ybkd;bwz;zpj; j';fpdh;. jpUf;fapiyr; rpfubkhd;iwj; bjd ... file1 Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; 1. rPfhHp1

1

Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs;

1. rPfhHp1. rPfhHp1. rPfhHp1. rPfhHp jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; nrhHts ehl;oy; fhtphp tlfiuapy; mike;Js;s 14-MtJ jyk;. ehif khtl;lj;jpy; rPfhHp nfhl;lj;jpd; jiyefh;. kapyhLJiw – rpjk;guk; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; ,uapy; epiyak;/ ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;s bghpa Ch;. gpukg[uk;/ ntqg[uk;/ g[fyp/ bt';FU/ njhzpg[uk;/ g{e;juha;/ g[wtk;/ rz;ig/ fhspg[uk;/ bfhr;irtak;/ fGkyk;/ rpug[uk; vd;w gd;dpuz;L jpUehk';fisa[ilaJ. ,tw;wpd; bgah;f;fhuz';fisg; gjpfk; mWgj;J \d;wpy; jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfns vLj;J tpsf;fpa[s;shh;fs;. mJ gy; bgah;g;gj;J vd mikf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. jpUf;fGky Kk;kzpf;nfhita[s; tirapy; fhl;rp vd;Dk; bra;a[spy; ,g;gd;dpuz;L bgah;fSk; gd;dpUa[fj;jpy; tH';fpdthfg; gl;odj;jofshy; czh;j;jg; bgWfpd;wJ. ,itad;wp/ r';fepjpg[uk; Kjyhfg; gjpdhd;F bgah;fSk; cs;sdthfj; jyg[uhzk; brhy;Yk;. tpnrl';fs; tpnrl';fs; tpnrl';fs; tpnrl';fs; g[wthHpf; fly; bgh';fp vGe;j ng+Hpf;fhyj;jpy; ,iwtd; mWgj;Jehd;F fiyfisa[k; Milahf cLj;Jg; gpuztj; njhzpapy; mk;ikag;gdhf vGe;jUsp tUk;nghJ CHpapYk; mHpahj ,j;jyj;ijf;fz;L ,Jnt \ybkd;bwz;zpj; j';fpdh;. ,';nf xU kiy cz;L. ,J ,iwtd; nuhkr KdptUf;fhfj; jpUf;fapiyr; rpfubkhd;iwj; bjd;jpirapy; njhw;Wtpj;J jhDk; mk;ika[khf ,Ue;J fhl;rp tH';Fk; ,lk;. ,jid ,UgJ gwitfs; Ve;jpf;bfhz;oUf;fpd;wd. ,';nf FU/ yp';f/ r';fkkhfpa \d;W jpUnkdpiaa[k; tHpglyhk;. FU\h;j;jk; njhzpag;gh;. ,yp';f \h;j;jk; gpukg[hPrh;/ r';fk\h;j;jk; rl;il ehjh;. ,Jnt jpU"hdrk;ge;jg;bgUkhd; mtjhuj;jyk;. Rthkpfspd; bgah;fs; Rthkpfspd; bgah;fs; Rthkpfspd; bgah;fs; Rthkpfspd; bgah;fs; Rthkp gpukg[hPRtuh;. mk;ik jpUepiyehafp. Rthkp/ mk;kd; nfhapy;fSf;fpilapy; "hdrk;ge;jh; Myak; ,Ug;gJ nrhkh!;fe;jh; epiyia epidt{l;LtJ. jpUj;njhzpr; rpfuj;jpy; cs;s ,iwth;

2

bghpaehafh;. njhzpag;gh; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWth;. ,iwtp bghpaehafp/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jg; bgUkhDf;Fr; rpt"hdg;ghy; mspj;jth; ,tnu. jPh;j;j';fs;jPh;j;j';fs;jPh;j;j';fs;jPh;j;j';fs; gpukjPh;j;jk;/ fhspjPh;j;jk;/ fGkyejp/ tpehafejp/ g[wtejp Kjypa ,Ugj;jpuz;L jPh;j;j';fs; cs;sd. tHpgl;nlhh; tHpgl;nlhh; tHpgl;nlhh; tHpgl;nlhh; KUfd;/ fhsp/ gpukd;/ ,e;jpud; Kjypnahh;. "hdrk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh;/ Re;juh;/ khzpf;fthrfh;/ gl;odj;J mofs;/ ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpfs;/ nrf;fpHhh;/ mUzfphpehjh; Kjypnahh; nghw;wpa[s;sdh;. fzehjehadhh; mtjhpj;j jyk;. jpUf;fapyha guk;giuapy; te;jUspa mUs;ekr;rpthah;/ f';ifbka;fz;lhh;/ rpw;wk;gyehofs; Kjypnahh; thH;e;j jyk;. tpHhf;fs;tpHhf;fs;tpHhf;fs;tpHhf;fs; xt;bthU bts;spf;fpHika[k; mh;j;jahkj;jpy; rl;ilehjUf;F tpnr# tHpghL eilbgWk;. rpj;jpiukhjk; ,iwtd;/ ,iwtpah;f;Fg; bgUtpHh eilbgWk;. mjpy; ,uz;lhe;jpUehs; jpU"hdrk;ge;jUf;F cikak;ik jpUKiyg;ghy; mspj;jUspa jpUtpHh. ,t;tpHhf;fspw; bgUk;ghyd jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; IjPfj;ij xl;oadntahk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;Jf;F ehw;gj;njG fy;btl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,uz;lh';Fnyhj;J';fd; fy;btl;L Kjy; nt';fl njtuhah; fy;btl;L tiuapy; gjpd;\d;Wf;F nkw;gl;l murh; bgUkf;fSiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fy;btl;Lf;fshy;/ ,j;jyk; ,uh$uh$tsehl;Lj; jpUf;fGkyehl;Lg; gpuknjak; jpUf;fGkyk; vd;W gphpt[k; bgaUk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. gpukg[hPRtuh; jpUf;fGkyKilahh;/ jpUf;fGkyKila ehadhh; vd;Wk;/ njhzpag;gUk; mk;ika[k; jpUj;njhzpg[uKilahh;/ bghpa ehr;rpahh; vd;Wk;/ rk;ge;jg; bgUkhd; MSilagps;isahh; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;whh;fs;.

102

,e;jpa vy;iyapy; bfhz;L te;J nrh;f;fpwJ. neghsk; jpbgj;J tHpa[k; gazk; bra;ayhk;. Re;juh; bts;isahidnky; fapiy brd;wJk;/ mg;gh; mofs; clYWg;g[f;fs; nja;e;bjhHpa[kst[ kd cWjpnahL fapyha ahj;jpiu g[hpe;jJk; g[uhz tuyhWfspny ,lk; bgw;Ws;sd. _fapyhak; ,kakiyapd; tlrhuypy; nkw;F jpbgj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. mk;kiyapd; bjd;gFjpapy; jpUf; nfjhuk; nghd;w jy';fsike;Js;sd. njthuk; ghoa \d;W rkarhhpah;fSs; Re;juh; fapiyahj;jpiu bra;jhh;. mg;guofs; fapiy ahj;jpiu bra;J jpUitahw;wpy; fapiyf; fhl;rpiaf; fz;lhh;. "hdrk;ge;jh; jpUf;fhsj;jp kiyapypUe;nj jpUf;nfjhuj;ija[k;/ jpUf;fapyhaj;ija[k; ghoajhfr; nrf;fpHh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. fapiyapd; mifapiyapd; mifapiyapd; mifapiyapd; mikg;g[ kg;g[ kg;g[ kg;g[ ,ka cr;rpapd; tlghfj;jpy; rKj;jpukl;lj;Jf;F 22980 mo cauj;jpy;/ bjd;jpiria nehf;fpajhff; fapiy mike;Js;sJ. bts;spa';fphp vd;wjw;nfw;g mk;kiy gdpglh;kiyahff; fhzg;bgWfpd;wJ. 47 fp.kP Rw;wst[ cilajha;r; rkjskha; mike;Js;sJ. gpuhfhuk; nghd;w kiyr; Rth;fs; br';Fj;jhf cs;sd. mk;kiyapy;/ rJuk;/ Kf;nfhzk;/ tl;lk; nghd;w rpj;jpu ntiyg;ghLila nkilfSk; ifg[ide; jpaw;whf; ftpd;bgW tdg;g[iladtha;f; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. ,e;jpahtpy; bjd;Fkhp Kjy; ,kak;tiua[s;s nfhg[u';fs; vj;jid tifa[z;nlh mj;jid khjphpf; nfhg[u';fSk; fapiyapy; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. ,iwtd; mk;ikag;guha;/ j&pdh \h;j;jpaha; vGe;jUspa jpUf;nfhy';fSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs;

brshpFsk;/ khdrnuhth; nghd;w jPh;j;j';fSk; cs;sd.

3

MSilagps;isahh; nfhapypy; MSilagps;isahh; totj;ij vGe;jUsr; bra;jts; \d;wh';Fnyhj;J';fDila mLf;fisg; bgz;Lfspny \j;jts; ,uh$tpr;rhjhp vd;ghs; vd;gJ Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. ,uz;lhk; ,uh$uh$dJ fy;btl;L/ f';if bfhz;lnrhH g[uj;jhbdhUtd; MSilagps;isahh; jpUf;nfhapy; Kjw; gpuhfhuk; jpUkjpy; vLf;fg; bghd;bfhLj;jhd; vd;fpd;wJ. fy;btl;blhd;wpy; jpUel;lg;bgUkhd; MSila gps;isahh; vd tUtJ Rl;Ltpuy; ePl;of; Tj;jhLfpd;w FHe;ijahfpa "hdrk;ge;jiuf; Fwpg;gjhfyhk;. bghj;jg;gpr; nrhHd; vd;gtd; tPughz;oaid btd;W btw;wpg;ghprhf m';fpUe;J eluh$g;bgUkhidf; bfhz;Lte;J rPfhHpapy; bfhLj;jhd; vdj;bjhpfpwJ. ,';F bghd;bfhLj;Jk;/ epyk;tpl;Lk; nghw;wpa murh;fs; tPuuhn$e;jpud;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; II/ ,uh$uh$d; II/ ,uh$hjpuh$d; II/ Fnyhj;J';fd; III/ ,uh$uh$d; III/ nfhg;bgU';rp';fd; III/ tPutpUg;gzKilahd;/ nt';fl njtuhah;/ ,uhkg;gehaf;fd;/ MwD}h; ,izr;rpag;g mfuty;ytd;/ tpl;lynjtd; Kjypnahuhth;. ,j;jyk; jUik MjPdj;jpd; mUshl;rpapy; cs;s jpUf;nfhapy;fspy; xd;whFk;.

2. jpUg;g[fY}h; 2. jpUg;g[fY}h; 2. jpUg;g[fY}h; 2. jpUg;g[fY}h;

\th; ghly; bgw;w jyk;. caph;fs; ,iwtd; jpUtoiag; g[fyhf milfpd;w Ch; vd;w bghUspy; ,t;t{h;g; bgah; cs;sJ. jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; nrhHts ehl;oy; fhtphpj;bjd;fiuapy; mike;Js;s 75-MtJ jyk;. ehif khtl;lj;jpy; ed;dpyk; nfhl;lj;ijr; nrh;e;jJ. ed;dpyk;/ rd;dhey;Y}h;/ ehifapypUe;J ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. kapyhLJiw jpUth+h; g[iftz;o ,Ug;g[g; ghijapy; ed;dpyk; ,uapy; epiyaj;Jf;Ff; fpHf;nf 5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. g[d;dhftdk;/ ruz;ag[uk;/ uj;jdhuz;ak; vd;gd g[uhz';fspy; tH';Fk; kWbgah;fs;/ ,j;jyj;jpd; jpUf;nfhapy; ehw;g[wKk; mfHpNH eLtpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. mf;dp gfthd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. jpUeht[f;furh; Kj;jp bgw;w jyk;. KUf ehadhUila mtjhu !;jyk;. Re;ju\h;j;jp ehadhUf;Fr; br';fy;iyg; bghd;dhf;fpa jpUj;jyk;/ nkf';fs; g{rpj;j jyk;. "hdrk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh;/ rpWj;bjhz;lh;/ ePyef;fh;

4

Mfpnahh; ,j;jyj;jpy; KUf ehadhh; klj;jpy; clDiwe;jJ ,t;t{Uf;Fr; rpwg;g[. bgah;fs; bgah;fs; bgah;fs; bgah;fs; ,iwtd; bgah; mf;dpg[hP!;tuh;. ,iwtp fUe;jhs; FHypak;ik ,iwtd; jpUehkk; njthu';fspy; "nfhzg;gpuhidf; FWf FWfh bfhLtpidna fUe;jhs; FHypa[k; jhKk; fye;J" vd;gd mk;ikag;gh; jpUehk';fis mwptpf;Fk; mfr;rhd;Wfs;. jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; mf;dpjPh;j;jk; ,jw;Fg; ghzjPh;j;jk; vd;Wk; xU bgaUz;L Kobfhz;lhd; MW/ nfhapYf;Fj; bjd;gf;fj;jpy; XLfpwJ. jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; g[d;id/ "g[d;idg; bghHpw;g[fY}h;"/ g[d;ehfk; kz';fkGk; g{k;g[fY}h; vd;w jpUKiwfs; ,jw;F nkw;nfhs;. tpHhtpHhtpHhtpHh rpj;jpiur; rjaj;ijg; gj;jhk; ehshff;bfhz;L tpHh eilbgWfpwJ. gj;JehspYk; mg;gh; Rthkpfs; tuyhw;iw xl;oa IjPfnk epidt{l;lg;bgWfpd;wJ. itfhrp khjk; gUt ,Wjpahfg; gpunkhw;rtk; eilbgWfpwJ. re;jpunrfuh; tpnr#khd \h;j;jp. ,Ugj;jp xd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; xU Fk;ghgpnlfk; ele;Js;sJ. ntshf;Fwpr;rp MjPdj;jpd; guhkhpg;gpy; cs;sJ. th;j;jkhdPr;ruk; ,f;nfhapYf;Fs; cs;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L murh';fj;jpdh; go vLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; 67. mit ,uh$uh$d; (fp.gp 985 – 1014) fhyj;jpypUe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; gpuhfhuk; ,uh$uh$d; I, ,uh$ ,uhn$e;jpud; I ,th;fs; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpe;jpajhFk;. ,f;nfhapy; mh;j;jkz;lgj;ijf; fl;oatd; ,iwa{h; cilahd; miuad; f';ifbfhz;lhdhd nrhH tpr;rhjug; gy;ytiuad;. Kjy; gpuhfhuj;Jj; bjd;de; jpUthapYf;F uh$uh$d; jpUthry; vd;W bgah;.

101

ek;gpah+uh; jhahuhd ,ir"hdpahh; bfsjknfhj;jpuj; jhuhd "hdrpthr;rhhpahUila g[j;jphp vd;gij xU fy;btl;lwptpf;fpwJ. guhe;jfd;/ ,uh$uh$d; I/ ,uhn$e;jpud; I/ ,uh$hjpuh$d; I/ Fnyhj;J';fd; I/ ,uhn$e;jpud; II/ tpf;uknrhHd;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; II/ ,uh$hjpuh$d; Kjypa nrhH murUila fy;btl;Lf;fspy; jpUtpsf;Ff;fSk; njtjhd';fSk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. jpahfuh$Rthkp nfhap;y; ,uz;lhk; gpuhfhu tlRthpy; cs;s kDr;rhpjk; fz;l fy;btl;oy; kDr;rhpjk; KGtJk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,j;jyj;jpy; jUik Mjp FU\h;j;jpfspd; FU\h;j;jpahfpa fkiy "hdg;gpufhrUf;Fj; j";ir kd;dDk;/ fpU#;z njtuhaDk; mspj;j njtjhd';fSk;/ tPjptpl';fg; bgUkhDf;Fk; td;kPfehjg; bgUkhDf;Fk; epj;jpahh;r;rid/ bgU ePuhl;L ,itfSf;fhf mspj;j njtjhd';fs;/ ,uh$h';ff; fl;lis vd;w bganuhL tps';fptUfpd;wd. mtw;iw mth;fs; FU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfsplj;jpy; xg;gilj;Jtpl;lhh;fs;. mJ ,g;nghJk; jUik MjPd eph;thfj;jpnyna eilbgw;W tUfpwJ.

87. jpUf;Fw;whyk;87. jpUf;Fw;whyk;87. jpUf;Fw;whyk;87. jpUf;Fw;whyk; bey;iy khtl;lj;jpy; bjd;fhrpf;Fk; br';nfhl;ilf;Fk; ,ilna cs;sJ. eluh$g; bgUkhDf;Fhpa g";r rigfspy; rpj;jpurig. jphpTluhrg;gf;ftpuhah; jyg[uhzk; Kjypa gpuge;j';fs; vGjpa[s;shh;. Rw;Wyhj; jy';fspy; rpwg;g[ilaJ. jpUkhy; totpy; ,Ue;j \h;j;jpia mfj;jpah; rptyp';fj; jpUnkdpahf khw;wpa jyk;. ,';Fs;s mUtp g[fH; bgw;wJ. Fw;why mUtpapy; Fspg;gjw;F $Pd;/ $Piy/ Mf!;L khj';fspy; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; gyUk; tUth;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; njthuk; bgw;wJ. Rthkp bgah; Fw;whyehjh;. mk;ghs; bgah; FHy;tha;bkhHpak;ik. ,j;jyk; FWk;gyh vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWk;.

88. jpUf;fapyhak; 88. jpUf;fapyhak; 88. jpUf;fapyhak; 88. jpUf;fapyhak;

tlehl;Lj; jyk;. ,e;jpa muR Mz;LnjhWk; fapyha jhprdk; tpUk;g[k; md;gh;fisf; fl;lzj;Jld; njh;t[ bra;J miHj;Jr; brd;W

100

njh; njh; njh; njh; jpUth+h;j; njuHF vd;gJ gHbkhHp. ,j;jyj;njh; kpfg; bghpaJ. mHfpaJ. MHpj;njh; vd;W Twg;gLfpwJ. njh;tPjpfSk; kpfg;bghpad. gy rpwa njh;fSk; cs;sd. thj;jpak; thj;jpak; thj;jpak; thj;jpak; g";rKfthj;jpak;/ ghhpehadk;/ Rj;jkj;jsk; vd;git ,j;jyj;Jf;Fr; rpwe;j thj;jpa';fs;. jpahfg;gs;S/ jpahff;Fwt";rp/ tPuhqf;ftprak; vd;gd ,j;jyj;jpy; Mlg;gl;l Tj;Jtif E}y;fs;. kz;lg';fs; kz;lg';fs; kz;lg';fs; kz;lg';fs; njthrphpa kz;lgk;/ gf;jfhl;rp kz;lgk;/ C";ry; kz;lgk;/ Jyhghu kz;lgk;/ rghgjp kz;lgk;/ g[uhzkz;lgk;/ ,uhr ehuhaz kz;lgk;/ jl;l";Rw;wp kz;lgk;/ tre;j kz;lgk;/ jpUg;gs;spj;jhk kz;lgk; Kjypa gy kz;lg';fs; cs;sd. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; - 5/ mg;gh; - 21/ Re;juh; - 8 Mf 34 gjpf';fs;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L nrhHh;fs; jk; muz;kidj; bja;t';fshf itj;Jg; nghw;Wk; rpthya';fspy; ,j;jyj;Jf; nfhapy; Kjd;ikahdJ. ,j;jyk; fahkhzpf;f tsehl;ilr; rhh;e;j jpUth+h; vd;Wk;/ mjpuh$tsehl;ilr; nrh;e;j jpUth+h; vd;Wk;/ &j;jphpa rpfhkzp tsehl;Lj; jpUth+h;f; Tw;wj;Jj; jpUth+h; vd;Wk; fy;btl;Lf;fs; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,uz;lhk; ,uh$hjpuh$d; jd; Ml;rp 16-Mk; Mz;oy; bghpa nfhg[uj;ija[k; rghgjp kz;lgj;ija[k; fl;odhd;. brk;gpad; khnjtpahh; mubewpf;nfhapiyf; fw;nfhapyhff; fl;Ltpj;jhh;. ,yf;fk jz;lk ehaf;f cilahUf;F ed;whf/ mth; ke;jphp xU nfhg[uk; fl;odhd;. ,uz;lhk; ,uhn$e;jpud; tPjp tpl';fehjh; fUg;gf;fpUfj;ija[k;/ td;kPfehjh; nfhapiya[k; bghd; nta;e;jhd;. jpUKiw Mrphpah;fs; jpUehl;fspy; tpHhf; bfhz;lhl Vw;ghLfs; bra;ag;bgw;wpUe;jd.

5

fh;g;gf; fpUfj;ijr; Rw;wpa[s;s ePuhHpg;gj;jp kz;lgj;ijj; jpUg;gzp bra;jtd; Mh;f;fhL fpHhd; nrJuhad; vd;gtd;. ,j;jyj;J "eunyhf tPud; jpUkz;lgk;" vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jjhf xU fy;btl;Lf; TWfpd;wJ. rpjk;guk; nfhapy; fy;btl;oy; eunyhfd; vd;W Twg;gl;ltd; nfhg;bgU";rp';fd;. mf;fhyj;J E}w;Wf;fhy; kz;lgk; mtdhy; fl;lg;bgw;wJ.

mJnghy/ ,j;jyj;Jf;Fk; E}w;Wf; fhy; kz;lgj;ij mtd; fl;oapUf;ff;TLk;. jpUkjpy; jpUg;gzp ntshf;Fwpr;rp kfhnjt gz;lhuj;jpd; rp#;auhd mUzhryj; jk;gpuhdhy; bra;ag;bgw;wJ. \d;wh';Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpYk; ,f;nfhapy; mfHpahy; NHg;gl;oUe;jik mwpayhk;.

,t;t{h;/ Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; &j;jphparpfhkzp tsehL

vd;Wk;/ Kk;Kor;nrhH tsehL vd;Wk; Kjw;Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpYk; mjw;Fg;gpd;g[k;/ Fnyhj;J';f nrhHts ehl;ilr; rhh;e;jbjdt[k; Twg;bgWfpwJ. ,J gida{h;ehl;Lg; gpuknjakhd jpUg;g[fY}h; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. ,iwtd; nfhzg;bgUkhd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;bgWfpwhh;. ,';Fs;s mk;gpif ek;gpuhl;oahh; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwhh;.

,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; mk;ikf;F epte;j';fs; mspf;fg;bgw;wd.

jpUeht[f;fuR ehadhh; Fspr;brGe;j ehadhh; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpwhh;. ,tUf;F ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; epj;jpa g{irf;F Vw;ghL bra;ag;bgw;wpUf;fpwJ. KUfehadhh; jpUklk; ek;gpehadhh; jpUklk; vd;Wk;/ jpUePyfz;l ahH;g;ghziuj; jUkg[uj;J ehadhh;/ ahH;\hp ehadhh; vd;Wk;/ jpUePyef;f ehadhiu ef;fehadhh; vd;Wk; fy;btl;Lfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

3. jpUtypjhak; 3. jpUtypjhak; 3. jpUtypjhak; 3. jpUtypjhak; jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; bjhz;il ehl;oy; tps';Fk; njthuj; jy';fspy; 21-tJ jyk;. brd;idg; bgUefhpd; nky;ghy; cs;sJ. brd;id ikag;ngUe;J epiyaj;jpypUe;J efug; ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; gho vd ,d;W tH';FfpwJ. ghuj;th$kfhp#p tpahHd;/ mEkhd; ,th;fs; tHpgl;L Kj;jp bgw;wjhfj; jy g[uhzk; TWk;. f$g;gpu#;l tpkhdk;. Rthkp bgah; typjhaehjh;. mk;ik bgah; jhak;ik. ,';nfa[s;s fpzw;W ePh;kpf;f RitahdJ.

6

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 14 cs;sd. mtw;wpy; Rthkp bgah; jpUtypjhaKila ehadhh; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. mk;ik bgah; jpUtPjp ehr;rpahh; vd;gJ. ,d;d murh; fhyj;jJ vd;W mwpag; bgwhj fy;btl;L xd;W jpUbtz;fhl;oypUe;J mHfpa jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKila ehadhiu vGe;jUs;tpj;Jg; gpujp#;il bra;J/ mjidg; g{rpf;f me;jziua[k; m';fpUe;J Fonaw;wp/ mth;fSf;Fk; czt[f;fhf $a';bfhz;l nrhHkz;lyj;J/ g[ypa{h;f;nfhl;lkhd r';fknrhHts ehl;L mk;gj;J}h; ehl;L jpUtypjhaj;jpy; epyk; tpl;ljhff; TWfpwJ. jpU"hd rk;ge;j ehHp vd;Dk; kuf;fhyhy; bey; mse;J bfhLf;Fk;goa[k; vGjpa[s;sJ. jphpg[td rf;uth;j;jpahd ,uh$uh$nrhHd; jkJ Ml;rp 28-Mk; Mz;oy; n&j;ughyg; gps;isahh; nfhapiya[k; fl;o/ epntjdj;jpw;fhf epyKk; tpl;lhd;. tp$afz;l nfhghy njth; vd;gth; fh";rpg[uj;jpypUe;J eldkhjiuf; bfhz;Lte;J Fonaw;wpdhh;. Rthkpf;Fk; mk;ik jpUtPjp ehr;rpahUf;Fk; Mguz';fSk;/ ghj;jpu';fSk; tH';fpdhh;. ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; rhSf;fpa ehuzd; ahjtuhad; vd;gtdhy; ghoiar; nrh;e;j rpe;jhkzpg[uk; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,UtPLfSk; ,U ee;j td';fSk; tH';fg; bgw;wd. gunk!;tuk';fyj;Jr; rpyk;g{h; nfhl;lj;Jr; rpyk;gzpe;jhd; khjtuhadhy; tpsf;fpw;Fg; bghd; tH';fg;bgw;w bra;jpa[k; mwpayhFk;. ,itad;wp tpsf;F/ czt[ Kjypatw;wpw;F epyKk; fhRk; mspj;jjhf Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; TWfpd;wd.

4. jpUtPHpkpHiy4. jpUtPHpkpHiy4. jpUtPHpkpHiy4. jpUtPHpkpHiy

jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; nrhHtsehl;oy; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuapy; tps';Fk; 61-MtJ njthuj;jyk;. ehif khtl;lk; ed;dpyk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. kapyhLJiw jpUth+h; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; g{e;njhl;lk; ,uapy; epiyaj;Jf;F nkw;nf 10 fp.kP bjhiytpy; cs;sJ. jpUth+h;/ kapyhLJiw/ Fk;gnfhzk; Mfpa Ch;fspy; ,Ue;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; fhj;jpahad kfhp#papd; ahfj;jpy; njhd;wpa ckhnjtpahiuj; jpUkzk; bra;Jbfhz;L ,iwtd; vd;Wk; kzf;nfhyj;njhLk; ,Uf;Fk; jyk;. jpUkhy; rf;fuk; bgWk; bghUl;L/ ehs;njhWk; Mapuk; jhkiug; g{itf;bfhz;L mh;r;rpf;f/ xUehs; xU

99

vy;iyak;kd; nfhapy;/ Iadhh; nfhapy;/ cUj;jpunfhORtuh; nfhapy;/ Fkunfhapy;/ khzpf;f ehr;rpahh; nfhapy; Kjypa nfhapy;fs; fhzj;jf;fit. jyg;bgah; jyg;bgah; jyg;bgah; jyg;bgah; nrhHkd;dh;fspd; jiyefuhf tps';fpa Ch;. kDePjpr; nrhHDk;/ meghar; nrhHDk; munrhr;rpa bgUk;gjp. Re;juh; jpUj; bjhz;lj; bjhif mUspa gjp. ,j;jyj;Jf;Ff; fkyhyag[uk;/ n&j;utug[uk;/ MlnfRug[uk;/ \yhjhug[uk;/ fe;jg[uk; vdg; gy bgah;fs; ,yf;fpa';fspy; tH';Ffpd;wd. ehy;th; ghly; bgw;wJ. rPfhHpf;F mLj;jgoahf 34 njthug; gjpf';fs; bgw;w gjp. jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; njtjPh;j;jk;/ r';fjPh;j;jk;/ ruRtjpjPh;j;jk; Kjypa 21 jPh;;j;j';fs; ,Ug;gjhfg; g[uhz';fs; g[fYfpd;wd. fkyhya jPh;j;jf; Fsk; kpfg; bghpaJ. Ie;J ntyp epyg;gug;g[ cilaJ. ePuhy; tpsf;bfhpj;j ekpee;jpaofs;/ rkzh;fspd; ,d;dy;fis vjph;j;Jf; fkyhyaj; jpUf;Fsk; mfH;e;j jz;oaofs; Kjypa ehad;khh;fs; thH;e;j rpwg;g[ila gjp. cl;nfhapy;fs; cl;nfhapy;fs; cl;nfhapy;fs; cl;nfhapy;fs; jpUf;nfhapYf;Fg; g{';nfhapy; vd;W bgah;. nfhapYf;Fs; mrnyhfk;/ Ml;nfrk;/ Mde;njrk;/ mUzhrnyrk;/ tpRtfd;nkrk;/ rpj;jPrk; vdg; gy cl;nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; mrnyrk; jpUeht[f;furh; ghly; bgw;wJ. jpahnfrh; nfhapy;/ mubewpf; nfhapy;/ guita[s; kz;lyp vd;w \d;W jy';fis cs;slf;fpaJ. \d;Wf;Fk; ghly; cz;L. \\\\h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; I';fyf;fhR tpehafh;/ td;kPfehjh; (g[w;wpl'; bfhz;Orh;)/ jpahnfrh;/ thjhgp tpehafh;/ ePnyhj;gyhk;gpif/ tpl';fh;/ jUnze;Jnrfuh;/ fkyhk;gpif/ Re;juh;/ nrukhd; Kjypa \h;j;jpfs; vGe;jUspa[s;shh;fs;.

98

fyfyfyfy;btl;L ;btl;L ;btl;L ;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; gythapDk; Vfhk;guehjh; nfhapiyg;gw;wpad rpynt. ,;';Fs;s fy;btl;oy; Fwpf;fg; bgw;Ws;sth;fs; Kiwna jphpg[tdr; rf;futh;j;jp ,uh$uh$d;/ nfhg;gunfrhp ,uh$uh$d;/ jphpg[tdr;rf;futh;j;jp/ Fnyhj;J';fd; III ,uh$nfrhp Fnyhj;J';fd;/ nfhuh$nfrhp Fnyhj;J';fd;/ gunfrhp cj;jknrhHd; Mfpa ,th;fSk; g[tndftPuDk;/ tp$aefu rjhrptnjtd;/ tPuky;ypfhh;r;Rdd; g[f;fuhad; Mfpa ,th;fSk; fhfjPa murd; fzgjpa[k;/ rz;lnfhghyDkhfpa ,th;fSk; Mthh;fs;. ,uh$uh$njtd; I 27-Mk; Mz;oy; xUkhwd; njtofshy; 5 fH";R bghd; gilaYf;fhff; nfhapy; bghf;fp#j;jpy; nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. g[tneftPud; vd;w rkunyhfd; rfk; 1391-y; ghz;oa ehl;oYs;s ,uz;L fpuhk';fis Vfhk;guehjh; nfhapYf;Fk; fhkhl;rpak;kd; nfhapYf;Fk; bfhLj;jik Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhfjPa murd; fzgjp fhyj;J (rfk; 1172) ke;jphpahf Mz;l rhke;jfngh$dhy; xU fpuhkk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.

