ludoM edoK

.KGM OTO 2 62 - 30

YNU kinkeT satlukaF fitomotO kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ

NAMEREGNEP KITSIRETKARAK ITNEHREB KARAJ NAD NAARADNEK

: nusuyneP

.T.M ,.dP.M ,ibutraM

fitomotO kinkeT nakididneP nasuruJ KINKET SATLUKAF

ATRAKAYGOY IREGEN SATISREVINU 4002

Y

R a X

h a nisW R d h g/a.W

R fr B Fb hd

l1 R rr A l2

Wf socW W L Wr

2

RATNAGNEP ATAK

nagned ludoM 622 OTO.KGM – nagned 30 luduj kitsiretkaraK

nameregneP itnehreB karaJ nad naudnap iagabes nakanugid ini malad

:utiay ,isnetepmok utas halas kutnebmem kutnu hailuk nataigek “ nad imahameM

m tapad ayag nakutnenem malad nameregnep akinakem pesnok nakanuggne

.”naaradnek aynitnehreb karaj nad nameregnep isneisife ,nameregnep ini ludoM

es kutnu nakanugid tapad M hailuk atresep aum naaradneK kareG akinake id

I retsemes V satisrevinU kinkeT satlukaF fitomotO kinkeT idutS margorP adap

.atrakaygoY iregeN

nakijasid ini ludom adaP pesnok - rasad pesnok radnek nameregnep gnatnet a na ,

hotnoc - eynep atreseb laos hotnoc aynnaiasel , nahital - nahital set nad sagut /

isaulave atres fitamrof aynulrepes kutnu em isnetepmok iapacn .nakparahid gnay

sata iridret ini ludoM agit .rajaleb nataigek rajaleb nataigeK 1 :gnatnet sahabmem

igeK ,gnapmunep naaradnek nameregnep kitsiretkaraK rajaleb nata 2 sahabmem

nameregnep kitsiretkaraK :gnatnet rotcart - reliartimes rajaleb nataigeK nad , 3

.nameregnep karaj nad isneisifE : gnatnet sahabmem

awsisaham makparahid ,hadum nagned ini ludom irajalepmem asib kutnU

ikilimem halet nauhategnep sisilana pesnok amaturet ,ihunemem gnay lawa

.adneb nagnabmitesek iroet aguj nad nemom pesnok ,kareg gnatnet sitametam

.

,atrakaygoY iluJ 4002

nusuyneP

.T.M ,.dP.M ,ibutraM

3

LUDOM ISI RATFAD

namalaH

AS NAMALAH LUPM ....................................... ..... ..... ............................... 1

RATNAGNEP ATAK .............................................. ..... ............................... 2

ISI RATFAD ................................................... .............. ...... ......................... 3

YRASSOLG / NAHALITSIREP ......................................... ... ..................... 5

NAULUHADNEP . I ................................................................ ..... ................ 6

eD .A ....................................................................... luduJ ispirks ....... ........ 6

.................................................................. taraysarP .B ........ .................. ...... 6

. ludoM naanuggneP kujnuteP .C ......................................... ....... ............ ..... 7

................................................... awsisaham igab kujnuteP .1 ....... ....... .. 7

........................... ............ nesod igab kujnuteP .2 ....... . ................... . ....... 7

............................................................. rihkA naujuT .D ..... ................ . ..... 8

.................................................................... isnetepmoK .E ....... ........... . .. ... 8

........................................................ naupmameK keC .F ........ .................... 01

NARAJALEBMEP .II ............................................................. .... ................ 11

awsisahaM rajaleB anacneR .A ................................................. ........ ....... 11

..................................................................... rajaleB nataigeK .B ........ ....... 21

: 1 rajaleB nataigeK .1 nameregneP kitsiretkaraK gnapmuneP naaradneK .... .............. ............ ...... 21

.......................................... 1 rajaleb nataigek naujuT .a ........ .......... 21

............................................... 1 iretam naiarU .b ......... ....... .............. 21

....................................................... 1 namukgnaR .c ....... ................ ... 19

...................................................................... 1 saguT .d ........ ........... . 12

fitamrof seT .e ................................................................. 1 ...... ........ . 12

.f ............................................ ... 1 fitamrof set bawaj icnuK ..... ...... 22

4

namalaH

: 2 rajaleB nataigeK .2 nameregneP kitsiretkaraK rotcarT - reliartimeS ............................ ......... ....... . 22

rajaleb nataigek naujuT .a 2 ......................................... ......... ........... 22

iretam naiarU .b 2 .................................. ........ ......... 22 ...........................

namukgnaR .c 2 ...................................................... ......... .................. 27

saguT .d 2 ............................................... ......... ................................... 28

.e fitamrof seT 2 .............................................. ........ .......................... . 29

fitamrof set bawaj icnuK .f 2 .......................................... ... ......... ....... 29

: 3 rajaleB nataigeK .3 eisifE sn i nameregneP naradneK itnehreB karaJ nad .......... ........... ........ 29

............ 3 rajaleb nataigek naujuT .a .......... ........................................ 29

...... 3 iretam naiarU .b ................................. ........ ............................... 03

................................................. 3 namukgnaR .c ......... ....................... 43

.......................................................... 3 saguT .d ......... .. 3 ...................... 6

................................................. 3 fitamrof seT .e ........ 3 ........................ 6

................................. ... 2 fitamrof set bawaj icnuK .f ...... ................ 36

ISAULAVE .III ..... ...................................................................... ...... .......... 37

......................................................................... naaynatreP .A ........... ....... 37

......................... nabawaJ icnuK .B ......................................... ......... ......... 38

................................... nasululeK airetirK .C ........ ................ . .................... 39

PUTUNEP .VI .......................................................... ...... ....... .. ...................... 04

AKATSUP RATFAD ................................................... ....... ........................ 14

5

/ NAHALITSIREP YRASSOLG

nelaviuke assam rotkaF kutnu nakhutubid gnay naraseb haubes haubes halada :

em .karegreb gnades gnay assam utaus padahret nagnabmiesek taubm

simanidoreA natabmaH naped naigab adap ajrekeb gnay nigna natabmah halada :

.)naaradnek( libom

rab ward natabmaH gnakaleb naigab adap ajrekeb gnay nigna natabmah halada :

.)naaradnek( libom

H tniop hcti aratna nagnubmas tapmet kitit halada : rotcart nagned reliartimes .

isehda neisifeoK natabmah aynada nakkujnunem gnay naraseb haubes halada :

.nalaj naakumrep nagned libom nab ratatna iranem kirat ayag tabika

epolS laj nagnirimek tudus halada : .tual ria naakumrep nakgnidnabid na

esab leehW gnakaleb ador ubmus nagned naped ador ubmus aratna karaj halada :

.surul isisop adap libom haubes

6

BAB I

NAULUHADNEP

ispirkseD .A

ludujreb gnay ludoM aradneK nameregneP kitsiretkaraK na ini

naanacnerep metsis nagned tiakret gnay rasad pesnok aparebeb sahabmem

malad irajalepid gnay iretam napukac nupadA .naaradnek kareggnep aganet

nad ,gnapmunep naaradnek nameregnep kitsiretkaraK )1( : itupilem ini ludom

nameregnep kitsiretkaraK )2( rotcart - reliartimes isneisifE )3( nad ,

.naaradnek aynitnehreb karaj nad nameregnep

sata iridret ini ludoM sahabmem 1 rajaleb nataigeK .rajaleb nataigek agit

2 rajaleb nataigeK ,gnapmunep naaradnek nameregnep kitsiretkaraK :gnatnet

sahabmem nameregnep kitsiretkaraK :gnatnet rotcart - reliartimes nad ,

.nameregnep karaj nad isneisifE : gnatnet sahabmem 3 rajaleb nataigeK adaP

nad laos hotnoc nagned ipakgnelid ulales rajaleb nataigek paites

nahital atreseb aynnasahabmep - amrof set ,sagut/nahital isaulave nad fit

gnay isnetepmok iapacnem malad awsisaham utnabmem kutnu aynulrepes

.nakparahid

awsisaham nahurulesek araces ini ludom irajalepmem iaseles haleteS

“ nakparahid akinakem pesnok nakanuggnem tapad nad imahameM

malad nameregnep nad nameregnep isneisife ,nameregnep ayag nakutnenem

.” naaradnek aynitnehreb karaj

taraysarP .B

nakididneP nasuruJ awsisaham igab lawa ludom nakapurem ini ludoM

iretam isireb gnay ,3D nupuam 1S gnajneJ fitomotO kinkeT - gnajnunep iretam

/ hailukatam irad naayagnep - gnay fitomoto gnadib id nailhaek hailukatam

hailukatam halada amaturet aynmulebes irajalepid hadus aynsurahes

iladnegneP metsiS .

