. es sistema moicavs saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo xvnas, rigTaSorisebis 15-20 sm-is siRrmeze, sezonis ganmavlobaSi 3-4-jer gafxvierebas. aseTi sqema xels uwy-obs niadagSi tenis SenarCunebas da sarevelebis ganadgurebas.

1.6. baRis morwyva

xilis maRalxarisxovani da uxvi mosavlis misaRebad, morwyvis reJi-mis dacva erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens. xexilis baRis morwyvis meTodebia: zedapiruli, niadagqveSa, dawvimebiTi da wveTovani morwyva.

morwyvis saorientacio vadebi efuZneba mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebs:

adreul gazafxulze, yvavilobis dawyebamde morwyva - xels uwyobs xeebis normalur yvavilobas da gamonaskvas.

morwyva yvavilobisa da gamonaskvis dasrulebidan 10-15 dRis Semdeg - xels uwyobs xis saasimilacio aparatis formirebas.

morwyva naskvebis fiziologiuri cvenis Semdeg - xels uwyobs naskvebis kargad ganviTarebas - Tu am periodSi, niadagSi teni sakmarisad aris, SesaZlebelia am morwyvis gamotoveba.

morwyva nayofis intensiuri zrdis periodSi - mimarTaven erT an or rwyvas zafxulis meore naxevarSi naleqebis intensivobis mixedviT - mSral zafxulSi orjer, tenian zafxulSi - erTxel.

morwyva mosavlis aRebamde 2 kviriT adre - tardeba nayofis damsx-vilebis mizniT.

morwyva uSualod mosavlis aRebis Semdeg - Zalze mniSvnelovania, vi-naidan mosavali asustebs fesvTa sistemis organuli nivTierebebiT moma-ragebas da aucilebelia am procesis gaaqtiureba morwyvis meSveobiT.

morwyva Semodgoma-zamTarSi - es ten-damagrovebeli morwyvaa da aucilebelia gansakuTrebiT mSrali Semodgomis piro-bebSi.

wveTovani morwyva progresuli da msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli morwyvis meTodia. rekomendebulia nagala intensiuri baRebisaTvis. Zlieri zrdis didi moculobis varjis mqone eqstensiur baRebSi misi efeqturoba SezRudulia.

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wveTovani morwyvis meTodi regularulad uzrunvelyofs mcenareebs wylis mcire ulufebiT mTeli vegetaciis periodSi, rac ganapirobebs mcena-ris stabilur ganviTarebas, mosavlianobis da xilis xarisxis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. meTodi xasiaTdeba datenianebis uwyvetobiT, wylis ekonomiuri xarjviT da procesis sruli avtomatizaciis SesaZleblobiT. aRniSnuli meTodi SesaZleblobas iZleva aseve, rom Sesabamisi aparaturis (ferti-gatori) gamoyenebiT, aucilebeli mineraluri makro- da mikroelementebi mcenares miewodos wyalSi gaxsnili saxiT.

1.7. mcenareTa dacvis RonisZiebebi

1.7.1 sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZola

sarevelebi xexilis baRSi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. es gan-sakuTrebiT sagrZnobia axalgazrda baRSi, radgan sarevelebi seriozul konkurencias uweven mcenares sakvebi elementebis, tenis da sinaTlis miRe-baSi. amitom, maT winaaRmdeg brZola, xexilis baRis agroteqnikis Semadgene-li aucilebeli RonisZiebaa.

baRSi sarevelebis gavrceleba mosavlianobis Semcirebas da nayofis xarisxis gauaresebas iwvevs, amasTanave xels uwyobs mavnebel-daavadebebis gavrcelebas. zogierTi maTgani fesvebidan gamoyofs mavne nivTierebebs. sarevelebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul xerxs gamanadgure-beli RonisZiebebis Catareba warmoadgens niadagis gafxviereba-gaToxvna - vegetaciis periodSi dasarevnialebuli niadagi sam-oTxjer unda gafxvi-erdes, meqanizirebulad. xeliT gamargvlis Semdeg mcenareebi Segrovdes da daiwvas.

1.7.1 mavnebleb-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg brZola

vaSlis baRebs did zians ayeneben mavneblebi: vaSlis nayofWamia, vaSlis CrCili, bugrebi, tkipebi; daavadebebidan saSiSia: vaSlis qeci, Janga, nacari, laqianoba, nayofis sidample da sxv.

vaSlis nayofWamia. vaSlis nayofWamia saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebuli mavnebelia. nayofWamia zamTrobs ukanaskneli matlis fazaSi, dazianebuli qerqis qveS, Stambebsa da totebis napralebSi.

gazafxulze matli iwyebs daWuprebas, peplebis ZiriTadi masis gamofre-na emTxveva vaSlis naskvis Camocvenas. peplebi mxolod saRamoobiT dafri-naven. gamofrenidan 2-3 dRis Semdeg iwyeben kvercxis debas. pirveli Tao-bis peplebi kvercxs deben foTlebze, meore Taobis peplebi - nayofebze. matlis ganviTarebisTvis 2-3 kviraa saWiro. nayofWamiebis mier dazianeb-uli nayofi sabazro saxes kargavs, lpeba da cudad inaxeba.

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saqarTveloSi registrirebuli preparatebidan vaSlis nayofWamias winaaRmdeg SeiZleba gamoiyenoT: oberonisa (50g) da konfidor maqsis (10g) narevi gaxsnili 100l wyalSi an turingenisa da lipidinis (4 l), gaxsnili 100l wyalSi.

vaSlis CrCili. mxolod vaSlis kul-turas azianebs. mavneblis meoTxe-mexuTe asakis matlis sxeulis sigrZe 14-18 mm-s Seadgens. igi monacrisfro an talaxise-br-yviTeli ferisaa. saqarTvelos piro-bebSi mavnebeli erT Taobas iZleva.

zamTars mavnebeli matlis fazaSi at-arebs mcenaris totebze, misi matlebi – iWrebian foTolSi epidermisebs Soris da anadgureben qlorofilis marcvlebs. pirveli kanis gamocvlis Semdeg, rodesac matlebi toveben naRmebs, isini iwyeben foTlebis ablabudaSi gax-vevas da rbilobis dazianebas. Sedegad mcenare seriozulad ziandeba, ecema misi nayofierebis done da mosavlis xarisxi.

nacari. vaSlis yvela organos aa-vadebs - ylortebs, kvirtebs, yvavilebsa da mkvaxe nayofebs. daavadebis pirveli niSani adre gazafxulze, kokrebis gan-calkevebis fazaSi vlindeba. ylortebi ifareba Txeli, TeTri, Semdeg ki monac-risfro sqeli fifqiT. fifqi jer laqebad viTardeba, Semdeg isini erTmaneTs uerT-deba da mTlianad faravs ylortis zeda-pirs. foTlebic fifqiT ifareba. foTlis firfita mTavari ZarRvis gaswvriv ixeva, dazianebuli foTlebi xmeba da cviva. nacari mkvaxe nayofebzec gadadis. fifqi nayofis jamis mxridan iwyebs ganviTarebas, Semdeg ki nayofis did nawils faravs. yvavilebi kvirtTan erTad ziandeba, am dros kvirti gvian ixsneba da nela viTardeba. axali foTlebi da kokrebi mTlianad daavade-bulia. aseT yvaviledze nayofi veRar viTardeba da naadrevad kvdeba. daa-vadebis gavrcelebas xels uwyobs Tbili amindebi da xSiri wvimebi. nacars SeuZlia mosavali 30-50 %-iT Seamciros.

sokovani daavadebebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba bordos narevi an ko-saidi (1 kg), gaxsnili 100l wyalSi.

vaSlis qeci. saqarTveloSi vaSlis yvelaze mniSvnelovani daavadebaa. daa-vadebis niSnebi foTlebis gamosvlisas fo-Tlebis qveda mxares Cndeba. mogvianebiT, foTlebis gaSlis Semdeg ki foTlis orive mxare ziandeba. dazianeba gamoixateba moy-avisfro-momwvano laqebis saxiT, romelsac bundovani kideebi aqvs.

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vaSlis sidample. daavadebis gamomwvevi sokovani organizmi iwvevs vaSlis nayofis feris Secvlas. nayofi jer odnav gamuqdeba, Semdeg baci yavisferi xdeba.

vaSlis nayofebis lpobis ramdenime dRis Semdeg dazianebuli ubnebis kanqveS viTardeba patara meWeWebi, romelic Semdeg arRvevs vaS-lis nayofis kans da gamodis mis zedapirze ukve mozrdili meWeWebis saxiT. es meWeWebi jer baci yviTelia, xolo sabolood yavisferi xdeba.

mavnebleb-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebelia Semdegi meTodebiT brZola:

agroteqnikuri meTodi efuZneba baRSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, rac amaRlebs mcenareTa gamZleobas mavne organizmebis mimarT. am meTodis Semadgeneli nawilia mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT gamZle jiSebis danergva warmoebaSi - magaliTad, qecisadmi imunuri vaSlis jiSebi mTeli savegeta-cio sezonis ganmavlobaSi ar moiTxoven qecis sawinaaRmdego Sesxurebas; niadagis gafxviereba da sarevelebisgan dacva iwvevs mavne organizmebisT-vis gamosazamTrebeli adgilebis Semcirebas. intensiuri tipis nagala mci-revarjiani baRis konstruqciebi aZliereben mcenareTa dacvis saSuale-bebis efeqturobas. mokle ciklis baRebis danergva amcirebs mavneblebis xangrZlivi kerebis Seqmnas. organuli da polieTilenis mulCis gamoyeneba aseve zRudavs sarevelebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebas.

meqanikuri meTodi gulisxmobs mavneblebis kerebis meqanikur mocile-bas da xeliT ganadgurebas. magaliTad, Zirnayari nayofebis Segroveba, baRidan gatana da Rrmad Camarxva miwaSi; xis varjis gawmenda gamxmari da Zlier dazianebuli totebisagan.

biologiuri wonasworobis dacvis mizniT, mniSvnelovania sasargeblo entomofaunis (mtacebeli tkipebi, sasargeblo mwerebi) SenarCuneba sa-sargeblo frinvelebisa da cxovelebis gavrcelebis xelSewyoba: zRarbi, kodala, beRura, SoSia da sxv.

avtociduri meTodi. mcenareTa dacvaSi sul ufro met adgils ikavebs feromonebis gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli teqnologiebi. feromoni warmoad-gens sasqeso mimzidvel nivTierebas, romelsac iyeneben mavneblebis misa-zidad, misi Semdgomi daWeris, sterilizaciis an dezorientaciis mizniT. sasqeso feromonebis safuZvelze amzadeben feromonul saWerebs, romelic gamoiyeneba mwerebis frenis dawyeba-dasrulebis periodis dasadgenad. ma-vneblebTan brZolis mizniT iyeneben feromonul dezorientatorebs, rom-lebsac kvanZis saxiT amagreben mcenareebze (1 ha - 500-800 cali), rac iwvevs mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi mwerebis dawyvilebis uunarobas.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT aRniSnulma RonisZiebebma saTanado Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iyeneben specifikur mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebsa da mcena-reuli eqstraqtebs. sokovani daavadebebis kontrolisaTvis dasaSvebia spilenZis preparatebis - spilenZis Sabiamanis, spilenZis qlorJangis da sxva preparatebis. gamoyeneba, aseve SesaZlebelia gogirdis preparatebisa da gogirdkiris Sesxureba.