86. jpUth+h;86. jpUth+h;86. jpUth+h;86. jpUth+h; g";r g{jj;jy';fspy; jpUth+h; gpUjptpj;jyk;. rptbgUkhd; bghw;ghjk; njha ele;j gjp. ,j;jyk; kapyhLJiw mwe;jh';fpg; ghijapy; cs;s ,uapy; tz;of; Tl;Lepiyak;/ !g;jtpl';fj; jy';fSs; jiyikahdJ. kapyhLJiw/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kd;dhh;Fo Kjypa efu';fspypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; bry;fpd;wd. tPjp tpl';fg;bgUkhnd vy;yh ,l';fl;Fk; Kjd;ikaha;j; jpUkhyhYk;/ ,e;jpudhYk; g{rpf;fg;bgw;w rpwg;g[ilahh; Mjypd; mtiur; NH Vida MWtpl';fh;fSk; vGe;jUs/ ,th; ,j;jyj;J eLehafkhf jpahfuh$h; vd;w jpUg;bganuhL tPw;wpUf;fpwhh;. gpwf;f Kj;jpaUSk; jyk;. ,j;jyk; kpfj; bjhd;ikahdJ. "jpUtpdhs; nrh;tjw;F Kd;ndh gpd;ndh jpUth+h;f; nfhapyhf; bfhz;lehns" vd;w mg;gh; Rthkpfs; jpUthf;F ,jid bka;g;gpf;Fk;. ehd;F thapy;fSf;Fk; ehd;F ,uh$ nfhg[u';fs; cs;sd. ,j;jyj;jpy; gpukd; nfhapy;/ JUthr Mrpukk;/ guita[z; kz;lsp/ jpUePyfz;lh; nfhapy;/ jz;lghzp nfhapy;/ guitahh; nfhapy;/ ,uh$Jh;f;if nfhapy;/ eLtzehjh; nfhapy;/ khw;Wiuj;j tpehafh; nfhapy;/ nrhkehjh; nfhapy;/ FSe;jhsk;kd; nfhapy;/

7

kyh; Fiwa/ mjw;fhfj; jkJ jhkiukyh; nghd;w fz;izg; gpL';fp mh]r;rpj;Jr; rf;fuk; bgw;wjyk;. jpUeht[f;fuR RthkpfSk; jpU"hdrk;ge;j RthkpfSk; gof;fhR bgw;Wg; g";rk; nghf;fpajyk;. ,j;jyj;J tlf;FtPjpapy; mg;gh;/ rk;ge;jh; jpUkl';fs; jdpj;jdpna ,Uf;fpd;wd. \th; mUspa njthuKk;/ nre;jdhh; ghoa jpUtpirg;ght[k;/ mUzfphp ehjhpd; jpUg;g[fGk; cs;sd. tpkhdk; tpkhdk; tpkhdk; tpkhdk; tpz;zpHp tpkhdk;. ,J tp#;qthy; jhgpf;fg; bgw;wJ. \yj;jhdj;Jf;Fg; gpd; ghh;tjp gunkRtuuJ jpU cUt';fs; cs;sd. ,';Ff; fhHpf;nfhyj;ijr; rk;ge;j \h;j;jpf;F ,iwtd; fhl;oaUspdhh;. ,e;j tpkhdj;Jf;Fg; gpj;jisj;jfL rhj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpHhtpHhtpHhtpHh rpj;jpiuj;jp';fspy; bgUtpHh epfGk;. kzf;nfhyj; jpUtpHh ,';F rpwg;ghf eilbgWfpwJ. kzthsg; bgUkhd; jpUtoapy; jpUkhy; fz;izg; gwpj;J mh;r;rpj;j milahsk; ,d;Wk; ,Uf;fpwJ. Rthkp nej;jpuhh;g;gnzrh;/ tPHpaHfh; vdt[k; tH';fg; bgWth; mk;ik Re;juFrhk;gpif. ,Ugj;jp xd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L Fl KGf;F tpHhf;fs; ele;njwpa[s;sd. jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; jPh;j;jk; tp#;q jPh;j;jk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; tPHpr;bro fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;jpYs;s fy;btl;Lf;fs; 68 tPHpkpHiy vd;nw ,j;jyk; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wJ. Kjw; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J cyFa;af;bfhz;l nrhHtsehl;L ntzhl;Lg;gpuknjak; jpUtPHpHiy vd tH';fpaJ. Rthkp bgah; tPHpehjh;. tPHpkpHiyehjh; vd;gd. nfhapy; gpuhfhuj;jpy; rpyuhy; gpujpl;il bra;ag;bgw;w epd;wUspa ehadhh;/ bewpthh;FHyp ehr;rpahh;/ jpUntl;O!;tuKila kfhnjth;/ jpUntfk;gKilahh;/ ghh;tjP!;tuKilahh; jpUj;jz;?d;wpa kfhnjth; nfhapy;fSk;

8

gpujpl;of;fg;bgw;w ,l';fSk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. mk;ik/ fhkf;nfhl;lk; cila ehr;rpahh; vd;W miHf;fg;bgWfpwhh;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jUf;Fk;/ jpUeht[f;furUf;Fk;/ khzpf;fthrfUf;Fk; jdpj;jdp Mya';fs; mike;jpUe;jd. Kd;dpUtUila kl';fSk; tlf;FtPjpapy; ,Ue;jd vd;gJk; mwpaf; fplf;fpd;wd.

Mjpj;jd; kfdhfpa Kjw;guhe;jfd; fhyj;jpypUe;J gjpbdhU nrhHkd;dh;fspd; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lf;fSk;/ rlhth;kd; Re;jughz;oad;/ tPughz;oanjtd; fy;btl;Lf;fSk; tp$aefu guk;giuiar; nrh;e;j tpUg;gz;z cilahh; fy;btl;L xd;Wk; bgauwpag;bgwhjd gjpdhd;Fkhf mWgj;bjl;Lf; fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; jpUtPHpkpHiy tlf;F tPjpapYs;s jpUeht[f;furh; jpUklj;jpw;F epyk;tpl;l bra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ. \d;whk; ,uh$uh$d; jpUtPkpHiyf; nfhapy; \d;whk; gpuhfhuj;jpy; jpUthjt{uh; khzpf;fthrfh; gokj;ijg; gpujp#;il bra;jhd;. rlhtd;kd; Re;jughz;oa njtd; jpUf;if bfhl;oj; jpUg;gjpak; tpz;zg;gpf;f Vw;ghL bra;jhd;. Kjy; ,uh$uh$ nrhHd; fhyj;jpy; $g;grp Xzj; jpUtpHh jhprdj;jpw;fhf tUk; md;gh;fSf;F md;dk; tH';ff; fhR mspf;fg;gl;l bra;jpa[k; ,t;tpHh kpfr; rpwg;ghf eilbgw;wika[k; mwptpf;Fk;. Kjw; Fnyhj;J';fd; jkJ Ml;rp Kg;gj;J ehd;fhk; Mz;oy; rz;nl!;tug; gpujp#;il bra;tpj;J epj;jpa g{irf;F Vw;ghL bra;jhd;. rpwe;j bra;jpbahd;W thzpapd; ghjdhd mhpFy nfrhp tpGg;giuadhy; _ fhyfhyd; vd;Dk; ths;/ tPHpkpHiy ehjh;f;F tH';fg;bgw;wJ.

khg;gps;isr;rhkp vdg;bgWk; kzthsj; jpUf;nfhyg; bgUkhd;

mHfpa kzthsg;bgUkhd; vd;W Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;whh;. ,e;j \h]j;jpiaa[k;/ ,uhn$e;jpu nrhH mqf;fg;gy;ytiuah; g[Jf;fpg; gpujpl;il bra;jjhfj; bjhpfpwJ.

jpUthtLJiw MjPd mUshl;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ.

97

,iwtd; bgah; Fk;ngrh;/ mKjFk;ngrh;/ MjpFk;ngrh;/ mk;ikapd; bgah; k';fshk;gpif/ gpukd;/ mfj;jpah;/ fpUjtPhpad;/ tPuth;kd;/ ,e;jpud; khe;jhjh Kjypnahh; tHpgl;Lg; ngWbgw;wdh;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; ca;af;bfhz;lhd; tsehl;L tlfiuak;g{h; ehl;Lj; jpUf;Fle;ij vd tH';Fk;. fy;btl;Lf;fs; bgUk;ghYk; ehnfr;rukhfpa fPH;f;nfhl;lj;ijg; gw;wpadnt. Fl\f;F vd;Dk; ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpad my;ythjypd; mit <z;Lj; jug;gltpy;iy.

85. jpUf85. jpUf85. jpUf85. jpUf;;;;fr;rpVfk;gk; fr;rpVfk;gk; fr;rpVfk;gk; fr;rpVfk;gk; bjhz;ilehl;Lj; jy';fspy; Kjyhtjhf tps';Fk; bgUefh;/ brd;id br';fw;gl;L Kjypa gy efu';fspypUe;Jk; ngUe;Jfspy; tuyhk;. fapyhaj;jpdpd;Wk; ,';F vGe;jUspa ,iwtp. ,iwtid va;Jjw;bghUl;Lj; jt";bra;jdh;. vz;zhd;F mw';fisa[k; tGthjpaw;wpdh;. fk;igahw;wpy; xw;iw khkuj; joapy; kzyhy; rptyp';fk;bra;J tHpgl;ldh;. ,iwtd; mUshy; ePh;fLfptuf; fk;gpj;J. ,iwtidj; jGtpdh;. tisj;jGk;g[k; Kiyj; jGk;g[k; ,iwtd; jd; nkdpapy; Vw;wdh; vd;gJ g[uhz tuyhW. fk;gk; - eLf;fk;. Vfhk;guk; - xw;iw khkuk;. g";rg{j jy';fSs; gpUjptpj;jyk;. Kj;jpjUk; efnuHDs; Kf;fpakhk; Kjw;fh";rp vd;wjw;nfw;g Kj;jpjUk; efUs; Kjd;ikbgw;wJ. ,j;jyj;J mike;Js;s rpt/ tp#;q/ njtp/ fzgjp/ KUfd; Mya';fs; mstplw;fhpa g[fGilad. Iaofs; fhlth;nfhd; ehadhh; Ml;rpbra;j jyk;. Re;juh; ,lf;fz;bgw;w jyk;. jpUf;Fwpg;g[j; bjhz;lehadhh; rhf;fpaehadhh; Mfpa ,th;fs; Kj;jp bgw;w jyk;. ,iwtd; Vfhk;guehjh;. bghpa fk;gh;. ,iwtp fhkhl;rpak;ik/ Vythh;FHyp/ tpehafh; tpflrf;fu tpehafh;/ KUfd; khtof;fe;jh;/ tpUl;rk; khkuk; jPh;j;jk; rptf';if/ fk;ghejp !h;tjPh;j;jk;. mk;ghs; bra;j rptg{ir tpnrlkhdJ. ,lk; fh";rpg[uk;. ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J nkw;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU Fk;ghgpnlfk; ele;Js;sJ.

96

nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj; jyk;/ fhiuf;fhy; - jpUes;shW ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. ghz;lth;fspy; jUkd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wikapd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. gpuknjtUk; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;Ws;shh;. jpUePyfz;l ahH;g;ghzuJ jhahh; gpwe;j ,lkhjypd; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; ,';F vGe;jUspanghJ/ ghzuJ Rw;wj;jth;fs; ,th; ahH;bfhz;L thrpf;fhtpoy; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; ghly; rpwf;fhbjd;wdh;. nfl;l ghzh; tUe;jpj; jpU"hdrk;ge;jhplk; Kiwapl;ldh;. mtUk; khjh; klg;gpo vd;Dk; gjpfj;ij Xjpdh;. ghzdhh; ahHpypl;L thrpf;f ,ayhikia cwtpdh;f;Fzh;j;jpdh;. ahiHa[k; cilf;fr; brd;wdh; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; jLj;J/ ,ad;w mstpy; thrpf;fr; brhd;dhh;. ,iwtd; bgah; ahH:Khpehjh; ,iwtpapd; bgah; kJukpd;dk;ik/ njdkph;jty;yp/ rjhkJuhk;gpif/ jPh;j;jk; jh;kjPh;;j;jk;/ jUik MjPd mUshl;rpapy; tps';FtJ. ,lk; fhiuf;fhypypUe;J nkw;nf 1 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ.

84. jpUf;Fle;ij (Fk;gnfhzk;)84. jpUf;Fle;ij (Fk;gnfhzk;)84. jpUf;Fle;ij (Fk;gnfhzk;)84. jpUf;Fle;ij (Fk;gnfhzk;) nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. bghpa efuk;/ kapyhLJiw – jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp ,uapy; tHpapy; cs;s ,uapy; tz;o epiyak; midj;J efu';fspypUe;Jk ;Fk;gnfhzk; tug; ngUe;J trjp cz;L. ,j;jyk; njthu';fspy; Fl\f;F vd tH';fg;bgWk;. g";rf;Fnuhrj; jy';fs; NH;e;jJ. f';if aKid Kjypa xd;gJ jPh;j;j';fSk; te;J tHpgLk; bgUika[ilaJ. gjpdhd;F nfhapy;fisa[k;/ gjpdhd;F jPh;j;j';fisa[k; cilaJ. xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; nrhH murh;fs; ,jidj; jiyefukhff; bfhz;ldh;. nrhHh;fs; ,Ue;j ,lkhfpa nrhHkhspifa[k;/ ,oe;Jnghd gH';nfhapy;fSk; ,jd; gHikf;F mwpFwpbad;gh; bgh;Trd; vd;Dk; mwp"h;. VHhk; E}w;whz;oy; \iyf; Tw;wk; vd tH';fg;gl;lbjd;gh; gh;dy;Jiu. ,j;jyj;jpy; (FU/ rpk;kuhrpapy; gpuntrpf;F';fhykhd) 12 tU#j;jpw;F xUKiw kfh kfjPh;j;jj;jpy; bjd;dpe;jpa kf;fs; midtUk; ePuhLth;. ,';nfa[s;s ghly;bgw;w rptj;jy';fs; jpUf;Fl\f;F/ Fle;ijf; fPH;f;nfhl;lk;/ Fle;ijf; fhnuhzk; vd;gd. Fl\f;F Fk;ngRtu Rthkpnfhapy;/ fPH;f;nfhl;lk; ehnfRtud; nfhapy;/ fhnuhzk; fhrp tpRtehjh;nfhapy; ,itad;wpr; nrhnkrk; Kjypa gy nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. ,j;jyk; \h;f;fehadhh; thH;e;j jyk;.

9

5. fPiHj;jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp5. fPiHj;jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp5. fPiHj;jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp5. fPiHj;jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;sp jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk;

nrhHehl;oy; fhtphptlfiuapy; tps';Fk; 12-MtJ

njthuj;jyk;. ehifkhtl;lk; rPfhHp tl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. g{k;g[fhUf;F tlnkw;fpy; jpUbtz;fhl;Lf;F nkw;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUbtz;fhLtiu ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. tpUj;jpuhRuidf; bfhd;w gHp eP';fj; njnte;jpud; g{rpj;Jj; njtnyhf Ml;rpia kPz;Lk; bgw;wjyk;. ,jid ",iknahh; bgUkhd; Ez;zwpthy; tHpghLbra;a[k;" vd ,j;jyg;gjpfk; ehd;fhk; ghly; bjhptpf;fpd;wJ. ez;L g{rpj;j tpehafh; re;epjp ,Uf;fpwJ. Rthkp bgah; MuzpaRe;juh;. ,iwtp bgah; mfpyhz;lehafp. jPh;j;jk; fhtphp.

,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;L xd;Wk; ,Ug;gjhf mwpaf;

Tltpy;iy.

6. jpUk6. jpUk6. jpUk6. jpUkUUUUfy; fy; fy; fy; jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jy';fspy; 80-MtJ jyk;. ehif khtl;lk; ed;dpyk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. ed;dpyk;/ ehif/ jpUth+h;/ kapyhLJiwfspypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. kUfy; vd;gJ xUtif thiH. ,J fy;thiHbadt[k; tH';Ffpd;wJ. fU';fy; jsj;jpnyna tsh;tjhy; ,g;bgah;j;jhapw;W vd;fpd;whh;fs;. mjd; gHj;ij ,iwtDf;F epntjpf;fyhnkad;wp kf;fs; cz;zy; MfhJ. cz;lhy; tapw;Wneha[z;lhFk; vd;gJ mt;t{h;kf;fs; tha;bkhHp. Mdhy; vg;nghJk; fha; ,Uf;Fkhk;. ,e;j thiH jytpUl;rkhjypd; ,j;jyj;jpw;F ,g;bgah; te;jJ. nfhr;br';fl; nrhHehadhh; vGg;gpa vGgJ khlf;nfhapy;fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;W. ahidnawhg; bgU';nfhapy;. ghz;oaehl;L tzpfdhfpa jhkd; vd;gtd; jd; kf;fs; vGthpy; xUj;jpiaj; jd;kUkfDf;Ff; bfhLg;gjhf thf;fspj;jhd;. mth;fSf;Fg; gUtk; te;jfhyj;J xt;bthUj;jpahfg; gpwUf;F kzk; bra;JbfhLj;jhd;. mjid czh;e;j VHhkts; jha;je;ijah; mwpahky; jd; ed;khkndhL cld;nghf;F epfH;j;jpdhs;. jpUkUfiyaile;J xU jpUklj;jpy; ,uhj;j';fpdhs;. md;wput[ me;jr; brl;o Fkuid tpidtaj;jhy; ghk;g[ jPz;oaJ. mtd; ,we;jhd;. mts; ,iwtidnehf;fp Kiwapl;Lg; g[yk;gpdhs;. Rthkp jhprdj;jpw;fhfte;j

10

jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; jpU cs;sj;jpy; ,ts; mGif xyp mUs;Ruf;fr; bra;jJ. Rthkpfs; jpUg;gjpfk; gho mtid vGg;gpdhh;. jk; jpUKd;ng mth;fSf;Fj; jpUkzk; Kog;gpj;jhh; vd;gJ ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa rpwe;j epfH;r;rp.

,iwtd; khzpf;ftz;zh;. ,iwtp tz;Lthh;FHyp. jytpUl;rk; thiH. jPh;j;jk; khzpf;f jPh;j;jk;. ,J nfhapy; re;epjpapnyna ,Uf;fpwJ. fpHf;Fg;ghh;j;j re;epjp. mk;kd; re;epjpf;F vjphpy; tp#e;jPh;j;j gps;isahh;nfhapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F epiwntwpa[s;sJ.

,lk;,lk;,lk;,lk; ed;dpyk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J fpHf;nf 7 fp.kP J}uKs;s jpUg;g[fY}iuaile;J/ m';fpUe;J kl;rhiy tHpahff; fpHf;nf 5 fp.kP brd;why; ,j;jyj;ij milayhk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L mwpaf;Tltpy;iy

7. jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo7. jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo7. jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo7. jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo

jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk;

nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;/ ehif khtl;lk; ed;dpyk; tl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUth+hpypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. tpehafg;bgUkhd; f$KfhRuidf; bfhd;wfhyj;J mtd; clypdpd;Wk; bgUfpa ,uj;jbts;sj;jhy; ,t;tplk; KGJk; bre;epwkhapw;W. Mjyhy; ,j;jyk; br';fhL / br';fhl;l';Fo vdg; bgah;bgw;wJ. tpehafg;bgUkhd; faKfidf; bfhd;w fiw eP';fr; rptyp';fg;bgUkhidj; jhgpj;J tHpgl;lhh;. mjdhy; fzgjPr;ruk; vdj; jpUf;nfhapy; tH';fg;bgWtjhapw;W ,t;tuyhw;iwf; fe;jg[uhzj;J.

VltpH; my';fy; jpz;nlhs; ,gKfj; jt[zd; khh;gpy; ePoa FUjpr; bre;ePh; ePj;jkha; xGFk; ntiyg; ghLw tU';fhd; xd;wpw; guj;jypd; mJnt bra;a fhbldg; bgah;bgw; wpd;D'; fhz;lf ,Ue;j jk;kh

95

81. jpUf;fs;spy; 81. jpUf;fs;spy; 81. jpUf;fs;spy; 81. jpUf;fs;spy; bjhz;ilehl;Lj; jyk; brd;id – bt';fY}h; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. jpUf;fs;sk; vdg; bgah; bgWk;. gpUF Kdpth; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;whh;. Rthkpapd; bgah; rpthee;jh; mk;ikapd; bgah; Mde;jty;yp jPh;j;jk; _ ee;jp jPh;;j;jk;.

82. jpUg;gwpaY}h;82. jpUg;gwpaY}h;82. jpUg;gwpaY}h;82. jpUg;gwpaY}h; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk; kapyhLJiw (brk;bghdhh; nfhapy; tHp) r';fud;ge;jy; bry;Yk; ngUe;Jfspy; gwpaY}h; bry;yyhk;. ,g;bghGJ gurY}h; vd tH';Fk; ml;ltPul;lj;jpy; xd;W. jf;fd;bra;j ahfj;jpw;Fg; nghe;j khad; Kjypa tpz;zth;fspd; ntjidiaj; jPh;j;j jyk;. ,iwtd; bgah; tPul;nlRuh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; ,sk; bfhk;gidahs;. jPh;j;jk; rptf';if. jUikahjPd mUshl;rpapy; cs;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; Re;jughz;oad; 5-Mk; Ml;rp Mz;oy; b$a';bfhz;l nrhHtsehl;L tPiHehl;L uh$ehuhaz rJh;ntjp k';fykhd gwpaY}h; vd tH';fg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtd; jl;nrRtuKilahh; vdt[k;/ jpUtPul;lhd Kilahh; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpwhh;. fpU#;zg;gnjtkfhuhauhy; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy fpuhk';fs; (gwpaY}h; cl;gl) Nythp tNypf;fg;bgw;Wr; rpt tp#;q nfhapYf;fspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ahj;hPfh;fSf;Fk; cztspf;f Vw;ghLbra;ag;bgw;wJ. g{';fhf; Foahd guuh$ ga';fuey;Y}hpy; 30 ntyp epyj;ij ,iwapyp bra;jspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,';nf VGyfKGJila rJh;ntjp k';fyj;J xU mf;ufhuk; mikf;f epyk; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.

83. jpUj;jUkg[uk;83. jpUj;jUkg[uk;83. jpUj;jUkg[uk;83. jpUj;jUkg[uk;

94

brd;dk;g{z;o filKoiag; gw;wpadthf 22 fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. bjd;fiu ,ilahw;Wehl;L jpUf;filKo vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. epUgJ';fth;kd; fhyj;J murp xUj;jp tpsf;fpw;fhfg; bghd; mspj;jhs;. Kjw;guhe;jfd; gzpfs; aht[k; tpsf;fpw;fhf MLfs; mspj;jikna. tPuehuhaz \nte;j ntshd; Kjyhd murpay; jiyth;fSk; epge;j';fs; mspj;Js;shh;fs;.

80. jpU,uhkdjPr;ruk;80. jpU,uhkdjPr;ruk;80. jpU,uhkdjPr;ruk;80. jpU,uhkdjPr;ruk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;/ ,lk; jpUg;g[fY}hpypUe;J Kobfhz;lhd; Mw;iwf; fle;J/ fz;zg[uk; brd;W fpHf;nfbrd;why; ,j;jyj;ij milayhk;. ,uhkd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wduhjypd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. ,iwtd; bgah; ,uhkehjh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; rhpthh;f;FHyp/ jPh;j;jk; ,uhkjPh;j;jk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; jpUf;fz;zg[uk; fy;btl;Lf;fspw;nrh;j;nj murpayhuhy; gobaLf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. Ie;J fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. ,iwtd; ,uhkdjPr;ruKilahh; vd tH';fg;bgWth;. Fnyhj;J';fnrhHd; ,f;nfhapy; g{irf;fhft[k;/ mKJgof;fhft[k; epyk; mspj;jhd;. ,e;epyk; gpd;dh; rptghjnrfuk';fyk; vd;W tH';fg;bgw;wJ. nfhapiyj; jpUg;gzpbra;jtDk; ,tnd. gpd;dh; jpUkiynjtkfhuhahpd; (rfk; 1397) tpf;ukhjpj;jd; vd;Dk; murfhhpak; ghh;g;gtd; nfhapiyg; gGJghh;j;jpUf;fpwhd;. g{irf;Fk;/ mKJf;Fk; epyk; mspj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. nfhndhpd;ik fz;lhd; (ahh; vd;W mwpaf;Tltpy;iy) fhyj;jpy; mUr;rfUf;Fs; chpikg;nghh; epfH;e;jpUf;fpd;wJ. mjid ePf;fp/ jpUkd;DnrhH gpukuhaDf;Fk;/ khdtiuaDf;Fk; g{ir chpikfs; tH';fg;bgw;wd. jdpa{uhd jpy;iyapypUe;J khnfRtuh;fshy; ,f;nfhapy; epyk; g";rj;jhy; tpisahJ nghf/ ,uh$uh$ghz;okz;lyk;/ tPunrhHkz;lyk; eLtpy;ehL/ b$a';bfhz;l nrhHkz;lyk; Kjypatw;wpy; cs;s nfhapy;fspypUe;J bey;Yk; bghd;Dk; bfhLj;Jjt[k;go cj;jutpl;oUf;fpd;wdh;. ,J nfhapy; eph;thfj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;igf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.

11

kPz;Lk;br'; fhl;oy; Xh;rhh; nktpbka;"; "hdj;Jk;gh; jhz;ltk; g[hpa[e; jhij jd;DUj; jhgpj; njj;jpg; g{z;lngh; md;gpw; g{ir g[hpe;jdd; g[tpa[ nshh;f;Ff; fhz;lFk; mida jhdk; fzgjPr; ruk bjd;gh;

vd;w bra;a[l;fshd; mwpayhk;. kpfg; gHikahd jpUthj;jptpU&k; xd;W vGe;jUs; ehafh; jpUKd;g[ ,Uf;fpd;wJ. gpuhfhuj;jpd; fPH;g;gf;fj;jpy; ,j;jyj;J thH;e;j rpWj;bjhz;lh;/ jpUbtz;fhl;L e';if/ rPuhsd;/ re;jd e';if ,th;fs; jpUt[Ut';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. rpWj;bjhz;lh;/ cj;juhgjpapdpd;Wk; te;j igut ntlk; jh';fpa gukDf;Fj; jk;kfd; rPuhsidna fwprikj;jpl;L Kj;jpaile;jdh; vd;gJ tuyhW. ,e;j moahh; bgUkfdhh; jpU"hdrk;ge;jg; bgUkhDk;/ mg;g \h;j;jpfSk; vGe;jUspafhyj;J mth;fs; el;igg;bgw;W mth;fs; gjpfj;Jr; rpwg;gpf;fg;bgWk; jFjpiag;bgw;wth;. rpj;jpiug; g{h;zpikapy; rpWj;bjhz;lh; jpUtKJgilj;j jpUtpHh eilbgWk;. mKJgilay; vd;nw mJ tH';FfpwJ. ,Ugj;bjhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; Kjy; FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. ,iwtd; - fzgjPr;ruj;jhh;. ,iwtp – jpUf;FHy; ed;khJ. tpUl;rk; - jpUthj;jp. jPh;j;jk; - Nh;ajPh;j;jk;. igut nfhyj;Jld; cj;jpuhgjpahh; vGe;jUspapUf;fpwhh;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L Kjyhk; ,uh$uh$d; Kjyhf VG nrhH murh; fhyj;jdt[k;/ guhf;fpuk ghz;oad; fhyj;jJk;/ tPutpUg;gz;z cilahh; Kjypa ,U tp$aefu murh;fs; fhyj;jdt[k; Mfpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mtw;why; mwpag; bgWk; rpy cz;ikfs;; ,j;jyk; fahkhzpf;f tsehl;L kUfy;ehl;Lj; jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo vd tH';fg; bgWfpd;wJ. Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpa fy;btl;L; Kk;Kor;nrhH tsehl;L kUfy;ehl;Lj; jpUr;br';fhl;l';Fo vdf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,iwtd; fzgjPr;ruKila ehadhh;. fzgjPr;ruKila ehah; vdt[k;/ igut\h;j;jp cj;jpuhgjp ehafh; vdt[k;/ rPuhsh; rPuhs njth; vdt[k;/ rpWj;bjhz;lh; rpWj;bjhz;lek;gp vdt[k; tpehafg;bgUkhd; thjhgp fzgjp vdt[k; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wdh;.

12

rpj;jpiukhjj; jpUthjpiuapy; rPuhsnjth;f;Fj; jpUtpHh ele;jjhf Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lf; TWfpwJ. \d;wh'; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpy; rpWj;bjhz;lh; klj;jpypUe;J rPuhsg;gps;isia vHe;jUs;tpj;j bra;jp bjhpfpwJ. cj;juhgjp ehadhUf;Fr; rpj;jpuh bgsh]zpikapy; tpHh ele;jikia \d;whk; ,uh$uh$d; fy;btl;Lj; bjhptpf;fpwJ. xt;bthU khjKk; guzp tpnrlkhff; bfhz;lhlg; bgw;wik kw;bwhU fy;btl;Lf; fhl;Lk;. ,e;j tpHhtpw;F tplg;gl;l epyk; jpUnthl;Lf; fl;lis vd tH';fg;bgw;wik mwpe;J ,d;g[Wf. rpj;jpiu/ Ig;grpg; guzpfs; kpf tpnr#khdit. Mjyhy; ,t;tpHhitf; bfhz;lhl/ fp.gp 1245 – 67-,y; thH;e;j \d;whk; ,uhn$e;jpud; epyk;tpl;lhd;. \d;whk; ,uh$uh$d; Ml;rp 24-Mk; Mz;oy; murfhhpak; ghh;g;gtdhd muNh; cilahh; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; cilahdhd jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; cila gy;ytuhad;/ cj;juhgjpahh; rpj;jpuh bgsh;zpik tpHhtpw;F vGe;jUSk;nghJ jpUKj;Jtpjhd bewpapy; cztspf;f Vw;ghL bra;jik xU fy;btl;lhy; mwpag;gLk;. kw;Wk; rPuhsnjth; tpHhtpw;F ntshsd; cyf"; rpwpatdhd jhg;gps;is \nte;j ntshsDk; tpHhtpw;F tUk; moahh;fSf;F mGJgof;fhfj; jhad; rpw;wk;gy KilahDk; epte;jk; mspj;jhh;fs;. tpsf;fpw;Fk;/ epntjdj;jpw;Fkhf kw;Wk; gyh; tH';fpapUf;fpd;wdh;.

8. jpUthytha; (kJiu) 8. jpUthytha; (kJiu) 8. jpUthytha; (kJiu) 8. jpUthytha; (kJiu) jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; ghz;oaehl;od; jiyefh; jkpHfj;jpd; midj;Jg; bgUefh;fspUe;Jk; ,uapy;/ ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyj;jpw;F kJiu/ ehd;khlf;Tly;/ jpUthytha;/ flk;gtdk;/ Jthjrhe;jg[uk;/ g{nyhf fapyhak;/ rptuh$jhdp/ fd;dpg[hPrk;/ $Ptd;Kj;jpg[uk;/ rptefuk; vdg; gy bgah;fs; jyg[uhz E}y;fspw; Twg;bgw;Ws;sd. ,J ghz;oa ehl;od; jiyefuk;. filr;r';fkpUe;J jkpHhuha;e;j jiyefh;. brhf;fyp';fg;bgUkhd; 64 jpUtpisahly;fis ,aw;wpa jdp efuk;/ \h;j;jpehadhh; tpg{jp/ cUj;jpuhf;fk;/ rilKo vd;w \d;wida[k; Jizf;bfhz;L Kk;ikah Yyfhz;l jiyefuk;. irt';fhj;j jpU"hdr; brk;kYk;/ k';ifah;f;furpahUk;/ Fyr;rpiwahUk;/ beLkhwehadhUk; vGe;jUspa ,lk;. ,e;jpud;/ tUzd;/ KUfd;/ tpehafh; Kjypa njth;fs; tHpgl;Lg; nghpd;gk; va;jpa jyk;. kzpthrfg; bgUe;jif ke;jphpahf ,Ue;J thrfj;njid toj;bjLj;j jpUg;gjp. jUik MjPd Kjw;bgU'; Futh; FU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; brhf;fyp';fg;

93

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpajhf MW fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. ,j;jyj;jpiwtd; jpUg;ghjhsPr;ruk; cilahh;. bry;tj;jpUth+h; thfPrg; bgUkhd; tlfPH;klj;J Kjypahh; gps;isapd; epy';fs; ,f;nfhapYf;Ff; bfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,jpy; MyhyRe;juh; jpUklKk; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jyk; Rw;wntyp tsehl;Lg; ghk;gzp Tw;wj;Jg; ghkzp vd ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;J miHf;g;gLfpd;wJ. ,itad;wp _g{jptpz;zfu MH;thh;f;F tpsf;fpw;fhft[k;/ tHpgltUthh;f;F cztpw;fhft[k; bghd;Dk; MLk; tH';fg;bgw;wd.