7

iretam naikimed nagneD - naka ini ludom isi nagned tiakret gnay iretam

nakapurem iapacnem akgnar malad gnitnep tagnas gnay gnukudnep

kadit aynsutats nupiksem ,ini ludom malad nakparahid gnay isnetepmok

.ayntaraysarp iagabes imser araces

ludoM naanuggneP kujnuteP .C

awsisahaM igab kujnuteP .1

y rajaleb lisah helorepid ragA nakanuggnem malad akam ,lamiskam gna

nakanaskalid nad ,nakitahrepid ulrep gnay rudesorp aparebeb ada ini ludom

: nial aratna

pesnok naiaru amaskes nagned imahaf nad halacaB .a - gnay sitiroet pesnok

naparenep alup imahaf naidumek ,ini ludom adap nakijasid pesnok -

hotnoc malad tubesret pesnok - .aynnaiaseleynep arac atreseb laos hotnoc

asib muleb nad salej gnaruk gnay iretam ada hisam askapret aliB

nesod adapek nakaynanem tapad awsisaham arap kiab nagned imahafid

.nahailukrep nataigek upmagnem gnay

rek aboC .b ini lah ,iridnam araces )nahital laos( sagut paites nakaj

halet gnay namahamep raseb aparebes iuhategnem kutnu nakduskamid

iretam padahret awsisaham paites ikilimid - adap sahabid gnay iretam

.rajaleb nataigek paites

b awsisaham aynnaataynek malad alibapA .c adap iretam iasaugnem mule

igal nakajregnem nad acabmem igal ignalu aboc ,nakparahid gnay level

nahital - gnay nesod adapek halaynatreb ulrep ualak nad aynnahital

gnay iretam ualaK .natukgnasreb gnay nahailukrep nataigek upmagnem

amep nakulremem natukgnasreb naknikay akam )taraysarp( lawa namah

raneb duskamid gnay taraysarp awhab - .ihunepid hadus raneb

nesoD igab kujnuteP .2

: kutnu narep nad sagut iaynupmem nesod ,nahailukrep paites malaD

a. .rajaleb sesorp nakanacnerem malad awsisaham utnabmeM

8

b. sagut iulalem awsisaham gnibmibmeM - nahital uata sagut - gnay nahital

.rajaleb bahat malad naksalejid

c. bawajnem nad urab pesnok imahamem malad awsisaham utnabmeM

.nakulrepid alibapa awsisaham naaynatrep

d. y nial rajaleb rebmus seskagnem kutnu awsisaham utnabmeM gna

.nakulrepid

e. .nakulrepid akij kopmolek rajaleb nataigek risinagrogneM

f. .nakulrepid akij gnipmadnep nesod/ilha gnaroes nakanacnereM

g. gnay awsisaham isnetepmok naiapacnep padahret isaulave nakadagneM

.nakutnetid halet

rihkA naujuT .D

haleteS ini ludom malad rajaleb nataigek iretam hurules irajalepmem

: nakparahid awsisaham

.1 gnapmunep naaradnek nameregnep naruta nad tafis ,pesnok nakanuggneM

.halasam nahacemep malad

nameregnep naruta nad tafis ,pesnok nakanuggneM .2 rotcart - reliartimes

malad halasam nahacemep

nameregnep karaj nad isneisiffe irad naruta nad tafis ,pesnok nakanuggneM .3

.halasam nahacemep malad

isnetepmoK .E

622 OTO.KGM ludoM - kutnebmem akgnar malad nususid ini 30

“ isnetepmok snok nakanuggnem tapad nad imahameM akinakem pe

nad nameregnep isneisife ,nameregnep ayag nakutnenem malad nameregnep

naaradnek aynitnehreb karaj hibelret ,tubesret isnetepmok iapacnem kutnU .“

bus iapacid tapad surah uluhad - aynajrek kujnu airetirk atreseb isnetepmok bus

aleb pukgnil iulalem : tukireb iagabes narajalebmep kokop iretam nagned raj

9

buSisnetepmoK

airetirK ajreK kujnU

pukgniLrajaleB

narajalebmeP kokoP iretaM

pakiS nauhategneP nalipmarteK

imahameM

tapad nadanuggnem -

pesnok nak akinakem

meregnep - na malad

nakutnenemp ayag egne -

,namer isneisife

nameregnep karaj nad

aynitnehreb.naaradnek

asrep pesnoK.1 -

egnep naam -adnek namer -

munep naar - imahafid gnap

raneb nagned .iroet iauses

lamron nabeB .2 sorop adap naaradnek

gnapmunepegnep amales -

gnutihid namer raneb nagned

uses .iroet ia egnep ayaG .3 -

kam namer -adnek mumis -

munep naar - gnutihid gnap raneb nagned

.iroet iauses .nameregnep

latot isroporP.4egnep ayag -

adap namer sorop paites

naaradnek gnapmunep

nagned gnutihid iauses raneb

.iroet akem pesnoK.6 -

egnep akin -mer na rotcart -

reliart imes nagned imahafid

iauses raneb.iroet

lamron nabeB .7 paites adap

sorop rotcart -reliart imes

egnep amales gnutihid namer

raneb nagnediroet iauses

ayaG .8 nameregnep

mumiskamrotcart - imes reliart gnutihid

raneb nagnedt iauses .iroe

pesnoK. 1

naamasrep nameregnep

naaradnek .gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .2

sorop adap naaradnek

gnapmunep amales

.nameregnep ep ayaG .3 -

nameregn mumiskam

naaradnek.gnapmunep

latot isroporP .4

ayag nameregnep

paites adap sorop

naaradnekmunep .gnap

pesnoK .6

akinakem nameregnep

rotcart -reliartimes .

lamron nabeB .7

paites adap sorop rotcart -

reliart imes amales

nameregnep ayaG .8

nameregnep mumiskam

rotcart -reliartimes

,sitirK

nad itilet tamrec

malad silunem gnabmal

alem nad -uk rep nak -

.nagnutih

pesnoK. 1

naamasrep nameregnep

naaradnek .gnapmunep

lamron nabeB .2

sorop adap naaradnek

gnapmunepep amales - .nameregn

ep ayaG .3 -

nameregn mumiskam

naaradnek.gnapmunep

latot isroporP .4

ayagmeregnep - na

paites adap sorop

naaradnek.gnapmunep

pesnoK .6

akinakemmeregnep - na

rotcart -reliartimes .

nabeB .7

adap lamron sorop paites

rotcart - imesreliart

ep amales -nameregn

ep ayaG .8 - nameregn mumiskam

rotcart -reliartimes

gnutihgneM

nagned nad rudesorp

gnay lisahraneb

01

naupmameK keC .F

c adnat nagned halisi ,ini 622 OTO.KGM ludoM irajalepmem mulebeS ke

( paites helo ikilimid halet gnay isnetepmok nakkujnunem gnay naaynatrep )