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1.8. mosavlis aReba

vaSlis krefa yvelaze daZabuli da sapasuxismgeblo periodia baRSi. mo-savlis araswor da udroo aRebas SeuZlia mosavlis didi danakargi gamoi-wvios da SesamCnevad daaqveiTos produqciis xarisxi. magaliTad, vaSlis 10 dRiT adre krefa mosavlianobas 10-15%-iT amcirebs. xili am dros ufro wvrilia da cudad inaxeba, xolo dagvianebiT krefisas, izrdeba mosavalSi naqaris raodenoba, nayofi gadamwifdeba da aseve cudad inaxeba. amitom Za-lian mniSvnelovania, zustad dadgindes krefis vada, taris saorientacio raodenoba da saWiro samuSao Zala, raTa krefa Catardes organizebulad da winaswar Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.

mosavlis aRebis dros arCeven sami tipis simwifes: sakrefi, teqnikuri da mosaxmari.

xilis sakrefi simwife dgeba maSin, rodesac nayofi miaRwevs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zomas, formas, Sefervas, advilad swydeba yunws, xolo Tes-li iRebs damaxasiaTebel yavisfers. aseT stadiaSi mokrefil xils SeuZlia Senaxvis dros daasrulos damwifeba da miiRos jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gemo, aromati da konsistencia.

teqnikuri simwife dgeba sakref simwifeze 2-4 dRiT gvian, nayofi vargi-sia gadamuSavebisa da transportirebisaTvis.

krefis vadis dadgena xilis krefis vadebi mniSvnelovnad aris damokide-buli ara marto jiSsa da saZireze, aramed klimatze, niadagsa da adgil-mdebareobaze, baRis movlis agroteqnikaze, msxmoiarobis intensivobaze da sxv. praqtikaSi xilis krefis vadis gansazRvris martivi maCvenebelia yunwis mimagrebis adgilze gakorpebuli fenis warmoSoba. am dros nayofi Semotrialebisas advilad wydeba tots.

1.9. setyvis sawinaaRmdego badeebi

setyva anadgurebs ara marto wlis mosavals, aramed xSirad mcenare erTi an ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mosavals saerTod ar iZleva. Zlieri setyva iwvevs mcenaris yvela organos dazianebas, uaryofiTad moqmedebs mcena-

16

ris zrdasa da mosavalze. dasetyvil xexilis baRSi aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis Catareba: xeebs unda Seecalos setyvisagan Camotexili, da-zianebuli totebi da erTwliani naz-ardebi, sasurvelia, baRis gamokveba organuli sasuqiT.

setyvis sawinaaRmdego gadaxur-vis mowyoba uzrunvelyofs mosavlis udanakargod aRebas, rac Zalze mniS-vnelovania mexileobis regionebisaT-vis. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT xe-xilis setyvisagan dacvis yvelaze efeqtur meTods badiseburi gadaxurva warmoadgens. misi konstruqcia Semdegnairia: rkinabetonis an xis dgarebze iWimeba kapronis bade, romelic imarTeba specialuri pultis meSveobiT an meqanikurad.

1.10. vaSlis kvebiTi Rirebuloba da sasargeblo Tvisebebi

1.10.1 kvebiTi Rirebuleba

vaSli mineralebisa da vitaminebis Semcvelobis mixedviT, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani xilia. vaSli Seicavs 85% wyals, mineralebidan - kaliums, fosfors, kalciums, magniums, natriums da gansakuTrebiT didi raodeno-biT rkinas; vitaminebidan - C, E, B

1, B

2, B

6, PP vitaminebs, karotinsa da fo-

liumis mJavas. rac mTavaria, es komponentebi vaSlSi advilad asaTvisebeli formiT da Cveni organizmisTvis metad optimaluri kombinaciiT aris war-modgenili.

Turme adamianma weliwadSi 48 kg vaSli unda miirTvas. amasTan, 40% - gad-amuSavebuli, upirveles yovlisa - wvenis saxiT.

1.10.2 sasargeblo Tvisebebi

vaSli mcire raodenobiT kaloriebs Seicavs, amitom SesaniSnavi saSu-alebaa wonis daklebis msurvelTaTvis. vaSli Seicavs iseT mniSvnelovan bunebriv mJavebs, rogorebicaa vaSlis, Rvinis da limonis mJavebi, romelT-ac SeuZliaT SeaCeron kuW-nawlavSi lpobisa da duRilis procesi, Seasus-ton meteorizmis SegrZneba, muclis Seberva, xeli Seuwyon kuW-nawlavis dasufTavebasa da aRdgenas. Sekrulobis profilaqtikisaTvis saukeTesod iTvleba uzmoze 1-2 momJavo vaSlis Wama. arsebobs mosazreba, rom vaSli Seicavs nivTierebas, romelic aCerebs simsivnuri ujredebis zrdas kuW-nawlavSi da RviZlSi. kuW-nawlavis problemebis SemTxvevaSi, uzmoze vaSlis Wamis garda, sasargebloa aseve dRis ganmavlobaSi 1-2 vaSlis miReba. sa-sargeblod iTvleba 2-3 kviraSi erTxel vaSlis gantvirTvis dRis mowyobac (erTdRiani vaSlis monodieta). imisaTvis, rom vaSlSi rac SeiZleba meti sa-sargeblo nivTiereba SenarCundes, is daumuSaveblad unda SeiWamos, kanTan erTad, radgan zustad kanis qveS aris yvelaze didi raodenobiT C vitamini,

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flavonoidebi da peqtini. daWril vaSlSi mcirdeba C vitaminis raodenoba da vaSli yavisfrdeba, es daJangvis niSania, romlis drosac bevri sasarge-blo nivTiereba ikargeba.

vaSli sasargebloa yvelasTvis - janmrTeli Tu sxvadasxva daavadebis mqone adamianebisaTvis. vaSli (gansakuTrebiT axalmowyvetili) Zalian bevr vitamins Seicavs. magaliTad, A vitamini vaSlSi 50%-iT metia, vidre for-ToxalSi. es vitamini gvicavs gacivebisa da sxva infeqciebisagan, kargia mxedvelobisaTvis. sakmaod iSviaTi vitamini C vaSlSi ufro metia, vidre sxva xilSi. am vitamins „madis vitamins“ uwodeben da is uzrunvelyofs norm-alur saWmlis monelebas da zrdas. vaSlSi iodi 8-jer metia, vidre bananSi, da 13-jer meti, vidre forToxalSi. amitom vaSli sasargeblod iTvleba Ciyvis profilaqtikis dros. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rac ufro didxans devs vaSli, miT ufro mcirdeba masSi vitaminebis raodenoba. gansa-kuTrebiT sasargebloa patara, mJave da veluri jiSis vaSlebi, isini 10-jer met sasargeblo nivTierebis Seicaven, vidre sxva vaSlebi.

vaSli kuWis wvenis didi raodenobiT gamoyofas iwvevs, amitom vaSlis Wama sadilis dros margebelia maTTvis, visac mudam sadRac eCqareba da amitom arc ise guldasmiT ReWavs saWmels. mJave vaSli mdidaria C vitami-niT, is dadebiTad moqmedebs imunur sistemaze, amagrebs sisxlZarRvebis kedlebs, amcirebs toqsinebis SeRwevadobas, xsnis SeSupebas, exmareba xan-grZlivi avadmyofobis Semdeg Zalebis swraf aRdgenas. vaSli Seicavs bune-briv antibiotikebs - fitoncidebs, romlebic gripis virusze damRupvelad moqmedeben, Svelis oqrosferi stafilokokis dros saxeze gamonayars.

vaSls organizmze gamakaJebeli, gamamxnevebeli moqmedeba aqvs. vaSli amcirebs sisxlSi qolesterinis raodenobas. vaSli dadebiTad moqmedebs dabali wnevisa da sisxlZarRvebis gaxistebis winaaRmdeg, is sisxlis sauke-Teso gamwmendia. is aseve sasargebloa limfuri sistemisaTvis. miCneulia, rom vaSlis regularuli gamoyeneba aferxebs tvinis ujredebis daSlis process, romelic mexsierebis daqveiTebas iwvevs.

mecnierebma vaSlis kidev erT sasargeblo Tvisebas miagnes: is araCveu-lebrivad cvlis kbilis pastas, erTi vaSlis miReba diliT wmends da ajan-saRebs kbilebs. vaSli icavs kbilis emals daSlisagan. vaSlis Tesli Seicavs biologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebs, vitaminebsa da fermentebs, romlebic xels uwyobs kibos prevencias. aseve miiCneven, rom 5-6 cal vaSlis Tesls savsebiT SeuZlia iodis sadReRamiso normis dafarva. Tumca am Teorias aqvs sakamaTo mxareebic - eqimebi afrTxileben im safrTxis Sesaxeb, ra-sac SeiZleba es yavisferi Tesli Seicavdes. vaSlis Tesli Seicavs sakmaod saxifaTo nivTierebas - glikozid amigdalins, romelic kuWSi sawamlav nivTierebas gamoyofs. is gansakuTrebiT saSiSia bavSvebisaTvis. zogierTi mosazrebiT, es safrTxe gadaWarbebuladaa miCneuli, radgan TeslSi am niv-Tierebis koncentracia Zalze mcirea. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gadaWarbebu-lad vaSlis Teslis miReba araa mizanSewonili. usafrTxod iTvleba dReSi ara umetes 5-6 cali Teslisa.

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1.11. vaSlis sademonstracio nakveTis xarjTaRricxva (1 ha)

# masalis dasaxeleba erTeuli raodenobaerTeulis fasi, lari

jami, lari

1wveTovani sarwyavis

milebimetri 3,500 0.85 2,975

2 magistraluri mili metri 200 2.5 500

3 gadamyvani mili metri 150 1 150

4 filtrebi cali 2 150 300

5 onkanebi cali 33 3 99

6 wylis amosaqaCi pompa cali 1 380 380

7sarwyavi sistemis

nawilebi800

8sapro-eleqsiri (sa-

suqi)litri 3 60 180

9biodepoziti

(sasuqi)litri 2.5 60 150

10 organika (sasuqi) litri 20 5 100

11nimazali (mcenareTa

dacvis saSualeba)litri 5 5 25

12bio inseqticidi-

du pelilitri 5 5 25

13fitokatena (mcena-reTa dacvis saSualeba)

litri 5 6 30

14agrokatena (mcena-

reTa dacvis saSualeba)litri 5 6 30

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15 xelis sekatori cali 2 85 170

16 xerxi cali 1 180 180

17 baRis sekatori cali 2 40 80

18meqanikuri sawamli

aparaticali 1 280 280

19 plastmasis mulCi cali 100 8 800

20 xis maTeTrebeli kiri kg 90

21 bleq jeki litri 3 40 120

22 plastmasis yuTebi cali 200 1.8 360

23setyvis sawinaaRmdego

bademetri 10,000 0.9 49,000

24boZebi (5m) setyvis sawi-

naaRmdego badisTviscali 860 15 12,900

25

distanciuri marTvis meqanizmi aqsesuarebiT, setyvis sawinaaRmdego

badisTvis

cali 1 2,300 2,300

26agroteqnikuri samuS-

aoebiwlis ganmav-

lobaSi1,950

jami 73 974

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2. atmis baRis gaSeneba da movla

2.1 mcenaris daxasiaTeba da mniSvneloba

xexilovan mcenareebs saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan aSeneben da Cveni qveyana mdidaria xexilis rogorc gareuli, ise kulturuli formebiT.

saqarTveloSi atami uZvelesi droidanaa gavrcelebuli da dReisaTvis erT-erTi samrewvelo mniSvnelobis kulturaa. misi warmoebis mTavari re-gionebia kaxeTi da Sida qarTli.

atami kurkovani kulturaa. bunebriv pirobebSi saSualo an momcro zomis xe-mcenarea, zogjer izrdeba, rogor buCqi. atmis xe ar gamoirCeva xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianobiT (13-15 weli), Tumca jiSis, saZirisa da garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba 20 weliwadsac icocxlos.

atmis jiSebi ZiriTadad sam jgufad iyofa: namdvili atami (sapobi) - Se-busuli zedapiriT, pavia (saxravi) - Sebusuli zedapiriT, neqtarini (vaS-latama) - Seubusavi zedapiriT. atami msxmoiarobaSi Sedis adre - me-2-3 wels da standartul baRSi saSualo saheqtaro mosavlianoba 20-25 tonas aRwevs. neqtarinis mosavlianoba 15 - 20%-iT naklebia.

atamis nayofi mdidaria naxSirwylebiT, mineraluri nivTierebebiT, vi-taminebiT da fermentebiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nayofSi beta-karotinis, kaliumisa da rkinis Semcvelobas, romlebic adamianisTvis advilad SesaTvisebel formebSia warmodgenili.