79. jpUf;filKo 79. jpUf;filKo 79. jpUf;filKo 79. jpUf;filKo ,j;jyk; fPGh; vdg; bgah;bgWk;. nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jykha;f; fhtphpapd; filKoahjypd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. kapyhLJiwapypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. gpukd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wjyk;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L FlKGf;F tpHhf;fs; ele;njwpa[s;sd.

Rthkpbgah; filKoehjh;/ mk;ikapd; bgah; mgpuhkpak;ik/ jPh;j;jk; fUzhjPh;j;jk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L filKo vd;gJ fPGuhapd; fy;btl;blhd;Wkpy;iy. nrJrk!;jhd tpj;Jthd; K. ,uhRita';fhuth;fs; jkJ Muha;r;rpj; bjhFjpapy; rpwe;jnjhh; Muha;r;rp btspapl;Ls;shh;fs;. mjd; RUf;fkhtJ j";rht{h; khtl;lj;jpy; nfhtpyo vdtH';Fk; ng+Uf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; fpHf;nf 2.5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; jpUr;rpd;dk;g{z;o vd;w fpuhkk; cs;sJ. m';nf cs;s ,iwth; rilia cilah;/ rnlRtuh; vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwhh;. m';nfa[s;s rhrd';fs; nfhtp$a epUgJ';fth;kd;/ Kjw;guhe;jfd; ,th;fs; fhyj;jd. mtw;Ws; Kjw;guhe;jfd; fhyj;J fy;btl;Lf;fspy; xd;nw xd;W ,iwtd; bgaiu/ jpUf;filKokfhnjth; vd;nw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. xd;gJ gj;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; mjhtJ VHhk; jpUf;filKo ,g;bghGJ tH';Fk; brd;dg;g{z;o vd;nw tps';fpdik awpayhk;. jpUr;rilKo vd;gJ jpUg;nguhfpa nfhtpyof;F tH';fpa bgauhjiyg; gpw fy;btl;Lf;fSk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. Mjyhy; fPGh; filKoad;W vd;gh;.

92

,iwtd; bgah; ePyfz;lh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; ePykyh;f; fz;zpahh;. tpUl;rk; vUf;F.

76. jpUmd;dpa{h;76. jpUmd;dpa{h;76. jpUmd;dpa{h;76. jpUmd;dpa{h; nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. bghd;D}h; vd tH';Fk;. kapyhLJiw – kzy;nkL ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. tUzd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wjyk;. Rthkpbgah; Mgj;rfhnaRuh;. mk;ikapd; bgah; bghpa ehafpak;ik. jPh;j;jk; tUzjPh;j;jk;.

77. jpUf;fz;zhh;nfhapy; 77. jpUf;fz;zhh;nfhapy; 77. jpUf;fz;zhh;nfhapy; 77. jpUf;fz;zhh;nfhapy; nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. kapyhLJiw – itj;jPRtud; nfhapy; ngUe;JtHpapy; cs;sJ. FWkhzf;Fo vd tH';Fk;. bfsjk Kdptuhy; rhgk;bgw;w ,e;jpud; g{rpj;Jr; rhPuj;jpYs;s Fwpfs; midj;ija[k; fz;fshf khw;wpf; bfhz;likahy; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. thkd\h;j;jpa[k; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wikapd; FWkhzf;Fo vd;w kW bgaUk; cz;lhapw;W. ,iwtd; bgah; fz;zhapuehjh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; KUFtsh;nfhij. jPh;j;jk; ,e;jpujPh;j;jk;. ,lk; - itj;jP!;tud; nfhapYf;Fj; bjd;fpHf;nf 2.5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ.

78. jpUg;ghjhsPr;ruk; 78. jpUg;ghjhsPr;ruk; 78. jpUg;ghjhsPr;ruk; 78. jpUg;ghjhsPr;ruk; nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. kd;dhh;Fof;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ghkzp/ ghk;gzp vd tH';fg; bgWfpwJ. rh;g;gg[uk; vdt[k; bgah; cz;L. jd";rad; vd;Dk; ghk;g[ g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. mk;KdptUila jpUt[Utk; nfhapypy; cs;sJ. ,iwtd; bgah; ehfehjh;. rh;g;gg[hPRtuh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; mkph;jehafp. jPh;j;jk; ehfjPh;j;jk;.

13

bgUkhidg; bgw;w ,lk;. ,th; jpUt[Utk; brhf;fehjh; re;epjpf; nfhg[uthapy; Fltiwapy; cs;sJ. FkuFUgu Rthkpfs; kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpH; ghl/ mk;ikna ,Ue;J mjidf; nfl;Fk; Vw;wk;bgw;w ,lk;. jpU"hd rk;ge;jg;bgUkhd; Tlyhytha; kJiuahy thapyha; vdf; Fwpg;gjhy; Tly; kJiu vd;gd jyg;bgauhft[k; Mytha; vd;gJ nfhapw;bgauhft[k; ,Uf;fyhnkh vd Ia[w ,lKz;L/ ,iwtd; brhf;fyp';f \h;j;jp mk;ik kPdhl;rpak;ik/ jytpehafh; rpj;jptpehafh;/ jytpUl;rk; flk;gkuk;/ jPh;j;jk; bghw;whkiu/ vGfly;/ itia Kjypadt[k; cs;sd. tpkhdk; tpz;zpHp tpkhdkhfpa ,e;jputpkhdk;. ,jid ,e;jpud; bfhz;Lte;J itj;Jr; nrhkRe;juf;flt[isg; g{rpj;jhd;. ,t;tpkhdk; vl;L ahidfshy; jh';fg;bgWtJ. kd;W bts;spkd;W/ ,urjrig vd tH';Fk; ,';nf ,uhrnrfughz;oad; ntz;LnfhSf;fhfg; bgUkhd; ,lJ fhiya{d;wp tyJ fhiyj;J}f;fp khwpahodhh;. kz;lgk; kz;lgk; kz;lgk; kz;lgk; "kz;lg';fs; ehad;" vd;gJ. ,jidr; rhypthfdrfk; 1448-,y; brd;dg;g ehafh; vd;gth; jpUg;gzp bra;tpj;jhh;. ,d;Dk; Rthkpnfhapypy; mh;j;j kz;lgk;/ kfh kz;lgk;/ kzpkz;lgk;/ mWfhw;gPlk; Kjypad ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,tw;iwf; fl;Ltpj;jtd; Fynrfu ghz;oad;/ kPdhl;rpak;kd; re;epjpapy; m#;lrpj;jp kz;lgk;/ kPdhl;rp ehaf;fh; kz;lgk; Kjypa kz;lg';fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,itad;wpf; fy;ahzkz;lgk;/ Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk;/ tPutRk;g[uhdh kz;lgk;/ MotPjp epUjptPjp kz;lgk;/ rk;ge;jh; kz;lgk;/ mWgj;J\th; kz;lgk; Kjypadt[k; tps';Ffpd;wd. mtw;Ws; Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk; rfk; 1494-,y; murhz;l fpU#;z tPug;g ehaf;fuJ jpUg;gzp vd;W brhy;Yfpwhh;fs;. brhf;fehjg; bgUkhd; nfhapypd; jpUthapy; Kj;jsj;jpd; jpUthapy; vd;W brhf;fehjh; cyh TWfpwJ.

brhf;fyp';fg; bgUkhDf;F ml;lhiyr; nrtfd;/ moahh;f;F ey;yhd;/ mjputPrp MLthd;/ mgpnlfr; brhf;fd;/ gz;zpirr; brhf;fd; Kjyhd gyngh;fs; tH';Ffpd;wd. mk;ikf;F mgpn#fty;yp/ m';faw;fz;zp/ jkpH; mwpa[k; bgUkhl;o Kjypa gy ehk';fs; cs;sd.

14

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L kJiu bjhd;Wbjhl;nl tuyhWila jyk;. fp.K 302-,y; ghlypg[uj;jpy; murhz;l re;jpuFg;jd; mitapy; brYf;f!pd; J}jdhfte;j bkf!;jdp!; ghz;oaehl;ila[k; kJiuiaa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. fp.gp 140-,y; jhykpa[k; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. r';f ,yf;fpa';fs; kJiuapd; ,aw;if tsj;ij vLj;J ,ak;g[fpd;wd. cyfg; bghJE}yhfpa jpUf;Fws; mu';nfwpa ,lKk; ,Jnt. Kjyhk; beL";brHpad; Kjy; gy ghz;oa kd;dh;fspDila epfH;r;rpfs; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fshf Re;jnu!;tu !;thkp nfhapypYk;/ kjdnfhghy Rthkp nfhapypYk;/ TlyHfh; nfhapypYkhf Kg;gj;ije;J fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. 17-,y; jhk;gpu rh!d';fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; 36 of 1908 fy;btl;Lg; bgUkhs; nfhapypy; cs;sJ. 557 Kjy; \d;W fy;btl;Lf;fs; TlyHfh; nfhapiyg;gw;wpad. brg;g[g; gl;la';fspy; 6. me;jzh;fSf;Fk; g{e;njhl;lj;Jf;Fkhf fpU#;zg;gehaf;fh; uhzp u';fk;khs; ,th;fs; epyk; mspj;jikia mwptpf;fpd;wd. 6 brg;g[g; gl;la';fs; nrJkd;dh;fs; bra;j mwr;bray;fis mwptpg;gd. Vidad Re;jnu!;tuh; nfhapYf;Fk; kPdhl;rpak;ik nfhapYf;Fk; bra;j gy gzpfis mwptpf;fpd;wd. $lhth;kd; Fynrfu ghz;oad;/ khwth;kd; Re;jughz;oad;/ guhf;fpuk ghz;oad;/ tPughz;oad;/ _ ty;ygd; Kjypa ghz;oakd;dh;fs; jpUf;nfhapYf;F epyk; mspj;jija[k;/ thp js;Sgo bra;jija[k;/ thp tNypj;Jf;bfhs;s chpik mspj;jija[k; mwptpf;fpd;wd. 507 of 1907 fy;btl;oy; _ ty;ygnjtd; fhyj;jpy; nrhkRe;jug; bgUkhSf;F ,Ure;jpapYk; Vw;gpj;jUs ee;jtdk; mikj;j bra;jp mwptpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,ts; VGyfk; KGJilahs; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpwhs;. fp.gp 1572 Kjy; 1595 tiu murhz;l tPug;g ehaf;fh; fk;gj;jo kz;lgj;ijf;fl;odhh; (35 of 1908). xU brg;g[g; gl;lak; "hdf;Tj;juhd rj;jpa"hd jhprpdpklj;Jf;F epyk; tpl;lija[k;/ (160) fy;btl;L Mkh;j;jklk; ee;jp nf!;tu re;jhdk; irt Mr;rhh;auhd "hd\h;j;jpf;F nkyf;Foehl;L tlfiu thuzthrp gl;lzj;J mz;zd; tpGg;ghjuhrd; kdk; gphpahd;klk; vd xd;iwf; fl;og; gj;Jkh g{jhdk; tH';fpdhd; vd;w bra;jpiaa[k; Fwpf;fpwJ. eunyhf Nhpad; jpUklk; vd;Wk;/ md;djhd klk; vd;Wk; rpy kl';fspd; bgah;fs; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

91

mspf;fg;bgw;wJ vd;Wk; tuyhW tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. jpl;iltpGkpahd; gps;isaoahuhy; rz;nlRtuh; nfhapy; jpUg;gzp bra;tpf;fg;bgw;wJ. MjD}h; tp$ael;liuadhd mUbkhHpj; njtdhy; jpUeilkhspif fl;lg;bgw;wJ. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; jpUk";rdj;jpw;Fk;/ g{khiyf;Fk;/ ee;jtdj;jpw;Fk;/ mKJf;Fk;/ tpsf;fpw;Fk; bra;j gzpfis mwptpg;gd. ,j;jyj;jhy; bjhpa[k; murh;fSk;/ jz;lj; jiyth;fSk;/ murfhhpak; ghh;g;ghUk;/ btw;wpf; Fwpg;g[f;fSk; gy.

73. jpUtLTh;73. jpUtLTh;73. jpUtLTh;73. jpUtLTh; (jpU Mz;lhh; nfhapy;)(jpU Mz;lhh; nfhapy;)(jpU Mz;lhh; nfhapy;)(jpU Mz;lhh; nfhapy;)

eLehl;Lj; jyk;. tpGg;g[uk; - ghz;or;nrhp (nfhypaD}h; - fz;lk';fyk; tHp) ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. tLfdhfpa ituth; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wjhjypd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. jw;fhyk; Mz;lhh;nfhapy; vd tH';FfpwJ. ,iwtd; bgah; tLTh;ehjh;/ ,iwtpapd; bgah; tLtfph;f;fz;zpak;ik/ jPh;j;jk; bgz;izejp

74. 74. 74. 74. jpUMg;gD}h;jpUMg;gD}h;jpUMg;gD}h;jpUMg;gD}h; ghz;oa ehl;Lj;jyk;. kJiuapypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. jw;bghGJ jpU Mg;g[ilahh; nfhapy; vdtH';fg;bgWfpwJ. nrhHhe;jfd; vd;Dk; ghz;oakd;dd; bghUl;Lr; rptbgUkhd; Mg;gpdplj;Jj; njhd;wpdikahy; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ eluhrh;. rptfhkp ,Uth;fspd; cUtk; rpiyapYk; brk;gpYk; cs;sd. ,iwtd; bgah; Mg;ghD}h;f;fhuzh;. Mg;gD}hPRuh;. jpUthg;g[ilahh;. ,iwtpapd; bgah; mk;gpifak;ik. Fut';fkH;. jPh;j;jk; ,lgjPh;j;jk;.

75. jpUvUf;fj;jk;g[ypa{h;75. jpUvUf;fj;jk;g[ypa{h;75. jpUvUf;fj;jk;g[ypa{h;75. jpUvUf;fj;jk;g[ypa{h; eLehl;Lj;jyk; tpUj;jhryk; - $a';bfhz;lk; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. ,uhn$e;jpugl;odk; vdtH';FfpwJ. vUf;fpidj; jy tpUl;rkhf cila g[ypa{uhjypd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. jpUePyfz;l ahH;g;ghz ehadhh; mtjhuj;jyk;.

90

Fnyhj;J';fd; I 5-Mk; ahz;oy; Fnyhj;J';fd; cUtr;rpiy bra;J itf;fg;bgw;wJ. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; nfhapYf;F tpsf;fpw;fhf MLfSk;/ bghd;Dk; jpUtKjpw;fhf epyKk; tpl;l bra;jpia mwptpg;gd. Fnyhj;J';fd; III Ml;rp 12-Mk; Mz;oy; ghz;oaehl;ilf; iff;bfhz;lnr';fzp mk;ikag;gd; itu';fs; tH';fpdhd;. f';fd; vd;gtdhy; mh;r;rdhnghfkhf epyk; mspf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ.

72. jpUey;yk; 72. jpUey;yk; 72. jpUey;yk; 72. jpUey;yk; nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. Fk;gnfhzk; tlkl;lk; ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; nfhnehp,uh$g[uk; vd tH';Fk;. ,j;jyj;jpy; eluhrUila tpf;ufk; kpfg; bghpajhft[k; mHfhft[k; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,Ugj;bjhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; Kjy; FlKGf;F ele;J 12 Mz;Lfs; epiwtile;J mLj;j FlKGf;Ff;fhfj; jpUg;gzpfs; ele;J tUfpd;wd. Rthkp ckhknfRtuh;/ mk;ik k';fsehafp/ jPh;j;jk; rf;jpjPh;j;jk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,f;nfhapiy kJuhe;jfnjtdhd cj;jknrhHd; jha[k; fz;luhjpj;jd; kidtpa[khd brk;gpad;khnjtpahh; fU';fw;gzpahff; fl;odhs;. ,iwtd; jpUey;yKilahh;/ jpUey;yKilakfhnjth; vd tH';fg;bgWth;/ ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; nfhapypy; jpUg;gjpfk; Xj ,Utuhy; g{';Fo fpuhkj;jpy; epyk; tplg;bgw;wJ. cilagpuhl;oahh; cj;jutpd;go rhj;jd; Fzgl;ldhd murhznrfudhy; nfhapy; fl;lg;bgw;wJ. ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;jpy; bjhp";r iff;nfhsh;fspy; xUtdhd ef;fd; es;shw;wofshy; flt[spd; bts;sp tpf;ufk; xd;Wk;/ rz;nlRtuh; brg;g[tpf;ufKk; bra;tpf;fg;bgw;wd. ,d;dhuJ vd;W mwpag;bgwhj fy;btl;L xd;W brk;gpad;khnjtp fz;lhjpj;jd; bgauhy; ,j;jpUf;nfhapiyj; jpUg;gzp bra;jhd; vd;fpd;wJ. ,';nf ifyhrKilakfhnjth; Mjpj;njRtuKila kfhnjth; nfhapy;fSk; jdpj;J ,Ue;jdthf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. cj;jknrhH tpz;zfuk; vd;w tp#;q MyaKk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. ,itad;wpj; jpUey;yKilahh;nfhapy; bjw;Fg; gf;fj;Jg; gpufhuj;jpy; g[fHhguz kz;lgk; vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jjhft[k;/ mjpy; gps;isahiug; gpujpl;ilbra;af; Fnyhj;J';fd; III fhyj;jpy; epyk;

15

9. jpUes;shW9. jpUes;shW9. jpUes;shW9. jpUes;shW jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; kJiuapy; rkzh;fnshL thjpl;l nghJ/ ,j;jyj;njthug; ghlyhfpa "nghfkhh;j;j g{z; Kiyahs;" vdj; bjhl';Fk; jpUg;ghliy Vl;oy; vGjp mdypy; ,l;L mJgr;irg;gjpfkha; tps';Ftij cyfth;f;F czh;j;jp irtj;ij epiyehl;Lfpwhh;. ,J nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;/ ehifkhtl;lj;jpy; fhiuf;fhiy mLj;Js;sJ. ngusk;/ fhiuf;fhy;/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kapyhLJiw/ ehif Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,J murpyhw;Wf;Fk; th";rejpf;Fk; eLtpy; ,Ug;gjhy; es;shW vd;W miHf;fg;gLtjhapw;W. jh;g;ghuzpak;/ eftpl';ft[uk;/ ensRuk; vd;gd ,jd; kW bgah;fs;/ ,J rg;j tpl';fj; jy';fSs; xd;W. esd; tHpgl;l jyk;. g[jpa ,uh$nfhg[uk; mikf;fg;gl;L 24.03.2006-,y; kfh Fk;ghgpnlf tpHh ele;jJ. ,iwtd;bgah; es;shwh;/ ,iwtpbgah; nghfkhh;j;j g{z;Kiyak;ik/ tpehafh; fw;gftpehafh;/ brhh;ztpehafh;/ jpahfh; eftpl';fj; jpahfh;/ mk;kd; ePnyhw;gyhk;ghs;/ eldk; cd;kj;j eldk;/ ,j;jyj;jpy; rdpgfthd; re;epjp kpfr; rpwg;g[ilaJ.

10. jpUMt{h;g;gRgjPr;ruk;10. jpUMt{h;g;gRgjPr;ruk;10. jpUMt{h;g;gRgjPr;ruk;10. jpUMt{h;g;gRgjPr;ruk; jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. j";irkhtl;lk; Fk;gnfhzj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. Fk;gnfhzj;jpypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,g;bgauikg;ghy; jyj;jpd; bgah; Mt{h; vd;gJk;/ nfhapypd; bgah; gRgjPr;ruk; vd;gJk; mwpayhk;. ,e;jpud;/ rg;jhp#pfs;/ gRf;fs; g{rpj;j jyk;. Rthkpbgah; gRgjPrh;/ mk;ikbgah; k';fsehafp jPh;j;jk; gpukjPh;;j;jk;. Ie;J igut \h;j;j';fs; cs;sd. rkPgfhyj;jpy; xU FlKGf;F ele;Js;sJ. jpUf;fapyha kiyapypUe;J tha[njtdhy; bfhz;Ltug;gl;l ,uz;L kiyr;rpfu';fspy; xd;W ,e;jr; rpWkiyahFk;. kw;wJ mUfpYs;s ey;Y}hpy; tpGe;jJ khlf;nfhapy; kzpTlk; vd;W bgah;.

16

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L murh';fj;jhuhy; gobaLf;fg;gl;l fy;btl;L xd;W fh;g;gf;fpUfj;Jf;F nky;jsk; mog;gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. jphpg[tdr; rf;futh;j;jpahd \d;whk; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHnjtd; \d;whk; Ml;rp Mz;oy; epj;jtpndhj tsehl;L Mt{h;f;Tw;wj;Jg; gRgjP!;tuKilahh; nfhapYf;F epy';fs; mspj;jikiaj; bjhptpf;fpwJ.

11. jpUtz;zhkiy11. jpUtz;zhkiy11. jpUtz;zhkiy11. jpUtz;zhkiy jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; eLehl;Lj; jyk;. g[fH;bgw;w jkpHf efu';fspy; xd;W. tpGg;g[uk;/ fhl;gho tHpapy; ,uapy; epyak;. midj;J efu';fspypUe;Jk; ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. epidf;f Kj;jpfpilf;Fk; jyk;. ,J tl Mh;f;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; jpUtz;zhkiy nfhl;lj;jpd; jiyefuk;. Nhpad;/ gpujj;juh$d;/ m#;ltRf;fs;/ gpuknjtd;/ re;jpud;/ jpUkhy;/ g[sfhjpgd; Kjypnahh; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. tpj;jpahjuh;fshfpa ,Uth; xU hp#papd; rhgj;jhy; g{idahft[k; Fjpiuahft[k; ,Ue;j epiy ,j;jyj;ij tyk; te;jikapd; khwpd. ,iwtd; bgah; mz;zhkiyehjh;/ mUzhrnyRtuh; vd;Wk; TWth;. ,iwtpbgah; cz;zhKiyak;ik/ mgPjF$hk;ghs; vd;Wk; TWth;. tpehafh; bgah; _ rk;ge;jtpehafh;. Kf;FWzp tpehafh; vd;W'; TWth;. jytpUl;rk; kfpHkuk;. jPh;j;jk;jPh;j;jk;jPh;j;jk;jPh;j;jk; nfhapYf;F cs;Sk; btspapYk; kiyg;gFjpapYkhf 360 jPh;j;j';fs; cs;sd. rpwe;jit rptf';ifa[k;/ gpuk jPh;j;jKk;/ kiyg;gFjpapYs;s mf;dpjPh;j;jKk;/ ,e;jpu jPh;j;jKk; MFk;. ,e;jpu jPh;j;jj;jpy; bjg;g cw;rtk; eilbgWk;. ,j;jyj;jpy; eilbgWk; bghpatpHh fhh;j;jpifj; jpUtpHhthFk;. ,J fhh;j;jpif khjj;jpy; fhh;j;jpif ehisj; jPh;j;jkhff; bfhz;L eilbgWk;. rpj;jpiu khjj;jpy; rp;j;jpiu el;rj;jpuj;ijj; jPh;j;jkhff; bfhz;L gpunkhw;rtKk;/ g';Fdp cj;jpuj;jpy; jpUf;fy;ahzKk;. MWehs; tpHht[k;/ khrpkfj;jpy; ty;yhsd; jpUtpHht[k;/ ijkhjk; jpUt{ly; tpHht[k;/ Mdp tpHht[k;/ Moapy; mk;gpiftpHht[k;/

89

,iwtd; kufjhryh;/ ,iwtp kufjty;yp/ jPh;j;jk; mkph;j jPh;j;jk;. ,k;kiy gr;irf; fw;fshy;MdJ. vdnt kufjhryh;. jykuk; - g[spakuk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L jphpg[tdr;rf;futh;j;jp tPunjtdJ 36-Mk; Mz;od; ,uh$uh$tsehl;Lj; jpUthypehl;Lj; jpUtP';nfhakiy vd tH';fg;gl;lJ. ,iwtd;bgah; jpUtP';nfha; CUilahh; vd;W fy;btl;L TWk;. ,f;nfhapypy; MSila gps;isahh;f;Fk;/ jpUeht[f;fuR njth;f;Fk;/ MyhyRe;jug; bgUkhDf;Fk;/ ef;fPu njth;f;Fk;/ jpUg;gokhw;Wf;Fk;/ tpa";rej;Jf;Fk; tlfiu ,uh$uh$ tsehl;L kiy _ $a';bfhz;lnrhH rJh;ntjpk';fyj;Jg; bgU';Fo kfhrigahh; epyk; tpw;Wf;bfhLj;jdh;.

71. jpUm71. jpUm71. jpUm71. jpUmr;r;r;r;rpWghf;fk;rpWghf;fk;rpWghf;fk;rpWghf;fk; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;. kapyhLJiw - brd;id ghijapy; ,uapy; epiyak;. jpz;otdk; br';fy;gl;Lg; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. ,iwthpd; njh; mr;R ,w;w fhuzj;jhy; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. rptbgUkhd; jphpg[ujfd";bra;a[k; bghUl;Lj; njth;fs; mikj;j njhpy; vGe;jUSk;nghJ njth;fs; tpehafiu tz';fhikapd; mr;R Khpe;jJ vd;gJk;/ ghz;oabdhUtd; f';if kziy tz;oapy; bfhz;L tUk;nghJ/ ,j;jyj;jpw;F te;jJk; tz;o nkw;bfhz;Lk; bry;yhikapd; Cf;fpr; brYj;j mr;RKhpe;jJ. mtd; mrhPhpapdhy; bra;jpawpe;J Myaj; jpUg;gzp bra;jhd; vd;gJk; tuyhW. fz;qth; bfsjkh; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wdh;. ,iwtd; ghf;fg[nuRuh;. ,iwtp Re;juehafp. jPh;j;jk; ntjjPh;j;jk;. tpUl;rk; bfhd;iw. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHtsehl;ilr; nrh;e;jjhff; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lf; TWfpwJ. ,j;jyj;jpiwtd; mn&Rtuh; fy;btl;Lf;fspy; mr;Rf;bfhz;lUspa njth; vd tH';fg;gLfpwhh;. jphpg[tdrf;futh;j;jp nfhndhpd;ik fz;lhd; fhyj;jpy; Ml;bfhz;l ehafd; nrjpuhadhy; xUrpiy jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J ,d;dhh; rpiy vd;W mwpaf;Tltpy;iy. ,uh$nfrhpth;kd;

88

tp$aefu njtkfhuhah; fhyj;jpy; ientj;jpaj;jpw;Fk; jpUg;gzpf;Fk; gs;spbfhz;l bgUkhs; fr;rpuhaUila kfdhd Vfhk;guehjd; rpy fpuhk';fis ,iwapypbra;jhd;. njtuh$ kfhuh$h rfk; 1356-,y; 18-g; gw;Wr;rigahuhy; tPjpfSf;F ,iwapyp bra;J jpUkil tp$aj;jpw;fhft[k; ey;y bgz;zhflj;Jg; bgUkhSf;Fk; jpUkhwd; ghoapYs;s jhfe;jPh;j;jUspa ehadhUf;Fk; tpHhbra;tjw;fhf bghpaehl;lhd; ,iwapyp bra;jhh;. tpf;fpukd; fhyj;jpy; mkhthirapy; Rthkp cyhtut[k; tpsf;Ff;F bea; ,lt[k; Vw;ghL bra;ag;gl;lJ. Vidait tpsf;F Kjyhdtw;wpw;F epyk;/ bghd;/ gRf;fs;/ bey; Kjypad mspj;jikiaf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

69. jpUg;gy;ytdPr;ruk;69. jpUg;gy;ytdPr;ruk;69. jpUg;gy;ytdPr;ruk;69. jpUg;gy;ytdPr;ruk; nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;/ g{k;g[fhhpy; cs;sJ. kapyhLJiw/ rPfhHp efh;fspypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cz;L. ,j;jyk; fhtphpg;g{k;gl;odj;Jg; gy;ytdPr;ruk; vdg; bgah; bgWk;/ gy;ytuhrd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. ,aw;gif ehadhUk; gl;odj;Jg; gps;isa[k; mtjhuk; bra;jUspa jyk;. ,iwtd; gy;ytndRtuh;/ ,iwtp brse;juehafp/ jPh;j;jk; fhtphp r';fkjPh;;j;jk;.

70. jpU<';nfha;kiy70. jpU<';nfha;kiy70. jpU<';nfha;kiy70. jpU<';nfha;kiy nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp – ehkf;fy; ngUe;J tHpapy; Krpwpf;F nkw;nf 3 fp.kP bjhiytpy; mfz;lfhtphpapd; tlfiuapYs;sJ. jw;fhyk; jpUtp';fehjkiy vd kUtp tH';Ffpd;wJ. mfj;jpah; < cUtha;g; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wikapd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. Mjpnrld;/ tha[njtd; typikg; nghl;oapy; tpGe;j kiyr;rpfu';fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;W. fhtphpj; bjd;fiuapy; cs;s flk;ge;Jiwiaf; fhiyapYk;/ jpUthl;nghf;fpia ez;gfypYk; ,j;jyj;ij khiyapYk;/ xnuehspy; tHpgLjy; kpf;f gaidj; jUk;. fhiyf; flk;gh; kj;jpahdr; brhf;fh; khiyj; jpUtp';fehjh; vd;gJ gHbkhHp. nfhapy; 900 mo caukhd rpwpa Fd;wpd; nky; mike;Js;sJ.