: nakbawajgnuggnatrepid tapad nad rujuj nagned awsisaham

buS

isnetepmoK

naaynatreP nabawaJ “aY“ nabawaJ aliB

nakajreK aY kadiT

imahameM

tapad nadanuggnem -

pesnok nak akinakem

meregnep - na malad

nakutnenemegnep ayag -

,namer isneisife

nameregnep karaj nad

aynitnehreb.naaradnek

1. k imahamem ayaS pesno naamasrep.gnapmunep naaradnek nameregnep

1 fitamroF seT

.2 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS adap lamron nabebrop naaradnek nameregnep amales so

gnapmunep

1 fitamroF seT

.3 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS nameregnep ayag

gnapmunep naaradnek mumiskam

1 fitamroF seT

.4 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS ayag latot isroporp naaradnek sorop paites adap nameregnep

nep gnapmu

1 fitamroF seT

.5 nakutnenem tapad ayaS anam ador

ulud itnehreb gnay 1 fitamroF seT

6. k imahamem ayaS pesno akinakem

adap nameregnep rotcart - reliartimes . 2 fitamroF seT

.7 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS nabeb lamron

sorop paites adap rotcart - reliartimes . nameregnep amales

2 fitamroF seT

.8 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS egnep ayag -

mumiskam namer rotcart - .reliartimes 2 fitamroF seT

.9 pesnok imahamem ayaS isneisife

.nameregnep 3 fitamroF seT

.01 gnutihgnem tapad ayaS latot karaj

. naaradnek aynitnehreb 3 fitamroF seT

bawajnem awsisaham alibapA kadiT ini ludom irajalep akam

bawajid gnay iretam iauseS kadiT .tubesre

buSisnetepmoK

airetirK ajreK kujnU

pukgniLrajaleB

narajalebmeP kokoP iretaM

pakiS nauhategneP nalipmarteK

imahameM

tapad nadanuggnem - nak

pesnok akinakem

nameregnep nenem malad

ayag nakut ,nameregnep

karaj nad aynitnehreb

naaradnek .

noK .9 isneisife pes

nameregnep imahafid tapad

raneb nagned .iroet iauses

latot karaJ .01 aynitnehreb

tapad naaradnek nagned gnutihid

iauses raneb.iroet

pesnoK .9

isneisifenameregnep

latot karaJ.01nameregnep

itilet ,sitirK

tamrec nad malad

nem silu gnabmal

alem nad -rep nakuk -.nagnutih

pesnoK .9

isneisifemeregnep - na

latot karaJ.011

meregnep - na

gnutihgneM

nagned nad rudesorp

gnay lisahraneb

11

BAB II

NARAJALEBMEP

awsisahaM rajaleB anacneR .A

nad ini hawab id lebat isignem nagned rajaleb nataigek anacner haltauB

.iaseles rajaleb nataigek haletes nesod adapek itkub halatnim

nataigeK sineJ laggnaT utkaW tapmeTrajaleB

nasalAnahabureP

faraPnesoD

akinakem pesnoK .1

naaradnek nameregnepgnapmunep

adap lamron nabeB .2 naaradnek sorop

amales gnapmunepnameregnep

nameregnep ayaG .3naaradnek mumiskam

.gnapmunep

egnep ayag isroporP . 4 - naaradnek adap namer

nad gnapmunep ador ulud itnehreb gnay

akinakem pesnoK .5

nameregnep rotcart -reliartimes

adap lamron nabeB .6 sorop rotcart - reliartimes

nameregnep amales

ayag nakutneneM .7 mumiskam nameregnep

adap rotcart - reliartimes

ep isneisifE .8 nameregn

nameregnep karaJ .9

21

.rajaleB nataigeK .B

:1 rajaleB nataigeK .1 nameregneP kitsiretkaraK gnapmuneP naaradneK

: 1 rajaleB nataigeK naujuT .a

)1 . lamron nabeb nakutneneM adap sorop naaradnek gnapmunep

ales am sesorp nameregnep .

)2 . nakutneneM mumiskam nameregnep ayag naaradnek .gnapmunep

)3 . nakutneneM nameregnep ayag isroporp latot gnapmunep naaradnek .

: 1 iretaM naiarU .b

.)1 nauluhadneP

ignarukid ,nakiladnekid tapad naaradnek ujal raga nimajnem kutnU

,taas paites adap ilakes amas nakitnehrebid nakhab uata aynnatapecek

tapad gnay mer metsis gnasapid ulrep naaradnek paites adap akam

k akam haluti kutnU .aynitsem anamiagabes ajrekeb naupmame

gnay naijak utas halas nakapurem surah naaradnek nameregnep

malad natamalesek nad nanamaek iapacid nigni akij gnitnep pukuc

hibeL .aradnekreb - nalaj id satnil ulal natadapek tahilem alib hibel

rihka utkaw adap ayar - atok id amaturet ,ini rihka - tok adap igalapa a

nalaj - rihka haluti anerak helO .satnil ulal upmal ratikes id nalaj - rihka

aynada fitomoto irtsudni kaynab helo naklanekid halet aguj ini

sag mer ,kilordih mer aynlasim ,mer metsis epit nad macam iagabreb

sinej nad gnaub - .nial gnay sinej

uti mer metsis anamiagab sahabid naka kadit ini bab adaP

,aynsahabmem gnay iridnesret hailukatam ada hadus anerak ,ajrekeb

kutnu airetirk utas halaS .iladnegneP metsiS hailukatam utiay

kitsiretkarak halada mer ajrek naupmamek isaulavegnem ,nameregnep

ayag aynada irad uajnitid amaturet - adap ajrekeb gnay raul ayag

.naaradnek

31

ayaG - naaradnek tabmahgnem ajrekeb gnay amatu raul ayag

nakkujnutid )gnapmunep naaradnek( sorop aud naaradnek sinej kutnu

ni hawab id 1 rabmaG adap : i

)2 . akinakeM P : nameregne

ayag akiteK nameregnep adareb hawab id satab isehda aratna

: halada nameregnep ayag aynraseb akam nalaj nad nab

Mb – . I na Fb = ------------------

r

Mb = nemom nameregnep

Fb = ( nameregnep ayag ecrof gnikarb )

= I natabmalrep amales naratup aisreni

na = ralugna natabmalrep

= r .nab )gnidnileg( ratup suidar

helo ihuragnepid aguj nameregnep ayag uti gnipmasiD

,kimanidorea nanahat ,nab gnidnileg nanahat itrepes rotkaf aparebeb

t nanahat nad isimsart nanahat kajna ek kutnu( na gnay naaradn

.)kian nalajreb ( latot tabmah ayag naikimed nagneD r ayag natluse

tabmah : tukireb iagabes gnutihid tapad )

R a

g/a.W h a nisW R d

a h

R fr B F fb h d l1

l2 R rr A rbF

socW W Wf L Wr

1 rabmaG

41

F ser F = b f + r soc W R + a R + t nis W

: nagnareteK

f r nahat neisifeok = na gnidnileg ador

naaradnek tareb = W

tudus = epols nalaj

Ra kimanidorea nanahat =

Rt isimsnart nanahat =

nis W ( adnat irebid + .kian naaradnek akij )

malaD naadaek ,lamron t nanaha ,licek tagnas isimsnart aggnihes

d .nakiabaid tapa

)3 . : nameregneP amaleS soroP adap lamroN nabeB

sorop irad nabeb refsnart halidajret nameregnep sesorp amaleS

k naped sorop ek gnakaleb nemom maamasrep turuneM .naaradne id

akam ,gnakaleb nupuam naped id kiab nalaj nagned nab katnok kitit

W( naped sorop adap lamron nabeb aynraseb f lamron nabeb nad )

W( gnakaleb sorop adap r nagned gnutihid tapad ) : naamasrep

1 W

Wf = ---- l W { 2 ( h + ---- a – Ra nis W } ) g L

W 1

Wr = ---- l W { 1 – ( h ---- a – Ra nis W } ) g L

ep malaD ,sata id naamasr a .natabmalrep halada

nis W akam kian nalajreb naaradnek akiteK ( adnatreb – .)