2.2. baRis gaSeneba

2.2.1 baRis dagegmva

sworad dagegmili da gaSenebuli baRi gansazRvravs mcenaris zrda-ganviTarebis xasiaTs, mosavlianobas, mosavlis xarisxsa da baRis ekonomikur efeqtianobas. atmis baRi saukeTeso xarisxis mosavals iZleva, Tu igi gaSenebulia zRvis donidan 400-600 m simaRleze. atami sinaTlis da siTbos moyvaruli mcenarea. nayofebis momwifebi-saTvis saWiroa 3500-dan 3600-mde aqtiur temperaturaTa jami. minimaluri tempera-tura ki ar unda ecemodes -20-220C -ze dab-la.

atmis kulturis gaSeneba umjobesia mdelos yavisfer, rux yavisfer, Savmiwa niadagebze. atami adreuli yvavilobiT xasiaTdeba, amitom misi gaSeneba iseT zonebSi, sadac gazafxulis wayinvebi xSiria, naklebad mizan-Sewonilia.

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2.2.2 nakveTis gakultureba

baRis gaSeneba iwyeba sabaRed gamoyofili nakveTis gakulturebiT, risTvisac aucilebelia buCqebisa da xeebis amoZirkva, nakveTis mosworeba-moSandakeba, niadagis ganoyiereba sasuqebis meSveobiT da plantaJis Cat-areba.

Rrma plantaJs ar iyeneben 7-10 gradus daxrilobis ferdobebze, Zlier karbonatul niadagebze, Zlieri Tixnari qveniadagis mqone farTobebze. plantaJis kargi alternativaa Rrma Cizeluri gamafxvierebliT an riperiT qveniadagis fenis damuSaveba 60 — 80 sm siRrmeze.

saplantaJe moxvna unda Catardes baRis gaSenebamde naxevari wliT adre. xvnis siRrme Seadgens 40-45 sm-s. plantaJis paralelurad tardeba niadagis ganoyiereba - am dros nakveTSi Sedis organuli sasuqebi (nakeli, komposti, torfnakeliani masa). sasuqebis Setanis dozebi ganisazRvreba niadagis ana-lizis safuZvelze. dasavleT saqarTvelos mJave niadagebze, niadagis mJavi-anobis gasaneitraleblad, aucilebelia kiris Setana.

2.2.3 mcenareTa ganlageba

atmis baRis gasaSeneblad saWiroa mcenareTa ganlagebis swori siste-mis SerCeva, romelic saSualebas iZleva farTobis erTeulze ganlagdes mcenareTa optimaluri raodenoba, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos mcenareTa kvebis aris maqsimluri aTviseba, sinaTlis efeqtiani gamoyeneba, teqnolo-giuri procesebis meqanizacia, Sromis nayofierebis zrda. amJamad gamoiy-eneba mcenareTa sworkuTxovani ganlageba, atmis gaSenebis gavrcelebuli sqemebia 4X5, 5X5, 5X3 metrze.

2.2.4 atmis jiSebi

atmis perspeqtiuli jiSebidan aRsaniSnavia:

elberta - amerikuli jiSia. xe saSualo zrdis-aa, msxmoiarobaSi Sedis me-3 wels. nayofi saSua-loze msxvili an msxvilia, yviTeli feris. mzis mxareze wiTeli feris laqebiT. rbilobi wvniani, nazi konsistenciisaa, momJavo-motkbo aromatuli gemosi, axasiaTebs pikanturi simware. gavrceleb-ulia rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarT-veloSi. ikrifeba agvistos dekadaSi, mosavlianoba maRali da regularulia, nayofi naklebad trans-portabeluria, mwifdeba araerTdroulad, ris ga-moc ramdenime etapad ikrifeba.

vaJuri - adgilobrivi seleqciuri jiSia. xe Zlieri zrdisaa. nayofi msxvilia, mrgvali formis, moTeTro-moyviTalo, dafarulia original-uri wiTeli zolebiT, rbilobi wvniania, momJavo-tkbili gemoTi. ikrifeba agvistos bolos, kargad itans transportirebas.

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krimCaki - yirimuli jiSia, gamoyvanilia bel ov jorjiisa da red berd klingis hibridizaciiT. xe Zl-ieri zrdisaa, msxmoiarobaSi Sedis dargvidan me-3-4 wels. nayofi msxvilia, Ria yviTeli, mzis mxareze Svin-disferi laqebiT. rbilobi saSualod wvniani, momJa-vo-motkbo gemosi. gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqa-rTveloSi - rogorc kaxeTSi, ise qarTlSi. ikrifeba agvistos dasawyisSi. inaxeba 6-8 dRe, transportabe-luri jiSia, gamoiyeneba rogorc sasufred, ise sakon-servo daniSnulebiT.

sakonservo saadreo - gamoyvanilia yirimSi, xe Zlieri zrdisaa, msx-moiarobas iwyebs me-3-4 wels, gamoiyeneba rogorc sasufred, ise sakonser-vod. nayofi saSualo an saSualoze msxvilia, mrgvali, yviTeli, mimzidveli wiTeli gverdiT, gemo momJavo-motkbo. adreuli simwifis jiSia, farTodaa gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. msxmoiarobs uxvad da ikrifeba ivlisis I dekadaSi (Sida qarTlis pirobebSi). mokrefis Semdeg inaxeba 5-6 dRe.

stark red goldi - vaSlatamas (neqtari-nis) jiSia, gamoyvanilia kaliforniaSi (aSS), xe saSualo an saSualoze Zlieri zrdisaa, msxmoiarobaSi Sedis me-3-4 wels, maRalmosav-liani jiSia. nayofi msxvilia mrgvali for-mis, kani sqeli, mkvrivi, Seubusavi, mbrwyinavi, rbilobs Znelad scildeba. ZiriTadi Seferva - wiTeli. rbilobi nazi konsistenciisa, wv-niani, gemrielia da aqvs sasiamovno aro-mati. perspeqtiuli jiSia, farTod inergeba ukanasknel wlebSi. goris pirobebSi ikrifeba agvistos me-3 dekadaSi.

xidisTauri yviTeli - Zveli adgilobrivi jiSia. xe saSualo zrdis-aa, nayofi msxvili, mrgvali formis, muqi yviTeli feris, mzian mxare mow-iTalo elferiT, aromatuli gemosi, wvniani. gavrcelebulia Sida qarTlSi. ikrifeba oqtombris dasawyisSi. kargad itans transportirebas.

2.3. atmis mynoba

mynobiT gamravleba sanergeebSi gamoyenebuli gamravlebis ZiriTadi meTodia. namyeni mcenare miiReba erTi mcenaris nawilis gadanergviT meo-reze da amitom Sedgeba ori komponentisgan - saZirisa (nawili, romelzec vamyniT) da sanamyenesgan (nawili, romelsac vamynobT).

atami ZiriTadad kvirtiT mynobiT mravldeba. aseTi tipis mynobas aqvs mTeli rigi dadebiTi Tvisebebi - kultura advilad mravldeba, mynobis procesi martivia, Sexorceba xdeba swrafad da mtkiced, gacdenis SemTx-vevaSi SesaZlebelia xelaxali mynoba.

Sesrulebis teqnikis mixedviT atmis kvirtiT mynoba xdeba T -sebur WrilSi. am procesSi Zalze mniSvnelovania saZires kargad SerCeva - Tu saZire sworadaa SerCeuli, SesaZlebelia produqtiulobis amaRleba, mce-

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naris zrdis siZlieris regulireba, adaptacia niadagur-klimatur piro-bebTan, mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT gamZleobis gazrda da sxv.

atmis ZiriTadi saZireebia: atami, tyemali, nuSi da Werami. atami aseve SesaZlebelia davamynoT RoRnoSoze.

saZire masala jobia atmis naTesarisagan iyos miRebuli. amisTvis gamoi-yeneba saSuali da sagviano simwifis adgilobrivi da Semotanili jiSebi. am saZireebs kargi Tavsebadoba aqvT atmis yvela jiSTan da iZlevian saukeTeso sargav masalas.

tyemlis gamoyeneba atmis saZired rekomendebulia dasavleT saqarT-veloSi, baRis mZime Tixnar da tenian niadagebze gaSenebisaTvis.

nuSis saZire, atmis saZiresTan SedarebiT, dabalproduqtiulia, Tumca gvalvas kargad uZlebs da kargad itans karbonatul niadagebs.

2.4 dargva

atmis nergis dargvis periodi damokidebu-lia klimatur pirobebze. dargva SeiZleba ro-gorc SemodgomiT, ise gazafxulze. Zalze mniS-vnelovania sargavi masalis xarisxi, amitom misi SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: nergi unda iyos erT- an orwliani, kargad ganviTare-buli fesvTa sistemiT, dauzianebeli, aranakleb 140-160 sm-is sigrZis.

dargvis win, sasurvelia, sargavi ormo amoRebuli iyos ramdenime dRiT adre, ormos diametri - 50-60 sm-ia, xolo siRrme - 50 sm. gas-aSenebel ormoebsa da tranSeebSi sasurvelia mxolod kargad gadamwvari nakelis an Zveli kom-postis Setana. namyeni irgveba im varaudiT, rom niadagis dajdomis Semdeg nergis namyeni adgili miwis zedapiridan 4-5 sm-is simaRleze mainc unda ganTavsdes.

dargvis Semdeg nergi aucileblad unda moirwyas wveTovani irigaciis meSveobiT. Semdeg namyens akraven sarze, kanafiT, cifri 8-ianis gamosaxviT.

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2.5. atmis sxvla-formireba

xis gasxvliT mcenares eZleva saTanado forma, rac uzrunvelyofs mzis sxivebis optimalur SeRwevadobas da maRali mosavlis, msxvili da kargi Se-fervis nayofis miRebis winapirobas warmoadgens.

sxvla-formireba aucilebelia:

• mcenarisaTvis Sesabamisi formis misacemad, rac uzrunvelyofs mce-naris gamartivebul movlas (gaTxeleba, mosavlis aReba, Sesxureba);

• msxvili nayofis misaRebad;

• wliuri msxmoiarobis regulirebisaTvis (maRali da stabiluri mo-savlianoba yovelwliurad);

• vegetaciuri zrdisa da sayvavile kvirtebis Casaxvis regulirebi-saTvis;

• xis msxmoiare nawilis ganaxlebisaTvis;

• Warbi nayofis mosacileblad da nayofis zomis gasazrdelad (amci-rebs nayofierebis potencials im konkretul weliwadSi);

• mewleobis Sesamcireblad (balansi vegetatiur da msxmoiaire nawi-lebs Soris);

• ganaTebis gaumjobesebisaTvis (intensiurad Seferili nayofis mis-aRebad);

• xis zomis dasaregulireblad.

gasxvla SesaZlebelia Catardes xeebis mosvenebis periodSi, gvian Semodgomidan adre gazabulamde.

sxvla-formirebis ZiriTadi xerxia totebis damokleba da gamoxSirva. damoklebaSi igulisxmeba totis SeWra wveridan 1/3-1/2-1/4-ze. gamoxSirvas mimarTaven im totebis mosacileblad, romlebic araxelsayrel adgilas mdebareobs. gamoxSirva tardeba sinaTlis reJimis gaumjobesebisa da xis zomis SenarCunebis mizniT. atmis gasxvlis gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom atmis mxolod orwliani totebi iZlevian nayofs, amitomac gasxvlis dros saWiroa is SarSandeli totebi gaisxlas, romlebmac nayofi ukve mogvces, erTwliani totebi ki xeluxleblad unda davtovoT, vinaidan mim-dinare wels nayofs swored maTgan miviRebT.