17

gtpj;nuhw;rtk;/ etuhj;jphp/ fe;jr#;o/ jpUbtk;ghit cw;rtk;/ jpUthjpiu Kjypadt[k; rpwg;ghff; bfhz;lhlg; bgWfpd;wd. maDk; khYk; mfe;ijbfhz;L/ moKonjl md;dKk; tuhfKkhf khwpj; njo maw;rp mile;jhuhf/ mf;fpdp totha; epd;W mUs;bra;jth; mz;zhkiyehjh;. KUfd; jhUfid tj";bra;J tz';fpr;brd;w jyk; gytw;Ws; ,Jt[k; xd;W. rk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh;/ kzpthrfh; ,k; \tuhYk; ghly; bgw;wJ. Re;juh; ghoajhfg; ghly; ,y;iyahapDk; nrf;fpHhh; tuyhw;why; Cfpf;fntz;oa[s;sJ. ef;fPuh;/ guzh;/ fgpyh;/ gl;odj;jhh; Mfpa ,e;ehy;tUk; mz;zhkiyiag; gw;wpg;ghoa ghf;fs; gjpbdhuhe;jpUKiwapy; cs;sd. tr;rpuh';fjd; vd;Dk; ghz;oad; jpdKk; tyk;te;J jpUg;gzp gy bra;Js;shd;. ty;yhskfhuh$d; mz;zhkiyia Mz;Lte;jhd;. mUzfphpehjh; nfhg[uj;jpypUe;J ,wf;f vz;zp tPH;e;jnghJ KUfd; njhd;wp mUs;bra;jhd;. Fifekr;rpthah;/ FUekr;rpthah; Kjyhdth;fs; rpj;jp gy bra;jdh;. nfhapypd; tlfpHf;F \iyapy; Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk; cs;sJ. fpHf;Fg;gf;fj;jpy; EiHa[k; nghJs;s cl;nfhg[uk; ty;yhskfhuh$d; nfhg[uk; vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwJ. ty;yhsnfhg[uj;jpd; tlfpHf;F \iyapy; rf;jptpyh!Kk; cs;sJ. nkw;F nehf;fp cl;brd;why; fpspf;nfhg[uk; fhzyhk;. jytpUl;rj;jpw;F nkw;nf fy;ahzkz;lgk; cs;sJ. epiwepyh ehsd;W gpujpkhjKk; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fs; kiyiaf; fphptyk; tUfpwhh;fs;. fphptyg; ghij fw;gidf;bfl;lhj mst[ tsh;r;rp mile;Js;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L gjpt[ bra;ag;bgw;w bkhj;jf; fy;btl;Lf;fs; 119. ,itfspy; bgUk;ghyd nrhHh;fhyj;jd. jpUtpsf;nfw;wy;/ jpUk";rdk;/ jpUee;jdtdk;/ jpUtKJ/ jpUbtGr;rp/ moahh;f;F mKjspj;jy; Kjypa gy mw';fSf;fhf epyk;/ bghd;/ fhy;eil Kjypadtw;iw mspj;jikia mwptpf;fpd;wd. ghz;oah;/ gy;yth;/ bQha;rskd;duhd tPuty;yhsnjth;/ tp$aefuj;J uhah;/ j";rht{h; ehaf;fh; kw;Wk; tzpfh;/ ntshsh; Kjypath;fs; fy;btl;Lf;fSk; fhzf;fplf;fpd;wd. Kjy; ,uhn$e;jpuDila fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp 1038) jpUtz;zhkiy/ kJuhe;jftsehl;Lg; bgz;iz tlfiuj; jpUtz;zhkiy vd;Wk;/ \d;whk; Fnyhj;J';fd; (fp.gp 1179) fhyj;jpy; ,uh$uh$ tsehl;L thznfhg;gho bgz;iz tlfiu

18

mz;zhehl;Lj;jpUtz;zhkiy vd;Wk;/ nkw;go nrhHDila 27-Mk; Ml;rp Mz;oy; (fp.gp 1204) thznfhg;ghog; bgz;iz tlfiu mz;zh ehl;Lj; jpUtz;zhkiy vd;Wk; tp$aefu ,uhah;fs; fhyj;jpy; b$a';bfhz;l nrhHkz;lyj;Jr; br';Fd;wf; nfhl;lj;Jg; bgz;iztlfiu thznfhg;gho mz;zhehl;Lj; jdpa{h; jpUtz;zhkiy vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; jpUtz;zhkiyapd; cs;sl';fpa tsehl;Lg; bgah; Kjypy; kJuhe;jftsehL vd;wpUe;J/ gpwF ,uh$uh$ tsehL vd;W khwp/ ,Wjpapy; b$a';bfhz;l nrhH kz;lyk; Mapw;bwd;Wk;/ ,k;kz;lyj;jpd; cl;gphpthfpa br';Fd;wf; nfhl;lj;jpDs; mz;zhehl;Lj; jdpa{uhff; Fwpf;fg;gl;l bjhd;Wk; mwpaf;fplf;Fk;. gy;yth; fhyj;jpw;F Ke;jpa fy;btl;blhd;Wk; ,y;yhikahy;/ nfhapy; br';fw;Rij khlkhf ,Ue;jbjd;Wk;/ kiyapd; nky; mz;zhkiyahh; nfhapy;bfhz;oUe;jpUf;f ntz;Lbkd;Wk; a{fpf;f ntz;oa[s;sJ. Kjw;gpuhfhuj;Jr; Rthpy; f';if bfhz;l ,uhn$e;jpud; fy;btl;L (fp.gp 1028) fhzg;bgWtjhy;/ ,jw;F Kd;ng fU';fy; jpUg;gzp ele;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;/ Kjw;gpuhfhuj;J tps';Fk; Vfhk;guehjh; nfhapy;/ rpjk;gnurh; nfhapy; Mfpa ,uz;od; Rth;fspYk; fp.gp gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;Lr; rh!d';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fpspf;nfhg[uj;J 33 fy;btl;oy; giHika[ila tPuuhn$e;jpu nrhHdJ ,uz;lhtJ Ml;rpahz;od; (fp.gp 1063) Kd;ng fU';fy; jpUg;gzpahapUf;f ntz;Lk;. jpUf;fhkf;nfhl;lKila cz;zhKiyehr;rpahh; nfhl;lk; jdpahf fp.gp 12-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; mikf;fg;bgw;wJ. fy;btl;Lfspy; jpUf;fhkf; nfhl;lk; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWk;. gjpd;\d;whk; E}w;whz;od; eLg;gFjpapy; vGe;j fy;btl;Lf;fspy; tPuuhftd; jpUkjpy;/ thzhjpuhad; jpUkjpy;/ jpUntfk;gKilahd; jpUkjpy; Kjypad Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mk;ikag;gd; re;epjpf;F ,ilapy; nkw;gf;fj;jpy; e';ifahH; tPRtuk; vd;D'; nfhapy; gy;ytFLk;gj;ijr; nrh;e;j xU murpahy; (fp.gp 1269) vLg;gpf;fg; gjpdhyof; nfhyhy; gjpd;\d;wiuFHp tpw;Wg; gjpdhapuk; bghw;fhR bgw;Wf; fl;oagFjp ,d;W ,y;iy. fpU#;znjtuhah; (fp.gp 1516) Mapu';fhy; kz;lgj;ija[k;/ vjphpYs;s jpUf;Fsj;ija[k;/ gjpbdhU epiyapYs;s nfhg[uj;ija[k;/ ntWgy jpUg;gzpfisa[k; mikj;jik mwpag;gLfpwJ. gy;ytkd;ddhd nfhg;bgU";rp';fDk;/ mtd; kfd; ntzht[ilahDk; bra;j jpUg;gzpfs; kpfg;gy. g{i$f;Fk;

87

Rthkpbgah; Rlh;f;bfhGe;Jehjh;. mk;ik fle;ij ehafp. jPh;j;jk; bfoyejp. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L gunfrhpth;kdhd ,uhn$e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; tlfiu ,uh$hjpuh$ tsehl;L nkw;fhehl;Lg; gpuknjakhd Ko bfhz;l nrhH rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jj; jpUj;J}';fhid khlKila kfhnjth; vdt[k; jpUj;J}';fhidkhlKila ehadhh; vdt[k; ey;y bgz;zhflj;jpYs;s tPw;wpUe;j bgUkhs; vdt[k; jpUj;J}';fhid khlj;Jf;flt[s; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,itad;wp nfhapYs; nfhr;br';fnzRtuKilahh; nfhapYk;/ kJuhe;jf <r;ruKilahh; nfhapYk;/ jdpikahfg; gs;spbfhz;l bgUkhs; nfhapYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J tlfapyhaKila kfhnjth;f;F tpUjuhr ga';fu tsehl;L nkw;fhehl;L Kobfhz;l nrhHrJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jr; rigahuhy; epyk; jhdk; tH';fg;gl;lJ. jpUj;J}';fhid khlKila kfhnjth; nfhapYf;Fk; nfhr;br';fnzRtuKilahh; nfhapYf;Fk; Kobfhz;lnrhH rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jj; njtjhdkhd fpuhkj;ijr; nrhprigahh; ,iwapypbra;jdh;. Fnyhj;J';fd; jhd;gpwe;j ehshfpa khjg{r tpHhit elj;jt[k; nfhapy; ehl;g{irf;fhft[k; epykspf;f cj;jutpl;lhd;. nkYk; kJuhe;jnfRtuKilahh; nfhapypYs;s ,U rptg;gpuhzkh;fSf;F cztspf;fg; gzk; tH';fg;gl;lJ. gunfrhpth;kdhd ,uhn$e;jpud; fhyj;J/ jpUj;J}';fhidkhlKila kfhnjth; nfhapYf;Fj; J}z;lh tpsf;bfhpf;fg; gRf;fs; tH';fg;gl;ld. bjd;fiu epj;jtpndhj tsehl;Lf; fpHhh;f;Tw;wj;Jf; fPHey;Y}h; cila xUtd; gRf;fs; mspj;j bra;jp Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. flt[Sf;F ePuhl;lt[k; ghh;g;gdh;fSf;F md;dkspf;ft[k; _uhkd; _juuhd gtpj;jpu khzpf;fr;nrhp cilahd; xUtdhy; Vw;ghLbra;ag;gl;lJ. ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd uh$uh$d; Kj;jpiuaplg;gl;l msitfshy; tpahghhpfs; bghUs;fis msf;ft[k; rpy thpfisf; nfhapYf;fspf;ft[k; Vw;ghLbra;jhd; 249-MtJ fy;btl;lhy; \thaputd; nfhy; vd;w ePl;lysit (15 mo) ahy; epykse;j bra;jp bjhpfpwJ. gunfrhpth;kdhd tpf;fpukd; fhyj;J miuad; Mjpj;jnjtd; njth;fs;ehjd; vd;w kuf;fhiyg; gad;gLj;jpa[s;shd;. Fynrfud; fhyj;Jg; bghd;ngj;jp mk;gyj;jho mHfdhy; kz;lgKk;/ Kfg;g[k; fl;lg;gl;ld. murd; ke;jphpahd ikapU";nrhiy/ kz;lg'; fl;oa[s;shd;.

86

66. jpUnt66. jpUnt66. jpUnt66. jpUntw;fhL w;fhL w;fhL w;fhL bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;. brd;idiar; nrh;e;j jyk;. brd;idapypUe;J efug; ngUe;Jfs; gy cs;sd. ,';F nty; jytpUl;rkhjypd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. ,';Fs;s ,iwtd; mfj;jpaUf;F kzf;nfhy';fhl;oaUspdhh;. Rg;gpukzpah;/ Nurk;fhuj;jpd; gpd; g{rpj;j jyk;. ,iwtd;bgah; - ntw;fhl;Lehjh;/ ntjg[hPRtuh;/ ,iwtpapd; bgah; - nkw;fz;zpak;ik/ jPh;j;jk; - ntyha[jjPh;j;jk;/ tpUl;rk; - nty; fUkhhpak;kd; nfhapy; gpurpj;jkhdJ.

67. jpUf;futPuk;67. jpUf;futPuk;67. jpUf;futPuk;67. jpUf;futPuk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;/ ,j;jyk; fiuag[uk; vd tH';Fk;/ jpUth+h;/ Fk;gnfhzk; ngUe;J tHpj;jlj;jpy; cs;sJ. bfsjkh; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. futPuk; - bghd; myhp/ myhpiaj; jykukhff; bfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; futPuk; vd;whaJ. ,iwtd; futPuehjh;. ,iwtp gpuj;jpal;rkpd;dk;ik. jPh;j;jk; mdtuj jPh;j;jk;. ,j;jyk; jpUth+Uf;F nkw;nf cs;sJ.

68. jpUj;J}';fhidkhlk; 68. jpUj;J}';fhidkhlk; 68. jpUj;J}';fhidkhlk; 68. jpUj;J}';fhidkhlk; (bgz;zhflk;)(bgz;zhflk;)(bgz;zhflk;)(bgz;zhflk;)

eLehl;Lj; jyk;. tpUj;jhryj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; bgz;zhflk; vdt[k; jpUf;fle;ijefh; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. bgz; (njtfd;dpah;) M (fhknjD) flk; (bts;isahid) Mfpa ,th;fs; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wjhjypd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. Myaj;jpd; bgah; J}';fhidkhlk;. mg;guofs; "bghd;dhh;jpUtof; bfhd;Wz;L tpz;zg;gk;" vd;nwj;jpj; jk;Kila njhspd;nky; Nyf;Fwpa[k; ,lgf;Fwpa[k; bgw;w jyk;. ,';ftjhpj;j fypf;fk;gehadhh; xU ehs; jk;gzpahsnd rptdoahuhf tu/ jk;kidtp mtUf;F ePh;thh;f;fj; jhH;e;jikia awpe;J kidtpapd; fuj;ij ths;bfhz;L btl;o tPLbgw;whh;. bka;fz;l njthpd; jfg;gdhh; mr;Rj fsg;ghsh; thH;e;j jyKk; ,Jnt.

19

jpUg;gzpf;Fkhf "mz;zh kiyehjh; njtjhdg;gw;Wf;fSk;/ mz;zhehl;L ehw;ghf; bfy;iyf; Fl;gl;l ed;bra; g[d;bra; Mf cs;s epyj;jpw;F Mak; gho fhtyhy; te;j bey;Yk; fhrhaKk; kw;Wk; vg;ngh;g;gl;l gy;yha';fSk;" ,td; jhdkhf <e;jhd;. fy;btl;Lf;fspy; fhzg;bgWk; nfhapy; mjpfhhpfs; _Uj;jpuh;/ _khnfRuh;/ _khnfRuf; fz;fhzp bra;thh;. jhdj;jhh;/ jhdgjp khnfRuh;/ njtfd;kpfs;/ nfhapw;fzf;fh;/ _fhhpa";bra;thh; vdg; gyuhth;. ,thpy; _khnfRuh; jh;krhrd';fs; xG';fhf eilbgwf; fhhpak; ghhg;;gtuhth;. mz;zhkiyehjUf;Fk; cz;zhKiy mk;ikf;Fk; gpr;rnjth; Kjypa \h;j;jpfl;Fk; jpUg;gs;sp vGr;rp/ rpWfhiyr;re;jp/ cr;rpg;nghJ/ ,uit/ mh;j;jrhkk; Kjypa fhy';fspy; mKJ Kjypatw;wpw;F epyk; mspj;jik mwpayhk;. rpy rh!d';fspy; gpukehadhh; bghpaklj;J Kjypahh;/ itaw; bjhGthh; bghpaklj;J Kjypahh;/ CUf;Fg; bghpa klj;J Kjypahh;/ jPUtz;zhkiy cilahh; jpUKw;wj;nj ,uhn$e;jpunrhHd; rhiy/ fh';nfad;klk;/ mk;ikklk; Kjypad mwpag;gLk; bra;jpfs;. bea;/ kpsF/ cg;g[/ japh;/ milf;fha;/ btw;wpiy/ rPufk;/ thiHg;gHk;/ thiHapiy Kjypad bey;yse;J bgwg;gl;lit/ k';ifah;;f;furp vd;Dk; e';if jd;dhguz';fistpw;w bghUs; bfhz;Lk;/ bey;iyf; bfhz;Lk;/ Vhpg[Jf;fp cjtpdhs; vd;w bra;jp fy;btl;lhy; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

12. jpUKJFd;wk; 12. jpUKJFd;wk; 12. jpUKJFd;wk; 12. jpUKJFd;wk; eLehl;Lj; jy';fspy; 9-MtJ jyk;. tpUj;jhryk; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. rpjk;guk;/ nryk; Kjypa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. flY}h; - nryk; ,Ug;g[g; ghijapy; ,uapy; epiyak; cs;sJ. Rthkpbgah; KJFd;wehjh;/ gHkiyehjh;/ mk;ik bgah; bghpaehafp.

20

jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; epj;ahde;jTgk;/ mf;fpdpjPh;;j;jk;/ rf;fujPh;j;jk;/ Fngu jPh;j;jk; vd;gd. kzpKj;jhW rpwg;g[ilaJ. jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; jytpUl;rk; td;dpkuk;. kpfj; bjhd;ikahd kuk;. nfhapypd; tlf;Ff; nfhg[uj;jpw;F neh;tlf;nfa[s;s kzpKj;jhw;Wg; gFjpf;Fg; g[z;zpakL vd;W bgah;. ,';nfjhd; ,we;jth;fspd; vYk;g[fis ,l;L KGFtJ tHf;fk;. ,';nf MHj;Jg; gps;isahh; vd;gJ jytpehafh; jpUg;bgah;. Kjy; gpuhfhuj;jpw;Ff; ifyhrg; gpuhfhuk; vd;W bgah;. ,e;jg; gpuhfhuj;jpy; tlnkw;F\iyapy; ntW ve;j Myaj;jpYk; ,y;yhj ,Ugj;bjl;L Mfkf;nfhapy; cs;sJ. mk;ik jpUKf kz;lyk; fpHf;Fnehf;fpaJ. mk;ikapd; jpUehkk; tlbkhHpapy; tpUj;jhk;gpif. Rthkp bgah; tpUj;jfphPrh;. fw;gf kunk td;dpkukhf te;J gHkiy ehjh; jpUf;nfhapy; jpUg;gzpiar; bra;jjhf tuyhW. cw;rt \h;j;jpehkk; bghpaehafh;. ,th; Mz;ow;F xUKiw khrpkf tpHhtpy; Mwhe; jpUehs; kl;Lnk vGe;jUspf; fhl;rp tG';Fthh;. gpukd; gilg;g[f;FKd; rptbgUkhd; jhnk kiytothfpepw;fg; gpukd; mjidawpahJ/ gy kiyfisa[k; gilj;J/ mtw;iw epiybgWj;j ,lkpd;wp ka';fr; rptbgUkhd; njhd;wpaUsp jhnd gHkiyahjiyj; bjsptpj;jhh;. Mjypd; KJFd;wk; vdt[k;/ gHkiy vdt[k; tH';Ftjhapw;W. ehd;F thapYf;Fk; ehd;F ,uh$ nfhg[u';fs; mike;Js;sd. ,Ugj;jp xd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F tpHh ele;njwpa[s;sJ. tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; Rf;fpuhrhhpahh;/ ahf;"ty;f;fpa Kdpth;/ rpfz;o/ nfhrpfd;/ tpjh;f;fzbrl;o/ tpgrpj;J Kdpth;/ mfj;jpah;/ Rntj kd;dh;/ ehjrh;kh/ meth;j;jpdp Kjypnahh;. Re;ju\h;j;jp Rthkpfs; jpUg;gjpfk;ghog; gd;dPuhapuk; bghd; bgw;W mjid kzpKj;jhw;wpypl;Lj; jpUth+hpy; bgw;w mw;g[jk; epfH;e;j ,lk;/ Mw;wpypl;L Fsj;jpy; vLj;j fij ,JntahFk;. ,j;jyj;jpy; tpHh epfH Vw;ghLfs; bra;jth; fr;rpuhakd;dh;. Jwt[g{z;L cz;ik "hdpahd fd;dlehl;L Kd;dh; xUth;f;fhf ,iwtnd jz;zPh;g; ge;jy; itj;Jf;fhj;jjhft[k;/ mk;ik mtUf;Fg; ghyspj;Jf; Fkhunjth; vdj; jpUehkk; Nl;o miHj;jjhft[k;/ Fkhu njth;f;fhf mk;ik ghyk;gpifahfp mKJ gilj;jjhft[k; tuyhW. fp.gp 11-Mk; E}w;whz;od; gpw;gFjpapy; thH;e;j

85

65. jpUg;ghw;Wiw65. jpUg;ghw;Wiw65. jpUg;ghw;Wiw65. jpUg;ghw;Wiw

nrhH tsehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J fy;yiz bry;Yk; ngUe;jpy; Vwp/ gidag[uk; vd;w Chpy; ,w';fp/ tlf;Fnehf;fp tuntz;Lk; ,j;jyj;Jg; nghe;j khh;f;fz;nlaKdpth; rptg{irf;Fg; ghy; ,y;yhikahy; tUe;jpa nghJ/ rptbgUkhd; mUspdhy; ghy; bgUfpaJ Mjyhy; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. bfhs;spl ejpapd; bjd;fiuapy; cs;sJ. ,iwtd;bgah; jpU\yehjh; - \yehnjRtuh; ,iwtpapd; bgah; nkhfehafp/ nkfyhk;gpif/ jPh;j;jk; - jpUf;Fsk;. ,lk; jpUthidf;fhtpypUe;J fpHf;nf 8 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. 2014-Mk; Mz;L jpUg;gzp epiwt[bgw;Wf; FlKGf;F tpHh epiwntwpa[s;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wp murpayhuhy; gobaLf;fg;gl;l fy;btl;Lf;fs; gjpdhW cs;sd. mit Kjw;guhe;jfd; gunfrhpth;kdhd tpf;fpuknrhHd; ,uh$uh$d;/ ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHnjtd; fhyj;jd. mtw;why; ,j;jyk; bfhs;splj;Jj; bjd;fiuehl;Lg; gpuknjakhd cj;jkrPyp rJh;ntjpk';fyj;Jj; jpUg;ghy;Jiw vd tpf;fpuknrhHd; fhyj;Jf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtd; jpUg;ghy;Jiw kfhnjth; vd;Wk; jpUg;ghy;Jiw ehadhh; vd;Wk; jpUg;ghy;Jiw cilahh; vd;Wk; tH';fg;gLfpwhh; fy;btl;Lf; Fwpg;ghsh; Mjp\nyRtuh; vd;W miHf;fpwhh;. jyk; jpUg;ghiyj;Jiw vd ,f;fhyj;J tH';FfpwJ. nfhapYf;fz;ikapy; jpUeht[f;furh; jpUklKk; Mz;lhh; vk;gpuhdhh; klk; vdg;bghpa yp';fpa re;jhdj;J klKk;/ jpUthidf;fh jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; klKk;/ ehw;gj;bjz;zhaputh; jpUklKk; ,Ue;jdthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpw;F murh;fs; epyk; tH';fpa bra;jpa[k; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; jpUf;nfhapYf;F tpsf;fpw;fhf epyKk; gRt[k; MLk; tpl;l bra;jpia mwptpg;gd. ,itad;wp/ nfhapYf;F tlgf;fj;jpy; fhf;Fk; ehafd;klk; vd;w xd;W ,Ue;jjhft[k; mjw;F Kk;Kor; nrhHk';fyj;Jr; rigahh; epykspj;jjhft[k; bjhpfpwJ. jpUg;gdk;g[J}h; gunkRtuUf;F mhpFynfrhpnjtuhy; cj;jkrPyp rJh;ntjp k';fyj;J epyk;tpl;l bra;jpa[k; mwpag;gLfpwJ.

84

cs;sd. mtw;Ws; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ fp.K 2-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; vGe;j gpuhkp vGj;jhy; vGjg;gl;l fy;btl;lhFk;. bjhlh;r;rpahfg; gy fy;btl;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit gy;yt fpue;jj;jhYk;/ jkpHhYk; Mf;fg;bgw;wd. ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; ,td; Ml;rp gjpdhwhk; Mz;oy; rhFgof;Ff; bfhz;L tug;glhj epy';fisf; Fiwe;jtpiyahf Ie;J fH";Rf;F tpw;W epyk; tpisr;rYf;F te;j gpwF epyk; th';fpath;fs; jpUtpHhf; fhy';fspy; rpj;jpiuj; jpUehspy; xd;gJ ehl;fSf;Fg; gd;kh nfRtuh;fSf;Fk; czt[ ,Lk;go cj;jutpl;lhd;. ghz;oad; khwd; rilad; ghz;oad; khwd; rilad; ghz;oad; khwd; rilad; ghz;oad; khwd; rilad; ,td; Ml;rp 4-Mk; Mz;oy; epykspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,jpy; ,iwtd; jpUkiyg; bgUkhd; vd;wiHf;fg;gLfpwhd;. nt';fl njtkfhuhah; rfk; 1351 tPug;g ehaf;fUila nkd;ikf;fhf epykspj;jhh;. kJiu tp$aefu brhf;fehj ehaf;fUila fhyj;jpy; eurge;JY vd;Dk; jd;te;jphp itj;jpaUf;F ,iwapypahf epykspf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thnw jpUkiy mg;guhaj; bjhz;ilkhd; kfDk;/ jpUkiyuhaj; bjhz;ilkhd; nguDkhd ,uh$h tp$auFehj; bjhz;ilkhd; rfk; 1772-,y; fp.gp 1805-,y; xuhz;of;nfho fpuhkj;ijj; njdhk;gl;lzk; ,Usg;g Kjypahhplk; mspj;J jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapy; mwr;rhiyelj;j Vw;ghL bra;jhd;. ey;yg;g fhyhl;fj; njhHuhYk;/ u';fg;g fhyhl;fj; njhHuhYk; mspf;fg;gl;l njtjhd';fis mwptpf;Fk; brg;g[g;gl;la';fs; cs;s fy;btl;Lf;fspy; rpwg;ghff; Fiff;nfhapy; gpd;Rthpy; jphprpuhkiy me;jhjpbahd;W vGjg; bgw;Ws;sJ. mJ 103 ghly;fis cilaJ. mjpy; 104-Mk; ghlyhf khl kJiu kzY}h; kjpy; ntk;ig/ nahlkh; nra;"Y}h; Fz;?hpd; - ePoa/ ew;gjpf;nfhd; ehuhazd;rpuhkiynky;/ fw;gjpj;jhd; brhd;d ftp vd;wjhy; ehuhazd; vd;gtd; fy;btl;Ltpj;jhd; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

21

,yp';fhbul;oahUk;/ mth; kfd; mz;zhkiybul;oahUk; jpUg;gzp bra;J fp.gp 1623-,y; Fk;ghgpn#fk; bra;jdh;. mz;ikapy; 1994-,y; kfhFk;ghgpn#fk; epfH;;j;jg; bgw;Ws;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd Fnyhj;J';fnrhHd; fhyj;jpy; ,j;jyk; tpUjuh$ga';fu tsehl;L nkw;fhehl;L ,U';nfhsg; ghoapd; xUgFjpahd kUt{h;f;Tw;wj;Jj; jpUKJFd;wk; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. Rthkpbgah; KJFd;Wila ehadhh; vdt[k;/ jpUKJFd;wj;Jilahh; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wJ. nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; Rthkpf;F xU kh';fha;khiya[k;/ tpsf;Fg; bghd;Dk;/ MLfSk;/ gRf;fSk; mspj;jhd;. ,uh$uh$d;/ gunfrhpth;kd;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; ,th;fSk; gRf;fisa[k;/ bghd;ida[k;/ epyj;ija[k; mspj;jdh;. ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd Fnyhj;J';fdJ fhyj;J/ Msg; gpwe;jhd; VHpir nkhfdhd Fnyhj;J';fnrhH fhltuhjpj;jd; ,iwtw;F !;egdkz;lgk; fl;odhd;. g[f;fz cilahh;/ u';fg;g ehafh;/ brt;tg;gehafd; ,th;fs; fhyj;jpa epge;j';fSk; kpFjpahf cs;sd. rfk; 1545-,y; fr;rpuhad; vd;gtd; Fir fhtyDf;F ehd;F fyk; bey; bfhLf;f Vw;ghL bra;jpUe;jhd;. u';fg;gkhituhah; vd;gth; mhpaY}h; re;ijg;ngl;ilapy; \l;il xd;Wf;F my;yJ Ms;J}f;ff;Toa if\l;il ,uz;Lf;F xUfhR tpGf;fhL thpth';fpf;bfhs;s chpik tH';fpapUf;fpwhh;. fp.gp 16-Mk; E}w;whz;oddhd brt;tg;gehafd; ehd;F ,uhrnfhg[u';fisa[k; fl;oajhfr; brhy;th;. fp.gp 1602-,y; Kj;Jf;fpU#;zg;guhah; vd;gth; jpUKJFd;wKilahh;f;Fg; g";rhtuzg; gpuhfhuk; fl;oitj;jjhfj; bjhpfpd;wJ. mg;gpuhfhuk;/ g[wkjpYf;F btspapypUe;J Kfkjpah; fyfj;jpy; ,oe;Jnghdjhff; TWth;. bjd;dhw;fhL khtl;l Ml;rpauhf ,Ue;j iQl;Jiu ifyhrg;gpuhfhuj;jpw;Fj; jsthpir nghl;ljhy; ,d;Wk; mJ iQl; jsthpirbad tH';Ffpd;wJ.

13. tpaY}h;13. tpaY}h;13. tpaY}h;13. tpaY}h; ,j;jyk; gz;lhuthil jpUtpaey;Y}h; vd;W tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. tpaY}h; vd;w bganuhL j";ir khtl;lj;jpy; ntW ,uz;L Ch;fSk; cs;sd. nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphptlfiuj; jyk;. j";ir khtl;lk; Fk;gnfhzj;jpypUe;J ntg;gj;J}h; tHpahfg; ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. Rthkpbgah; nahfhde;jPRtuh;/ mk;ikbgah; rhe;jehafp/ jPh;j;jk;

22

rlha[jPh;j;jk;/ ,iwtd; g[uhjndRtuh;/ tpy;thuz;naRtuh; vdt[k; bgah; bgWth;. mk;ik brse;juehafp vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWth;. $lha[ tHpgl;Lg; nghpd;gk; va;jpa jyk;. irtrka rhj;jpu E}yhd jpUt[e;jpahh; vd;w E}iy mUspa jpUca;ate;j njtdhh; mtjhpj;j jyk; tpaY}uhFk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L murpayhh; gobaLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; bkhj;jk; 94 cs;sd. ,j;jyk; fp.gp 985 – 1013-,y; murhz;l Kjy; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;J mtdpehuhaz rJh;ntjp k';fyj;ijr; nrh;e;jbjd;Wk;. 1011 – 1043-,y; murhz;l ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHnjtd; fhyj;J tlfiu ,uhn$e;jpu rpk;ktsehl;L kz;zp ehl;Lg; gpuk;knjakhd ntg;gj;J}h; nrhHkhh;j;jhz;l rJh;ntjp k';fyj;ijr; nrh;e;jJ vd;Wk; bjhpfpwJ. Rthkpbgah; rptnahfehjh; vdt[k; ckhknfrUf;F Mz;lehafh; vdt[k; fy;btl;Lf;fs; bgah; TWfpd;wd. ,j;jyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lfshy; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;w nrhHkd;dh;fs; gd;dpUth;. ghz;oah; xUth;/ tp$aefu fpU#;znjtuhah; xUth;. ,th;fspy; fp.gp 862 Kjy; 894 tiu Mz;l ghz;oa kd;ddhfpa tuFz ghz;oadJ 38-Mk; Mz;od; epfH;r;rp xd;W Fwpf;fg;bgWtjhy; ,f;nfhapy; mjw;FKd;ng fw;wpUg;gzpahfr; bra;ag;bgw;wik bjspt[. guhe;jfd; fp.gp 907 Kjy; 947 tiu Ml;rpelj;jpatd;. ,tDila Ml;rp 16-Mk; Mz;oy; tpsf;fPl;ow;fhf MLfs; tplg;bgw;wd. bghd;Dk; bfhLf;fg;bgw;wd. ,td; kJiu bfhz;l gunfrhpth;kd; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;whd;. guhe;jfd; I & II fhy';fspy; tpsf;Ff;fhfg; bghd;Dk;/ MLfSk;/ mgpn#fj; jputpa';fl;fhf epyKk; mspf;fg;bgw;wd. brk;gpad; fhiuf;fhL cilahdhYk; guhe;jfg; gy;ytuhad; vd;gtdhYk; tpsf;fpw;fhf MLfSk; gzKk; mspf;fg;bgw;wd. ,td; jUk';fspy; tpsf;fpw;fhf mspj;jikna bghpJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tprY}h; cila ehadhh;f;Fj; jpUk";rdePh; fhtphpapypUe;J bfhz;Ltu epyk; tpl;lhd;. ,jpy; jpUtprY}h; kfhnjt gl;lhufh; vd ,iwtd; jpUehkk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ.

Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fp.gp 985 Kjy; 1013 tiuapy; Mz;ltd;. ,td; fhyj;jpy; nfhtpy; tpsf;Ff;Fg; gzk; bfhLf;fg;gl;l bra;jpfs; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. fpuhk';fspd; epytpw;gidfSk; bghwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd. ,tDila murp xUj;jp bghd;dspj;jpUf;fpd;whs;. jpUk";rdj;jpy; ,lg;bgWfpd;w !;jhd jputpa';fSf;fht[k;/ gpuhkz ngh$dj;jpw;fhft[k;

83

vdf;TWth;. fy;btl;Lfspy; ,iwtd; jpUkiyg; bgUkhd; mofs; vd;w bgauhy; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wdh;. cr;rpg;gps;isahh;/ khzpf;ftpehafh; Mya';fSk;/ bksdklk; KUfd; nfhapYk; kpfr;rpwg;g[ilad. jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; fhtphp/ rptf';if/ ed;Wilahd;/ jPajpy;yhd;/ gpukjPh;j;jk; Kjypad cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ed;Wilahd;/ jPajpy;yhd; vd;w jPh;j;j';fs; "hdrk;ge;jh; bja;tthf;fpYk; epfH;td. ,itad;wpj; bjg;gf;Fsk; xd;Wz;L. mJ 16-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; murhz;l tpRtehj ehafh; btl;Ltpj;jJ. ,J nkUtpd; rpfu';fspy; xd;W. MjpnrlDf;Fk;/ tha[njtDf;Fk; ele;j brhw;nghl;oahy; gphpe;j rpfu';fspy; xd;W jpUf;fhsj;jp/ kw;bwhd;W jphpnfhzkiy/ kw;bwhd;W jphpruhkiy vd;W g[uhzk; TWk;. fUt[aph;f;f tUe;jpa ,uj;jpdhtjpapd; epiwe;j md;gpw;fpu';fpg; bgUkhnd jhahf vGe;jUspg; gzpgy g[hpe;J ghJfhj;jhh; Mjyhy; jha[khdhh; Mapdhh;. brt;te;jpg;g{itj; jpUoa rptj;jputpahgfhhpahd g{thzpfidf; fz;of;fhj guhe;jfdJ mur mePjpiaf; fz;L rhukhKdpth; ntz;Lnfhl;go bgUkhd; nkw;Fg; gf;fkhf ciwa{iug; ghh;f;fj; jpUk;gpdhh;. kz; khhpahy; efh; mHpe;jJ. kd;dd; mHpe;jhd; kd;dd; kidtp fUt[w;wpUe;jhs;. fhtphpapy; tPH;e;jhs;/ me;jzd; xUtd; ghJfhj;jhd;. fhpfhyd; gpwe;jhd;. fUt[w;w Mjpj;jnrhHd; kidtpahfpa fhe;jpkjpf;F ,iwtd; jhnd njhd;wpf; fhl;rp bfhLj;J/ jhd;nwhd;wPrh; vd;w jpUehkk; bgw;w tuyhWfSk; g[uhz';fspy; ngrg;gLfpd;wd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,';Ff; Fiffs; cs;sd. ,it knfe;jpud; fhyj;jdnt vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. xd;W kiynkYs;sJ. kw;bwhd;W mo thuj;jpYs;sJ. kiynkYs;s nfhapy;fspnyna fy;btl;Lf;fs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. tlbkhHpapyike;j vl;L Rnyhf';fs; knfe;jputh;kdJ kjkhw;wj;ija[k; mjdhy; mtd; bra;j rptg;gzpfisa[k; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; fy;jr;ruhny ,e;j murDila g[fH; tphpe;J ePoj;jpUf;f ntz;Lk; vd;w bra;jpiaj; bjhptpf;fpwJ xU Rnyhfk;. ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fSk; brg;g[g; gl;la';fSk; epuk;g

82

rpuhgs;sp vd;wjd; bgah;f;fhuzj;ijg; gw;wp ekJ rhpj;jpug; nguwp"h; jp.tp. rjhrptg; gz;lhuj;jhh; mth;fs; bre;jkpHpy; vGjpa RUf;ff; fUj;J ,';nf jug;bgWfpd;wJ. rpuhg;gs;spf; nfhapy; fl;oatd; fp.gp 7-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; ekJ mg;guofis tUj;jpr; irtdhd Kjy; knfe;jputh;knd . mtd; ,j;jyj;J vl;L Rnyhf';fs; ml';fpa fy;btl;L xd;W mikj;jpUf;fpwhd;. mjpy; jhd; irtdhdija[k; jpUtjpifapy; mkz; gs;spfisapoj;Jf; Fzgnur;Ruk; fl;oaija[k; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whd;. Fzgud; vd;gJ knfe;jputh;kidna Fwpf;Fk; gl;lg;bgah;. ,jidr; rpuhg;gs;spapYk;/ br';fl;gl;L ty;yj;jpYk; cs;s Fiff; nfhapw;fy;btl;Lf;fs; typa[Wj;Jk;. mijg; nghynt rpuhg;gs;spahfpa ,t;tplj;Jk; mkzg;gs;sp xd;W bghpajhf ,Ue;jJ. mjid ,oj;nj ,e;jf; nfhapiyr; irtdhd knfe;jputh;kd; fl;odhd;. cr;rpg;gps;isahh; nfhapypd; gpd;ghfj;jpy; ,d;Wk; rkz Kdpth;fSila fw;gLf;iffisf; fhzyhk;. mtw;wpy; me;je;jg; gLf;ifapypUe;j rkzKdpth; bgah;fs; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd. mitfs; fp.gp 5-Mk; E}w;whz;od; epfH;r;rpfs;. mth;fspy; xUth; rpuh vd;Dk; bgaUilath; vd;W xU fw;gLf;if mwptpf;fpwJ. Mjyhy; gs;sp nfhapyhdhYk;/ bgah; nghfhky; rpuhg;gs;sp vdnt tH';FfpwJ. Ch;g;bgaUk; Ch;g;bgaUk; Ch;g;bgaUk; Ch;g;bgaUk; ---- nfhapw; bgaUk; nfhapw; bgaUk; nfhapw; bgaUk; nfhapw; bgaUk; Ch;g;bgah; rpw;wk;gh;/ nfhapw;bgah; rpuhg;gs;sp ,jid ed;F tpsf;FtJ/ ,uh$uh$d; I Ml;rpahz;L 10-,y; btl;lg;bgw;w tpf;fpukrp';f \nte;j ntshd; tpsj;J}h; ehl;oy; epyk; th';fp mjid ciwa{h;f; Tw;wj;Jr; rpw;wk;ghpYs;s rpuhg;gs;spf; nfhapYf;F mspj;jhd; vd;w fy;btl;Lg; gFjpahFk;. tuFz ghz;oad; II Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;Lk; ,jidna Fwpf;fpwJ. ,d;Dk; rpy gFjpfspYk; rpw;wk;gh;/ rpw;wk;gh;efh;/ rpw;wk;gh; gjpbad ,j;jyk; tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mjyhy; Ch; rpw;wk;gh; vdt[k;/ nfhapy; rpuhg;gs;sp vdt[k; tH';fpte;jik bjspt[. \\\\h;j;jph;j;jph;j;jph;j;jp ,iwtd; bgah; jha[khdth; jpUkiyf;bfhGe;jh;/ brt;te;jpehjh; vdt[k;/ mk;ikapd; bgah; kl;Lthh;FHyk;ik vdt[k; tH';Fk;. tlbkhHpthzh; khJUg{njRtuh;/ Rfe;jFe;jshk;gpif

23

bghd;dspj;jpUf;fpwhs;. kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,td; Ml;rp Mz;L 29-,y; murd; Jyhghuk; g[f;Fj; jhdk; bra;jhd; vd;Wk; murp je;jprj;jp tpl';fpahuhd nyhfkhnjtpahh; nQkfh;g;gjhdk; bra;jhs; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. gpr;Rnjtd; vd;Dk; murfhhpak; ghh;g;ghd; fUg;gf;fpUfg; gzpf;fhf epyk; tpl;lik bjhpfpwJ. ,uhn$e;jpud;- ,td; fp.gp 1011 Kjy; 1043 tiu Mz;ltd;. ,td; fhyj;jpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; gjp\d;W cs;sd. mtw;why;/ jpUtprey;Y}h; cila kfhnjth;f;Fj; j';ff; fr;ir mspj;jJk;/ rpjhhpf;fhf eWk;g[ifapl epyk; mspj;jJk;/ tpsf;fplg; gzKk; epyKk; MLfSk; mspj;jJk; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. mtDila kidtpahd murpbahUj;jpahy; mgpn#fj;jpw;F bts;spf; fyrk; xd;W mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. ,td; jdJ \d;whtJ Mz;oy; jpUtprey;Y}h; khnjth; nfhapiya[k;/ nfhg[uj;ija[k; jpUg;gzp bra;jhd;. ,td; kidtpahd ef;fd; brk;gpad; khnjtpahuhy; tpsf;Ff;F Vw;ghL bra;ag;bgw;wJ.

,tDf;F cUj;jpud; mUs;bkhHpahd gpUjp kfhnjtp vd;bwhU

kidtpa[k; ,Ue;jdh;. ,tDf;F mj;ija[k;/ ty;ytuhah;te;jpaj;njth; kidtpa[khd Fe;jt;it njtpahh; giHahiwapy; ,Uf;Fk;nghJ epyk; mspj;jhh; vd;w bra;jpia mwptpf;Fk; fy;btl;L rhpj;jpu Muha;r;rpahsh;f;Fg; bgUtpUe;jhtJ.

Fnyhj;J';fd; III. ,td; fp.gp 1178 Kjy; 1218 tiu Mz;ltd;.

,tDila Ml;rp gjpbdl;lhk; Mz;oy; epytpw;gidiag;gw;wpf; TWfpwJ. mjpy; ntk;gj;J}h; vjphpypr; nrhHr; rJh;ntjp k';fykhd ntk;gj;J}h; vd miHf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. Vida Kjy; \d;W fy;btl;Lf;fs; murh';f epy msitKiwfisa[k; epytpw;gidiaa[k; mwptpg;gd.

bjd;g[wg; gpuhfhuj;jpy; cs;s fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpd; tlf;Fr; Rthpy;

me;j kz;lgj;ijf; fl;oatdhd Mde;j rptd; vd;gtDila cUtk; ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; xU gFjpiar; Rth; kiwj;J tpl;lJ.

14. jpUf;bfhL';Fd;wk; 14. jpUf;bfhL';Fd;wk; 14. jpUf;bfhL';Fd;wk; 14. jpUf;bfhL';Fd;wk; ghz;oaehl;Lj;jyk;. ,J gpuhd;kiy vd ,f;fhyj;J tH';Ffpd;wJ. nkYk; kJiu/ nkY}h; rp';fk;g[zhpapypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. jpUf;nfhapy; mothuj;jpy; cs;sJ. knfhju kfhp#pa[k;/ ehfuh$Dk; tHpgl;l jyk;. mUzfphpehjh; jpUg;g[fH; bgw;w Rg;gpukzpaj; jykhFk;. kiy nky; ituth; re;epjp kpf

24

tpnr#k;. Rthkp re;epjpapy; jpUf; fy;ahzf;nfhyk; rpwg;ghdJ. njtrgh kz;lgk; vd;w xU kz;lgk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,iwtd; bgah; bfhL';Fd;wPrh;. njtpahh; FapyKjehafp njthuk; "jdpw; bghypbkhHpahs;" vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,j;jyk; Fd;wf;Fo jpUtz;zhkiy MjPd mUshl;rpapYs;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpadthf ,Ugj;bjhU fy;btl;Lf;fs; murpayhuhy; fp.gp 1903-Mk; Mz;oy; gobaLf;fg; bgw;Ws;sd. mtw;Ws; vl;Lf; fy;btl;Lf;fs; Muha;e;J Kot[fl;lg;bgw;wd. Vidait mwpag; bgwhjd. ehd;F fy;btl;Lf;fs; Fynrfu ghz;oaDila Ml;rp 10/ 13-Mk; Mz;Lfspy; epfH;e;jit ,tw;iw ,';'dk; tiuaWj;J vGjpath; b!ty; ghjphpahh;. ,j;jyj;jpy; Re;jughz;oad; kz;lgk; (,J fUg;gf; fpUfthapypy; cs;sJ). MWfhy; kz;lgk; y&;kp kz;lgk; Kjypa kz;lg';fSk; tpRtehjh; nfhapy;/ Rg;gpukzpa Rthkp nfhapy; Kjypadt[k; nfhapYf;Fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. gpuhd;kiyf; fpuhkj;jpy; _ brhf;fehjh; nfhapy; cs;sJ. ,iwtd; k';ifehjh; vdt[k; bfhL';Fd;wKila ehadhh; vdt[k;/ ey;yk';ifghfh; vdt[k; Fd;whz;l ehadhh; vdt[k; Fwpg;gplg;bgWfpd;whh;. ghz;oa kd;dh;fspy; Re;jughz;oad; I/ Re;jughz;oad; II/ guhf;uk ghz;oad;/ Fynrfu ghz;oad;/ tPughz;oad; ,th;fs; tpsf;Ff;fhfg; gRf;fSk;/ bghd;Dk;/ nrthh;j;jpfl;F cztpw;Fk;/ tpsf;Fj; jz;L bra;;jw;Fkhfg; bghd;Dk; epyKk; mspj;j bra;jpfis mwptpf;fpd;wd. gy fy;btl;Lf;fs;/ fp.gp 1251 – 1264-f;Fs; Mz;l nfhndhpd;ikfz;lhd; fhyj;jpy; Jtuhgjp ntshh;/ gpughtg[ue;jud; Mfpa ,UtUk; epyk; mspj;jdh;. ,k;kiy eurp';fuhah; fhyj;jpy; gpuhd;kiyr;rPik vd;Wk;/ jpUkiy ehl;Lg;gFjpahd gpuhd;kiy vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. jpg;guriuad; ed;ikf;fhf; nfusrp';f tsehl;L ,g;g[yp ehafh; epyk; mspj;jhh;. ,';F xU tpahghhpfs; r';fk; ,Ue;jjhft[k; fy;btl;Lf; TWfpwJ. 1924-Mk; Mz;oy; gobaLf;fg;bgw;w fy;btl;Lf;fs; 16. mtw;Ws; Ie;J ghz;oah;fs; fhyj;jd;. Vidait tpraefu murh;fs; fhyj;jd. rlhth;kd; tPughz;oad; Ml;rp 9-Mk; Mz;oy;/ jpU"hdk; bgw;w gps;isahh; gokj;ij vGe;jUs;tpj;Jf; nfusrp';f tsehl;Lf;

81

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,';Fs;s fy;btl;Lf;fs; 19. ,j;jyk; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHtsehl;L ,ilasehl;L btz;lhiH ntSh;f;Tw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhapUe;jJ. tlty;yj;J ,Us;Foahd; ,e;jpuh gjpey;Y}h; ca;ate;jhd; rpa;ahHpg; gps;isahd b$aJ';f td;kd; kfhkz;lge; bjhl';fpf; fPiHthry;tiuapy; jpUg;gzp bra;jhd;. ,j;jpUg;gzp $lhth;kd; Re;jughz;oad; fhyj;jjhFk;. ,e;jf;nfhapypy; rptd;glhpy; (brk;glth;) xUtdhd Myd; vd;ghd; mjpgj;jehadhh; gotj;ij vGe;jUStpj;jhd;.

64. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp64. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp64. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp64. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp nrhHehl;Lf;fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. jkpHfj;jpd; bghpa efu';fspy; xd;W. ,uapy;/ ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. jkpHfj;jpd; midj;jpl';fspypUe;Jk; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; kpf tpsf;fkhdJ. kiyf;fhl;rpapd; Kjyplkhf cs;sJ. fyhrhiyfSk;/ fy;Y}hpfSk; epiwe;jJ. vy;yhtpjkhd mwpt[j;JiwapYk; tsh;r;rpf;Fhpa ,lkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. rhpj;jpu fhyj;jpYk; fp.K 2-Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F Kd;g[ ,Ue;nj tps';fptUtJ. nrhHh; jiyefu';fspy; xd;whfpa ciwa{iuj; jd;dfj;Jf;bfhz;L tps';FtJ. bgah;f;fhuzk; bgah;f;fhuzk; bgah;f;fhuzk; bgah;f;fhuzk; jphprpuhg;gs;sp vd;gjw;F/ jphprpud; vd;Dk; muf;fd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wjdhy;/ ,g;bgah;bgw;wJ vd;W g[uhz';TWk;. ,k;kiyf;nf \d;W rpfu';fs; cs;sd. mjdhy; jphprpuhg;gs;spbadg; bgw;wJ vd;W brtptHpr; bra;jp epyt[fpwJ. ,e;jg; bghUs;fspy; tH';fpa jpUrpug;gs;sp jphprpuhg;gs;sp Mjw;F vd;d tpjpa[z;L vd;gij mwp"h;fs; Ma;e;J Kot[fhz;ghh;fshf. ekJ rkahrhhpag; bgUe;jifahh;fs; rpuhg;gs;spf; Fd;Wilahid rpuhg;gs;spr; bry;td; rpufphp vdnt tH';Ffpd;whh;fs;. jphprpuh vd;gjpy; jphp vd;gJ \d;W vd;w bghUs; Fwpj;j brhy;yhapd; mjid tpLj;Jr; rpuhg;gs;sp vd;W tH';fpapuhh;fs;. Mjyhy; mth;fs; fhyj;jpy; jpU vd;gij milbkhHpahff; bfhz;lnj rpuhg;gs;sp vd;gjw;F ntW bghUs; ,Ue;jpUf;fntz;Lk; vd;gjidf; fUj ,le;jUfpd;wJ.

80

,uh$uh$d; tiuapYkhfg; gjpd;kh; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;fs;. ,th;fspy; ,uzpath;kDk;/ Kjw;guhe;jfDk;/ kztpy; Tj;jd;fhsp';fDk;/ mdghad; Kd;ndhh;fSk; mdghaDk; gy fhy';fspy; bghd;nta;e;jhh;fs; vd;W fy;btl;Lfs; mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,d;Dk; tp$aefu murh;fSk;/ ehaf;f murh;fSk;/ nru murh;fSk; jpUg;gzpfs; kpfr;bra;Js;shh;fs;

63. jpUf;nfhspyp63. jpUf;nfhspyp63. jpUf;nfhspyp63. jpUf;nfhspyp nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. jpUth+hpypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. jpUf;Ftis vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. Mjpapy; gpukd; rpUl;oj; bjhHpiyg; bgwntz;og; g{rpj;jhd;. mjdhy; gpukjnghtdk; vd tH';fg;bgWk;. ,J rg;jtpl';fj; jy';fSs; xd;W. ,';nf vGe;jUspa[s;s jpahfh; mtdp tpl';fh;. etnfhs;fs; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wikahy; nfhspyp vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. ,iwtd; gpukg[hPRtuh;. mk;iktz;lkh; g{';FHyhs;. jpahfh; CHpg;gud;/ mtdptpl';fj;jpahfh;/ tpehafh; jpahf tpehafh;/ KUfd; Re;jutontyd;. Re;ju\h;j;jpfSf;Ff; Fz;ila{h;fpHhh; je;j bey;kiyiag; g{j';fisf; bfhz;L jpUth+hpy; nrh;g;gpj;j mw;g[jj;jyk;. jPh;j;jk; Kj;jpejpahfpa re;jpuejp. kzpfh;zpif/ ,e;jpu jPh;j;jk;/ mfj;jpajPh;j;jk;/ tpehafjPh;j;jk;/ rf;jp jPh;j;jk; vd;gd. tpUl;rk; njw;whkuk;. tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; tHpgl;lth;fs; gpuknjth;/ jpUkhy;/ ,e;jpud;/ mfj;jpad;/ KRFe;jd;/ g";rghz;lth;fs;/ etnfhs;fs;/ xkfhe;jd; Kjypnahh;. tpHtpHtpHtpHhf;fs; hf;fs; hf;fs; hf;fs; khrpkfj;jpy; bey;jpUtpHh/ khh;fHpkhjj;jpy; MUj;uh jhprdk;/ fhh;j;jpif "hapw;Wf;fpHikfspy; jPh;;j;jk;. jUik MjPd mUshl;rpapYs;sJ.

25

Fynrfud; gl;odj;J mUtpa{uhdhd bfhL';Fd;wKilahd; xUtd; g{irf;F epge;jKk; mspj;jhd;. Fynrfu ghz;oad; fhyj;jpy; fPH;ntk;g[ehl;L ,uhrty;yp g[uj;Jf; bfhd;iwnrh; KoahDk;/ jpUbey;ntypa[ilahDk; tpsf;Ff;F MLfs; mspj;jdh;. fz;zk';fykhd jpUbt';fh cila ey;Y}h; mnkhfk';fykhd Kjyp ehaf ey;Y}h; cilahd; ,UtUk; mh;j;jahk g{irf;F epyk; mspj;jdh;. me;jg; g{irf;Fj; jhH;t[bra;ahjhd; re;jpbad;W bgah; fhiuf;Foahd; xUtd; k';ifehafh; tre;j cw;rtj;jpw;fhf thzuha ey;Y}iu ,iwapyp bra;J mspj;jhd;. tp$aefu murh;fs; ntjghuhazj;jpw;fhft[k; cw;rtj;jpw;fhft[k; fhD}h; Kjypa ,l';fis mspj;jdh;.

15. jpUbea;j;jhdk; 15. jpUbea;j;jhdk; 15. jpUbea;j;jhdk; 15. jpUbea;j;jhdk; nrhHehl;Lj;jyk;/ j";iria mLj;Js;s jpUitahw;wpw;F nkw;nf 1.5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUitahw;W rg;j!;jhd n&j;jpu';fspy; VHhtJ jyk;. ,';nf fiykfs; tHpgl;Lg; ngWbgw;whs;. Rthkpbgah; bea;ahoag;gh;. mk;ikbgah; ghyhk;gpif/ ,sk';ifak;ik vdj; njthuk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jPh;j;jk; - fhtphp. fpHf;Fg;ghh;j;j re;epjp/ ,g;nghJ jpy;iy!;jhdk; vd tH';Ffpd;wJ. tlbkhHpapy; fpUj!;jhd khapw;W ,iwtw;Fg; gRbea; mgpn#fpg;gJ tHf;fk;. ,Uja nehahspfs; Rthkpf;F bea; mgpnlrk; bra;J Rfk; bgWtjhf IjPfk;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;jpy; murpayhh; govLj;jtz;zk; 51 fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,j;jyk; ,uh$hjpuh$d; fhyj;jpy; ,uh$uh$ tsehl;Lg; ig';fhehl;Lj; jpUbea;;j;jhdk; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. ,j;jyj;J guhe;jfd; I Kjyhf Ie;J nrhH murh;fspd; jhd';fisf; Fwpf;Fk; epfH;r;rpfSk;/ ee;jpth;kd; jhd epfH;r;rpfSk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. brk;gpad; <f;fhl;L ntshdhd ghpirfpHhd; kwtd;wf;fd; vd;gtd; 13 fH";R bghd;idf; nfhapy; tpsf;fpw;fhff; bfhLj;jhd;. Tj;jd; mUs;bkhHpahd thdtd; nguiuad; epyj;ij 25 fH";R bghd;Df;F e';if tuFzbgUkhdhh; th';fp tpsf;fpw;fhf itj;jhs;. rhku nfrhp bjhp";r iff;nfhsh;/ tpf;ukrp';f bjhp";r iff;nfhsh;/ ,UtuhYk; ig';fhehl;Lf; fPHg;gpyhW fpuhkj;jpy; epyk; mspf;fg; bgw;wJ. Kw;Twpa rhkunfrhp bjhp";riff;nfhsUs;

26

xUtdhd ky;yd; Mhpadhy; epte;jk; tplg;bgw;wJ. nfhapy; fhhpaj; jiytdhd fhkf;nfhley;Y}h; Madhy; ,U bghd;gl;l';fs; flt[Sf;Ff; bfhLf;fg;bgw;wd. nrhHg; bgUkhdofSila fhkf; fpHj;jpahd e';if Tj;jg; bgUkhdhh; 30 fH";R bghd;id tpsf;Ff;fhf itj;jhh;. mjidj; jpUbea;j;jhdr; rigahh; Rthkpf;F !;egd kz;lg';fl;lg; gad;gLj;jp tpl;ldh;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhff; nfhapy; epy';fs; rpytw;iw Vw;ghL bra;jdh;. tsth;nfhd; nguiuad; vd;gtDk;/ brk;gpad; jkpHntshd; tpf;fzd; kidtp flk;gkhnjtpa[k;/ bjd;dtd; gpujpkhuhrdhd fl;o xw;wpa{uhd; guhe;jfDk;/ ,s';nfhntz;khd; kidtpahd tuFzg; bgUkhdhUk; tpsf;fpw;fhfg; bghd;Dk;/ epyKk; mspj;jdh;. Kz;l';Fo cilahdhd fz;z';Fo ehuhazd; ientj;aj;jpw;F bey;yspj;jhd;. ,J mspj;jfhyk; guhe;jfd; I fhyk;. nksf;fhud;/ njtjhrp/ thzpfd; ,th;fs; jUkKk; tpsf;fpd vd;gij \d;W fy;btl;Lf;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. nfhg;gunfrhpahd guhe;jfd; I f;F khkpahh; Ks;Sh; e';ifbad;W bjhpfpwJ.

16. jpUg;g[s;sk';if16. jpUg;g[s;sk';if16. jpUg;g[s;sk';if16. jpUg;g[s;sk';if nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj; jyk;. gRgjpnfhapy; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J tlf;nf 3 fp.kP. j";iria mLj;Js;s Iak;ngl;ilapypUe;J fz;oa{h; bry;Yk; ngUe;Jr; rhiyapy; cs;sJ. Ch;bgah; - g[s;sk';if/ nfhapw;bgah; Mye;Jiw/ njth;fs; mKj';file;j nghJ cz;lhd tplj;ij mKJbra;j ,lk; Mjypd; Mye;Jiw vdj; jpUf;nfhapy; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wJ. jyk; jpUg;g[s;sk';if ,d;W gRgjpnfhapy; vdt[k; ntshsg; gRgjpnfhapy; vd milbkhHp nrh;j;Jk; tH';FfpwJ. \yth; tpkhdk; tuyhw;Wg; g[fH;bgw;w fy;fhu';fspy; xd;whFk;. gpukd; g{rpj;jjyk;. g[s;sk';if vd;gjw;nfw;gf; nfhg[uj;jpy; fGFfs; vg;bghGJk; trpj;JtUfpd;wd. "bghe;jpd; ,ilnjD}wpa" vd;Dk; mUshsh; thf;fpw;fpiagg; bghe;Jfspy; vy;yhk; njdilfs; fhzg;gLk; jpUr;rf;fug;gs;spapd; rg;j !;jhdj; jy';fspy; ,Jt[k; xd;W. ,iwtd; Mye;Jiwehjh;. ,iwtp my;ypa';nfhij. gRgjpehjh; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. jPh;j;jk; fhtphp. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU Fk;ghgpnlfk; ele;njwpa[s;sJ.

79

rptghjnrfud; vd;gJ Kjy; ,uh$uh$Df;F tH';fpabgah;. Mfnt jd; ehLfspy; jd; FyKjy; tdhfpa ,uh$uh$d;tiuapy; ,Ue;j nrhHkd;dh;fl;Fr; rpj;jj;Jizahfnt ,Ue;Jte;j eluh$g; bgUkhDf;F ele;j bgUtpHhf;fisna ,J Fwpg;gpl;ljhFbkd Cfpf;fyhk;. ,Jtd;wpj; ijg;g{rj;jpy; ghthilapl;Lg; bghpa g{r tpHh xd;W elj;jpajhft[k; bjhpfpwJ. ,j;jifa jpUtpHhf;fs; fy;btl;LfspypUe;J mwpa tUfpwJ vd;gJ rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fbjhd;W. fPHf;nfhg[uj;jpd; thapypd; tyg;gf;fj;jpy; fhzg;bgWk; fy;btl;L nrhHFyty;ypahy; ehad;khh;fSila ghkhiyiag; ghuhazk; bra;tpg;gjw;fhf epge;jk; tpl;lij mwptpf;fpwJ. Kjyhk; ,uhn$e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; khrpj;jpUtpHhtpy; mHfpa jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKila ehadhh; re;epjpapy; jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhif ghuhazk; bra;thUf;F epyk;tpl;ljhf cs;sJ. rk;ge;jh; Kjypa \tUf;Fk; bjw;F/ nkw;F/ tlf;F Mfpa nfhg[u';fisr; rhu ,uh$hf;fs; jk;gpuhd; jpUkhspifj; jpUtPjpapy; jdpj;jdpna jpUf;nfhapy;fs; ,Ue;jjhft[k;/ mtw;Ws; rk;ge;jg;gps;isahh; jpUf;nfhapy; bghd;ntag; bgw;wpUe;jhft[k; fy;btl;Lf;fs; mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; jpUKiwfSf;Fk;/ jpUKiwfisg; ghoaUspa rkahrhhpah;fSf;Fk; vt;tst[ rpwg;g[/ rpjk;guj;jpypUe;J vd;gij Cd;wpnehf;f ntz;Lk;. mg;g{jpaofs; eht[f;furh;kPjpUe;j gw;wpdhy; epyk; g[yk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; mth;bgahpl;L tH';fpaJnghy murh;fs; Mde;jf;Tj;jh;kPjpUe;j gw;why;/ Foi"f; fy;Yf;Fk;/ kuf;fhYf;Fk; Mlty;yhd; vd;W bgahpl;L te;jdh;. rpw;W}h;fSf;Fj; jpy;iytpl';fd;/ Tj;jD}h;/ nfhapw;g{z;o/ rghehafg[uk;/ jpy;iy ehafg[uk;/ eluh$g[uk; vd;Wk;/ xilePh;epiy Kjypatw;wpw;Ff; Tj;jhLehafd; jpUnthil/ MSilaehafd; jpUnthil vd;Wk; bgahpl;oUe;jdh;. jk;kplk; murfhhpak; ghh;g;ghUf;Fj; jpy;iyak;gyg; gy;ytuhad;/ jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd;/ ef;fd;/ ,isa jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd;/ jpy;iyak;gyg; nguiuad; vd;Wk; bgah; itj;jpUe;jik murh;fl;F cs;s md;gpd; Kjph;r;rpia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk; jf;f rhd;WfshFk;. ,j;jyj;jpw;Fg; gzpbra;j kd;dh;fspy; gy;yth;fspy; ,uzpath;kd;/ nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; Kjypnahh;fSk; ghz;oah;fspy; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;oad;/ $lhth;kd; Re;jughz;oad;/ khwth;kd; tPughz;oad;/ tpf;fpuk ghz;oad; Fynrfud; Kjypnahh; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;. nrhHkd;dh;fspy; Kjy; guhe;jfd; Kjy;/ \d;whk;

78

bra;J epntjpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,g;bgah; cz;lhapw;bwd;w brtptHpr; bra;jpa[k; fpisj;J tpl;lJ. tpf;fpuknrhHd; bjw;Fj; jpUtPjpapy; tlgf;fj;Jr; br';fdp thahd; jpUee;jtdj;J vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; jpU"hd rk;ge;jg; gps;isahh; gz;lhu clypl;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;g[ fhzg;gbgWtjhy; tpf;fpuknrhHd; jpUtPjpapy; jpU"hd rk;ge;jUf;Fj; jdpahff; nfhapy; ,Ue;jik bjw;bwdg; g[yg; gLk;. nkiyf; nfhg[uj;ij aLj;J/ jpUeht[f;furUf;Fj; jdpklk; ,Ue;jjhff; fhl;lg;bgWfpwJ. KUfd; Rg;gpukzpag;gps;isahh; vd;W xU fy;btl;oy; Fwpf;fg; bgWfpwhh;. fw;gftpehafh;/ n&j;jpughyg; gps;isahh; vd;Wk; Fnyhj;J';fnrhHtpehafh; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whh;. jpy;iyf;fhsp/ jpy;iytdKila gunkRthp vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whh;. tpHhf;fs; tpHhf;fs; tpHhf;fs; tpHhf;fs; jpy;iyapy; jpUthdpj; jpUehSk;/ khh;fHpj; jpUthjpiuj; jpUehSk; rpwg;ghff; nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; fhyj;J Kd;gpUe;nj eilbgw;Wte;jd. khrpkhjj;jpy; xU jpUtpHh ele;jjhfj; bjhpfpwJ. mjpy; jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif tpz;zg;gk; bra;ag; bgw;Wte;jJ Vidr; rptj;jy';fspy; mk;ikf;F Mog;g{utpHh eilbgw;W tUtJ nghy ,';F Ig;grpg; g{utpHh eilbgw;W tUfpwJ. khrpkf el;rj;jpuj;jd;W eilbgWk; flyhl;L tpHht[k; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. jpUg;g[jpaJ tpHh vd;W xd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy; mk;ikf;Fg; g[jpa Mil rhj;jpajhff; Fwpg;gplg;bgw;Ws;sJ. jpUg;g[ilitaPL tpHh vd;Wk; mJ tH';fg;bgw;Wg; gpd; jpUg;g[jpaJ tpHh vd;W te;jpUf;fyhnkh vd;W fUj ,lKz;L md;wp/ jpUg;ghyp tsj;jpUehs; vd;W xU tpHh Fwpg;gplg;gl;ls;sJ. mJ Ig;grpg;g{uj; jpUehisf; Fwpg;gjhFnkh> vd Iae;jUfpwJ. ,jpy; mk;ik ePuho/ bts;szp mzpe;J/ gaW Kjypa etjhdpa';fspd; Kisiaj; jd;koapy; jhpf;Fk; ehshjypd; ghyptsj;jpUehs; vdg;gl;lJ nghYk;. (ghyp – etjhdpa Kis) tre;jj;jpUehs; vd;gJ bgUkhd; tre;j cw;trk; bfhz;lhlf; Fnyhj;J';fd; njhg;g[f;F vGe;jUspajhfj; bjhpfpwJ. jpUf;fz;rhj;Jk; jpUehSk;/ bgUkhd; ghpthu ehad;khh;fSf;Fj; jpUtUs; nehf;fk; bra;a[k; jpUehshFk; vd mf;fy;btl;nl Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,e;j xd;gJ tpHhf;fisa[kd;wp vjphpypnrhHd; rptghjnrfud; rpj;jj;Jizg; bgUkhs;tpHh vd xd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

27

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L murpayhuhy; fp.gp 1921-,y; gobaLf;fg;gl;l 546 Kjy; 559 tiua[s;s gjpd;\d;W fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.