,naaradnek tareb tasup adap ajrekeb kimanidorea nanahat paggnaiD

nabeb ada kadit anas id nad rabward R( d)

turunem ayntujnaleS ayag naamasrep - latnosiroh hara malad ayag

: helorepid ) naaradnek gnajnamem ubmus haraes (

51

W Fb f + r F = W fb F + rb f + r W = --- a – aR nis W

g

F sata id naamasrep malaD fb F nad br turutreb - ayag halada turut

.gnakaleb nad naped sorop adap nameregnep

W malad ek tubesret naamasrep nakisutitsbusnem nagneD f W nad r

agrah tapadid naka - sorop adap lamron nabeb agrah - amales sorop

sesorp : nameregnep

1

: napeD soroP lamroN nabeB Wf = ---- l W { 2 F ( h + b f + r } ) W L

1 :gnakaleB soroP lamroN nabeB Wr = --- l W { 1 – F ( h b f + r } ) W

L

mumiskaM nameregneP ayaG .)4

gnay sorop aud naaradnek adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG

id tapad helo nakutnetid nalaj nagned nab aynkatnok helo gnukud

nameregnep ayag akiJ .) µ ( nalaj isehda neisifeok nad lamron nabeb

gnisam gnakaleb nad naped sorop kutnu mumiskam - gnisam

F nagned nakataynid fb skam F nad br skam gnisam aynraseb akam - gnisam

ihid tapad : tukireb iagabes sumur nagned gnut

F fb skam W.µ = f F nad br skam W.µ = r

W akiJ f W nad r : helorepid ini sumur malad ek nakisutitsbusid

W l { 2 ( h + f + r } ) F skam fb = ---------------------------

L

W l { 1 – ( h + fr } )

F skam rb = --------------------------- L

61

.)5 atoT ayaG isroporP nameregneP l :

nupuam naped sorop adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP

nakgnidnabmem nagned nakutnetid tapad naaradnek gnakaleb sorop

: utiay , mumiskaM nameregneP ayaG audek

K fb F skam fb l2 ( h + f + r ) ----- = ---------- = ------------------ K rb F skam rb l 1 – ( h f + r )

K : natataC fb K + b r 1 = % 001 =

eS kutnu ayntujnal uata naped ador hakapa nakutnenem

ulrep akam ,uluhad hibel )meregnem( icnukret naka gnay gnakaleb

irad agrah iuhatekid akgna )sorop( ador audek adap natabmalrep

.)isatifarg( g nautas malad nakataynid gnay

a l2 / K + L fb f . r --- = ---------- - ----------- f g K fb – h / L

a l1 / K + L . rb fr --- = -------------------- r g K rb + h / L

: akij uluhad hibel ) itnehreb ( icnugnem naka naped adoR

a a --- < ---- g r g f

: akij uluhad hibel ) itnehreb ( icnugnem naka gnakaleb adoR

a a --- < ---- f g r g

71

laos hotnoC :

iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep naaradnek haubeS esab leehw =

nad naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 09 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 002

Nk 21= naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 06

0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok nagned nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 5,

nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK .7,0 = nab nagned

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,utnetret natapecek nagned ratad - abit

: halnakutneT .itnehreb iapmas nameregnep nakukalid

paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)a .naaradnek sorop

amales naaradnek sorop paites helo atiredid gnay nabeB .)b

.nameregnep sesorp

.naaradnek sorop paites id latot nameregnep ayag isroporP .)c

.uluhad hibel icnugnem gnay anam adoR .)d

naiaseleyneP :

hatekiD iu sata id nalajreb gnades gnapmunep naaradnek haubeS :

abit ratad nalaj - .itnehreb iapmas merid abit

= L mc 002 Nk 21 = W

l1 l mc 09 = 2 L = – l1 002 = – mc 011 = 09

f mc 06 = h r nad 5,0 = = 7,0

iD nakaynat F .)a : fb skam F nad br skam

b .) W f W nad r nameregnep amales

K .)c fb K nad b r

.ulud itnehreb gnay anam adoR .)d

bawaJ : l { W 2 ( h + f + r } )

F .)a skam fb = --------- -- ------------------ L

21.7,0 { 5,0 + 7,0( 06 + 011 )} = --- ---- ----------------- --------- ---

002

= 7 446, Nk

81

l { W 1 – ( h f + r } ) Fbr skam = --------- -- ------------------

L

21.7,0 { 09 – 5,0 + 7,0( 06 )} = - ---- ----------------- --------- --- = ,0 657 Nk

002

.)b Wf = F skam fb / = 7,0 / 446,7 Nk 29,01 =

Wr = Fbr skam / = 657,0 7,0 / Nk 80,1 =

K fb F skam fb Nk 446,7 .)c ----- = --------- - = ------------ = 11,01

K rb F skam rb Nk 657,0

K fb .11,01 = Kbr K fb 1 = – K fb

K fb 1( .11,01 = – K fb 11,01 = ) – .11,01 K fb

K fb .11,01 + K fb 11,01 =

11,11 K fb 11,01 =

11,01 K fb = -------- = 19,0 K rb 1 = – = 19,0 90,0 11,11

uata K fb = 19 % nad K fb = % 9

a l2 / K + L fb f . r .)d --- = ---------------------

K f g fb – h / L

.7,0 011 / 002 + 19,0 5,0. . = ------------- -- ---- ------- = 2,1

19,0 – 06.7,0 / 002

a l1 / K + L . rb fr --- = ------------- - -------

K r g rb + h / L

.7,0 09 / 002 + 90,0 . 5,0 = ----------------- ---------- - -- 2,1 =

90,0 + .7,0 06 / 002 a a

aneraK --- = ---- ador audek akam amasreb itnehreb r g f g

91

.c namukgnaR :1

halas halada sorop aud naaradnek uata gnapmunep naaradneK .)1 utas

tapad surah aynujal akam ,nakanugid kaynab gnay naaradnek sinej

.kiab ajrekeb gnay mer metsis aynada ulrep aggnihes nakiladnekid

halada mer ajrek naupmamek isaulavegnem kutnu airetirk utas halaS .)2

uajnitid amaturet ,nameregnep kitsiretkarak ayag aynada irad - ayag

.naaradnek adap ajrekeb gnay raul

R .)3 tabmah ayag natluse id nalajreb gnay gnapmunep naaradnek adap

epols nagned nalaj sata gnutihid tapad sumur nagned :

F ser F = b f + r soc W R + a R + t nis W

B .)4 W( naped sorop adap lamron nabeb aynrase f nad ) W( gnakaleb r )

nameregnep amales nagned gnutihid tapad : sumur 1

: napeD soroP adaP Wf = ---- { l W 2 F ( h + b f + r } ) W L

1 :gnakaleB soroP adaP Wr = --- l W { 1 – F ( h b f + r } ) W

L

gnisam gnakaleb nad naped sorop adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)5 -

: tukireb iagabes sumur nagned gnutihid tapad gnisam

F fb skam W.µ = f nad F rb skam W.µ = r

uatA

W l { 2 ( h + f + r } ) F skam fb = ---------------------------

L

W l { 1 – ( h + fr } )

F skam rb = --------------------------- L

02

sorop nupuam naped sorop adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP .)6

audek nakgnidnabmem nagned nakutnetid tapad naaradnek gnakaleb

: utiay ,mumiskam nameregnep ayag

K fb F fb skam l2 ( h + f + r ) ----- = ---------- = ------------------ K rb F skam rb l 1 – ( h f + r )

K : natataC fb K + b r 1 = % 001 =

kapa nakutnenem kutnU .)7 naka gnay gnakaleb uata naped ador ha

irad agrah iuhatekid ulrep akam ,uluhad hibel )meregnem( icnukret

akgna malad nakataynid gnay )sorop( ador audek adap natabmalrep

.)isatifarg( g nautas

a l2 / K + L fb f . r --- = --------------- - ------

f g K fb – h / L

a l1 / K + L . rb fr --- = --------------- - ----- r g K rb + h / L

ed adoR : akij uluhad hibel ) itnehreb ( icnugnem naka nap

a a --- < ---- g f g r

: akij uluhad hibel ) itnehreb ( icnugnem naka gnakaleb adoR

a a --- < ---- f g r g

12

.d saguT 1 :

S iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep naaradnek haube esab leehw =

nad gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 011 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 012

nagned Nk 51= naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 05

alaj isehda neisifeok nad 2,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok nab nagned n

nagned ratad nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK .57,0 =

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,utnetret natapecek - nameregnep nakukalid abit

: halnakutneT .itnehreb iapmas

.naaradnek sorop paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)1

nabeB .)2 amales naaradnek sorop paites helo atiredid gnay

.nameregnep sesorp

.naaradnek sorop paites id latot nameregnep ayag isroporP .)3

.uluhad hibel icnugnem gnay anam adoR .)4

.e fitamrof seT : 1

apmunep libom haubeS iaynupmem )sorop aud( gn esab leehw =

nad gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 521 adareb ayntareb tasup ,mc 042

nagned Nk 22 = naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 55

nab nagned nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 2,0 = gnidnileg nanahat neisifeok

.7,0 = nagned ratad nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,utnetret natapecek - nameregnep nakukalid abit

.ted/m 18,9 = isatifarg natapecrep akiJ .itnehreb iapmas 2 : halnakutnet ,

aped sorop adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)1 .n

gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)2

.nameregnep amales naped sorop adap lamron nabeB .)3

.nameregnep amales gnakaleb sorop adap lamron nabeB .)4

.naped sorop adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP .)5

adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP .)6 .gnakaleb sorop

.uluhad hibel icnugnem gnay anam adoR .)7

22

R 2a W ih W2

d2 h 1a W2 a g/a.