2.6. niadagis ganoyiereba da movla

niadagis ganoyiereba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria mosavliano-bis gazrdisTvis. sworad SerCeuli da Catarebuli ganoyierebis sistema 20-25%-iT zrdis xexilis baRis mosavlianobas, amaRlebs xilis xarisxs, aZlierebs mdgradobas mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT.

ganoyiereba ZiriTadad tardeba organuli sasuqebisa da e.w. mwvane sa-suqebis (sideratebis) saSualebiT.

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atmis foTolSi makro- da mikroelementebis Semcvelobis mniSvneloba

makro- da mikroel-ementebi

deficiti dabali normaluri maRali

Semcveloba (%)

azoti <2.00 <2.50 2.50-3.40 >3.40

fosfori < 0.10 <0.15 0.15-030 >0.30

kaliumi <1.70 <2.10 2.10-3.00 >3.00

kalciumi <0.50 <1.90 1.90-3.50 >3.50

Semcveloba (ppm)

manganumi <10 <19 19-150 >150

rkina <40 <51 51-200 >200

spilenZi <11 <25 25-50 >25

2.6.1 organuli sasuqebi

cxoveluri warmoSobis (msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi, frinveli) or-ganuli sasuqebi - nakeli, torfi, komposti, wunwuxi da sxv. mniSvnelovnad aRadgenen niadagis nayofierebas, aumjobeseben niadagis fizikur Tvise-bebs, amdidreben mas sasargeblo mikrofloriT, xels uwyoben mcenaris miwisqveda da miwiszeda nawilebis ganviTarebas. organuli sasuqebis gam-oyenebis saSualo doza 1 ha-ze Seadgens 20-50 tonas. igi farTobze SeaqvT gvian SemodgomiT an adre gazafxulze, gadamwvar mdgomareobaSi.

2.6.2 sideracia (mwvane sasuqebi, sideratebi)

sideracia aris organul nivTierebaTa da azotiT niadagis ganoyierebis iseTi xerxi, romelic xorcieldeba nakveTze specialur mcenareTa TesviTa da maTi mwvane masis niadagSi CaxvniT. baRSi sideratebad umetesad gamoiy-eneba parkosani mcenareebi (TeTri mdogvi, barda, esparceti, facelia, qeri, Wvavi da sxv.), romlebic iZlevian didi raodenobiT vegetatiur masas. maTi Caxvnis Sedegad niadagi mdidrdeba azotiT, fosfatebis moZravi formebi-Ta da organuli nivTierebebiT. sideratebi iTeseba gazafxulze an Semod-gomiT.

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2.6.3 mcenareTa damatebiTi kveba

damatebiTi kveba niSnavs ganoyierebas foTlebze sasuqebis da mikroel-ementebis xsnaris SesxurebiT. sasuqebis Setana bevrad efeqturia niadagSi maTi SetaniT. rac Seexeba mikroelementebs, maTi gamoyeneba ufro mizanSe-wonilia swored foTolze Sesxurebis gziT.


Tanamedrove tipis xexilis baRSi gamoyenebulia niadagis movlis mTa-vari principi: xeebis mwkrivi 0.8-1.0 metris siganeze Tavisufali unda iyos sarevelebisgan, risi miRweva SesaZlebelia niadagis meqanikuri gafxviere-biT - Toxnis an specialuri manqana-iaraRebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT da mulCirebiT. xeebis mwkrivSi mosavlelad yvelaze karg meTods warmoadgens Zirebis Semobarva da Toxna. vegetaciis periodSi tardeba 3-5 Toxna.


Savadxnuli aneuli - niadagis movlis es meTodi gulisxmobs rigTa-Sorisebis mudmivi damuSavebis Sedegad, niadagis Savad Senaxvas. es sistema moicavs saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo xvnas, rigTaSorisebis 15-20 sm-is siRrmeze, sezonis ganmavlobaSi 3-4-jer gafxvierebas da periodulad, 4-5 weliwadSi erTxel, plantaJs 50 sm-is siRrmeze. aseTi sqema xels uwyobs niadagSi tenis SenarCunebas da sarevelebis ganadgurebas.

2.7. baRis morwyva

xilis maRalxarisxovani da uxvi mosavlis misaRebad, morwyvis reJi-mis dacva erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens. xexilis baRis morwyvis meTodebia: zedapiruli, niadagqveSa da wveTovani morwyva.

morwyvis saorientacio vadebi efuZneba mcenaris ganviTarebis fazebs:

adreul gazafxulze, yvavilobis dawyebamde morwyva - xels uwyobs xeebis normalur yvavilobas da gamonaskvas.

morwyva yvavilobisa da gamonaskvis dasrulebidan 10-15 dRis Semdeg - xels uwyobs xis saasimilacio aparatis formirebas.

morwyva naskvebis fiziologiuri cvenis Semdeg – xels uwyobs naskvebis kargad ganviTarebas – Tu am periodSi, niadagSi teni sakmarisad aris, SesaZlebelia am morwyvis gamotoveba.

morwyva nayofis intensiuri zrdis periodSi – mimarTaven erT an or rwyvas zafxulis meore naxevarSi naleqebis intensivobis mixedviT - mSral zafxulSi orjer, tenian zafxulSi – erTxel.

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morwyva mosavlis aRebamde 2 kviriT adre – tardeba nayofis damsx-vilebis mizniT.

morwyva uSualod mosavlis aRebis Semdeg - Zalze mniSvnelovania, vi-naidan mosavali asustebs fesvTa sistemis organuli nivTierebebiT moma-ragebas da aucilebelia am procesis gaaqtiureba morwyvis meSveobiT.

morwyva Semodgoma-zamTarSi – es tendamagrovebeli morwyvaa da aucilebelia gansakuTrebiT mSrali Semodgomis pirobebSi.

wveTovani morwyva progresuli da msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcele-buli morwyvis meTodia, romelic regularulad uzrunvelyofs mcena-reebs wylis mcire ulufebiT mTeli vegetaciis periodSi, rac ganapiro-bebs mcenaris stabilur ganviTarebas, mosavlianobis da xilis xarisxis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. meTodi xasiaTdeba datenianebis uwyvetobiT, wylis ekonomiuri xarjviT da procesis sruli avtomatizaciis SesaZleblobiT. aRniSnuli meTodi SesaZleblobas iZleva aseve, rom Sesabamisi aparaturis (fertigatori) gamoyenebiT, aucilebeli mineraluri makro- da mikroel-ementebi mcenares miewodos wyalSi gaxsnili saxiT.

2.8 mcenareTa dacvis RonisZiebebi


sarevelebi atmis baRSi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens. es gan-sakuTrebiT sagrZnobia axalgazrda baRSi, radgan sarevelebi seriozul konkurencias uweven mcenares sakvebi elementebis, tenis da sinaTlis miRe-baSi. amitom, maT winaaRmdeg brZola, xexilis baRis agroteqnikis Semadgene-li aucilebeli RonisZiebaa.

baRSi sarevelebis gavrceleba mosavlianobis Semcirebas da nayofis xarisxis gauaresebas iwvevs, amasTanave xels uwyobs mavnebel-daavadebebis gavrcelebas. zogierTi maTgani fesvebidan gamoyofs mavne nivTierebebs. sarevelebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul xerxs gamanadgure-beli RonisZiebebis Catareba warmoadgens niadagis gafxviereba-gaToxvna - vegetaciis periodSi dasarevnialebuli niadagis sam-oTxjer unda gafx-vierdes, meqanizirebulad xeliT gamargvlis Semdeg mcenareebi Segrovdes da daiwvas.

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2.8.2 mavnebleb-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg brZola

atmis baRebs did zians ayeneben mavneblebi: atmis didi bugri, tkipa, CrCili, nayofWamiebi, foTolxvevia (alura), daavadebebidan saSiSia atmis foTlis sixuWuWe, foTlebis silaqave anu klasterosporozi, nacrisferi sidample da sxv.

atmis didi bugri. did zians ayenebs atmis baRs. igi mcenaris gamerqnianebul organoebs, umTavresad Rerosa da totebs, wuwniT arTmevs sakvebs, ris Sedegadac xe sustdeba da ramdenime wlis Semdeg xmeba. bugriT dafaruli totebis qveS niadagi an balaxi yovelTvis svelia, rac gamowveulia bugrebis mier gamoyofili siTxise-bri eqskrementiT, romelic Zirs wveTavs. am niSniT zafxulSi advili gamo-sacnobia, rom xes azianebs atmis didi bugri.

saqarTveloSi registrirebuli preparatebidan atmis bugris winaaR-mdeg SeiZleba gamoiyenoT: oberonisa (50g) da konfidor maqsis (10g) narevi gaxsnili 100l wyalSi an turingenisa da lipidinis (4 l), gaxsnili 100l wyalSi.

tkipa. azianebs mraval xexilovan kulturas. tkipa zamTars atarebs kvercxis fazaSi. ylorti-sa da totebis kanze, kvirtis fuZesTan an mis iR-liaSi. mozamTre kvercxebidan matlebis gamoCeka iwyeba aprilis dasawyisidan, rac Tvenaxevari grZeldeba. axladgamoCekili matlebi gadadian gaRivebul kvirtebze, Semdeg ki yvavilebze da axalgazrda foTlebze. matlebi mcenaris wveniT ikvebebian. tkipa swrafad mravldeba. igi wuwnis foTlis SigTavss, ris Sedegadac foToli xmeba da Zirs cviva.

atmis foTlis sixuWuWe. foTlebis sixu-WuWe azianebs atmis yvela organos. am daavadebas gansakuTrebiT seriozuli problemebi SeuZlia gamoiwvios naklebad yinvagamZle jiSebSi, aseve, gazafxulze, uCveulod nestiani amindebis dros, daavadebis simptomebi gazafxulze amosul fo-Tlebze SeiniSneba. isini Cveulebrivi mwvane feris nacvlad Sesqelebuli, daxveuli, wiTlad an yviTlad Seferilia; mZimed inficirebuli mcenaris ylortebi xmeba; zogjer, nayofze aRiniSneba uswormasworo, mowiTalo feris dazianebebi.

daavadebebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba bordos narevi an kosaidi (1 kg), gaxsnili 100l wyalSi.

nacrisferi sidample. davadeba viTardeba mxolod kurkovnebze da sxva kulturaze ar ga-dadis. avaddeba kurkovnebis yvavili, ylorti da momwifebuli nayofi. daavadeba iWreba naskvidan an yvavilis romelime sxva adgilidan da iwvevs yvavilis Wknobas, romelic Semdeg xmeba. am sta-

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diaSi nacrisferi sidample advili gamosacnobia. gamxmari yvavilebi da fo-Tlebi Sveulad arian daSvebuli Zirs, mcenarezea didxans SerCenili da ar cviva. nayofebis daavadeba mxolod simwifis periodSi xdeba. nayofi umetes wilad mTlianad avaddeba. jer yavisferi xdeba, Semdeg nacrisferi meWeWe-biT ifareba. sabolood nayofi mumificirdeba mTlianad iWmuWneba da cviva.