17. jpU,Lk;ghtdk; 17. jpU,Lk;ghtdk; 17. jpU,Lk;ghtdk; 17. jpU,Lk;ghtdk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. ehifkhtl;lk; jpUj;Jiwg; g{z;oapypUe;Jk; Kj;Jg;ngl;ilapypUe;Jk; ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,Lk;gd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jykhjypd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. ,Lk;gdJ jiyefukhfpa Fd;w~Uk; mUfhikapy; ,Ug;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ. ,';F btz;ikepwKila bts;is tpehafh; tpnr#khdJ. ,iwtuJ kzthsf; nfhyk; \yj;jhdj;jpd; gpd;g[wk; mike;Js;sJ. mfj;jpah;f;Ff; fhl;rpbfhLj;j jyk;. Rthkp bgah; rw;Fzehjh;. mk;ikbgah; k';fsehafp. jPh;j;jk; r\fg[#;fuzp. ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpajhff; fy;btl;blhd;Wk; mwpaf; Tltpy;iy.

18. jpUepd;wpa{h;18. jpUepd;wpa{h;18. jpUepd;wpa{h;18. jpUepd;wpa{h; nrhHehl;L fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. ehifkhl;lk; kapyhLJiw/ itj;jP!;tud; nfhapy; ngUe;JtHpapy; cs;sJ. jpUkfs; tHpgl;L epiyngW va;jpa jyk;. nrhHd; xUtd; jpUtpsf;fpl;Lj; jpde;njhWk; tHpgl;Lte;jhd;. mtd; bfhz;Lte;j jphp xUehs; epd;Wtplnt/ rptyp';fj;jpdpd;Wk; xU nrhjp njhd;wp/ mtd; tHpghl;ow;F ,ila{Wz;lhfhky; cjtpaJ. mjdhy; jphpepd;wt{h; Mapw;W. mJ ,g;nghJ jpUepd;wt{h; vd tH';Ffpd;wJ vd;gJ brtptHpr;bra;jp. guRuhkd; epd;wp a{iu ,iwtw;Fk;/ gf;fj;jpYs;s 360 ntyp epyj;ij ntjpah;fl;Fk; mspj;J tHpgl;lhd; vd;gJ g[uhz tuyhW. ,jidna Re;juh; njthuk; jf;nfrp \d;whk;ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. mLj;j ghlypy; gR ghy;brhhpe;J mgpn#fpj;J te;jjhft[k; xU tuyhW Fwpf;fg; bgw;Ws;sJ.

28

Rthkpbgah; y&;kpg[hPRtuh;. kfhyl;Rkpehjh;. mk;ik bgah; cyfehafp/ jPh;j;jk; ePyjPh;j;jk; (,J mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp Tw;W) kfhy&;kp jPh;j;jk; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;L xd;nw cs;sJ. 1921-Mk; Mz;oy; gobaLf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. jphpg[td rf;uth;j;jp ,uh$uh$njth;f;F Mz;L 15-tJ Fk;gutp ml;lkp "hapW \y e&j;jpuk; vd;W bjhl';FfpwJ. jUik MjPdf; nfhapy;fspy; xd;W.

19. jpUr;rptg[uk;19. jpUr;rptg[uk;19. jpUr;rptg[uk;19. jpUr;rptg[uk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. j";irkhtl;lk; Fk;gnfhzj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. jdgjp murd; jd; rhgtpnkhrdj;jpw;fhf xU gpuhkzf; FHe;ijia th';fpj; je;ija[k; jha[k; gpof;fr; nrhkthu rptuhj;jphpapy; mWj;J mgpn#fpf;f/ mk;ghs; btspg;gl;L me;jf;FHe;ijf;F mEf;fpufpj;jhh; vd;gJ brtptHpr;bra;jpahd tuyhW. bts;isg;gd;wpahfp jpUkhy; tHpghL bra;j jyk;. Rthkpbgah; rptg[uehjh;. mk;ik bgah; rp';fhuty;yp. jPh;j;jk; re;jpug[#;fuzp. fhh;j;jpifr; nrhkthu';fspy; jPh;j;j tpnr#k; . filrpr; nrhkthuj;jpy; cw;rtk;. murpayhh; 1927-,y; gobaLj;j 272 Kjy; 282 vz; cs;s 10 fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.

20. jpUkiwf;fhL20. jpUkiwf;fhL20. jpUkiwf;fhL20. jpUkiwf;fhL nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. ehifkhtl;lk; jpUj;Jiwg;g{z;oapypUe;Jk; ehifapypUe;Jk; ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk; jpUj;Jiwg;g{z;oapypUe;J ,uapypYk; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; ,d;W ntjhuz;ak; vd tH';Ffpd;wJ. ntj';fs; tHpgl;likahy; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. Mjpuhkh; ,';Fte;J mizfl;o ,y';ifbrd;W ,uhtztj";bra;jdh;. gpd;dh; mg;gHpeP';fg; g{rpj;jhh;. Mjyhy; MjpnrJ vdt[k; tH';Fk; gpuknjth; g{rpj;J ,iwtd; thapyhfnt ntnjhgnjrk; bgw;W rpUl;oj;bjhHpy; iftug;bgw;whh;. tp!;thkpj;jpuh; g{ir bra;J gpukhp#pahapdh;. gpe;jpa ,uhkh; g{rpj;J tPufj;jpnjh#k; eP';fg; bgw;whh;. bjd;jpiriar; rkg;gLj;j ,iwtd; Mizahy; te;j mfj;jpaKdpth;f;F/ ,iwtd; kzthsj; jpUf;nfhy';fhl;oa jyk;. Rthkpf;Fg; gpd;g[wk; fUg;gf;fpUfj;Js;nsna kzthsg; bgUkhd; jpUt[Utk; ,Uf;fpwJ. bea;a[z;zte;j vyp/ mg[j;jp g{h;;tkhfnt jphpiaj;J}z;l/ mjdhy; kWgpwg;gpy; mt;vyp khtypr;rf;futh;j;jpahfpg;

77

tlf;Ff; nfhg[uj;ij aLj;Jj; jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhifaPr; ruk; vd;w xd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhifapy; ghuhl;lg;bgw;w jdpmoahh; mWgj;J\tUk; bjhifaoahh; xd;gjpd;kUkhf cs;s bgUkf;fspy; jdpaoahh;fSf;Fj; jdpj;jdpj; jpUt[Utk; mikf;fg;bgw;wik nghyj; bjhifaoahh;fshfpa Tl;lj;jpdUf;Fj; jdpj;jdp cUtk; mikf;f Koahikapd; xt;bthU bjhFjpf;Fk; xt;bthU ,yp';fj; jpUnkdpahf vGe;jUsr; bra;jpUf;fpwJ. Kj;jpaile;j bgUkf;fis cUtk; bjhpe;jhy; cUtkikj;Jk;/ cUmikf;f Koahjjjw;Fr; rptyp';fe; jhgpj;Jk; mJt[kpy;iyahdhy;/ gPl';fs; mikj;Jk; tHpglyhk; vd;W Mfk'; TWfpwJ. Mjyhy;/ cUtk; mikf;fKoahj bjhifaoahh;fisr; rptyp';fj; jpUnkdp thapyhf tHpglntz;o/ jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhifaPr;ruk; vd;W ,f;nfhapiy mikj;J cs;shh;fs;. md;wpa[k; jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhif ghoa Re;juh; tlf;Fthapy; tHpahf te;jhbud;gJk; Cd;wpf; fUjj;jf;fJ. ,t;thyak; etyp';fk; nfhapy; vd ,g;bghGJ tH';fg;gLfpwJ. \h;j;jpfspd; jpUehk';fs; bghd;dk;gyf; Tj;jd;/ bghd;dk;gyehjd;/ Mde;j jhz;ltg; bgUkhs; ehadhh;/ mHfpa jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahh;/ MSila ehadhh;/ rpjk;gnuRtuh;/ jpy;iyehafj; jk;gpuhdhh; Kjyhfpa gybgah;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; nfhitapy; khzpf;ff; Tj;jd; vd;Wk; ,iwtd; bgah; tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;Fg; nguhrphpah; khzpf;fk;nghYk; Tj;jpid cilahd; vd;W ciu fz;lhh; MdhYk;/ mJ ,uj;jpd rghgjpahfpa kufj eluh$iuf; Fwpg;gJ vd;gJ bjspt[. mk;ik rptfhkRe;jhp vd;Wk; jpUf;fhkf;nfhl;lKila bghpaehr;rpahh; vd;Wk; tH';fg;gLfpwhh;. rptfhkRe;jhp vd;gJ rpw;rigapy; ,iwtd; ,lg;ghfj;jpy; vGe;jUspapUf;Fk; mk;ikiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. Kf;FWzp tpehafh; Kff;fl;lzj;J tpehafh; vdt[k; Fnyhj;J';fnrhH tpehafh; vdt[k; fy;btl;Lfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whh;. Kff;fl;lzk; vd;gJ Kfg;g[. jpy;iyf;Fj; bjw;Ff;nfhg[unk rpwe;j bgUthapy;. mt;tHpahfnt eluh$g;bgUkhid tHpglr; bry;fpd;wth;fs; bry;tJ Kiwahk;. eluh$g;bgUkhdpd; jpUKd;g[k; ,Jnt Mjyhy; Kfg;gpypUf;Fk; gps;isahh; Kff;fl;lz tpehafh; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;. Kff;fl;lzbkd;gJ Kf;fzkhfp – Kf;fzk; Kf;Fzpahf nghyp ,yf;fz mwpt[ mjid Kf;FWzpahf;fptpl;lJ. mjd;nky; cUtj;jpd; bgUikiabahl;o/ Kf;FWzp mhprpf;F xnu nkhjfk;

76

tpGg;giuad; 7. rpj;jiuad; 8. tpy;ytiuad;. 9. m';fuhad;. 10. rp';fsuhad;. 11 tp$auhad;. 12. \nte;jiuad;. 13. thzjiuad; 14. tay;ehl;liuad;. 15. bghj;jg;gpr;nrhHd; 16. fhuiztpGg;giuad;/ 17. FUFyuhad;. 18. kHtuhad;. 19. fhLbtl;o 20. tpuhjpuhad; 21. tpyhluhad; 22. tpf;uk nrhHg;gpukuhad;. 23. tpsehLilahd; 24. epfhpy;nrhHg; gy;ytiuad; 25. Fnyhj;J';f nrhHthznfhtiuad; 26. vjphpy;nrhHntshd; 27. eurpk;kth;kd; 28. ghz;oauhad; 29. kiyag;gpuhad; 30. ntzhLilahd; vd;gth;fs; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.

fpHf;F/ bjw;F/ nkw;Ff; nfhg[u';fis KoNoa kd;dh;fs;

fl;oajhft[k;/ tlf;Ff; nfhg[uj;ijf; flt[s; jhnd fl;of; bfhz;ljhft[k; S.I.I.374 – 1913 fy;btl;Lg; ghl;blhd;W mwptpf;fpwJ. ,t;tlf;Ff; nfhg[uj;ijf; fpU#;znjtuhad; bjhl';fp epiykl;lk; tiuapnyh my;yJ mjw;F nkYnkh epWj;jpajhft[k; mr;Rj njtuhad; ,jid Kw;Wg; bgWtpj;jjhft[k; fy;btl;Lf;fshy; a{fpf;f ,le;jUtjhy; flt[s; jhnd fl;of;bfhz;lhh; vd;W fy;btl;L cgrhukhff; TWfpwJ nghYk; bjw;Ff; nfhg[uk; nfhg;bgU";rp';fdhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,tDf;F mHfpa rp';fd; vd;w kw;bwhU bgaUKz;lhjyhy; ,f;nfhg[uk; brhf;frPak; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidj; bjw;fpy; brhf;fr;rPak;/ jpUepiynaGnfhg[uj; jpUthry; jpUg;gzpf;F clyhfj; bjhz;il ehl;L Mj;J}hpy; epyk;tpl;ljhf tUk; Mj;J}h; Kj;jPRu Kilahh; fy;btl;Lk;/ rf;fpVfk;gKilahh; fy;btl;Lk; bjhptpf;fpd;wd.

nkiyf; nfhg[uj;ijj; jpUg;gzpbra;j rpw;gpfs; tpUj;j

fphpnrtfg; bgUkhSk; mtd; kfd; tpr;tkpj;JUt[k;/ jpUg;gpiuf;Filahrhhp jpUkU';fDk; mtd; rnfhjud; rhuzhrhhpa[k; Mthh;fs; vdf; fy;btl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,d;Dk; mjpnyna fPH;g;g[wr; Rthpy; fhknjtd;/ mfj;jpad;/ rPnjtp/ njnte;jpud;/ fnzrd;/ Jh;f;if ,t;t[Ut';fSk;/ tlg[wr;Rthpy; Uj;unjth;/ uhF nfJf;fs;/ ehujd;/ msnfrd;/ re;jpud;/ fphpahrf;jp/ rdp/ tha[ ,t;t[Ut';fSk; nkw;g[wr; Rthpy; n&j;ughyg; gps;isahh; f';fhnjtp/ jd;te;jphp/ jphpg[uRe;jhp/ Rf;fpud;/ it$ad;/ ehfd;/ aKid/ gj;ufhsp/ Mjprz;Orh; ,t;t[Ut';fSk;/ bjd;Rthpy;/ g[jd;/ epUjp/ "hdrf;jp/ mf;dpnjtd;/ ,t;t[Ut';fSk; ,Ug;gdthf mwptpf;fpwJ. njthuk; ghoa \th; Kjypfshfpa "hdrk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh;/ Re;juh; Mfpa \tUf;Fk; jdpj;jdpna Mya';fs; ,Ue;jdthff; fy;btl;Lfs; mwptpf;fpd;wd.

29

ngWbgw;w jyk;. ,jidj; jpUf;FWf;ifj; njthuj;Js; mg;gh; Rthkpfs; epiwkiwf; fhLjd;dpy; vd;Dk; jpUg;ghlypy; tpsf;fpapUf;fpwhh;fs;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. \\\\h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; ,iwtd; bgah; ntjhuz;naRtuh;/ njthuk; "kiwf;fhl;Liwa[k; kzhsd;" vdf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mk;ikbgah; ahiHg;gHpj;j bkhHpak;ik/ tPzhfhdtpJ}#zp vdt[k; tH';Fth;. jytpUl;rk; td;dp/ rg;jtpl';fj; jy';fSs; xd;whjypd; jpahnfr\h;j;jp vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;whh;. mth; bgah; g[tdptpl';fh;/ eldk; Qk;reldk;. jPh;;j;jk; jPh;;j;jk; jPh;;j;jk; jPh;;j;jk; kzpfh;zpif/ ntjg{#z jPh;;j;jk;/ ntjhkpUjk; (fly;) Kjypad. "hdrk;ge;jRthkpfSk;/ mg;g\h;j;jpfSk; ,j;jyj;jpw;Fj; jhprdj;jpw;fhf vGe;jUspanghJ/ ntj';fs; g{rpj;j fhyj;J mit milj;j neh;f;fjt[k; jpwf;fg;glhkny tHf;fhww;wpUf;f/ mg;gh; jpwf;ft[k;/ rk;ge;jh; milf;ft[k; gho mw;g[jk; epfH;j;jpa jyk;/ Re;ju\h;j;jpfs; nrukhd; bgUkhnshL vGe;jUsp tHpgl;ljyk;. ,';F nfhojPh;j;jk; MjpnrJ kpf tpnrlkhdJ. cUj;jpunfho vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk; flyhLtJ tHf;fk;. mJ g[ij nrw;Wf; flyhjypd; kpf vr;rhpf;ifahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. mHfhd nfhoaf;fhL cz;L. nfhof; FHfh; nfhapy; tpnrlk;. jytpehafh; rpe;jhkzp tpehafh;. ,uhtzd; tHpgl;l tpehafh; tPuQj;jp tpehafh;. Jh;f;if re;epjp tpnrlkhdJ. ntjhuzpak; tpsf;fHF vd;W xU gHbkhHp ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wp tH';fptUfpwJ. mjdhny guhe;jfnrhHh; Kjypa gyh; tpsf;Fj; jUknk bra;jpUf;fpwhh;fs; nghYk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;jpYs;s fy;btl;Lf;fis murpayhh; fp.gp 1904-Mk; Mz;oy; gobaLj;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. bkhj;jk; 89 fy;btl;Lf;fSk;/ xU brg;g[g;gl;laKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. mtw;Ws; nrhH kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jd vz;gj;jpuz;L. Vidatw;Ws; xd;W j";ir Js!hkfhuh$htpd; kfdhd gpujhgrpk;k kfhuh$htpdJ. kw;wit ,uz;Lk; tp$aefu

30

murd; gpug[lnjt kfhuha/ njtkfhuhah; vd;gth;fSilad. xd;W ,d;dhUila vd;W mwpag;bgwhj brg;g[g;gl;lak;. nrhHh;fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lf;fs; Kjw;guhe;jfd; Kjy; Fnyhj;J';fd; III tiu cs;sd. mtw;Ws; Kjw;guhe;jfd; bra;j tpsf;fPLfs; gw;wpa jUkk; 38 fy;btl;Lf;fshy; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. ,j;jyk; ck;gs ehl;Lf; Fd;D}h;ehl;Lj; jpUkiwf;fhL vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. Kjw; guhe;jf nrhHd; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lfs; midj;Jk; mtDila Ml;rp 5-k; Mz;LKjy; 34-k; Mz;L tiu Mz;Lfs; njhWk; tpsf;Fitf;f MLfSk;/ epyKk;/ bghd;Dk; mspj;jikia mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,uh$uh$ njtDk;/ gunfrhp ,uh$uh$Dk;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; I, Fnyhj;J';fd; III ,th;fSk; tpsf;Ff;F epyKk; MLfSk; mspj;jpUf;fpd;wdh;. ,uhn$e;jpud; III fhyj;jpy; Ml;rp 16-Mk; Mz;oy; epyk; tpl;l bra;jp mwpag;bgWfpd;wJ. ,uh$uh$d; III fhyj;jpy; rp';fs jz;lehafdhy; nfhof;FHfh;nfhapy; rPunzhj;jhuzk; bra;tpf;fg; bgw;wJ. fp.gp 1496-,y; mh;r;rfUf;Fr; rpy chpikfs; tH';fg; bgw;wd vd;W brg;g[g;gl;lak; TWfpwJ.

21. jpUf;nfhyf;fh21. jpUf;nfhyf;fh21. jpUf;nfhyf;fh21. jpUf;nfhyf;fh nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk; rPfhHpf;F nkw;nf 1 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; jpUj;jhsKilahh;nfhapy; vd tH';FfpwJ. jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; jpUKiyg;ghy; cz;lUspa kWehs; ,j;jyj;jpw;F vGe;jUspf; ifapdhy; jhsk; ,l;Lg; ghodhh;. mg;nghJ ,iwtd; jpUtUshy; jpUite;bjGj;J vGjg;bgw;w bghw;whsk; ,th; ifte;jUsg; bgw;wJ. Rthkp bgah; rg;jg[hPRtuh;. mk;ikbgah; XirbfhLj;jehafp. fpHf;Fg; ghh;j;j re;epjp nfhapy; thapypy; mHfhd jPh;j;jk; ,Uf;fpwJ. rPfhHp jpUKiyg;ghy; tpHh md;W khiy "hdrk;ge;j Rthkp ,';F vGe;jUSth;.

22. 22. 22. 22. jpUr;brk;bghd;gs;spjpUr;brk;bghd;gs;spjpUr;brk;bghd;gs;spjpUr;brk;bghd;gs;sp nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj;bjd;fiuj;jyk;/ kapyhLJiwapypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; brk;bghdhh;nfhapy; vd ,f;fhyj;J tH';fg; bgWfpd;wJ. ,e;jpud; tpUe;jpuhfuidf; bfhy;tjd; bghUl;;Lg; g{rpj;J

75

njtDila 47-Mk; mz;Lf; fy;btl;Lk; fdfrigiaa[k; jpU\yl;lhdj;ija[k; gphpf;Fk; Rthpy; cs;sd.

fdfrigiar; Rw;wpa[s;s gpuhfhuk; tpf;fpuknrhHd; jpUkhspif vd;Wk;/ jpU\yl;lhdj;ijr; nru tUfpd;w ,uz;lhk; gpuhfhuk; Fnyhj;J';fnrhHd; jpUkhspif vd;Wk;/ mjw;Fk; btspapYs;s \d;whk; gpuhfhuk; ,uhrhf;fs; jk;gpuhd; jpUkhspif vd;Wk; tH';fg;gl;ld. ,tw;Ws; Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd; jpUkhspif vd;w bgaUk; tpf;fpuknrhHd; jpUkhspif vd;w bgaUk; nkw;Fwpj;j RthpYs;s fy;btl;Lf;fspnyna fhzg;gLfpd;wikapd;/ tpf;fpuknd jd; je;ijahfpa Fnyhj;J';fd; bgauhy; cl;gpuhfhuj;ija[k;/ jd;bgauhy; ,uz;lhk; gpufhuj;ija[k; bra;jpUf;f ntz;Lbkd;W bjhpfpwJ.

rk;ge;jh; Kjypa \th; fhyj;jpnyna ,j;jyk; rpwg;g[w;wpUf;ft[k;/

mth;fs; fhyj;jpa gy;yt nte;jh;fspd; fy;btl;blhd;Wk; ,jpy; fhzg;bgwhik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rpjk;guj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 271 cs;sd. mitfSs;

bgUk;ghyd nfhg;bgU";rp';f muridg; gw;wpa[k;/ $lhth;kd; Re;jughz;oaidg; gw;wpa[k; TWtd. ,uhnre;jpud; Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; III Koa cs;s gyUila fy;btl;Lf;fSk;/ tp$aefu kd;dh;fspd; fy;btl;Lf;fSk; ehaf;f kd;dh;fspd; fy;btl;LfSk; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,itfSs; bgUk;ghydtw;wpy; ee;jtdg; gzpfns

mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kpfr;rpytw;Ws; g{ir tHpghl;Lf;Fhpa epge;j';fs; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mwr;rhiyfisg; gw;wpa[k;/ mf;fpufhu';fs; mikg;gijg;gw;wpa[k;/ jpUghthil nghLtijg;gw;wpa[k; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. rpy fy;btl;Lf;fs;/ tpf;fpuk nrhHdJ fhyk;tiuapy; nfhapw; rhh;ghf eilbgw;w rhrd';fbsy;yhk; jpUg;g[ypa{h;r; rz;nlRtu njtehadhh; bgauhnyna eilbgw;Wte;jd. ,td; fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpwF nfhapy; fz;fhzpg;g[r; rigapd; bgauhnyna eilbgw;W te;jpUf;fpd;wd.

murh';fj; jiyik MjpfhhpfSk;/ cs;ehafj;jhh;fSk;/

rPfhhpa"; bra;thh;fSkhfg; gyh; nkw;Twpa rigapd; m';fj;jpdh;fshf ,Ue;J/ nfhapw;fhhpa';fis nkw;ghh;it bra;J te;Js;shh;fs;.

rpjk;guk; jpUf;nfhapiyf; fz;fhzpj;jth;fshf 1.

bjhz;ilkhd; 2. jpUitahWilahd; 3. kJuhe;jfg;gpukuhad; 4. jpy;iyak;gyg; nguiuad; 5. tpHp"j;jiuad; 6. ,uh$uh$

74

\\\\h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs; h;j;jpfs;

jpU\yl;lhndRuh;/ cikak;ik/ Kf;FWzptpehafh;/ fw;gftpehafh;/ ghz;oaehafk;/ mk;kd;/ etyp';fk;/ Jh;f;if Kjypad kpf tpsf;fk; tha;e;jit/ it#;ztj;jpy; jpUr;rpj;jpu Tlk; vd tH';Fk; bgUkhs; jpy;iyf; nfhtpe;juhrh;. ehahh; g[z;lhPRty;ypj;jhahh; Ie;J rigfSs; ,J fdfrig ,j;jyj;jpnyna Ie;J rigfs; cs;sd. mit rpw;rig (,J eluhrg; bgUkhd; ,Uf;Fkplk;)/ uh$rig (Mapu';fhy; kz;lgk;)/ fdfrig (rpw;rigf;F Kd;dhy; cs;s gFjp)/ epUj;jrig (eluhrg; bgUkhdpd; bfho kuj;jpw;fUfpYs;sJ)/ njtrig (nguk;gyk;) vd;gd.

,j;jyj;Jr; rpwg;g[ilf; flt[s; Mde;j eluhrh; mtUila

jpUnkdp KGtJk; g";rhf;futotk; mtUila jpUf;Tj;J xnu fhyj;jpy; Ie;bjhHpiya[k; Mw;WtJ.

jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; jPh;j;j';fs; rptf';if gukhde;jTgk;/ g[ypkL/ tpahf;fpughj jPh;j;jk;/ Mde;jj; jPh;j;jk;/ gpukjPh;j;jk;/ rptg;gphpia/ jpUg;ghw;fly; Kjypad. ,iwtd; Ch;j;Jtjhz;ltkhlj; njhw;w fhspapd; nfhapy; ,e;jr; rptg;gphpiaj; jPh;j;jj;jpd; fPH;f;fiuapy;/ rpjk;guj;jpd; tl vy;iyapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. jytpUl;rk; My;. ,J ,d;W ,y;iy. jpy;iytdk; vd;w bgauhy; jytpUl;rk; jpy;iy vd;ghUKsh;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L rpjk;guk; xU jdpa{uhf murd; neh;ghh;itapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. ,jidr;NHg; gjpdhd;F rpw;W}h;fs; ,Ue;jdthff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jyj;jpd; giHa bgah; rpw;wk;gyk;/ g[ypa{h;/ bgUk;gw;wg;g[ypa{h;/ bghw;g[ypa{h;/ jpy;iy/ jpy;iya{h;/ nfhapy; vd;W fy;btl;Lf;fspy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ. jpy;iyapd; njtfhhpaf; fz;fhzpg;ghsh;fns nrhHehL KGikf;Fk; njthyaf; fz;fhzpg;ghsuhf ,Ue;Jte;jdh;. nrhHkd;dh;fSf;F KoNl;Lk; chpik jpy;iy njtfhhpaf; FGtpdh;f;nf ,Ue;jJ. fy;btl;Lf;fspy; kpfg; gHikahdjhfpa ,uhn$e;jpu nrhH njtDila 24-Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;Lk;/ Fnyhj;J';f nrhH

31

tHpgl;lhd;. mjdhy; ,e;jpug[hp vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWk;/ KUfg;bgUkhd; jhufhRutjj;jpd; bghUl;Lg; g{rpj;jikapd; !;fe;jg[hp vdt[k; tH';Fk;. mf!;jpah; tHpgl;Lg; g[U#hh;j;j';fisg; bgw;whh;. gpukd; g{rpj;Jg; gilg;g[j;bjhHpy; iftug; bgw;whd;. ,ujp g{rpj;Jj; jd; gjpahfpa fhkidaile;jhs;. ehffd;dpah;fs; tHpgl;L ey;y fztiu mile;jdh;. ,e;jpud;/ j&d;ahfj;jpy; fye;Jbfhz;l Fw;wj;jpw;Fg; ghpfhue;je;jUspa jyKk; ,Jnt. trpl;lh; jpf;ghyfh;fs;/ fhtphp/ rKj;jpuk; KJypath;fSk; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wdh;. tPugj;jpuh; j&ahfj;jpw;fhf mtjhpj;j jyKk; ,Jjhd;. ,j;jyj;jpw;F mUfhikapy; XLk; fhtphpapy; ,l;l vYk;g[fs; g{ku';fsha; ,iwtDf;Fr; rhj;jg; gad;bgWk;. Rthkpbgah; Rth;zg[hPRtuh; mk;ikbgah; Rfe;jtd ehafp/ kUthh;FHyp. jytpUl;rk; td;dp. jPh;j;jk; ,e;jpu jPh;j;jk;/ fhtphp Kjypad. fpHf;Fg;ghh;j;j re;epjp. mk;ik bjd;gf;fj;jpy; nkw;FKfkhf vGe;jUspapUf;fpd;whh;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpadthf 6 fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mit 1925-,y; gobaLf;fg; bgw;Ws;sd. ,uh$hjpuh$d; Ml;rp Ie;jhkhz;oy; jpUthy';fhLilahh;f;F tpsefuhd epj;jtpnehj rJh;ntjpk';fyj;Jr; rigahh; bra';bfhz;lnrhH kz;lyj;J Mf;Th;ehl;L Mf;Tuhd ,uhn$e;jpurpk;k rJh;ntjpk';fyj;J nky;ghjp mgpkhdkey;Y}hpy; murw;F ed;whf tHpgltUnthh;f;F cztpw;fhf epyk; tH';fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. \d;wh';Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J ,uhn$e;jpu rpk;k ehlhfpa Mf;Thpy; J}z;lhtpsf;bfhpf;f ehw;gJ bghw;fhRf;F epyk; th';fp cHthplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. 6-Mk; Mz;oy; murpaypy; rpwe;j bra;jp xd;W mwptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rp';fsth;fisj; Jizf;bfhz;L ghz;oah;fs; gilbaLj;Jte;j gilnaW fyfj;jpy; brk;bghd;dhh; nfhapypYs;s njtuoahUk; nfhapy; epahaj;jhUkhfr; nrh;e;J vy;yhj; jpUt[Ut';fisa[k; jpUtpilf;fHp ,isagps;isahh; nfhapypy; bfhz;Lngha; itj;Jg; ghJfhj;jdh;. nkYk; mt;thz;oy; bghpa g[aw;fhw;woj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. mjdhy; jg;ghj ntjpad; jpUthry; tlf;Fr;RtUk; njuo ,uz;Lk; tPH;e;jd. ,d;dhh; vd;W mwpag;glhj ,uhn$nfrhp th;kd; Mwhk; Mz;oy; g{irf;Fk; gzpf;Fkhfj; jiyr;br';fhl;Lr; rigahh; xUtdplkpUe;J epyk; th';fp murw;F ed;whf mspj;jdh;. ,jpy; ,uh$Re;jud;tPjp vd;w xU bjUg;bgah; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. rungh$puh$h fyp 4821-,y; brk;bghd;dhjh; nfhapYf;Fj; jiyr;r';fhL rigahh; fpuhk';fspd; ed;ikf;fhf

32

Mz;Lf;F xUKiw thpnahLTl jwpfspd; cw;gj;jpasitbahl;o Mak; tNypj;Jf; bfhs;st[k; fhnthpg;gl;odk; ma;ahitaDk; jhz;ltuha KjypahUk; tNypg;ghsuhapUf;ft[k; Miz jug;gl;Ls;sJ.