R 1a d1 W1

F ih h2 h 1a

h3

l 1 F fb F rb F sb L 1

L2 W f W r Ws

.2 rabmaG

.f icnuK J bawa F seT fitamro : 1

F .)1 fb skam = K .)5 Nk 02,11 fb 37,0 =

F .)2 rb skam .)6 Nk 02,4 = K rb 72,0 =

W .)3 f napeD adoR .)7 Nk 61 =

W .)4 r Nk 6 =

:2 rajaleB nataigeK .2 nameregneP kitsiretkaraK rotcarT - reliartimes

: 2 rajaleB nataigeK naujuT .a

sorop adap lamron nabeb nakutneneM .)1 rotcart - relliartimes amales

.nameregnep sesorp

adap mumiskam nameregnep ayag nakutneneM .)2 rotcart - relliartimes

: 2 iretaM naiarU .b

.)1 nauluhadneP

adap nameregnep kitsiretkaraK rotcart - reliartimes hibel

kutnU .gnapmunep naaradnek nagned gnidnabid skelpmok rotcart -

reliartimes gnipmasid nameregnep amales nabeb nahadnimep

ep ayag gnutnagret aguj natabmalrep natapecek gnutnagret nameregn

irad reliart .ayn

32

nameregneP akinakeM .)2

ayag nakkujnunem 2 rabmaG - adap ajrekeb gnay amatu ayag

rotcart – reliartimes .nameregnep amales malad nakhadumem kutnU

R ( kimanidorea nanahat akam ,aynsisilanagnem a nanahat nad )

R ( gnidnileg r .aynhuragnep nakiabaid )

nameregnep sesorp adap ukalreb gnay nabeb naamasreP rotcart

– reliartimes : halada

a .) kutnU rotcart :

Wf W = rW + 1 W + ih

Cf W f rW rC + = ga W1 F + ih

ga W1h1 F + ih h3 W + 1 L( 1 – l1 – d1 d.rW + ) 1 W = f l ( 1 – d1 )

.)b kutnU reliartimes :

W ih = sW + W2

F ih = sW.sC +ga W2

W 2 d2 F + ih = 3h.ga W 2 h2 L.sW + 2

.)c isanibmok kutnU rotcart - reliartimes :

Wf W = sW + rW + 1 W + 2

C . f W f = sW.sC + rW.rC +ga W ( 1 W + 2 )

ga

W .1 h1 +ga

W .2 h2 L.rW + 1 L( sW+ 1- d1 L + 2 W = ) l l 1 W + 2 L ( 1 - d 1 d + 2)

naamasrep malad – : sataid naamasrep

W ih adap lakitrev nabeb = tniop hctih

F ih adap latnosiroh nabeb = tniop hctih

naaradnek natabmalrep = a

42

Cf C , r C nad , s turutreb - nameregnep ayag oisar halada turut

naped sorop adap lamron nabeb padahret rotcart sorop ,

gnakaleb rotcart sorop nad , .reliartimes

lamroN nabeB .)3

naamasrep iraD - gnisam kutnu lamron nabeb akam ,sata id naamasrep -

: tukireb iagabes nakutnetid tapad sorop gnisam

naped sorop kutnU .)a rotcart :

W1 L{ 1 – l1 h )g/a( + 1 C( + r – h )g/a 3}

Wf = ----------------- ---------------------------- + L1 C( + r – Cf h ) 3 W2 L{ 2 – d2 C( + s – h )g/a 3 h )g/a( + 2 d( } 1 C + r h3)

---------------------------------------------------------- L( 2 C + sh3 L{ ) 1 C( + r – Cf h ) 3}

gnakaleb sorop kutnU .)b rotcart : W1 l{ 1 – h )g/a( 1 g/a( + – Cf h ) 3} Wr = ------------------------------------------- + L1 ( + Cr – Cf h ) 3 W2 L( { 2 – d2 C( + ) s – h )g/a 3 h )g/a( + 2 L( {} 1 – d1 ) – C f h3}

- --------------------------------------------------------------------- - L( 2 C + sh3 L{ ) 1 C( + r – Cf ) h3} sorop kutnU .)c reliartimes : W2 d{ 2 h( + 3 – h2 } g / a )

Ws = ------------------------------ Cs h3 L + 2

naamasrep iraD - nakutnenem kutnu awhab kapmat sata id naamasrep

beb adap nameregnep ayag neisifeok nad akgna ataynret lamron na

sorop reliartimes .nakutnetid uluhad hibelret surah sC

sorop adap nameregnep ayag nad natabmalrep akgna akiJ

reliartimes sorop adap lamron nabeb akam ,iuhatekid liartimes re tapad

gnutihid nad latnoziroh nabeb aguj utigeb ,sata id sW sumur nagned

52

adap lakitrev tniop hctih naamasrep nagned gnutihid tapad - naamasrep

nagneD .)b romon )2 bab bus 36 namalah adap naksilutid halet gnay

agrah - W agrah ih F nad ih aynraseb gnutihid aguj tapad tubesret nabeb

gnakaleb nad naped sorop adap lamron rotcart naamasrep iulalem -

.)a romon )2 bab bus 36 namalah adap naamasrep

mumitpo gnay nameregnep isidnok helorepid raga ayntujnaleS

agrah iapacnem tapad sorop aumes id nameregnep ayag anamid

mumiskam itakednem surah g nautas malad natabmalrep akgna akam ,

nalaj isehda neisifeok nagned )amas( C , f C = r C = s a = = g .

sorop adap lamron nabeB - tapad nameregnep amales tubesret sorop

: idajnem nakanahredesid

W1 L( 1 – l1 + h1) W2 L( 2 – d2 + h2 d ( ) 1 + h3) W f = - ---------------------- + ---------------------------------------

L1 L1 L( 2 + h . 3 ) `

W 1 l( 1 - h . 1 ) W2 L( 2 – d2 h . µ + 2 L( ) 1 - d1 - h . µ 3) W r = -------------------- + ---------------------------------------------

L 1 L1 L( 2 h . µ + 3)

W2 d { 2 .µ + h ( 3 – h2 }) W s = -----------------------------

h .µ 3 L + 2

: mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)4

gnay nameregnep isidnok adap lamron nabeb naamasrep iraD

aguj nakutnetid tapad akam rihkaret tubesret mumitpo ayag irad agrah

F utiay ,mumiskam nameregnep skamb W. µ = : aggnihes

F fb skam W.µ = f F rb skam W .µ = r

F sb skam W.µ = s

62

laos hotnoC :

naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb : iaynupmem rotcart ,Nk 76

tareb reliartimes ,Nk 762 rotcart esableehw sorop ,mc 183 =

reliratimes gnakaleb id mc 117 adareb rotcart , tniop hctih adareb

sorop naped id mc 16 gnakaleb rotcart .nalaj sata id mc 261 nad

isatifarg tasuP rotcart naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 302 adareb rotcart

isatifarg tasup gnades ,nalaj sata id mc 79 nad reliartimes adareb

sorop naped id mc 033 reliartimes .nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 871 nad

ipatet ,ratad gnay nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK

abit utauses anerak - nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb iapmas merid abit

: halnakutneT .8,0 = nalaj nagned nab isehda neisifeok

sorop adap lamron nabeB .)a - anibmok naaradnek sorop tubesret is

.nameregnep sesorp amales

naaradnek sorop paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)b

: naiaseleyneP

iuhatekiD isanibmok naaradnek haubeS : rotcart - relirtimes

W 1 l Nk 76 = 1 mc 302 =

W 2 h Nk 762 = 1 mc 79 =

L 1 h mc 183 = 2 mc 871 =

L2 – d1 L mc 117 = 2 – d2 mc 033 =

d1 h mc 16 = 3 mc 261 =

8,0 =

nakaynatiD W .)a f W , r W nad s

F .)b kam fb F , kam rb F , skam sb

bawaJ L : 2 d + 117 = 1 mc 277 = 16 + 117 =

d 2 L = 2 – 277 = 033 – = 033 mc 244

W . 1 L( 1 – l1 + h1 W ) 2 L( 2 – d2 + h2 d ( ) 1 + h3) W .)a f = - ---------------------- + ---------------------------------------