mavnebleb-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebelia Semdegi meTodebiT br-Zola:

agroteqnikuri meTodi efuZneba baRSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, rac amaRlebs mcenareTa gamZleobas mavne organizmebis mimarT. am meTodis Semadgeneli nawilia mavnebel-daavadebebis mimarT gamZle jiSebis danergva warmoebaSi. niadagis gafxviereba da sarevelebisgan dacva iwvevs mavne or-ganizmebisTvis gamosazamTrebeli adgilebis Semcirebas. niadagis drouli gafxviereba aseve xels uwyobs mcenareuli kulturebis buzebis kvercxebi-sa da matlebis, CrCilebis, bugrebis, Trifsebisa da sxva mavneblebis ra-odenobis Semcirebas, mcirdeba avadmyofobis gamomwvevTa raodenobac. or-ganuli da polieTilenis mulCis gamoyeneba aseve zRudavs sarevelebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebas.

meqanikuri meTodi gulisxmobs mavneblebis kerebis meqanikur mocile-bas da xeliT ganadgurebas. magaliTad, Zirnayari nayofebis Segrobeba, baRidan gatana da Rrmad Camarxva miwaSi; xis varjis gawmenda gamxmari da Zlier dazianebuli totebisagan.

biologiuri wonasworobis dacvis mizniT, mniSvnelovania sasargeblo entomofaunis (mtacebeli tkipebi, sasargeblo mwerebi) SenarCuneba, sa-sargeblo frinvelebisa da cxovelebis gavrcelebis xelSewyoba: zRarbi, kodala, beRura, SoSia da sxv.

avtociduri meTodi. mcenareTa dacvaSi sul ufro met adgils ikavebs feromonebis gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli teqnologiebi. feromoni warmoad-gens sasqeso mimzidvel nivTierebas, romelsac iyeneben mavneblebis misa-zidad, misi Semdgomi daWeris, sterilizaciis an dezorientaciis mizniT. sasqeso feromonebis safuZvelze amzadeben feromonul saWerebs, romelic gamoiyeneba mwerebis frenis dawyeba-dasrulebis periodis dasadgenad. ma-vneblebTan brZolis mizniT iyeneben feromonul dezorientatorebs, rom-lebsac kvanZis saxiT amagreben mcenareebze (1 ha - 500-800 cali), rac iwvevs mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi mwerebis dawyvilebis uunarobas.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT aRniSnulma RonisZiebebma saTanado Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iyeneben specifikur mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebsa da mcena-reuli eqstraqtebs. mag., atmis foTlis sixuWuWisa da qecis da sxva daavade-bebis winaaRmdeg da bordouli siTxis an spilenZis preparatis Sesxureba spobs daavadebis gamomwvevs da amcirebs mis gavrcelebas. efeqturia aseve gogirdis preparatebiTa da gogirdkiriT damuSavebac. bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi gamoCnda mza biopreparatebi - bioinseqticidebi, biofungi-cidebis da biosasuqebi. maTi gamoyeneba aseve karg efeqts iZleva mcenareTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT da sruliad usafrTxoa garemosa da adamianis janmr-TelobisTvis.

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2.9 mosavlis aReba

atmis krefa yvelaze daZabuli da sapasuxismgeblo periodia baRSi. mo-savlis araswor da udroo aRebas SeuZlia mosavlis didi danakargi gamoi-wvios da SesamCnevad daaqveiTos produqciis xarisxi. amitom Zalian mniS-vnelovania zustad dadgindes krefis vada, taris saorientacio raodenoba da saWiro samuSao Zala, raTa krefa Catardes organizebulad da winaswar Sedgenili gegmis mixedviT.

mosavlis aRebis dros arCeven sami tipis simwifes: sakrefi, teqnikuri da mosaxmari.

xilis sakrefi simwife dgeba maSin, rodesac nayofi miaRwevs jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zomas, formas, Sefervas, advilad swydeba yunws, xolo Tes-li iRebs damaxasiaTebel yavisfers. aseT stadiaSi mokrefil xils SeuZlia Senaxvis dros daasrulos damwifeba da miiRos jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gemo, aromati da konsistencia.

teqnikuri simwife dgeba sakref simwifeze 2-4 dRiT gvian, nayofi vargi-sia gadamuSavebisa da transportirebisaTvis.

krefis vadis dadgena xilis krefis vadebi mniS-vnelovnad aris damokidebuli ara marto jiSsa da saZireze, aramed klimatze, niadagsa da adgilmde-bareobaze, baRis movlis agroteqnikaze, msxmoiar-obis intensivobaze da sxv. praqtikaSi xilis kre-fis vadis gansazRvris martivi maCvenebelia yunwis mimagrebis adgilze gakorpebuli fenis warmoSoba. am dros nayofi Semotrialebisas advilad wydeba tots.

mosavals iReben mSral amindSi, dilis saaTeb-Si. mokrefili nayofi Tavsdeba yuTebSi da inaxeba specialur saTavsoSi an samacivre danadgarebSi -1 - +1 gradus temperaturis pirobebSi. atmis zo-gierTi jiSis nayofebi sxvadasxva dros, mwifdeba; amitom 2-3-jerad krefasac iTxovs.

2.10. setyvis sawinaaRmdego badeebi

setyva anadgurebs ara marto wlis mosavals, aramed xSirad mcenare erTi an ori wlis ganmavlobaSi mosavals saer-Tod ar iZleva. Zlieri setyva iwvevs mcenaris yvela organos dazianebas, uaryofiTad moqmedebs mcenaris zrdasa da mosavalze. dasetyvil xexilis baRSi aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis Cat-areba: xeebs unda Seecalos setyvisagan Camotexili, dazianebuli totebi da er-Twliani nazardebi, sasurvelia, baRis gamokveba organuli sasuqiT.

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setyvis sawinaaRmdego gadaxurvis mowyoba uzrunvelyofs mosavlis udanakargod aRebas, rac Zalze mniSvnelovania mexileobis regionebisaT-vis. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT xexilis setyvisagan dacvis yvelaze efeq-tur meTods badiseburi gadaxurva warmoadgens. misi konstruqcia Sem-degnairia: rkinabetonis an xis dgarebze iWimeba kapronis bade, romelic imarTeba specialuri pultis meSveobiT.

2.11 atmis kvebiTi Rirebuloba da sasargeblo Tvisebebi


atami Seicavs organul mJavebs: vaSlis, Rvinis, limonis mJavebs, kaliu-mis, fosforis, manganumis, spilenZis, TuTiisa da magniumis marilebs, mdi-daria С, Е, К, РР, В jgufis vitaminebiTa da karotiniT. mis SemadgenlobaSi, aseve, Sedis peqtinebi da eTerzeTebi. mcenaris mxolod rbilobi da kurkac ki unikaluri SedgenilobiT gamoirCeva - is Seicavs nuSis mware zeTs da cnobil vitamin В

17-s. amis gamo, atmis kurka aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sakveb

da kosmetikur warmoebaSi. atmis nayofi 80-90% - wylisgan, 6-14% - Saqris-gan, 0,5-1,2% - peqtinisgan, 9,4-20% - С vitaminisgan da 0,6-1% karotinisgan Sedgeba, kurka ki - 20-60% cximebisgan, 0,4-0,7% ki - eTerzeTebisa da nuSis zeTisgan. atami Tavis gasaocar aromats WianWvelamJavas, ZmarmJavas, kata-balaxamJavasa da kaprilis mJavas unda umadlodes. atmis zeTs, romelic misi Teslisgan miiReba, medicinaSi nuSis zeTis iaf Semcvlelad iyeneben. atmis Tesli Seicavs 55%-mde uSrob cxims, cilebs, ferment emulsins, glikozid migdalins, eTerzeTebs, steroidebs, sitosterins, estrons, estradiols da sxv. atmisagan mzaddeba Ciri, muraba, wveni da kompoti.


atami aumjobesebs kuWis sekreciul funqcias, kuWs gansakuTrebiT exmareba cximiani sakvebis gadamuSavebaSi. atmis miReba rekomendebulia iseTi daavadebebis dros, rogorebicaa: nikrisis qarebi, revmatizmebi, Tirkmlebis daavadebebi. atmis nayofis racionSi CarTva Zalze sasarge-bloa gul-sisxlZarRvebis, RviZlisa da naRvlis buStis daavadebebisas. atmis nayofs dietur kvebasa da kuW-nawlavis traqtis samkurnalod iyene-ben, radgan is xels uwyobs kuWis wvenis gamoyofas da aumjobesebs saWmlis monelebis process. aRsaniSnavia, rom atams pirRebinebis sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebic moepoveba. sagrZnobi sargebeli moaqvs atams SardkenWovani daavadebebis drosac, radgan mas Sardmdeni Tviseba aqvs da Sardis buSti-dan qviSas gamodevnis. atamSi Semavali kaliumis marilebis didi raodenoba profilaqtikur saSualebas warmoadgens guliscemis ritmis darRvevisa da gulis kunTis modunebis dros. fosforisa da kaliumis Semcveloba ki dadebiTad moqmedebs mexsierebis gajansaRebaze, tvinis muSaobaze, Sromis-unarianobis momatebaze. karotini aumjobesebs sisxlZarRvebis muSaobasa da mxedvelobas. atami sasargebloa sisxlSi hemoglobinis donis asawevad. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania orsulebisaTvis da dasustebuli bavS-

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vebisTvis. xilSi Semavali C, B da A vitaminebi amyarebs imunur sistemas da organizms infeqciebisa da virusebisaTvis Seuvals xdis. Tumca atmis miRe-ba arasasurvelia organizmSi mimdinare anTebiTi procesebis dros. kvebis racionSi atmis regularuli miRebis Sedegad, adamianis kani xaverdovani xdeba, mas lamazi movardisfro elferic miecema. mzis damwvrobis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, tkivilis moxsnis SesaniSnavi saSualebaa daqucmacebuli atmis rbilobis niRabi.

imis gamo, rom Zalze gemrieli da aromatulia, xSirad atmis miRebis zoma gvaviwydeba. arada, es unda gvaxsovdes! atmis didi raodenobiT miRebas (dRe-RameSi 600 gramze meti) saWmlis momnelebeli da sisxlZarRvTa siste-mis darRveva mohyveba. atami sasargeblo arc maSinaa, Tu mas dRis meore nax-evarSi, sami saaTis Semdeg miviRebT. es cudad aisaxeba saWmlis momnelebel sistemaze. imis gamo, rom atami didi raodenobiT Seicavs naxSirwylebs, aman SesaZloa, seriozuli ziani miayenos alergiul da diabetian adamianebs.