23. jpUg;g[j;J}h; 23. jpUg;g[j;J}h; 23. jpUg;g[j;J}h; 23. jpUg;g[j;J}h;

ghz;oa ehl;Lj;jyk;. j";ir kJiu ngUe;J tHpj;jlj;jpYs;sJ. kJiu/ g[Jf;nfhl;il/ fhiuf;Fo/ rptf';if Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. ,j;jyk; jpUg;g[j;J}h; vdt[k;/ nfhapy; jpUj;jsp vdt[k; tH';Fk;. mg;gh; Rthkpfs; "jpUg;g[j;J}hpy; jpUj;jspahd; fhz;" vd mwptpg;ghh;fs;/ ckhnjtpa[k;/ ,yf;Fkpa[k; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. ,iwtd; mk;ik re;epjpfSf;F ,ilapy; iguth; re;epjp ,Uf;fpwJ. iguth; rpwg;g[ilath;. Mde;jf;Tj;jg;bgUkhd;/ rptfhkpak;ik jpUt[Ut';fs; fw;rpiyahyhd fz;ftUk; tdg;gpd tp#;qt[f;Fk; re;epjp cz;L. Rthkpbgah; g[j;J}hPrh;/ jpUj;jspehjh;. mk;ik rptfhkp mk;ikahh;. jPh;j;jk; jpUj;jspj; jPh;j;jk;/ rptf';if Kjypad. jytpUl;rk; bfhd;iw. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L murpayhuhy; 1908-Mk; Mz;oy; gobaLf;fg;bgw;w fy;btl;Lf;fs; 51 cs;sd. ,iwtd; jpUg;bgah; jpUf;fw;wspg;gl;lhuh;; _jsp gunk!;tuh;/ jpUj;jsp cila gunk!;tuh;. jpUj;jsp Mz;l ehadhh; vd tH';fg;bgWfpd;whh;. mk;ik jpUf;fhkf; nfhl;lKila ehr;rpahh;. jpUg;gs;spiw ehr;rpahh; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpd;whh; ,th;fnsad;wpf; nfhapYf;Fs;ns ifyhrKila ehadhh;/ mf!;jP!;tuk; cilahh; nfhapy;fSk; ,Ue;jdthf mwpag;gLfpd;wd. iguth; nfhapy; kpfg; gpurpj;jkhdJ. tp$aefuj;ij murhz;l tPug;gpujhg mr;Rjnjt kfhuhah; ed;ikf;fhfg; bghpa uhkg;g ehaf;fuhy; igutUf;F epyk; mspf;fg;gl;ljhfj; bjhpfpwJ. ,ijg;gw;wpa Fwpg;g[f;fs; tp$a efu murh;fs; fy;btl;Lf;fspy; ,jw;F Ke;jpajpy; ,y;iy. ifyhrKilaehadhh; nfhapy; njtuoahshd xUj;jp jpUeht[f;fuR ehadhh; gotj;ijg; gpujp#;il bra;at[k;/ ientj;jpaj;jpw;fhft[k; bghd; mspj;j bra;jpiaj; jphpg[td

73

ehisf;F Ie;J th;zkha;j; njhd;Wtjhf IjPfk; ,';F rhypf;fpuhkj;jhy; bra;ag;bgw;w Rg;gpukzpah; tpf;fpufk; xd;Wz;L. Rthkpbgah; bghpahz;nlRtuh;. fy;ahzRe;jnuRtuh;/ g";rth;nzrh; vd;gd. ,iwtpbgah; gh;tj Re;jhp/ fy;ahzRe;jhp vd;gd. jPh;j;jk; rg;jrhfu jPh;j;jk;.

Re;jug;bgUkhs; nfhapYf;Fj; bjw;nf 3 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. jpUthtLJiw MjPd mUshl;rpapy; cs;sJ. ,Ugj;bjhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L FlKGf;F tpHhf;fs; epiwntwpa[s;sd.

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyk; bQha;rs muruhd tPu uhkehjnjthpd; 23 MtJ Ml;rpapy; epj;jtpnehj tsehl;L ey;Y}h;ehl;Lg; g";rtd; khnjtp rJh;ntjp k';fykhfpa jpUey;Y}h; vd;W tH';FfpwJ. ,iwtd; jpUey;Y}h; ehadhh; vd;W tH';fg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;jytpehafh; mfk;gotpehafh; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. ehuhazd;nkRtPud; vd;gtd; xU kz;lg';fl;odhd;. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; epntjdj;jpw;F bey;Yk;/ epyKk;/ tpsf;fpw;Fg; bghd;Dk; g{e;njhl;lj;jpw;Fk;/ g{f;fl;lt[k; epyKk; bghd;Dk; mspj;j bra;jpia mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHnjtdpd; 5-Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;blhd;W nfhapypy; moj;jsk; mikf;f epyk; tH';fpaijj; bjhptpf;fpd;wJ.

62. nfhapy; (rpjk;guk;)62. nfhapy; (rpjk;guk;)62. nfhapy; (rpjk;guk;)62. nfhapy; (rpjk;guk;) jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; ,j;jyk; rpjk;guk; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;/ brd;id/ jpUr;rp neh; tHp ,Ug;g[g; ghijapy; rpjk;guk; ,uapy; epiyak; cs;sJ. jkpHfj;jpd; midj;J efh;fspypUe;Jk; ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. jpy;iy/ rpjhfhr n&j;jpuk;/ bgUk;gw;wg;g[ypa{h; vd;gd ,jd; kWbgah;fs; ikj;nua cgep#jk; ,Ujahfhr kak; nfhrk; Mde;jk; gukhyak; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jpUke;jpuj;jpy; jpUtk;gyr; rf;fuk;/ jpUf;Tj;J/ rpjk;guk; Kjypad Fwpg;gplg;gLtjhy; ,jd;bjhd;ik tps';Fk;. fP!;l; ypr; nguhrphpah; fp.gp 5-Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; 10.11 tiuapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s fl;ll';fs; ,';F ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;fpwhh;.

72

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; kpfr; rpynt. ,t;thyaj;ijg; gw;wpadthf xd;Wk; ,y;iy. eha;f;fkd;dh;fs; xy;yhe;J ehl;ltUf;F ,e;efiu tH';fpa tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[ ,jpy; fhzg;bgWfpwJ.

61. jpUey;Y}h;61. jpUey;Y}h;61. jpUey;Y}h;61. jpUey;Y}h; xU fhyj;jpy; MjpnrlDf;Fk;/ tha[njtDf;Fk; typikg; nghl;o epfH;e;jJ. Mjpnrld; fapiykiyia kFl';fshy; gw;wpf; bfhs;s tha[njtd; mirf;f Kw;gl;lhh;. Mjpnrld; gpoiaj; jsh;j;jpanghJ tha[njtd; fapiy kiyr; rpfu';fs; ,uz;ilg; bgah;j;J vLj;Jf;bfhz;L bjd;dhL te;J xd;iw ey;Y}hpYk; gpwpbjhd;iw Mt{hpYk; tpLj;jdd;. mk;kiyr; rpfu';fspy; xd;nw jpUey;Y}h; ,iwtd; vGe;jUspa kiyahFk;. ,k;kiyf;F Re;jufphp vd;W bgah;. Mt{h; kiyr; rpfuj;jpw;F kzpTlfphp vd;Wk; bgah;. nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd; fiuj;jyk;. Re;jug; bgUkhs; nfhapYf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ngUe;J tHp cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; nfhr;br';fl; nrhHdhy; jpUg;gzp bra;ag; bgw;w khlf;nfhapYs; xd;whf tps';FtJ. ntWgl;l nfhapy; mikg;ig cilaJ. jpUeht[f;fuR Rthkpfs; jpUr;rj;jp Kw;wj;jpny g{thh; mor;RtL vd;nky; bghwpj;Jit vd;W tpz;zg;g";bra;a ,iwtd; "ey;Y}Uf;Fth cd;Dila epidg;ig Kof;fpd;nwhk;" vd;W mUs ,';F vGe;jUspdhh;. jpUto Nl;lg;bgw;whh;. mjid mikj;Jj; jpUj;jhz;lfj;J XJjiyf;fhz;f. giHahiwapy; mtjhpj;j mkh;ePjpehadhh; ,j;jyj;jpy; jpUkl';fl;or; rptdoahh;fSf;Ff; fe;ij fPH;f; nfhtz'; bfhLj;Jte;jhh;. kiwe;Jnghd rptbgUkhdJ nfhtzj;jpw;fhf jhDk; chpika[k; cilika[bky;yhk; Jiy Vwp/ mj;Jiyna tpkhdbkdf;bfhz;L Ie;bjGj;njhjp rptgjk; mile;jhh;. ,jid mg;gh; Rthkpfs; ehl;bfhz;l vd;w ghlypy; (7-Mk; ghl;L) tpsf;fp mUSfpwhh;fs;. gpU';fp tz;L+gkhfg; g{rpj;jjhy; jpUnkdp KGtJk; Jisfs; cs;sd mfj;jpaUf;Fj; jpUkzf;nfhyk; fhl;oa jykhjyhy; mfj;jpayp';fKk;/ fy;ahz Re;juf;nfhyKk; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wd. Rthkp bghd;tz;zj; jpUnkdpnahL tps';Ffpwhh;. xU

33

rf;futh;j;jp tpf;fpukghz;oad; 12-Mk; Ml;rpahz;L fy;btl;blhd;W fhl;Lfpd;wJ. nfhtpy; moahSf;fpUe;j moahh; gf;jp vd;nd* jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; jpUklKk; jpUj;bjhz;lj;bjhifj; jpUklKk; irtklk; xd;Wk; ,Ue;jd. ,tw;Ws; jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; jpUklj;jpy; _fz;l rpthr;rhhpah; ,Ue;jjhft[k;/ nrhHnjrj;jpy; ,Ue;j epyj;ij tpw;W mtUf;Ff; bfhLf;fg;bgw;wbjd;Wk; mnj fy;btl;L mwptpf;fpd;wJ. ,f;fy;btl;L khwth;kd; Re;ju ghz;oad; I (fp.gp 1214 – 35) fhyj;jJ. ,itad;wpf; fpuhk njtijfshf m';fhsk;kd; nfhapy;/ epd;w ehuhazg;bgUkhs; nfhapy; ,itfSk; jpUg;g[j;J}h; fpuhk';fspy; ,Ue;jdthff; Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. bgUkhs; nfhapy;/ jpUj;jsp cilahh;nfhapypnyna ,Ue;jjhff; Fwpf;fg; bgwhik Cd;wp mwpjw;FhpaJ. ,j;jyj;J epfH;r;rpfs; aht[k; ghz;oah; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl]Lf;fshfnt bgUk;ghYk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. _ ty;yg ghz;oad; fhyj;jpy; ,uhn$e;jpunrhH nfusdhd epr;ryuh$dhy; nfusrp';f tsehl;oy; tpsf;fpw;fhf 50 ML bfhLf;fg;bgw;wpUf;fpwJ. murdhnyna 25 gRf;fSk; xU fhisa[k; tpsf;fpw;fhff; bfhLf;fg;bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. nrhH njrj;jpy; fahkhzpf;f tsehl;L kUfy; ehl;Lg; g[j;jD}hpy; trpj;j xUth; 25 gRf;fisa[k; xU fhisiaa[k; tpsf;fpw;fhff; bfhLj;jhh;. fhsp';fuhad; ntz;LnfhSf;fhf ,uz;L fpuhk';fs; mspf;fg;bgw;wd. cyf KGJilahs; vd;Dk; murpahy; klg;gs;spj; jpUg;gzp bra;ag;bgw;wJ. guhf;fpuk ghz;oad; guhf;fpuk ghz;oad; guhf;fpuk ghz;oad; guhf;fpuk ghz;oad; ,td; fhyj;jpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 4 cs;sd. mtw;why; ,td; Ml;rp gjpbdhuhk; Mz;oy; g[wkiyehl;Lg; bghd;dkuhtjpahd ,uhn$e;jpunrhH ep#juhad; vd;gtdhy; jpUj;jsp cilahh; nfhapy; cw;rtj;jpw;fhf bey; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. jpUg;g[j;J}h; rigahh;To eunyhf tPud; re;jp vd;Dk; tpHhtpw;fhf epyk;tpw;Wf; bfhLj;j tuyhW mwptpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. Xh; me;jzdhy; jpUg;gs;sp miw ehr;rpahh; epntjdj;jpw;fhfg; bghd; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. ca;ate;jhd; fz;onjtdhd fh';nfad; vd;gtdhy; nfhapYf;F mspf;fg;bgw;w rhrd';fs; gl;oayhff; Fwpf;fg;bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. Fynrfu ghz;oad; Fynrfu ghz;oad; Fynrfu ghz;oad; Fynrfu ghz;oad; epakk; vd;Dk; Cuhd; xUtdhy; tpsf;Fj;jz;Lf;fhfg; bghd;Dk;/ njdhw;Wg;ghrd trjpa[k; bra;J bfhLf;fg;bgw;wjhf

34

mwpag;bgWfpwJ. mjprag; ghz;oa ey;Y}uhd Fl;lf;Foapy; fz;ld; ca;ate;jhdhd fh';nfadhy; jpUg;gjpak; tpz;zg;gpg;ghh;f;F ,iwapypahf mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. ,e;j epyk;/ tPuFzg; bgUkhs; vd;gtuhy; jpUg;g[j;J}h; jpUj;jspapYs;s Tj;jhL njtuhd eluh$ njtUf;F mspf;fg;bgw;wpUe;jJ. mnj nfhapypYs;s irtklk; xd;wpw;Fj; jpUthye;Jiw cilahdhd; jpUf;bfhL';Fd;w Kilahd; ep#juh$dhy; rpy thpfs; tNypj;Jf;bfhs;s chpik mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. jpUg;g[j;J}h; \yghp#j; vd;Dk; rigahh; kJiubrd;W nfhapy; epy';fSf;F thp fl;o tuntz;oajw;fhf tHpg;gazr;brythd xU Fwpg;gpl;l bjhifiaj; js;Sgo bra;J bfhLj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ifyhrkiyehjh; nfhapy; jpUtpHhtpw;fhfr; rk;tj;ru thhpakhf thp js;Sgo bra;jik Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ. jahg";rfk; vd;wiHf;fg;gLk; kz;lgj;jpy; \yr;rigahh; Tor; rpy bfhLf;fy; th';fy;fs; bra;j bra;jpa[k;/ jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhifahd jpUklKk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. nrhHghz;oa tsehl;L Fynrfuehl;Lg; gpuhkzp xUtdhy; nfhapypy; ehd;fpy; \d;W g';F tpsf;Ffis Vw;wg; bghd;tH';fg; bgw;wJ. fz;oa njtuhy; jpUf;fhkf; nfhl;lKila ehr;rpahiu kUe;J rhj;jpg; gpujp#;ilbra;aj; jk;Kila epyf;Fothu chpiktpw;Wf; bfhLf;fg;gl;l bra;jp mwpag;bgWfpwJ. nfhapy; fzf;fh;fshy; jtwpiHf;fg;bgw;w nfhapy; epy';fisj; jpUk;gt[k; mse;J fl;o kPz;Lk; nfhapYf;nf chpikahf;fpajhf ,tDila 23-Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;L mwptpf;fpwJ. njtufz;ld; kidtpahd mtdpKGJilahshy; jpUk";rd jPh;j;jj;jpw;fhf ehd;F jz;zPh;g; ghidfs; mspf;fg;bgw;wd. khwd;rilkhwd;rilkhwd;rilkhwd;rilaaaad; d; d; d; ,td; fhyj;jpy; 40 fH";R bghd; mspf;fg;bgw;w bra;jp mwptpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. ehfuh$njtd; I (fp.gp. 985 – 1013) jpUg;g[j;J}h; rigahh; cw';fhg;g[sp moapy;To Vnjh jPh;khdpj;jjhfj; bjhpfpwJ. rpjpykhjypd; KGtuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[k; bjhpatpy;iy. tPughz;oad; tPughz;oad; tPughz;oad; tPughz;oad; jpUj;bjhz;lj; bjhifj; jpUklj;jpw;Fj; jpUg;g[j;J}h;r; rigahh;To ,iwapypbra;jij mwptpf;fpwJ. jahg";rfk; vd;Dk; kz;lgj;ijj; jpUg;gzpbra;j tuyhWk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. njdhw;Wg; ghrdkhd bfhiwf;Foahd; mitad; bghpa ehadhuhd tprahya njtdhy;/ atdh;fs; Mf;fpukpj;j nfhapiy btd;W jpUk;gt[k; bgw;Wg;

71

bghd;nta;e;jhd;. nrhkh!;fe;jh; nfhapy; Kd; kz;lgk;/ rpiwkPl;lhd; jphptpf;uk cjadhy; fl;lg;bgw;wJ. jytpehafUf;F Vfhk;gu cjad; Ml;rpapy; epyk; tH';fg;bgw;wJ. ,iwtd; jpUg;guha;j;Jiw kfhnjth;/ guha;j;Jiw gunkRtud; vd;W tH';fg;bgWfpwhh;. ,j;jyk; cj;jkrPypr; rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jj; jpUg;guha;j;Jiw vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,';nf j&pzha g[z;zpa fhyj;jpYk; r';fuhe;jpapYk; ePuhl;L tpHh eilbgw;wjhfj; bjhpfpd;wJ.

60. jpUehiff; fhnuhzk; 60. jpUehiff; fhnuhzk; 60. jpUehiff; fhnuhzk; 60. jpUehiff; fhnuhzk; ehif – Ch;g;bgah;. fhnuhzk; - nfhapypd; bgah;. fhnuhz';fs; jkpH;ehl;oy; \d;W cs;sd. 1) ehiff; fhnuhzk;/ 2) Fle;ijf; fhnuhzk;/ 3) fr;rpf; fhnuhzk;. fhak; + Mnuhfzk; = fhnuhzk;. Mnuhfzk; - Vwr; bra;jy;. nrhH ehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. j";ir – ehTh; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; ,uapy; epiyak;. brd;id/ Fk;gnfhzk;/ kapyhLJiw/ j";rht{h;/ jpUth+h; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. ehif khtl;lj;jpd; jiy efh;. ,J jpahnfrcUt rg;jtpl';f !;jy';fspy; xd;W. mjpgj;jehadhh; mtjhpj;j ek;gpah';Fg;gk; jpUf;nfhapYf;F tlfpHf;fpy; 1.5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. rptbgUkhd; g[z;lhPf kfhp#pia clnyhL Vw;Wf;bfhz;l jykhjypd;/ fhnuhzk; vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ. Mjpnrld; g{rpj;j jykhjypd; ehif vdg; bgah; bgw;wJ. mtd; g{rpj;j jpUf;nfhapy; nkw;nf 1.5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ehfehjh; nfhapy; vd tH';FfpwJ. Kj;jpkz;lgk; vd;w xd;W ,';F cs;sik jdpr;rpwg;g[. 64 rf;jp gPl';fSs; xd;W. ,iwtd; bgah; fhahnuhfnz!;tuh;. Mjpg[uhzh; vd tH';FjYk; cz;L. mk;ik fUe;jl';fz;zp. tlbkhHpapy; ePyhajh&p vd tH';Fth;. jytpUl;rk; kh. tpehafh; khto tpehafh;/ ehfhguzg;gps;isahh;/ jpahfh; jpUt[U jdpna cs;sJ. ghuhthuju';f eldk;. jPh;;j;jk; g[z;lhPf jPh;j;jk;/ fhf jPh;;j;jk; Kjypad. mjpgj;jh;f;F mUs; g[hpe;j tpHh Mz;LnjhWk; Mtzp khjj;jpy; eilbgWfpwJ. kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is ,aw;wpa jyg[uhzk; ehiff; fhnuhz g[uhdkhFk;. ,J 61 gly';fisa[k; 2506 ghly;fisa[k; bfhz;lJ. ,J fPH;f; flw;fiunahukhf cs;s jyk;.

70

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 29 cs;sd. ,itfSk; Kjw;guhe;jfd; fhyKjw;bfhz;nl bjhl';Ffpd;wd. ,tw;why; murh;fSk; murpah;fSk;/ mth;fsJ njhHpkhh;fSk;/ jz;lj; jiyth;fSk; tpsf;fpw;fhf epyKk; bea;a[k;. bghd;Dk; tH';fpaik mwpayhk;. jphpg[td tPunjtdhd \d;whk; Fnyhj;J';fd; rpe;jpey;Y}hpy; cs;s epy';fis 15500 fhRfSf;F tpw;W/ mijf; nfhapYf;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;. ,uh$uh$d; \d;W fhzp xU Ke;jphp epyk; mspj;jhd; vd;gjhy; murh;fspd; md;gpd; Eqf;fk; mwpag;bgWfpwJ. nfh,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;jpy; xU ntshsd; fy;kz;lgk; xd;iw vGg;gpj; je;jhd;.

59. jpUg;guha;j;Jiw 59. jpUg;guha;j;Jiw 59. jpUg;guha;j;Jiw 59. jpUg;guha;j;Jiw nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk; jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spapypUe;J Fspj;jiy bry;Yk; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; ,e;jpud;/ Fngud;/ rg;jhp#pfs; ,th;fshy; g{rpf;fg;bgw;wJ. mfz;l fhtphpj;Jiwapy; cs;sJ. ,jid mg;gh; Rthkpfs; "guf;FePh;g; bghd;dp kd;Dguha;j; Jiw" vd;W mUSthh;fs;. ,iwtd; bgah; guha;j;Jiw ehjh;. njtpahh; bgah; kapyk;ikahh;. jPh;j;jk; fhtphp. tpUl;rk;guha; tpUl;rj;jhy; ,j;jyj;jpw;Fg; bgauhapw;W jpUr;rp - <nuhL ,uapy; ghijapy; ,uapy; epiyak; cs;sJ. ,Ugj;bjhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L FlKGf;F epfH;t[fs; epiwntwpa[s;sd. jpdrhp g{irfs; Rkhuhf elf;fpd;wd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L kJiu bfhz;l nfhg;gunfrhp th;kuhd Kjw;guhe;jfd; fhyj;jpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; kpFjpahf cs;sd. ,d;dhuJ vd;wwpaKoahj ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;jpa fy;btl;Lf;fSk; rpy cs;sd. mitad;wpr; Re;jughz;oaj;njth;/ nfhnehpd;ik bfhz;lhd;. fpU#;znjt kfhuhah; fy;btl;Lf;fSk; ,d;dhbud;W mwpaKoahj rpy fy;btl;Lf;fSk; cs;sd. vy;yhkhf murpayhh; gobaLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; 83. mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; nfhapiyg;gw;wpa cz;ikfs;/ nfhapYf;F tpsf;F vhpf;f MLk;/ bghd;Dk;/ epyKk; mspj;j bra;jpfshFk;. Re;jughz;oaj; njtd; jd;Dila Ml;rp xd;gjhk; Mz;oy; j';f Mguz';fs; mspj;jhd;. Fnyhj;J';fd; fUg;gf;fpUfj;Jf;Fg;

35

g[dpjg;gLj;jg;bgw;wJ. ,J eilbgw;w ehs; 02.08.1339 jp';fl;fpHik vd;W vgpfpuhgpfh ,z;ofh gFjp II gf;. 138 TWfpwJ. 2.12.1339-,y; mitad; brhuf;Fo khstr;rf;uth;j;jpapdhy; ghof;fhty; chpikfs; tpw;fg;bgw;wd. rpy nfhapy; epy';fs; mUr;rfUf;F khdpakhf mspf;fg;bgw;wd. tp$aefu muruhd fpU#;zg;gnjtkfhuh$d; fhyj;J rfk; 1432-,y; ghz;o kz;lyj;J nfusrp';f tsehl;Lf; fpuhk';fshd ehuzk';fyk;/ fhiua{h; vd;w ,uz;ila[k; eurpk;kuha bry;yg;guJ re;jpf;fhff; nfhapYf;F mspj;jhd;. mit ,uz;Lk; ,g;bghGJ bry;yg;ghg[uk; vd;W tH';fg;gLfpd;wd. mr;Rj njt kfhuhah; fhyj;jpy; mUtpa{h; efukhd Fynrfug;gl;odj;jhd; xUtdhy; tpsf;fpw;fhf epyk; mspf;fg;bgw;wpUf;fpwJ. bghpa uhkg;gehafUf;F ed;ik cz;lhf taputUf;F epyk; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. fpU#;zuhah; fhyj;J tPueurpk;kuha ehaf;fuhd bry;yg;gh; ed;ikf;fhfj; jpUg;g[j;J}h; cilahd; rp';fk ehaf;fdhy; epyk; tH';fg;bgw;wJ. ehfkehaf;fh; kfdhd tpRtehj eha;f;fh; ed;ikf;fhf xU fpuhkk; (tuFzg[j;J}h;) tH';fg;gl;lJ. ,itad;wp epd;w ehuhaz bgUkhs; nfhapYf;Fk;/ m';fhsk;kd; nfhapYf;Fk; epge;j';fs; mspf;fg;bgw;wpUg;gij mwptpg;gd \d;W fy;btl;Lf;fs;. ,';'dk; jpUg;g[j;J}h;nfhapy; gy ghz;oakd;dh;fSila rka czh;r;rpf;F muzhf ,Ue;jik mwpe;J ,d;g[Wjw;FhpaJ.

24. jpUg;g[d;Th;24. jpUg;g[d;Th;24. jpUg;g[d;Th;24. jpUg;g[d;Th; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphptlfiuj;jyk;. itj;jP!;tud; nfhapypUe;J 3 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. ngUe;J trjp cz;L. \th;njthuk; bgw;w gjp. ,J g[d;fkuj;ijj; jytpUl;rkhff; bfhz;ljhfypd; jpUg;g[d;Th; vdg;gLtjhapw;W. tlbkhHpapy; fh";rhuz;ak; vd tH';Fk; ,j;jyj;jpw;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s MjD}hpy; mtjhpj;j jpUehisg;nghthh; vd;Dk; ee;jdhh; gf;jpf;fhf ee;jpia tpyFk;gor; bra;j jyk;. ,th; btl;oa jpUf;Fsk; xd;Wk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F tlf;nf cs;s jpUg; bgUk';fyj;jpy; trpj;j Vah;nfhd; fypf;fhkehadhh; jpUf;nfhapiyg; g[Jf;fpg; gy jpUg;gzpfisr; bra;jpUf;fpwhh;. fypf;fhkh; ntz;LnfhSf;fhf ,iwtd; 12 ntyp epy';fisg; bgw;Wf;bfhz;L kiHbga;tpj;Jk;/ epWj;jpa[k; cyif ca;tpj;jhh;. ,jidr; Re;ju\h;j;jp Rthkpfs; jk; gjpfj;J 'itafk; Kw;Wk; khkiH' vd;w ghlyhy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;. ,r;bra;jp nfhapy; jpUg;gz;zpah; tpUj;jj;jpYk; Twg;bgWfpwJ. ,iwtd; bgah; rptnyhfehjh;. ,iwtpbgah; brhf;f

36

ehafp/ jPh;j;jk; fzgjp jPh;j;jk;/ tpUl;rk; g[d;fkuk;. ,Ugj;jp xd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; Kjy; FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. ,t;t{Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s bgUk';fyj;jpy; njhd;wpath; Vah;nfhd; fypf;fhkehadhh;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L 411 Kjy; 415 tiuapYs;s Ie;J fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. 1918-,y; gobaLf;fg;bgw;wd. ,iwtd; rptnyhfKilaehjh; vd;W tH';fg;bgWfpd;whh;. ,uh$uh$d; Ml;rp 11-k; Mz;oy; rptnyhfKilahh; nfhapypnyna tlf;F ,uz;lhk; gpufhuj;J tpf;fpuk nrhHPr;Ru Kila ehadhh; nfhapiyf;fl;l tpf;fu nrhHdhd taehl;liuad; kUJ}h; cilahd; epykspj;J ,Uf;fpwhd;. nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; 2-Mk; Mz;oy; ,j; jyk; ,uh$hjpuh$tsehl;L jpUthypehl;Lj; jpUg;g[d;Th; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;bgw;Ws;sJ. ghz;oa Fyhrdp tsehl;Lf; fPiHa{h; ehl;Lf; Fwpr;rpahd; xUtd; rptnyhfKila khnjth; jpUk";rdj;jpw;Fk; jpUkhiyf;Fkhf epykspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; tpsf;fpw;fhf epykspj;j bra;jpia mwptpg;gd.

25. jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw 25. jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw 25. jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw 25. jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw

nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj;bjd;fiuj;jyk;. j";rht{h; fz;oa{hpypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. \th; njthuk; bgw;w gjp. mUshsh; vd;Dk; me;jz md;gUf;F ml;raghj;jpuk; mspj;Jg; g";rfhyj;jpy; moahh;fSf;F md;dkpl;Lf; fhj;j jyk;. bfsjk Kdpth; jt";bra;J Kj;jpbgw;wikahy; bfsjkh!;ukk; vd;W tH';fg;gLk;. ,e;jpud;/ Nhpad; Kjypnahh;fs; tHpgl;L ca;e;jdh;. Nhpad; tHpgl;l bra;jpia br';fjpnuhd; tz';Fk; jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiwehjd; vd;Dk; nehpirahy; mwpayhk;. jpUitahw;W rg;j!;jhd!;jy';fspy; xd;W. ,iwtd; bgah; bjhiyahr; bry;th;. ,iwtpapd;bgah; xg;gpyhk;gpif. tl bkhHpapy; Kiwna XjtndRtuh;/ md;dg{uzp vdt[k; tH';fg; bgWk;. jPh;j;jk; fhtphp. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU Fk;ghgpnlfk; ele;njwpa[s;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpajhf murpayhh; go vLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; 12/ vk;.v!;.v!; vLj;jd 27. tp . u';fhr;rhhpah vk;.V. mth;fs; vLj;jJ 25. Mf 64 fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd.