L1 L1 L( 2 + h . 3 )

72

183( 76 – 79 .8,0 + 302 ) 277( 762 – 16 ( ) 871.8,0 + 244 )261 .8,0 + W f = -------------------------- + --------------------------------------------

) 261 . 8,0 + 277(183 183

= 59,06 + 59,44 09,501 = Nk

W 1 l( 1 – h . 1 W ) 2 L( 2 – d2 h . µ + 2 L( ) 1 – d1 – h . µ 3)

W r = -------------- ------ + --------------------------------------------- L 1 L1 L( 2 h . µ + 3)

76 302( – 79 . 8,0 277( 762 ) – 183( )871 . 8,0 + 244 – 16 – )261 . 8,0

W r = - -------------------- + ----------------------------------------------------- 183 )261 . 8,0 + 277( 183

= 19,96 + 50,22 Nk 69,19 =

W2 d { 2 (.µ + h3– h2 }) W s = -----------------------------

h .µ 3 L + 2

762 { 244 + 8,0 ( 261 – 871 })

W s = ------------------------------- = Nk 01,721 8,0 . 261 + 277

F .)b fb skam W = f skam = 8,0 . 09,501 = µ . Nk 27,48

F rb skam W = r skam = 8,0 . 69,19 = µ . Nk 75,37

F sb skam W = s skam µ . = 8,0 . 01,721 Nk 86,101 =

.c namukgnaR :2

adap nameregnep kitsiretkaraK .)1 rotcart - reliartimes skelpmok hibel

ayag anerak sorop aud naaradnek nagned gnidnabid - amatu ayag

ajrekeb gnay adap rotcart – reliartimes hibel nameregnep amales

akam ,aynsisilanagnem malad nakhadumem kutnu numan ,kaynab

nakiabaid ) rR ( gnidnileg nanahat nad )aR( kimanidorea nanahat

.aynnial nanahat gnidnabid aynitra licek tagnas anerak aynhuragnep

nabeB .)2 sorop adap nahatid gnay lamron - sorop rotcart – reliartimes

: sumur nagned gnutihid tapad nameregnep amales

82

W1 L( 1 – l1 + h 1 W2 L( 2 – d2 + h2 d ( ) 1 + h3) W f = - -------------------- + ----------------- ---------------------

L1 L1 L( 2 + h . 3 ) `

W 1 l( 1 - h . 1 W ) 2 L( 2 – d2 h . µ + 2 L( ) 1 - d1 - h . µ 3) W r = ------------------- + ------------- --------------------------------

L 1 L1 L( 2 h . µ + 3)

W2 d { 2 h (.µ + 3 – h2 }) W s = -----------------------------

h .µ 3 L + 2

.)4 : sumur nagned gnutihid aynsorop paites mumiskam nameregnep ayaG

F fb skam W.µ = f

F rb skam W .µ = r

F sb skam W .µ = s

.d 2 saguT :

radnek haubeS naa rotcart - reliartimes tareb : iaynupmem rotcart 06

tareb ,Nk reliartimes ,Nk 042 rotcart esableehw sorop ,mc 073 =

reliratimes gnakaleb id mc 007 adareb rotcart , tniop hctih 55 adareb

gnakaleb sorop naped id mc rotcart .nalaj sata id mc 021 nad tasuP

isatifarg rotcart naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 091 adareb rotcart nad

isatifarg tasup gnades ,nalaj sata id mc 001 reliartimes mc 003 adareb

sorop naped id reliartimes .nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 561 nad

sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK nagnedratad gnay nalaj

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,maj/mk 09 natapecek - iapmas merid abit

.8,0 = nalaj nagned nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb

: halnakutneT

sorop adap lamron nabeB .)1 - tubesret isanibmok naaradnek sorop

ales .nameregnep sesorp am

naaradnek sorop paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)2

92

.e fitamrof seT : 2

naaradnek haubeS rotcart - reliartimes tareb :iaynupmem rotcart ,Nk 05

tareb reliartimes ,Nk 042 rotcart esableehw ,mc 053 = sorop reliratimes

gnakaleb sorop gnakaleb id mc 096 adareb rotcart , tniop hctih

gnakaleb sorop naped id mc 25 adareb rotcart .nalaj sata id mc 041 nad

isatifarg tasuP rotcart naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 081 adareb rotcart

aj sata id mc 59 nad isatifarg tasup gnades ,nal reliartimes 013 adareb

sorop naped id mc reliartimes .nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 061 nad

anerak ipatet ,ratad gnay nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret naaradneK

abit utauses - isifeok nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb iapmas merid abit isehda ne

: halnakutneT .6,0 = nalaj nagned nab

sorop adap lamron nabeB .)1 - tubesret isanibmok naaradnek sorop

.nameregnep sesorp amales

.naaradnek sorop paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .)2

.f awaJ icnuK fitamroF seT b : 2 .

W .)1 f = Nk 72,87

W r = Nk 03,38

W s = 30,221 Nk

F .)2 fb skam = Nk 69,64

F rb skam = Nk 89,94

F sb skam = Nk 22,37

:3 rajaleB nataigeK .3 isneisifE karaJ nad nameregneP

: 3 rajaleB nataigeK naujuT .a

)1 . eM pesnok imaham nameregnep isneisife

)2 . egnep karaj nakutneneM namer . laminim nameregnep karaj/

)3 . nameregnep karaj nakutneneM .nahabmat

)4 . nameregnep karaj nakutneneM .latot

03

: 3 iretaM naiarU .b

.)1 nameregneP isneisifE

e ayngnitnep tagnas tagnigneM igab mer metsis isgnuf nad kef

akimanid gnatnet huaj hibel ijakid ulrep akam ,naaradnek utaus

lah iuhategnem nagned aneraK .nameregnep - hisam nikgnum gnay lah

aynakimanid alages nagned nameregnep metsis nagned tiakret

naaradnek naanacnerep malad nakparahid gnay lisah helorepid tapad

gnay nad nalibatsek ,nanamaynek ihunemem tapad aynitra ,lamiskam

.tubesret naaradnek aradnegnep natamalesek nimajnem tapad amatu

utaus nameregnep kitsiretkarak gnatnet iuhategnem hibel kutnU

naaradnek nameregnep isneisife halasam irajalepid aguj ulrep akam ,

rotkaf halada ini lah malad kusamret ,icnir araces naaradnek - rotkaf

.aynihuragnepmem gnay

utaus iagabes nakisinifedid tapad nameregnep isneisifE

akgna aratna nagnidnabrep tapad gnay mumiskam natabmalrep

.nalaj isehda neisifeok nagned itnehreb naaradnek mulebes iapacid

: tukreb iagabes silutid tapad nameregnep isneisife sitametam araceS

g / a b = ---- ---

natabmalrep akgna = a

imub isatifarg natapecek = g

nalaj isehda neisifeok =

a akij awhab kapmat sata id nasumur iraD --- < akam b 1 <

g

.)2 itnehreB karaJ / nameregneP karaJ :

surah gnay nial retemarap nakapurem nameregnep karaJ

nameregnep kitsiretkarak uajninem malad nakgnabmitrepid

karaj irad agrah nakgnutihrepmem kutnU .tarad naaradnek

itnehreb karaj( nameregnep nakanugid tapad akam ,)naaradnek ayn

pisnirp - .kinkeT akimaniD / akinakeM malad rasad pisnirp

13

tareb ,nameregnep ayag ,nameregnep karaj aratna nagnubuH

nad naaradnek kutneb malad nakataynid tapad naaradnek natapecek

: halada laisnerefed

Vd.V = sd.a

Fb+ R -------- Vd.V = sd b g/W

lad : ini lah ma b .nelaviuke assam rotkaf =

libmaid aynasaib ( b ) 40,1 =

V lawa natapecek irad naklargetniid akij tubesret naamasreP 1

V rihka natapecek iapmas 2 aj agrah helorepid akam : S nameregnep kar

V1 b Vd V W

= S ------ -- -- V

2 + bF g R

F naamasrep nakisutitsbusnem nagneD ser nasahab kokop adap

: tapadid isimsnart nanahat nakiabagnem nad uluhadret

b W V1 Vd. V

= S -- -- -- - ------------------------------------- g V

2 Fb f + r soc w nis W R + a

,natapecek irad tardauk padahret lanoisroporp kimanidorea nanahaT

ad gnay : naksumurid tap

= aR --- CD A f V 2 C = ea V2

2 karaj agrah akam aynnaklargetnignem nad aR agrah isutitbus nagneD

: nameregnep

b F W b f + r soc W nis W C + ea V1

2 = S -------- ( nl -------------------------------------- --- --- - )