2.12 atmis sademonstracio modelis xarjTaRricxva (1 ha)

# dasaxelebaraode-

noba

erTeu-lis fasi

(lari)

sul (lari)

dasaxeleba


milebimetri 2,800 0.85 2,380

2 magistraluri mili metri 200 2.5 500

3 gadamyvani mili metri 150 1 150

4 filtrebi cali 2 150 300

5 onkanebi cali 20 3 60

6wylis amosaqaCi

pompacali 1 380 380

7sapro-eleqsiri

(sasuqi)litri 3 60 180

8 biodepoziti (sasuqi) litri 3 60 150

9 organika (sasuqi) litri 20 5 100

10boverini (mcenareTa

dacvis saSualeba)litri 5 6 20

11turingeni (mcenare-Ta dacvis saSualeba)

litri 5 6 20

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# dasaxelebaraode-

noba

erTeu-lis fasi

(lari)

sul (lari)

dasaxeleba

12fitokatena (mcena-reTa dacvis saSu-

aleba)litri 5 6 20

13agrokatena (mcenare-Ta dacvis saSualeba)

litri 5 6 20

14 xelis sekatori cali 2 85 170

15 xerxi cali 1 180 180

16 baRis xerxi cali 2 40 80

17meqanikuri sawamli


18 plastmasis mulCi cali 100 8 800

19xis SesaTeTrebeli

kirikg 30

20 plastmasis yuTebi cali 200 1.8 360

21 biosasuqi bleq jeki litri 3 40 120

22setyvis sawinaaRm-

dego bademetri 10,000 0.9 49,000

23boZebi (5m) setyvis sawinaaRmdego bad-

isTviscali 700 15 10,500

24

distanciuri marTvis meqanizmi

aqsesuarebiT, sety-vis sawinaaRmdego

badisTvis

cali 1 2,300 2,300

25agroteqnikuri sa-

muSaoebiwlis ganma-

vlobaSi3,900

jami 72,000

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3. subtropikuli xurmis baRis gaSeneba da movla

3.1 mcenaris daxasiaTeba da gamoyeneba

subtropikuli xurmis samSoblod CrdiloeT CineTi iTvleba. es kul-tura dasavleT saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Semoitanes, said-anac gavrcelda saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom am kulturis veluri monaTesave saxeoba, kavkasiuri xurma (Diospyros lotus) saqarTveloSi didi xania cnobilia. dReisaTvis xurmis baRebis umetesi nawili gaSenebulia aWaraSi, afxazeTSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi, imereTsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT Tbil adgilebSi, ZiriTadad, marneulis, gardabnis, yvarelis, siRnaRis, gurjaanisa da lagodexis municipaliteteb-Si.

xurma 5-17 m simaRlis foTolmcveni xe-mcenarea. garegnulad waagavs vaSlis xes, aqvs sferosebri, farTod gaSlili varji. yvavilobs gazafxu-lis bolos - zafxulis dasawyisSi. rogorc wesi, xurma orsaxliani mcenarea - mdedrobiTi da mamrobiT yvavilebi sxvadasxva xezea. Tumca arsebobs erT-saxliani jiSebic - orive sqesis yvavili erT xeze. xurmis damtverva xdeba mwerebiT, ZiriTadad futkrebis meSveobiT.

xurma yinvagamZle mcenarea - yinviT Zlierad dazianebis Semdeg xe aRid-gens varjs da iwyebs msxmoiarobas me-2 wlidan, xolo 3-4 wlis Semdeg iZleva srul mosavals.

saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia virjiniis, kavkasiuri da aR-mosavluri (subtropikuli) xurma. amaTgan pirveli ori gamoiyeneba mxolod saZired, xolo mesame - xexilad.

xurmis nayofi Seicavs naxSirwylebs, mineralur nivTierebebs, rkinas, vitaminebs, polifenolebs da adamianis organizmisTvis sasargeblo sxva nivTierebebs. aRmosavluri xurma gamoiyeneba rogorc nedli, aseve gamx-mari da dakonservebuli saxiT.

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3.2 baRis gaSeneba

3.2.1 baRis dagegmva da nakveTis momzadeba

xurmisaTvis saukeTesoa aluviuri, neSompala, karbonatuli, naklebad mJave wiTelmiwa da ewermiwa niadagebi. eqspoziciis mixedviT ukeTesia dasavleTis da aRmosavleTis ferdobebi. vake da mcired daqanebul adgile-bze baRebis gaSenebisas, niadags unda hqondes bunebrivi drenaJi. naleqebis raodenoba unda aRematebodes 1,000 mm-s, xolo, aqtiur temperaturaTa jami - 3,000-3,5000-s.

baRis gaSenebamde erTi wliT an wlinaxevriT adre unda Catardes sap-lantaJo moxvna (Rrma moxvna, erTfrTiani guTniT). Tumca, SesaZlebelia am drois SemWidroebac da plantaJis ganxorcieleba 6-9 TviT adre. saplanta-Jo xvnis siRrme Seadgens 40-60 sm-s naklebad nayofier da 60-80 sm-s - nayo-fier miwebze.

Rrma plantaJs ar iyeneben 7-100 daxrilobis ferdobebze, Zlier kar-bonatul niadagebze, Zlieri Tixnari qveniadagis mqone farTobebze. plan-taJis kargi alternativaa Rrma Cizeluri gamafxvierebliT an riperiT qve-niadagis fenis damuSaveba 60 — 80 sm siRrmeze.

plantaJis Semdeg farTobi unda gadaixnas da gakeTdes kultivacia. plantaJis an gadaxvnis paralelurad tardeba niadagis ganoyiereba organ-uli sasuqebiT (nakeli, komposti).

3.2.2 jiSebi

saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samrewvelo da samomxmare-blo daniSnulebis Semdegi jiSebi: haCia, hiakume, fuiu, Cinebuli, roxo briliante, taneneSi, zenji-maru, XX saukune, tamopani da sxv.

amaTgan mosaxleobaSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli jiSebia: hiakume, anu karalioki, da haCia. warmogidgenT zogierTi jiSis aRweras:

• hiakume („karalioki“) – aramwklarte, damokidebuli damtvervaze, zogjer nax-evrad an mTlianad mwklarte, ovaluri, mrgvali, universaluri moxmarebis, saSua-lo an msxvili nayofebiT. mwifs seqtembris meore naxevridan oqtombris CaTvliT.

• haCia („iaponuri xurma“) – mwklarte, ar aris damokidebuli damtvervaze. nayofi msxvilia, ovaluri formis, gamokveTili wvetiT, universaluri moxmarebis. mwifs oqtombris meore naxevridan noembris CaT-vliT.

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• fuiu – aramwklarte, ar aris damokidebu-li damtvervaze, TeTri rbilobiT, mrgvali, gamokveTili wiboebiT. gankuTvnilia nedlad moxmarebisaTvis, saSualo an msxvili zomis nayofebi. mwifdeba seqtembris meore nax-evridan - oqtombris CaTvliT.

• roxo briliante – mwklarte, ar aris damokidebuli damtvervaze. aqvs msxvili, ovaluri, universaluri moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili nayofebi. mwifdeba oqtombris meore naxevridan noembramde.

3.2.3 dargva

xurma SeiZleba davrgoT gvian Semodgomaze an adre gazafxulze. gazaf-xulze xexilis dargva sasurvelia damTavrdes 15 aprilamde.

baRis gaSenebisas nergis xarisxi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia, ami-tom mis SerCevas didi yuradReba unda mieqces. nergi unda iyos erTwliani an orwliani, kargad ganviTarebuli fesvTa sistemiT, swori ReroTi da aranakleb 140-160 sm-is sigrZis.

mcenareebi irgveba 6X6, 6X7, 6X8 metris daSorebiT. SemWidroebuli wesiT, sadede baRis gaSenebisas, mcenareebi irgveba 5X4, 5X5 m kvebis ariT.

dasargavi ormoebi iWreba 30-40 sm siRrmeze, 40-50sm diametriT. ormoSi aucilebelia 15-20 kg organuli sasuqis (torfnakeliani komposti, gadam-wvari nakeli da sxv.) Setana. mZime da Tixa niadagebSi sasurvelia silisa da naxerxis Setanac.

dargvisas nergebis fesvebi unda Seekvecos, wunwuxSi amoevlos, gadai-Wras 70-80 sm simaRleze da ise dairgos. axaldarguli nergi aucileblad unda moirwyas da aikras Wigoze. didi plantaciis (1 ha-ze meti farTobi) gaSenebisas aucilebelia qarsacavi zolebis mowyobac.

nergis dargvis Semdeg saWiroa niadagis gafxviereba, Sesabamisi agro-RonisZiebebis Catareba, aucileblad - morwyva. baRis adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia moewyos wveTobrivi morwyvis sistema. Tu amis Ses-aZlebloba ar aris, zafxulis (vegetaciis) periodSi sasurvelia mcenaree-bis morwyva orjer mainc.

wveTovani morwyva progresuli da msoflioSi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli morwyvis meTodia, romelic regularulad uzrunvelyofs mcenareebs wylis mcire ulufebiT mTeli vegetaciis periodSi, rac ganapi-robebs mcenaris stabilur ganviTarebas, mosavlianobis da xilis xarisxis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. meTodi xasiaTdeba datenianebis uwyvetobiT, wylis ekonomiuri xarjviT da procesis sruli avtomatizaciis SesaZleblobiT. aRniSnuli meTodi SesaZleblobas iZleva aseve, rom Sesabamisi aparaturis gamoyenebiT, aucilebeli mineraluri makro- da mikroelementebi mcenares miewodos wyalSi gaxsnili saxiT.

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baRSi gamoyenebulia niadagis movlis mTavari principis - xeebis mwkri-vi 0.8-1.0 metris siganeze Tavisufali unda iyos sarevelebisgan, miRweva SesaZlebelia niadagis meqanikuri gafxvierebiT - Toxnis an specialuri manqana-iaraRebis gamoyenebis saSualebiT da mulCirebiT. xeebis mwkrivSi mosavlelad yvelaze Zvel meTods warmoadgens Zirebis Semobarva da Toxna. vegetaciis periodSi tardeba 3-5 Toxna.


Savadxnuli aneuli - niadagis movlis es meTodi gulisxmobs rigTa-Sorisebis mudmivi damuSavebis Sedegad, niadagis Savad Senaxvas. es sistema moicavs saSemodgomo da sagazafxulo xvnas, rigTaSorisebis 15-20 sm-is siRrmeze, sezonis ganmavlobaSi 3-4-jer gafxvierebas da periodulad, 4-5 weliwadSi erTxel, plantaJs - 55-60 sm-is siRrmeze. aseTi sqema xels uwyobs niadagSi tenis SenarCunebas da sarevelebis ganadgurebas.

ganoyiereba - xurmis plantaciaSi saukeTeso Sedegs iZleva organuli sasuqebiT ganoyiereba - TiToeul Zirze 30-40 kg nakeli an komposti.

3.3 gamravleba da gasxvla-formireba

3.3.1 gamravleba

xurma mravldeba kalmebiT, TesliTa da kvirtiT mynobiT. yvelaze miRe-buli da gavrcelebuli formaa kvirtiT mynoba. saZired ZiriTadad iyeneben kavkasiuri xurmis, iSviaTad - virginiuli xurmis Teslnergebs.

kavkasiuri xurmis saZireebi iviTareben funja fesvTa sistemas, rac nergebis gadargvis Semdgom periodSi xels uwyobs maT advilad gaxarebas, xolo virginiis xurmis mcenareebi iviTareben mTavarRerZa sustad ganviTa-rebul fesvTa sistemas, ris gamoc cudad itanen gadargvas.

xurmas amynoben gamozrdil standartul saZireebze agvisto-seqtem-berSi, Tumca, mynoba SeiZleba adre gazafxulzec, magram amisaTvis saWiroa sakvirte kalmebi aviRoT Tebervlis pirvel naxevarSi da gril, tenian si-laSi SevinaxoT.

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3.3.2 gasxvla-formireba

mcenaris ganviTarebis sawyis etapze Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba varjis formirebas.

gasxvla-formireba aucilebelia:

• msxvili nayofis misaRebad;• wliuri msxmoiarobis regulirebisaTvis (yovelwliurad maRali da

stabiluri mosavlianoba);• vegetatiuri zrdisa da sayvavile kvirtebis Casaxvis regulirebi-

saTvis; • xis msxmoiare nawilis ganaxlebisaTvis;• ganaTebis gaumjobesebisaTvis;• xis zomebis regulirebisaTvis, rac xels Seuwyobs mcenaris advilad

movlas.gasxvlis xerxebia:

• damokleba - igulisxmeba totis damokleba wveridan 1/3–1/2-1/4 -iT. aRniSnuli proceduris mizania xis zomis Semcireba da zrdis stimu-lireba. erTwliani totis damoklebisas wveros kvirti gareT an im mxares unda iyos moqceuli, sadac Tavisufali adgilia.