C g2 ea F b f + r soc W nis W C + ea V22

23

V rihka natapecek kutnU 2 : akam 0 =

b V eaC W 12

= S -------- + 1 ( nl ----------------------------------- )

C g2 ea Fb f + r soc W is W n θ

aradnek adap akiJ ayag isubirtsid natukgnasreb gnay na

aumes adap aggnihes apur naikimedes nalaj isidnok nad nameregnep

adap mumiskam nameregnep ayag idajret gnakaleb nad naped ador

aynnameregnep isneisife akam ,amas gnay taas b 001= gnihes ag

nemom ini lah malaD. muminim nameregnep karaj iapacid tapad

naigab aisreni isatagnem tapad hadus naklisahid gnay nameregnep –

assam rotkaf uti anerak helo ,ador irad ratupreb gnay naigab b , 1=

F aneraK b = : helorepid akam ,W.

W C ea V12

S nim = ---------- + 1( nl -------------------------------------- ) C g2 ea soc W rf + W. θ nis W θ

001 irad gnaruk nameregnep isneisife akij ayntujnaleS akam

S adap irad raseb hibel naka nameregnep karaj nim tapad utiay ,

F ini lah malad ( : sumur nagned gnutihid b = b . ) W.

V eaC W 1

2 = S --------- + 1( nl ----------------------------------------- )

C g2 ea b socW rf + W θ nis W θ

.)3 nameregneP karaJ nad nahabmaT nameregneP karaJ latoT :

aynajrekeb utkaw natabmalretek ada ulales ataynret ketkarp malaD

ini laH .mer metsis irad iskaer huragnep anerak nameregnep ayag

irad gnajnap hibel aynhuggnuses gnay nameregnep karaj nakbabeynem

agned nagnutihrep lisah adap karaj aynraseB. sata id sumur n

: halada nahabmat nameregnep Sa = td V. 1

V1 naaradnek lawa natapecek =

td nasaib , mer metsis iskaer utkaw = t libmaid ay d ,0 = 3 .kited

33

ayntujnaleS ( latot nameregnep karaj S tot :sumur nagned gnutihid tapad )

S tot aS + S = akij b % 001

uata S tot = S nim aS + akij b % 001 =

laos hotnoC :

gnakaleb ador kareggnep nagned gnapmunep libom haubeS

naped id mc 001 : kitit adap tasupret gnay NK 81 tareb iaynupmem

nalaj sata id mc 56 nad gnakaleb sorop .ratadnem esab leehW = libom

nagned ratadnem nalaj id ujalem alumes tubesret liboM .m 50,2

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,maj/mk 021 : natapecek - iapmas merid abit

nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .maj/mk 03 idajnem aynnatapecek

isifesok ;8,0 nalaj nagned neisifeok ;3,0 ador gnidnileg nanahat ne

nelaviuke assam rotkaf ; % 08 nameregnep isneisife ;53,0 simanidorea

s/m 8,9 isatifarg natapecrep nad 40,1 2 ! halnakutnet ,

.tubesret maj/mk 03 natapecek iapmas latot nameregnep karaJ .)a

hid aynlasiM .)b hakapareb ,ilakes amas itnehreb iapmas libom nakpara

? aynlatot nameregnep karaj

: naiaseleyneP

iuhatekiD .ratad nalaj id BRP nagned gnapmunep libom haubeS :

Nk 81 = W

l2 ........................ mc 001 = l1 L = – 001

502 = mc 56 = h – mc 501 = 001

mc 502 = m 50,2 = L

V 1 .ted/m 33,33 = 0063/0001 .021 = maj/mk 021 =

V2 .ted/m 33,8 = 0063/0001.03 = maj/mk 03 =

8,0 = b 8,0 = % 08 =

fr 3,0 = b 40,1 =

C ea 2.ted/m 8, 9 = g 53,0 =

43

natiD nakay S .)a tot V irad 1 V iapmas maj/mk 021 = 2 maj/mk 03 =

S .)b tot .itnehreb naaradnek iapmas

bawaJ itrareb ratadnem nalaJ : 0 =

b F W b f + r C + W ea V12

= S .)a ------ -- ( nl ------------------------- ) Fb = b . W. C g2 ea F b f + r C + W ea V2

2

.40,1 81 81.8,0.8,0 + .3,0 81 + .53,0 33,33 2 = ------------- ( nl - ------------------------------ -- -- ----- )

53,0.8,9.2 81.8,0.8,0 + .3,0 81 + .53,0 33,8 2

= m 42,6

Sa = td V. 1 = m 01 = 33,33 .3,0

S tot aS + S = = 42,6 01 + m 42,61 =

.)b V akiJ 2 0 = b V. eaC W 1

2

= S -------- + 1 ( nl --------------- ) C g2 ea Fb f + r W

.40,1 81 53,0 . 33,33 2

= S ---- ---- ---- + 1 ( nl -- -------- ------------- ) m 76,8 =

53,0.8,9.2 81.8,0.8,0 + .3,0 81

S tot aS + S = = 76,8 + 01 m 76,81 =

.c namukgnaR :3

.)1 halada nameregneP isneisifE nagnidnabrep : malrep akgna aratna -

itnehreb naaradnek mulebes iapacid tapad gnay mumiskam natab

egnep isneisife sitametam araceS .nalaj isehda neisifeok nagned namer

: tukreb iagabes silutid tapad g / a

b = -------

2 itnehreB karaJ / nameregneP karaJ .) : aradnek hupmet karaj halada na

.utnetret natapecek iapmas nameregnep nakukalid ialum kajes

53

adnek tareb ,nameregnep ayag ,nameregnep karaj aratna nagnubuH .)3 -

kutneb malad nakataynid tapad naaradnek natapecek nad naar

: utiay ,laisnerefed

Fb + R Vd.V = sd.a ---- --- ---- Vd.V = sd

b g/W

4 itnehreB karaJ / nameregneP karaJ .) utaus nalajreb gnay naaradnek

V natapecek nagned 1 iapmas nameregnep nakukalid naidumek

V aynnatapecek 2 : naamasrep nagned gnutihid tapad

b F W b f + r soc W nis W C + ea V1

2 = S -------- ( nl ----------------------------- ------ - -------- - )

C g2 ea F b f + r soc W nis W C + ea V22

ini lah malaD Fb = b . akij nad W . b akam % 001 = b 1 =

5 .) itnehreB karaJ / nameregneP karaJ nalajreb gnay naaradnek utaus

apecek nagned V nat 1 iapmas nameregnep nakukalid naidumek

V ( itnehreb 2 : naamasrep nagned gnutihid tapad ) 0 =

b V eaC W 1

2

= S -------- + 1 ( nl ------------------------- -- ----- ----- ) C g2 ea Fb f + r soc W nis W θ

akiJ .)6 b muminim nameregnep karaj helorepid akam % 001 =

W V eaC 12

S nim = -------- + 1 ( nl ------------------------------ ----- ----- )