• gamoxSirva - tardeba im totebis mosacileblad, romlebsac araxel-sayreli mdebareoba aqvT. es meTodi xels uwyobs sinaTlis reJimis gaumjobesebasa da xis zomis SenarCunebas.

• gasxvla quslis datovebiT - „holandiuri gasxvla“. totis gadaWra xdeba sekatoriT rgolTan iribad. totTan axlos rCeba wamaxvilebu-li 15-20 mm-is sisqis qusli, es xerxi xSirad gamoiyeneba vertikalu-rad mimarTuli totebis amosaWrelad, Spindelis tipis formirebis dros.

gasxvla-formirebisTvis saukeTeso Tvea Tebervali. xurmis Stambis qveda zolSi unda mocildes zedmeti ylortebi da datovebuli iqnas sx-vadasxva mxares 4-5 ylorti, romelTagan erTs unda mieces lideris mniS-vneloba. momdevno wlebSi, rogorc wesi adre gazafxulze, saWiroa gasxv-liTi operaciebis Catareba, raTa mcenares mocildes zedmeti da gamxmari totebi.

meore wels, rodesac warmoiqmneba gverdiTa totebi, Stambis Camosaya-libeblad arCeven pirveli rigis 3-4 ConCxis tots, toveben maTze 2-5 kvirts (ylortebis sisqis mixedviT).

centralur Reros sxlaven im kvirtze, romelic uzrunvelyofs mis ver-tikalur gazrdas. 3-4 wlis mcenare ukve iwyebs nayofis mocemas. pirveli rigis totebze gaizrdeba meore rigis totebi, romelTa raodenoba yovel pirveli rigis totisTvis ar unda iyos 2-ze meti. amgvarad iqmneba varjis meore iarusi. 4-5 wlis asakSi yalibdeba Semdegi iarusi.

kargad gazrdil da sworad formirebul mcenares aqvs lamazi forma. SemdegSi saWiroa varjis gamoxSirva, raTa gaumjobesdes mcenaris aeracia, ar Seiqmnas mis varjSi tenis dagrovebisa da Sesabamisad, daavadebebis gan-viTarebis saSiSroeba. manZili pirvelsa da meore iaruss Soris unda iyos daaxloebiT 70 sm, meore da mesame iaruss Soris - 50 sm.

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3.4. mcenareTa dacvis RonisZiebebi

xurmis nargavebze gavrcelebulia Semdegi mavneblebi: farianebi, Tr-ifsebi, crufarianebi, minafrTianebi, tkipebi da sxv. daavadebebidan - na-crisferi sidample, foTlebis silaqave, qeci da sxv. baRs seriozul zians ayeneben sarevela mcenareebic.

mavneblebi:

fqvilisebri crufariana. mweri ikvebeba maspinZeli mcenaris ZarRvebidan. mweris mcenari-dan gamoiyofa TeTri, tkbili, webovani siTxe, ro-melic misi organizmis mier gadamuSavebuli mce-naris wvenia. masze viTardeba Savi obiT cnobili sokovani organizmi. crufarianas gamonayofi da Savi obi aqveiTebs mcenaris fotosinTezur aq-tivobas.

xurmis baliSa crufariana. mavnebeli azianebs subtropikul xurmas, msxals, pantas, citrusebs, limons, dekoratiul mcenareebs da a.S. xurmis baliSa crufariana zamTars meore asa-kis matlis fazaSi, Tavisi mkvebavi mcenareebis gamerqnebul organoebze atarebs. is weliwadSi mxolod erT Taobas iZleva, rasac kompensirebas ukeTebs kvercxis sakmaod didi produqcia.

aziuri farosana. aziuri farosana aprilis bolodan-maisSi gamodis mozamTreobidan, gada-dis mcenareebze da mavneobas gvian Semodgomamde agrZelebs. farosana kvercxebs foTlis qveda mx-areze jgufebad debs - erT keraSi 30-mde kvercxs. farosana sul 200-mde kvercxs debs. kvercxi Te-Tri ferisaa, gamoCekvis win iRebs oqrosfer Se-ferilobas. 4-5 dReSi iCekebian mowiTalo nimfebi (matlebi), romlebic fers TandaTan icvlian (meore asakSi moSavo, xolo Semdgom - moTeTro-yavisferi xdebian), 5 asakis gavlis Semdeg gadaiqcev-ian zrdasrul mavneblad - imagoebad; 50-55 dReSi aRweven zrdasrul asaks, romlis zoma 12-17 mm-ia. farosanas axasiaTebs ganieri, yavisferi, marmari-losebri teqstura, xolo fexebze, muclis kideebsa da ulvaSebze - TeTri zolebi. farosana xorTumis meSveobiT xvrets nayofs, aTxelebs SigTavss da warmoqmnis korpisebr lpobad laqebs. farosanas mier dazianebuli nay-ofi deformirdeba da sakvebad uvargisi xdeba.

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daavadebebi:

subtropikuli xurmis fomopsisi. xur-mis fomopsisi subtropikuli xurmis um-Tavres avadmyofobaTa jgufs ekuTvnis da Tavisi mavneobiT yovelTvis seriozul yur-adRebas iqcevs. gareul xurmaze igi Sedare-biT iSviaTad gvxvdeba da umniSvneloa. aava-debs ZiriTadad xurmis nayofebs da totebs. iSviaTad totebsac. nayofebi mTel saveg-etacio periodSi avaddeba, e.i. axlad gam-onaskvnuli nayofidan dawyebuli momwifebulamde. axlad gamonaskvnuli nayofis daavadebisas nayofi mSralad lpeba, TandaTan Sreba, mumificird-eba da moTeTro xdeba. rogorc jami , ise jamis foTlebisa da TviT nayofis zedapiri Savi wertilebiT ifareba. es ukanaskneli fomofsisis nayofiano-baa, kerZod piknidiumebi. nayofi iSleba: nawili xeze rCeba, nawili cviva.

xurmis qeci. aavadebs aRmosavluri da veluri xurmis foTlebs, ylortebs da, iS-viaTad, nayofebs. foTlebze aCens did, Sav laqebs, romlebic Savi xaverdovani fifqiTaa dafaruli. laqa mkveTria, mrgvali an dakuTx-uli da saRi qsovilisagan arSiiTaa Semosaz-Rvruli. amiT foTlis firfitaze advilad SesamCnevia. xSirad laqebi imdenad bevria, rom firfitis udidesi nawili xmeba. ufro mniS-vnelovania ylortebis daavadeba. ylortebze gaCenili laqa Tavisi garegnuli niSnebiT ar gansxvavdeba foTlebis laq-isagan, mxolod ufro mogrZoa, isic Savi fifqiTaa dafaruli. Reros, bevri laqis gamo, xSirad wveri uxmeba. rogorc msxlis qecis dros, totebs susti dakorZeba emCneva. nayofi iSviaTad avaddeba. damwifebamde uCndeba Savi laqa. es ukanaskneli, marTalia, fifqiT ifareba, magram fifqi Semdeg isev male scviva da laqa kanis aqercvlas iwyebs. aseTi laqa momwifebis period-Sic emCneva.

xurmis nacrisferi sidample. daavadeba TiTqmis yovel wels aRiniSneba im raionebSi, sadac es kultura gvxvdeba. calkeuli or-ganoebis daavadebis simptomebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. ufro xSirad avadmyofoba gazafxulze mJRavndeba wveros totebze, romlebic zamTris periodSi dazian-da dabali temperaturis zemoqmedebiT. vege-taciis dawyebis Semdeg mwvane ylortebze daa-vadeba aCens mura laqebs, romlebic TandaTan diddeba da Semorkalavs maT, sabolood iwvevs zeda nawilis xmobas. foTle-bze pirvelad Ria mwvane feris laqebi Cndeba, romelic jer foTlis kidee-bzea SesamCnevi, TandaTan diddeba, foTlis firfitis did nawils ikavebs

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da yavisferdeba. nestian pirobebSi laqebis zedapiri ifareba nacrisferi sokos nayofianobiT, daavadebuli foTlebi cviva. nacrisferi sidample aseve aavadebs yvavilebs da naskvebs, romlebic ifareba nacrisferi fifq-iT, sabolood isic cviva. soko umetesad nayofebs aavadebs. avadmyofoba pirvelad vlindeba nayofebze yunwis mimagrebis adgilze mura laqebis sax-iT, sidample TandaTan nayofis siRrmeSi vrceldeba da aseTi nayofi mTlian dalpobamde cviva niadagze. nayofi ifareba nacrisferi xaverdovani fifq-iT. aseTi fifqi xeze SerCenil nayofis yunwsa da jamis foTlebzec SeimC-neva. daavadebiT gamowveuli ziani damokidebulia misi ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayreli garemo pirobebis arsebobaze, zogjer avadmyofoba nayofebis 40-50%-is cvenasac ki iwvevs.

xurmis pestalocia. pestalocia fo-Tlebze mowiTalo-yavisfer laqebs aCens, romlebic Savi feris arSiiTaa Semovle-buli. xSir SemTxvevaSi laqebi foTlis did nawils faravs da axmobs. daavadebis dros foTlis qveS Savi wertilebi - so-kos nayofianoba viTardeba. am dros laqebi nacrisferi xdeba, xSirad danek-rozebuli laqebi foTlidan gamovardeba da foTolze mxolod ZarRvebis badise-buri qsovili rCeba. nayofi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazaSi avaddeba. daavadeba gansakuTrebiT nayofis jamis foT-lebsa da yunwebs azianebs, zogjer maT cvenasac iwvevs. notio pirobebSi daavadebul nayofebze Savi feris lorwovani masa - sokos nayofianoba vi-Tardeba.

3.4.1 mavnebel-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg brZola

mavnebel-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg brZolis agroteqnikuri meTodi efuZneba baRSi iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, rac amaRlebs mcenareTa gamZleo-bas mavne organizmebis mimarT. am meTodis Semadgeneli nawilia mavneb-el-daavadebebis mimarT gamZle jiSebis SerCeva. niadagis gafxviereba da sarevelebisgan dacva iwvevs mavne organizmebisTvis gamosazamTrebeli adgilebis Semcirebas. niadagis drouli gafxviereba aseve xels uwyobs mcenareuli kulturebis buzebis kvercxebisa da matlebis, CrCilebis, bu-grebis, Trifsebisa da sxva mavneblebis raodenobis Semcirebas, mcirdeba avadmyofobis gamomwvevTa raodenobac. organuli da polieTilenis mulCis gamoyeneba aseve zRudavs sarevelebisa da daavadebebis gavrcelebas.

sanitarul-higienuri meTodi gulisxmobs mavneblebis kerebis meqani-kur mocilebas da xeliT ganadgurebas. magaliTad, Zirnayari nayofebis Se-grobeba, baRidan gatana da Rrmad Camarxva miwaSi; xis varjis gawmenda gamx-mari da Zlier dazianebuli totebisagan.

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im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT aRniSnulma RonisZiebebma saTanado Sedegi ver gamoiRo, iyeneben specifikur mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebs, mag., 1%-iani an 3%-iani bordouli siTxis an spilenZis Semcveli sxva preparatebis Sesx-ureba spobs daavadebis gamomwvevs da amcirebs mis gavrcelebas. bolo pe-riodSi saqarTvelos bazarze xelmisawvdomia biopreparatebi - bioinseqti-cidebi, biofungicidebi da biosasuqebi. maTi gamoyeneba aseve karg efeqts iZleva mcenareTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT da sruliad usafrTxoa garemosa da adamianis janmrTelobisTvis.

aziuri farosanas winaaRmdeg biologiuri brZolis saSualebas war-moadgens bioinseqticidebi, romlebic efeqturia mweris nimfis fazaSi. saqarTveloSi daregistrirebulia entomopaTogenuri sokos Beauveria bassiana -s bazaze damzadebuli bioinseqticidebi nostaljisti da bioin-seqt-2, aseve azadiraqtinis Semcveli biopreparati nimbecidini. maTi gam-oyenebis normaa 6 l/ha.

daavadebebisadmi gamZleobis gazrda - daavadebebisadmi gamZleobis gazrdis mizniT gamoiyeneba foTlovani gamokveba organuli sasuqebiT. xelmisawvdomia qarTuli warmoebis organuli preparatebi: organika (or-ganul-baqteriuli sasuqi, 10 l/ha), agrovita (huminur-organuli sasuqi, 5 l/ha), jeohumaTi (organul-mineraluri sasuqi, 2,5 l/ha).


sarevelebi baRSi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrda baRSi, radgan sarevelebi seriozul konkurencias uweven mcena-res sakvebi elementebis, tenis da sinaTlis miRebaSi. baRSi sarevelebis gavrceleba mosavlianobis Semcirebas da nayofis xarisxis gauaresebas iwvevs, amasTanave xels uwyobs mavnebel-daavadebebis gavrcelebas. sarev-elebis winaaRmdeg yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens niadagis gafxviereba-gaToxvna - vegetaciis periodSi dasarevnialebuli niadagis sam-oTxjer unda gafxvierdes. meqanizirebulad an xeliT gaTibvis Semdeg balaxi SesaZlebelia mulCis saxiT gamoviyenoT, an gamovitanoT nakveTidan.

3.5 xurmis mosavlis aReba da Senaxva

3.5.1 mosavlis aReba

saqarTveloSi xurmis mosavlis aReba xdeba Semodgomaze oqtomber-noemberSi. xurmis mosavlis aRebis dro damokidebulia jiSze da misi gam-oyenebis pirobebze. magaliTad, „haCia“ ikrifeba maSin, rodesac nayofis zedapiris ori mesamedi gayviTlebulia, amaze adre mokrefili nayofi cudi gemosia. „hiakumes“ nayofis krefa dasaSvebia maTi sruli simwifis Semdeg. jiSi „Cinebulis“ nayofi transportirebasac kargad itans da Senaxvasac

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kargad uZlebs, amitom nayofis mokrefa unda moxdes misi simwifeSi gadasvlamde. krefis dros aucile-belia xurmis nayofs ar moscildes yunwi da nayofis kani ar daziandes. srul simwifeSi Sesvlis Semdeg nayofi kargavs simwklartes, rbi-lobi rbildeba da naklebad trans-portirebadi xdeba. msxvilnayofa jiSebi taraze ewyoba erT rigad. vinaidan xurmis nayofis momwife-ba TiTqmis erTdroulad mimdin-areobs, xolo misi realizacia gar-Tulebulia, aqtualuria misi nayofisagan sxvadasxva saxis Ciris damzadeba da realizacia.

xurmis krefis dawyebis drois gansazRvra damokidebulia imazec, Tu rodis Sedis simwifeSi nayofi da simwifis romel stadiaSi iReben mosavals. nayofis sakrefi simwifis stadiis Sefaseba xdeba garegnulad. nayofs unda hqondes misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simsxo, Seferiloba, aucilebelia iyos saRi, ar unda SeimCneodes laqebi (romelic SesaZlebelia romelime daa-vadebis maniSnebeli iyos), deda mcenarisagan nayofi advilad unda scil-debodes. misi rbilobi unda iyos mkvrivi, nayofi ar iyos dazianebuli. yve-la es faqtori gasaTvaliswinebelia samacivre sakanSi xurmis xangrZlivi droiT SenaxvisaTvis.

3.5.2 mosavlis Senaxva

samacivre teqnologiebis ganviTarebam SesaZlebeli gaxada xilis xelmisawvdomoba wlis nebismier dros. nayofis Senaxva saSualebas iZl-eva bazarze uwyveti reJimiT mosaxleobas miewodos axali, saRi produqti. samacivre pirobebSi xurma 1-dan 3 Tvemde inaxeba. nayofis Senaxvis optim-aluri temperaturaa 0-1°C, xolo tenianoba - 90%. am temperaturisa da te-nianobis dacvis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia xurmis martamde Senaxvac.

3.6 xurmis Ciris damzadeba

Ciris dasamzadeblad gamosayenebelia yvela jiSis xurmis nayofi, Tumca saCired ukeTesia uTeslo an mcire Tesliani jiSebi. Ciris Srobis periodi damokidebulia kliamatur pirobebze. mSral, mzian da qarian amindSi Sro-ba grZeldeba 7-10 dRes, tenian amindSi - 15-25 dRis ganmavlobaSi. xurmis Ciris damzadeba SesaZlebelia, rogorc bunebriv pirobebSi, aseve saSrobi kamerebis gamoyenebiT. Srobis procesi unda mimdinareobdes 50-600C tem-peraturaze, romelmac TandaTanobiT unda miaRwios 70-750C-s. winaaRmdeg

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SemTxvevaSi nayofs umagrdeba gareTa qerqi, xolo guli rCeba teniani, rac SemdgomSi mis daobebas iwvevs. erTi kg. Ciris misaRebad saCiroa 5-7 kg. nayofi. saqarTveloSi umetesad xurmis Ciri bunebriv pirobebSi Sreba. xurmis Ciris damzadeba iwyeba Semodgomaze, oqtomb-erSi, jer kidev maSin, rodesac nayofi mkvrivia. gasufTavebuli, gaTlili xurma yunwebiT aisxmeva bawarze da mzeze gamosaSrobad ikideba daaxloe-biT ori kvira. Semdeg sasurvel kondi-ciamde miyvanili nayofi inaxeba gril, mSral da daxurul adgilas. mogvianebiT Ciri gadaaqvT tilos tomsikaSi. gamSrali gaTlili xurma TeTri Saqris feniT ifareba. SigniTa guli webova-nia, rbili an mkrivi konsistenciis, gemo sasiamovno, tkbili. mza Ciri if-uTeba da inaxeba yuTebSi, romlis SigniT Cafenili unda iyos pergamentis qaRaldi. SefuTva unda moxdes mWidrod da hermetulad.

3.7 xurmis kvebiTi Rirebuloba da sasargeblo Tvisebebi


xurmis nayofebi Seicavs didi raodenobiT naxSirwylebs, mineralebs, rkinas, vitaminebs da adamianis organizmisaTvis sasargeblo sxva nivTiere-bebs. aRmosavluri xurma gamoiyeneba rogorc nedli, aseve mSrali da da-konservebuli. xurmis Ciri saukeTeso produqts warmoadgens, romelic ifareba dakristalebuli SaqriT da indur finiks gemoTi ar Camouvardeba. xurmis nayofi maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebisaa. Seicavs glukozas da saqa-rozas. aseve vitamin C-s, provitaminebsa da limonmJavas. mdidaria rkiniT, kalciumiT, spilenZiTa da manganumiT.

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xurmas aqvs matonizirebuli Tvisebebi. igi aumjobesebs madas, awyna-rebs nervul sistemas, icavs organizms sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebisagan. xurmaSi aris bevri magniumi, kaliumi, betakarotini, romelic xels uwyobs organizmSi kibos prevencias. xurma Zalian sasargebloa Tirkmlebisa da gu-lisaTvis. is 2-jer met dietur boWkovanas da mineralebs Seicavs, vidre vaS-li. aqvs baqteriociduli aqtivoba. kargi saSualebaa filtvebis anTebisa da bronqitis dros. xurma cnobilia, rogorc Sardmdeni, safaRaraTo, imunuri sistemis gamaZlierebeli saSualeba. xurma icavs RviZls dazianebisagan da idealuria uamravi daavadebisagan Tavis dasacavad.

xurma aseve rekomendebulia imaTTvis, vinc ebrZvis Warb wonas. miuxe-davad imisa, rom xurma tkbilia, is dabalkaloriulia. kargi saSualebaa gacivebisa da gripis prevenciisaTvis - xurma Seicavs imdeni raodenobiT C vitamins, rom Tu regularulad miirTmevT, gacivebisgan saimedod daculi iqnebiT. xurma amcirebs sisxlis wnevas - Tu wneva gawuxebT, miirTviT xurma xSirad. mkurnalobis SemTxvevaSi daablendereT kangaclili xurma, Seu-rieT 1 Wiqa rZe. sasmeli dalieT kviraSi 3-jer. xurma energiis wyaroa - Tu sportiT xarT dakavebuli, icodeT, rom xurma idealuri stimulatoria. aseve bunebrivi antidepresantia - xurmis wveni xsnis depresias. mkacri di-etis dros SegiZliaT miirTvaT dReSi ori cali xurma - gagiqrobT SimSilis grZnobas da dagicavT Tavbrusxvevisagan. icavs kans danaoWebisagan - Seu-rieT kangaclil, daWyletil xurmaSi limonis ramdenime wveTi da waisviT saxeze. idealuri niRabia - aaxalgazrdavebs da anazebs kans.

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3.8 xurmis sademonstracio modelis xarjTaRricxva (0.5 ha)

# masalis dasaxeleba erTeulira-

ode-noba

erTeu-lis

fasi, lari

jami, lari

1wylis Semgrovebeli

avzi (5-toniani, verti-kaluri)

cali 1 800 800

2 sasuqis Semrevi cali 1 200 200


sistema montaJiT (0.5 ha, 110 Ziri xurma)

sistema 1 3,000 3,000

5meqanikuri sawamli


6meqanikuri celi ben-

zinis motoriTcali 1 400 400

7meqanikuri celi ben-

zinis motoriTcali 1 300 300

8baRis sekatori, Cveu-

lebrivicali 2 50 100

9baRis sekatori, spe-

cialuricali 1 150 150

10bioinseqticidi lepi-

dini cali 10 7 70

11drenaJis sistemis

mowyoba 1000

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ode-noba

erTeu-lis

fasi, lari

jami, lari

12bioinseqticidi

turingenilitri 10 7 70

13bioinseqticidi

proklaimilitri 5 40 200

14biofungicidi biokat-

enalitri 20 7 140

15biofungicidi fito-

katenalitri 20 7 140

16Txevadi organul-baqteriuli sasuqi

organikalitri 50 6 300

17huminur-organuli

sasuqi agrovita litri 25 8 200

18organuli sasuqi sti-

mufungilitri 20 20 400

19

mikroelementebis Semcveli organuli

sasuqi bleq mejiq niadagis gaumjobe-

sebisTvis

litri 10 60 600

20mikroelementebis

Semcveli organuli sasuqi bleq jeki

kg 10 50 500

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ode-noba

erTeu-lis

fasi, lari

jami, lari

21biosasuqi sapro-ele-

qsirikg 10 15 150

22biostimulatori

bioragilitri 3 180 540

23

Txevadi organuli sasuqi biodepozit eleqsiri humusis

CamoyalibebisTvis, imunitetis asamaR-

leblad

litri 10 50 500

24mosavlis Sesanaxi

konteinerebi/yuTebi, sxvadasxva

cali 300 2 600

25 plastmasis mulCi 50 8 400

26agroteqnikuri samuS-

aoebi

wlis ganmav-lobaSi

1,450

jami 12,410

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