C g2 ea W . f + r soc W nis W θ

.)6 karaj ada lanekid akam ,mer metsis iskaer natabmalretek aneraK

: utiay ,nahabmat nameregnep t = aS d V . 1 t aynasaib ( d ) ted 3,0 =

nep karaJ .)7 latot namereg S tot S + S = a uata S tot S = nim aS +

63

.d saguT 3 :

naped ador kareggnep nagned gnapmunep libom haubeS

naped id mc 011 :kitit adap tasupret gnay NK 51 tareb iaynupmem

nalaj sata id mc 05 nad gnakaleb sorop .ratadnem esab leehW = libom

nagned ratadnem nalaj id ujalem alumes tubesret liboM .mc 012

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,maj/mk 061 : natapecek - iapmas merid abit

nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .maj/mk 02 idajnem aynnatapecek

sifesok ;57,0 nalaj nagned neisifeok ;2,0 ador gnidnileg nanahat nei

nelaviuke assam rotkaf ; % 09 nameregnep isneisife ;53,0 simanidorea

s/m 18,9 isatifarg natapecrep nad 40,1 2 ! halnakutnet ,

.tubesret maj/mk 02 natapecek iapmas latot nameregnep karaJ .)1

rahid aynlasiM .)2 hakapareb ,ilakes amas itnehreb iapmas libom nakpa

? aynlatot nameregnep karaj

.e fitamrof seT : 3

naped ador kareggnep nagned gnapmunep libom haubeS

kaleb id mc 011 : kitit adap tasupret gnay NK 12 tareb iaynupmem gna

.ratadnem nalaj sata id mc 56 nad naped sorop naped esab leehW libom

nagned ratadnem nalaj id nalajreb gnades tubesret liboM .mc 032 =

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,maj/mk 021 : natapecek - iapmas merid abit

d nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb ;6,0 nalaj nagne

;53,0 simanidorea neisifeok ;2,0 ador gnidnileg nanahat neisifesok

s/m 18,9 isatifarg natapecrep nad 2 ! halnakutnet ,

nad ,% 58 aynnameregnep isneisife akij latot nameregnep karaJ .)1

40,1 nelaviuke assam rotkaf

karaJ .)2 .% 001 aynnameregnep isneisife akij latot nameregnep

.f icnuK J bawa F seT fitamro : 3

akiJ .)1 b nad 58,0 = % 58 = b 40,1 = S tot = m 94,02

akiJ .)2 b = % 001 = akam 1 b 1 = S tot = m 47,91

73

BAB III ISAULAVE

.A naaynatreP

.1 iaynupmem )sorop aud( gnapmunep libom haubeS esab leehw ,mc 022 =

sataid mc 54 nad naped sorop gnakaleb id mc 511 adareb ayntareb tasup

rep nanahat neisifeok nagned Nk 61 = naaradnek tareB .ratad nalaj naakum

naaradneK .56,0 = nab nagned nalaj isehda neisifeok nad 52,0 = gnidnileg

ipatet ,utnetret natapecek nagned ratad nalaj sata id nalajreb gnades tubesret

abit utauses anerak - kukalid abit akiJ .itnehreb iapmas nameregnep na

.ted/m 18,9 = isatifarg natapecrep 2 : halnakutnet ,

a. .naped sorop adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG

b. gnakaleb sorop adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG

c. .nameregnep amales naped sorop adap lamron nabeB

d. eb sorop adap lamron nabeB .nameregnep amales gnakal

e. .naped sorop adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP

f. .gnakaleb sorop adap latot nameregnep ayag isroporP

g. .uluhad hibel icnugnem gnay anam adoR

naaradnek haubeS .2 rotcart - reliartimes tareb :iaynupmem rotcart tareb ,Nk 06

rtimes relia ,Nk 022 rotcart esableehw sorop ,mc 043 = reliratimes adareb

gnakaleb sorop gnakaleb id mc 066 rotcart , tniop hctih id mc 84 adareb

gnakaleb sorop naped rotcart isatifarg tasuP .nalaj sata id mc 031 nad

rotcart rop gnakaleb id mc 071 adareb naped so rotcart sata id mc 08 nad

isatifarg tasup gnades ,nalaj reliartimes sorop naped id mc 003 adareb

reliartimes gnades tubesret naaradneK .nalaj naakumrep sataid mc 051 nad

abit utauses anerak ipatet ,ratad gnay nalaj sata id nalajreb - erid abit m

.5,0 = nalaj nagned nab isehda neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb iapmas

: halnakutneT

83

sorop adap lamron nabeB .a - amales tubesret isanibmok naaradnek sorop

.nameregnep sesorp

.naaradnek sorop paites adap mumiskam nameregnep ayaG .b

tareb iaynupmem naped ador kareggnep nagned gnapmunep libom haubeS .3

nad naped sorop naped gnakaleb id mc 501 : kitit adap tasupret gnay Nk 81

.ratadnem nalaj sata id mc 56 esab leehW tubesret liboM .mc 502 = libom

adnem nalaj id nalajreb gnades ipatet ,maj/mk 001 : natapecek nagned rat

abit utauses anerak - neisifeok nakutnetid akiJ .itnehreb iapmas merid abit

;3,0 ador gnidnileg nanahat neisifesok ;8,0 nalaj nagned nab isehda

s/m 18,9 isatifarg natapecrep nad ;53,0 simanidorea neisifeok 2 nakutnet , !hal

rotkaf nad ,% 08 aynnameregnep isneisife akij latot nameregnep karaJ .a

40,1 nelaviuke assam

.% 001 aynnameregnep isneisife akij latot nameregnep karaJ .b

nabawaJ icnuK .B

F .a .1 skamfb Nk 878,6 =

F .b br skam Nk 225,3 =

W .c f Nk 285,01 =

W .d r Nk 814,5 =

K .e fb 166,0 =

K .f b r 933,0 =

amasreb itnehreb ador audeK .g - .amas

W .a .2 f Nk 035,27 = F .b fb skam Nk 562,63 =

W r F Nk 791,49 = b r skam Nk 990,74 =

W s F Nk 372,311 = b s skam Nk 736,65 =

S .a .3 tot m 50,61 =

.b S tot m 73,51 =

93

.C nasululeK airetirK

airetirK rokS 1( – )01 toboB ialiN nagnareteK

.ds 1 romon laos ( fitingoK )3 5

sulul tarayS laminim ialin

65

isaton silunem naitileteK 1

rudesorp natapeteK 2

nabawaj alumrof natapeteK 1

utkaw natapeteK 1

RIHKA IALIN

04

BAB VI

PUTUNEP

622 OTO.KGM ludum halnaikimeD – luduj nagned 30 kitsiretkaraK

itnehreB karaJ nad nameregneP naaradneK nagned nususid iaseles halet ini

agut/nahital aparebeb ipakgnelid atreseb rihka isaulave nupuam fitamrof set ,s

tapad awsisaham arap nakparahid ini ludom nautnab nagneD .aynnabawaj icnuk

raneb halet akerem hakapa ,aynisnetepmok nagnabmekrep iridnes uatnamem -

ay naujut adap nimrecret anamiagabes isnetepmok ikilimem raneb nakparahid gn

.muleb uata rajaleb nataigek paites adap

akam laminim nasululek tarays iapacnem halet gnay awsisaham arap igaB

.ini hailukatam adap aynrajaleb nataigek nakitnehgnem tapad hadus akerem

inim nasululek ihunemem tapad muleb akij aynkilabeS surah akerem akam ,lam

iretam naigab adap amaturet aynrajaleb ilabmek gnalugnem - muleb gnay iretam

huggnus hibel surah akerem aynkiabes nad )sulul muleb( ayniasaukid - huggnus

irad nautnab kusamret ada gnay satilisaf naktaafnamem nagned rajaleb malad

es nesod .ini hailukatam rotatilisaf iagab

14

AKATSUP RATFAD

.0791 .noipmahC & dlonrA ecneicS dna noitaluclaC elciheV rotoM :hciwroN ..dtL ,snoS dna rehctelF yb niatirB taerG

.1791 ..E.D ,eloC .scimanyD elciheV yratnemelE ceM fo tnemetrapeD lacinah.I.M ,robrA nnA nagihciM fo ytisrevinU gnireenignE

.7791 .nitraM snoicinhceT selciheV rotoM rof noitaluclaC dna ecneicS : nodnoL .dtL sserP ytisrevinU hsilgnE ehT

.1002 .namojN ,artnatuS aynisakilpA nad iroeT fitomotO igolonkeT : ayabaruS .P .aydiW anuG tibrene

.8791 .Y.J ,gnoW .selciheV dnuorG fo yroehT .snoS & yeliW nhoJ :kroY weN