69

,J KUfdJ MW giltPLfspy; xd;W. KUfd; bja;tahidiaj; jpUkzk; bra;Jbfhz;l jyk;. KUfd; tHpgl;l jyk;. Rthkp bgah; gu';fphpehjh;. mk;ik Mt[ilaehafp. jPh;j;jk; rutzg;bgha;if. kiynky; fhrpjPh;j;jk; vd;W xd;W ,Uf;fpwJ. mjpy; gyuf kPd;fs; ghh;g;nghh; fz;izf;ftUk;. ef;fPuh; thH;e;j ed;dfuk; ,j;jyk; kJiuf;Fj; bjd;nkw;fpy; 8 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lf;fshf brty; ghjphpahh; Fwpg;git gjpbdhd;W. Mdhy; mitfs; bjspt[k;/ tuyhw;W tpsf;fk; ciladt[k; my;y. fp.gp 1843 ,y; tPurpk;keha[L vd;gtd; kugpy; te;j k';fk;khs; nfhapYf;Fr; rpwpJ jhdk; tH';fpdhs;. Re;jughz;oanjtd;/ tPuehuhaz Fsj;jpw;Ff; fPH;g;g[wkpUe;j mk;ghz;oag[ukhfpa g[sp';Fd;W}h; fpuhkj;ijg; g{irf;Fk; gzpf;Fk; mspj;jhd;. mjpy; flt[s; bgah; Re;jughz;ORtu Kilahh; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Kfk;kjpa murh';fj;jpy; jpthdhapUe;j uh$nfhghyuhah; Inuhg;gpah; gil kJiuapy; g[Fe;J/ nfhapiy mHpj;J Kd;ndwpf;bfhz;oUe;jnghJ/ tapuhtp Kj;Jf;fUg;gd; Fkhud; Fl;o vd;gtd; vjphpg;gilfisj; jLg;gjw;fhff; nfhg[uj;jpypUe;J fPnH tpH/ mtd; guk;giuapdUf;F ,iwapypahfr; rpy epy';fs; mspj;j bra;jp mwpag;gLfpwJ.

58. jpUg;gHdk; 58. jpUg;gHdk; 58. jpUg;gHdk; 58. jpUg;gHdk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;/ Fk;gnfhzk; - jpUitahW ngUe;Jrhiyapy; jpUitahw;Wf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. ,J jpUitahw;W !g;j!;jhdj; jy';fSs; xd;W. mg;g{jp mofSila mtjhuj; jykha jp';fSh; ,jw;F mz;ikapy; ,Ug;gjhy; ,';F tHpgl te;j mg;gh; mofs; ,j;jyg; gjpfj;J mg;g{jpehadhh; jpUg;bgaiu mikj;J mUspr;bra;jhh;fs;. tple;jPh;j;j gjpfkhfpa xd;W bfhyhk; vd;w gjpfepfH;r;rpf;F ,lkhdjyk; ,J. ,iwtd; bgah; Mgj;rfhah;/ mk;ikapd; bgah; bghpa ehafp/ jPh;j;jk; - fhtphp. ,Ugj;bjhd;whk; E}w;whz;oy; Kjy; FlKGf;F epiwntwpa[s;sJ. vdpDk; jpdrhp g{irfs; mt;tst[ rpwg;ghf eilbgwtpy;iy.

68

rf;uth;j;jp tPughz;oanjtd; fhyj;jpy; xUeguhy; rz;Kfg; gps;isahh; fh;g;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F tpsf;fplg; gRf;fs; jhd"; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. tp$aefu murd; tPutp$a g{gjpuhauJ Ml;rpapy; murDila mjpfhhpahd ehnfRtuKilahd; tpHhtpw;fhf thpiaj; js;Sgo bra;Js;shd;. 17-Mk; E}w;whz;od; kj;jpapy; xy;yhe;J ehl;L mjpfhhpfisg; gw;wpa milahsr; bra;jpfs; Fd;wpd; xUfhy;kz;lgj;jpd; fPH;j;jhH;thuj;jpd; 8 Rth;fspd; nky; bghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,itad;wp tpsf;F Kjyhdtw;Wf;Fg; bghd;/ epyk;/ Ch;/ MLfs;/ gRf;fs; Kjypad mspf;fg;gl;l bra;jpfSk; mwpag;gLfpd;wd.

56. jpUf;fhD}h;56. jpUf;fhD}h;56. jpUf;fhD}h;56. jpUf;fhD}h; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. ,J g{jY}h; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J tlf;nf 3 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. ngUe;jpy; tUnthh; jpUf;fhl;Lg;gs;spia mile;J m';fpUe;J bry;y ntz;Lk;. ckhnjtpahh; rptnahfj;J vGe;jUspapUe;j nghJ ,iwtd; bre;jPtz;zuhfj; jpUt[Uf;fhl;oa jyk;. ,jid mg;gh;Rthkpfs; "fhD}hpy; gukdha gu";Rlh;" vd;ghh;fs;. Rthkp brk;nkdpehjh; mk;ik rptnahfehafp. jPh;j;;jk; bfhs;splejp. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; tlfiu ,uh$uh$tsehl;Lg; bgha;ifa{h; ehl;Lg; gzpgjpk';fykhfpa fhpfhynrhH rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jj; jpUf;fhD}h; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. Rthkp bgah; ,l;Rg[hPRtuh; vd;W fy;btl;Lf; Fwpg;ghsh; vGJfpwhh;. fp.gp 1268-1308 Mz;l khwth;kd; Fynrfunjtd; Vnjh epte;jk; mspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. bghpa eg;gdhd cj;jk nrhH ehlhs;thd; fpuhkf;fhtydhf ,Ue;jhd;. ,uh$hjp uh$njtDila ehd;fhk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;blhd;wpy; fhpfhw; nrhHPRuKila kfhnjth; nfhapy; xd;W Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,';nf jpUnkw;nfhapy; vd;Dk; tp#;q nfhapy; ,Ue;jija[k; mJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

57. 57. 57. 57. jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; jpUg;gu';Fd;wk; ghz;oa ehl;Lj;jyk;. kJiuf;F mUfpy; nkw;Fj; jpirapy; cs;sJ. ngUe;Jfs; gy cs;sd.

37

,it guhe;jfd;/ ,uh$uh$d; I. ,d;dhd; vd;W fzpj;jwpaKoahj nfhuh$nfrhp/ gunfrhp/ nfhnehpd;ik bfhz;lhd;. Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jd. ,it bgUk;ghYk; rpijt[w;wpUj;jypd; epfH;r;rpfis ed;F mwpe;J bfhs;sf;Tl tpy;iy. MapDk; tpsf;Ff;fSf;fht[k;/ epntjdj;Jf;fhft[k;/ tpHhtpw;fhft[k; epyKk; bghd;Dk; mspj;j bra;jpfs; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. xU fy;btl;L eldkhjpw;Fr; rh;tkhd;ak; tpl;l bra;jpiaj; bjhptpf;fpwJ. eyky;Y}h; njth; vd;gth; bjhiyahr; bry;tUf;F tpsf;Fj;jz;L bra;a epykspj;j bra;jp bjhpfpwJ. flt[s; bjhiyahr;bry;th; vd;Wk;/ jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw ehadhh; vd;W'; Fwpg;gplg;bgWfpwhh;.

26. jpUeiwa{h;26. jpUeiwa{h;26. jpUeiwa{h;26. jpUeiwa{h; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj;bjd;fiuj;jyk;. Fk;gnfhzk; ehr;rpahh;nfhapy; ngUe;jpd; tHpna eiwa{iu milayhk;. jyj;jpd; bgah; jpUeiwa{h;. Myaj;jpd; bgah; rpj;jPr;ruk;/ rpj;jh;fs; tHpgl;Lg; ngWbgw;w ,lkhjypd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. ,iwtd; rpj;jpehjh;/ mk;ik mHfk;ik. gps;isahh; Mz;l gps;isahh;. ,';F tHpgl;La;e;njhh; Fngud;/ njth;fs;/ fe;jUth;fs; Mfpnahh;. jPh;j;jk; gpuk jPh;j;jk;. ,J nfhapYf;F tlghy; cs;sJ. njd;rpj;jp jPh;j;jk; vd;w xd;Wk; cs;sbjd;gh;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;jpy; murpayhh; gobaLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; 24 cs;sd. mtw;Ws;/ Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fhyKjy; Fnyhj;J';fd; III fhyk; tiuapYs;s nrhHkd;dh;fspd; fy;btl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fp.gp 1118 Kjy; 1135 tiu Mz;l tpf;fpuknd ,;j;jyj;jpy; kpf <LghLilatd; vd;gJ bjhpfpd;wJ. ,';Ff; Fwpf;fg;bgw;w murh;fs; ,uh$uh$d; I/ tPuuhn$e;jpud; II/ Fnyhj;J';fd; I, II, III, tpf;uknrhHd;/ ,uh$uh$d; II/ ,uh$hjpuh$d; II/ ,itfspy;/ ,t;t{h; &j;jphpa rpfhkzp tsehl;Lj; jpUeiwa{h; ehl;Lj; jpUeiwa{h; vdt[k;/ mUz; bkhHpj;njttsehl;Lj; jpUeiwa{h; vdt[k;/ tpf;fpukd; Kjw;Fnyhj;J';fd; ,th;fs; fhyj;Jf; Fnyhj;J';f nrhHts ehl;Lj; jpUeiwa{h; vdt[k; g";rtd; khnjtpahd rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jj; jpUeiwa{h; vdt[k; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sJ.

38

Rthkpbgah; rpj;jehnj!;tuKilanjth; vdt[k; rpj;jehnj!;tuKilahh; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. ,';Fs;s gp&hld njth; rpwg;g[ilahh;. ,tUf;Fj; jpUeiwa{h;r; rptg;gpuhkzh; xUth; 30 fhR bghd;id epntjdj;jpw;fhf mspj;jhh;. ,';F tHpghl;ow;fhf tUk; rptnahfpfl;F czt[f;fhf kz;zpehl;Lf;fUg;g{h; cilahd; xUth; epyk; tpl;lhh;. ,j;jyj;Js;s gplhhpnfhapYf;F epyk;tpl;l bra;jpa[k; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. Vida fy;btl;Lfs; tpsf;Ff;fhft[k; epntjdj;jpw;fhft[k; gyh; epyKk; bghd;Dk; mspj;jij mwptpf;fpd;wd.

27. jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lk; 27. jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lk; 27. jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lk; 27. jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lk; ,J bjhz;ilehl;Lj; jy';fspy; xd;W. fh";rpg[uj;jpypUe;J te;jthrp bry;Yk; ngUe;Jfspy; Vwp/ ghyhw;iwf; fle;jt[ld; J}rp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,w';fp fpHf;nf 2 fp.kP brd;why; nfhapiy milayhk;. Fu';fhfpa thypa[k;/ mzpYk;/ fhfKk; tHpgl;ljhy; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. Kl;lk; - fhfk;/ ,iwtd; jpUehkk; thyptHpgl;lijf; fhl;Lk; rhd;W fhf;ifkL/ fhf;if tHpgl;lijf; fhl;LtJ. \d;wpd; cUt';fSk; Rijahy; Myathapypy; mikf;fg; bgw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,iwtd; jpUehkk; thyPRtuh;. ,iwtp jpUehkk; ,iwahh;tisak;ik. ,jidna ",iwahh; tisahis Xh;ghfj;jlf;fp"/ vdg; gjpfk; mwptpf;fpwJ. jPh;j;jk; thyp jPh;j;jk;. ,j;jyk; fh";rpg[uk; Vfhk;guehjh; nfhapypUe;J bjw;nf 12 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ghyhw;wpd; bjd;fiuapy; ,Uf;fpwJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpadthf 6 fy;btl;Lfs; cs;sd. mit nfhnehpd;ikbfhz;lhd;. Fnyhj;J';fd;/ ,uh#;ouTl fd;dunjtd;/ fpU#;znjtuhah; ,th;fs; fhyj;jd. mtw;why; ,j;jyk; fhspa{h;f;nfhl;lj;J ,UfHpehl;L khtz;?h;g;gw;wj;Jg; gy;ytg[ukhd jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;bgWfpwJ. flt[s; jpUf;Fu';fzpy; Kl;lKila ehadhh; vd;Wk;/ bfha;ahkyhPRtu njth; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;bgWfpwhh;. g{$h tpUj;jpf;fhfr; rfk; 1451-,y; fpU#;znjt kfhuhah; gy;ytg[uk; fpuhkj;ij mspj;jhh;. ,uh#;ouTl fd;dunjtd; _ gypg{i$f;fhf epyk; mspj;jhd;. rk;g[tuhauhy;

67

thapy;fspYk; ehd;F nfhg[u';fs; cs;sd. jpUkiyg;bgUkhid 12 Mz;Lfl;F xUKiw ,e;jpud; g{rpf;fpwhd;. ,g;g{irapy; m';fkhf ,o mgpnlfk; nfhapYf;F CW tpistpf;fhky; eilbgWfpwJ. ,o nfhg[uj;Js; tpGe;J/ tyk; te;J g{kpapy; ,w';fptpLfpwJ. fGFfs; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wikapd; fGf;Fd;wk; vdg;bgWk;. Kjy;a[fj;J rhgbka;jpa rz;ld;/ gpuhz;ld; vd;Dk; fGFfSk; ,uz;lhk; a[fj;J rk;ghjp Ilha[ vd;Dk; fGFfSk;/ \d;whk; a[fj;J rk;g[Fj;jd;/ khNj;jd; vd;Dk; fGFfSk;/ ehd;fhk; a[fj;J rk;g[/ Mjp vd;Dk; fGFfSk; g{rpj;J Kiwna ngWbgw;wd. ntj';fs; kiya[Utha;r; Rthkpiaj; jh';fypd; ntjfphp vdt[k; tH';Fk;. tlnjrj;jpdh; gl;rp jPh;j;jk; vd;gh;. ,d;Wk; ,uz;L gl;rpfs; jpde;njhWk; md;dj;ij cz;L tyk; tUfpd;wd. 12 Mz;Lf;bfhUKiw r';F gpwe;jypd; r';F gpwe;j Fsk; vd;Dk; kfpikiag;bgw;Ws;sJ. khzpf;f thrf RthkpfSf;F ,iwtd; FU\h;j;jp totkha;j; jhprd';bfhLj;j jyk;. ,tud;wp ee;jp/ ,e;jpud;/ nfhoUj;jpuh; Kjypnahh; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wdh;. ,iwtd; ntjg[hPRtuh;. ,iwtp bgz;zpdy;yhsk;ik/ kiyr;brhf;fehafp mothu ,iwtd; bgah; gf;jtj;ryh;. ,iwtp jphpg[uRe;jhp jPh;j;jk; r';F gpwe;j Fsk;/ r';f jPh;j;jk;/ gl;rp jPh;j;jk;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L Fk;ghgpnlf';fSk; epiwtile;Js;sd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ghz;oakd;dd; Ilhth;kd; vd;fpw jphpg[tdr; rf;uth;j;jp tPughz;oanjtd; fhyj;jpy; bra';bfhz;l nrhH kz;lyj;jpy; fsj;J}h; nfhl;lj;Jj; jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk; vd;Wk; nrhHh; fhyj;jpy; fsj;J}h; nfhl;lj;jpy; fsj;J}h; ehl;oYs;s cyfse;j nrhHg[uk; vd;Wk; tH';fg;bgw;wJ. ,iwtd; jpUf;fGf;Fd;wKila ehadhh; vd;W tH';fg;gLth;. rz;Kfg; gps;isahh; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;shh;. ,uh#;ouTl murd; fd;dunjtd; fhyj;jpy; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpd; Kd; kz;lg';fl;l <rhdprpth tplkpUe;J xUgl;o epyk; th';fg;gl;lJ. ,uh$uh$ g[uj;jpy; trpf;Fk; xUth; 10 fhRfs; bfhLf;fj; jhd; th';fpd epyj;ij 63 ehad;khhpy; xUtuhd ekpee;jpaofs; gpjhtplk; bfhLj;Js;shh;fs;. gf;jtj;ryf; nfhapy; Fd;wj;jpd; nkYsjhf ,uz;L fy;btl;Lf;fs; mwptpf;fpd;wd. nfhapiyg; gGJghh;f;f tp$aefuu murd; gpujhgg[f;fuhah; epyk; je;Js;shh;. nkYk; jk; bgauhfpa g[f;fuhad; re;jp tpHhtpw;fhft[k; epyk; jhdk; bra;Js;shh;. Mapug;gphptpYs;s kf;fshy; jpUkiy MSil ehadhh; nfhapYf;F epyk; jhdk; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. fsj;J}h; gphptpYs;s kf;fshy; mnj nfhapYf;F fhsp';fhuad; re;jp tpHhtpw;fhf epyk; jhd";bra;ag;gl;lJ. khwth;kd; jphpg[tdr;

66

54. jpUtpilr;Ruk;54. jpUtpilr;Ruk;54. jpUtpilr;Ruk;54. jpUtpilr;Ruk; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;. kf;fs; tHf;fpy; jpUtoNyk; vd tH';fg;gLfpwJ. br';fw;gl;oypUe;J jpUg;ngh+h; bry;Yk; ngUe;jpy; jpUtoNyk; bry;yyhk;. ngUe;J epWj;jj;jpypUe;J 1 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; Myak; cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; kiyfspd; ,ilapy; fw;Ruj;jpy; mike;jikapd; ,g;bgah; va;jpaJ. rdw;FkhuKdpth; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. \yyp';fk; jPgxsp gpujpgypf;ff; Toa kufjyp';fk;. rk;ge;j Rthkpfs; J}uj;nj vGe;jUSk;nghJ jpUnkdpr; brk;ikfz;L ",ilr;Runktpa ,th; tzk; vd;nd" vd;W tpae;Js;shh;. ,iwtd; ,ilr;Ruehjh;/ "hdg[hPRuh;/ ,iwtp ,ka klf;bfhoak;ik. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L nrhH murd; Fnyhj;J';f nrhHnjtd; Ml;rpapy; Ia';bfhz;l nrhH kz;lyj;jpYs;s fsj;J}h;f; nfhl;lj;jpd; gFjpahd tsehl;oYs;s jpUtpilr;Ruk; vd;W Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtd; bgah; jpUtpilr;RuKila ehadhh;. jpUtpilr;Ruk; cilahh; vd;Wk;/ tH';fg;bgWk;. ,';F $ddg[hPRtuh; nfhapy; xd;W cs;sJ. nkYk; nfhth;j;jd mk;ghs; jpUf;fhkf; nfhl;lKila bghpa ehr;rpahh; cUtk; epWt/ bgUe;jz;oyj;jpYs;s fUg;gf;fpUfk; fl;lg;gl;lija[k; TWfpwJ. ,e;j ,iwtp fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F tpsf;Fg;nghl Mtd bra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. kfhkz;lnyRtu Fkhu Iyfuh$ jpUkiyanjt kfhuhauhy; tpsf;Ff;fhft[k; gilaYf;fhft[k; epyk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. gps;isahh; ePy';fehadhiug; gw;wp tpthpf;fpd;wJ. Vidait tpsf;fpw;fhft[k; gpwtw;wpw;fhft[k; bghd;/ epyk;/ MLfs;/ gRf;fs; ,itfs; mspf;fg;gl;likia mwptpf;fpd;wd.

55. jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk; 55. jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk; 55. jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk; 55. jpUf;fGf;Fd;wk; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;. ,j;jyk; br';fw;gl;oypUe;J bjd;fpHf;nf 14 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. rkahrhhpahh; ehy;th; mUspa jpUg;gjpf';fisg; bgw;w jyk;. kzpthrfUf;F FUtothd jhprdk; jpUg;bgUe;Jiwf;Fg;gpd; kWgoa[k; fpilj;j ,lk;. kiynky; xd;W/ mothuj;jpy; xd;W vd;W ,uz;L nfhapy;fs; cs;sd. fjyptdk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L. ehd;F

39

rj;jpk';fykhfpw mk;key;Y}h; fpuhkj;ij epte;jkhftpl ePwzpe;jhd; nrJuhaDf;F cj;jutpl;lhd;.

28. jpUtpilkUJ}h;28. jpUtpilkUJ}h;28. jpUtpilkUJ}h;28. jpUtpilkUJ}h; ,j;jyk; kj;jpahh;r;Rdk; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWk;. tlf;nf _ gh;g;gjkhfpa ky;ypfhh;r;RdKk;/ bjw;nf mk;ghrKj;jpuj;jpw;F mUfhikapYs;s jpUg;g[ilkUJ}uhfpa g[lhh;r;RdKk; tps';f ,tw;wpd; ,ilapy; ,J tps';Fjypd; ,g;bgah;bgw;wJ. mh;r;Rdk; - kUJ. ,k; \d;Wjy';fSnk kUijj; jytpUl;rkhff; bfhz;oUg;gJ mwpaj;jf;fJ. ,J nrhHehl;oy; fhtphpf;Fj; bjd;fiuapy; mike;J cs;s jyk;. kapyhLJiw – Fk;gnfhzk; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; ,uapy;epiyak; kapyhLJiw – Fk;gnfhzk; ngUe;Jr; rhiyapy; cs;sJ. tHpgl;nlhh; ckhnjtpahh;/ tpehafh;/ KUfd;/ tp#;q/ fhsp/ ,yf;Fkp/ ru!;tjp/ ntj';fs;/ \d;Wnfho cUj;jpuh;/ gd;dpU Nhpah;/ trp#;lh;/ mapuhtzbkd;Dk; ahid/ rptthf;fpah;/ fgpyh;/ mf!;jpah;/ tuFznjth;/ gl;odj;jofs; Kjypnahh;. tuFznjt ghz;oa kd;dDf;Fg; gpukfj;jp eP';fpa jyk;. ,g;gpukfj;jp ,uz;lh'; fPHf;nfhg[uj;J thapypy; tyg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fpHf;Fthapypy; gl;odj;jofSk; nkw;F thapypy; gj;jpufphpahUk; vGe;jUsp ,Ue;jdh;. mk;ik bksdkha; ,Ue;J jt";bra;j \fhk;gpifre;epjp/ mk;ghs; nfhapy; thrypy; jdpna ,Uf;fpwJ. bghpagpuhfhuj;jpw;F m!;tnkj gpuhfhuk; vdg; bgah;. mjid tyk;thpd; m!;tnkjahfk; bra;jgyd; rpj;jpf;Fk; vd;gJ kug[. nga;gpoj;jth;fSk; igj;jpak; gpoj;jth;fSk; tyk;te;jhy; mit eP';Ffpd;wd vd;gJ ,d;Wk; fz;TL. ,j;jyk; kfhyp';fj;jykhFk;. ,jidr; Rw;wp rpjk;guk; eluh$d; re;epjpahft[k;/ My';Fo jl;rzh\h;j;jp re;epjpahft[k;/ Nhpadhh;nfhapy; etf;fpuf';fspd; re;epjpahft[k;/ jpUty";RHp tpehafh; re;epjpahft[k;/ Rthkpkiy KUfd; re;epjpahft[k;/ rPfhHp taputh; re;epjpahft[k;/ nra;"Y}h; rz;nlRtuh; re;epjpahft[k; tps';Ffpwbjd;gh;. ,j;jyj;Jj; ijg;g{rtpHh kpfr; rpwe;jJ. fhtphp mapuhtzj;Jiwapy; Rthkpbrd;W jPh;j;jk; mUSth;. jpUthtLJiw MjPd mUshl;rpapy; cs;sJ.

40

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 149 mit guhe;jfd; I (fp.gp 905 – 947) Fnyhj;J';fd; III tiuapYs;s nrhH guk;giuapdh; fhyj;jpYk; tuFzd;/ Re;ju ghz;oad; Kjypa ghz;oakd;dh;fs; fhyj;jpYk; btl;lg;bgw;w fy;btl;Lf;fs; ,tw;why; mwpag;gLk; rpwe;j epfH;r;rpfs;. ,j;jyk; ca;af; bfhz;l nrhHtsehl;L jpiu\h; ehl;L jpUtpilkUJ}h; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. gunfrhp th;kdhd Kjy; ,uhn$e;jpud; \d;whkhz;oy; Vfehafd; jpUthrYf;F tpsf;F Vw;wp tu MLfs; mspj;jik mwpag;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; kfhyp';f Rthkpf;F Vfehafh; vd;w bgaUz;ik mwpayhk;. ,j;jyj;J vGe;jUspa[s;s nrhkh!;fe;jh; Mly; tpl';f njth; vd;W miHf;fg;bgWfpwhh;. ,j;njth; ,';fehL gy;ytuhadhy; gpujp#;il bra;tpf;fg;bgw;wth;. Kjy; guhe;jfd; Kg;gj;njHhk; Ml;rpahz;oy; jpUthjpiu/ rjak;/ mkhthir ,e;j ehl;fisf; bfhz;lhl khd;ak; tpl;oUf;fpwhd;. jpUtpilkUJ}h; \y!;jhdk; bjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpYs;s g{h;zfzgjp fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F 8 ,iyf;fhR bfhLj;jhd;. ,jdhy; \y!;jhdf; fzgjp g{h;zfzgjp vd tH';fg;bgw;wik mwpayhk;. ijg;g{r tpHhitg;gw;wpr; rpy fy;btl;Lf;fs; mwptpf;fpd;wd. kfhyp';f Rthkpf;Fr; brz;gfg;g{ epj;jpak; rhj;jp tUtjw;fhfj; jpUbtz;fhL gpr;rdhy; epge;jk; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. nrhHd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp 985 – 1113) 10-Mtjhz;oy; 278-Mk; ehspy; murp g";rtd; khnjtpahuhy; ckhrfpjUila j';f cUtk; mikf;fg;bgw;wJ. jpUf;fhkf;nfhl;lKila ehr;rpahUf;F ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; xd;gjhkhz;oy; (fp.gp 994) ek;gpuhl;oahh; g";rkhnjtpahuhy; xd;gJ fH";R bghd; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. gy fy;btl;Lf;fshy; jpUk";rdk; bfhz;Ltu kz;Fl';fs; mspf;fg;bgw;wik mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; mgpn#fj;jpw;F kz; Fl';fspdhnyna jPh;j;jk; bfhz;L te;jik mwpayhk;. tpf;fpuknrhHd; 5-Mk; Mz;oy; khzpf;ff; Tj;jh; nfhapy; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. ,J eluh$h; nfhapnyh ,y;iynah vd;gJ mwpaf;Tltpy;iy. nrhHh;fs; fhyj;Jr; rkahrhhpahplk; cs;s md;igtpsf;Fk; mwpFwpahf mike;j milahs';fs; gy; mtw;Ws; b$a';bfhz;l nrhHtsehl;od; jpUtGe;J}h; ehl;od; tpf;fpuk nrhHd; MwY}hpYs;s thzhjpuhad; vd;gtd; MSila gps;isahh; gotj;ij mikf;fg; gz';bfhLj;jhd;. nkYk; MSilagps;isahh;/ MSilaek;gp ,th;fSila gotj;jpw;fhf epntjpf;f thpapy;yhj

65

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;oy; Iyee;jPRtuh; vd;W tH';fg;bgWk;/ ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; Ml;rpapy; f';fkd;dd; gpUjptpgjpahy; bts;spg;ghj;jpuk; jhdk; bra;ag;gl;lJ. mtd; kidtp mUs; bkhHpe';ifahy; nfhjhdk; bra;ag;gl;lJ. nfh ghh;j;jpnte;jputh;kd; Ml;rpapy; Jh;f;ifr;rpiyf;F tpsf;Ffs; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jphpg[tdr;rf;uth;j;jp Fnyhj;J';fd; Ml;rpapy; jpUf;fhsj;jpnjtd; vd;fpw ahjtdhy; epyk; jhdk; bra;ag;bgw;Ws;sJ. kw;wit tpsf;fpw;Fk;/ kw;wr;bryt[fSf;Fk; bghd;/ gzk;/ epyk;/ MLfs;/ bey; Kjypad tH';fpaijj; bjhptpf;fpd;wd.

53. ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h;53. ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h;53. ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h;53. ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h; bjhz;ilehl;Lj;jyk;. Ttj;Jf;Fj; bjd;nkw;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;sJ. brd;id/ fh";rpg[uk;/ muf;nfhzk; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; bry;fpd;wd. ,';F muk;igahjpah; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wdh;. muk; iga';nfhl;?h; vd;gJ ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h; vd kUtpaJ. ,iwtd; re;jpunrfuh;. ,iwtp nfhble;J Kiyak;ik. jPh;j;jk; re;jpu jPh;j;jk;. ,j;jyk; jpUtpw;nfhyj;jpdpd;Wk; bjd;nkw;nf 5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ghz;oad; nfhnehpd;ik bfhz;lhd; jphpg[tdr; rf;uth;j;jp Ilhth;kd; Re;jughz;oad; Ml;rpapy; kztpw; nfhl;lj;jpd; gFjpahd fhd;W}h; ehl;oYs;s ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h; vd tH';fg;bgWk;. jphpg[tdr; rf;futh;j;jp jphpg[td tPunjtdJ Ml;rpapy; fhd;W}h; ehl;oYs;s rJh;ntjpk';fyk; ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWk; ,iwtd; bgah; ,yk;iga';nfhl;?h; cilaehadhh; vd;gJ. ,uh$hjpuh$njtd; fhyj;jpy;/ njtehafRthkpnfhapy;/ rptghjnrfu \nte;jntshdhy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vidait tpsf;fpw;F bey;/ bghd;/ MLfs;/ epy';fs; Kjypad jhd'; bfhLf;fg;gl;lij mwptpf;fpd;wd.

64

bra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,';Fs;s tp#;q nfhapypYs;s ,iwtd; bgah; nfhtpe;j gjpapy; epd;wUspa bgUkhd; mofs; vd;gJ MFk;. khw;ngWilahh; nfhapiyf; fl;lt[k;/ Rw;W kz;lgj;ij Kw;Wg;bgwr; bra;at[k; tpuhl murd; midakhd; vd;fpw kz;lyhjpj;jadhy; jhdk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. cj;jk nrhHPRtuKilahh; cUtk; jahh;bra;a nrjpuhad; vd;gtdhy; epyk; jhdk; bra;ag;gl;lJ. ckhgj;juhfpahh; (mjpRe;ju njtnjtpahh;) cUtk; jahh;bra;a nrhHd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhy; epyk; jhdk; bra;ag;gl;lJ. kzthsg;bgUkhs; cUtk; bra;at[k;/ Mguzk; jahh; bra;at[k; gunfrhpth;kd; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd; Ml;rpapy; Mtdbra;jijj; bjhptpf;fpd;wJ. nfhapypy; midakhd; gukz;lyhjpj;jd; xU kz;lgk; fl;oa[s;shd;. ek;khH;thh; jpUtha;bkhHpapd; thpfs; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpd; nkw;Fr; Rthpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kztpy; nfhl;lj;jpd; gFjpahd nky;gG';Th;ehl;oy; rpwpa+hpy; nfhtpe;jgjp MH;thh; nfhapy; xd;W cs;sJ. njhHdhh; je;ijahy; nfhtpe;jgjp MH;thh;kPJ xU jpUg;gjpak; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. nrhHd; ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;jpy; it#;zth;fspy; 18 ehL Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nkYk; tz;lygoe;j epy';fisg; gw;wpa[k; ghyhw;wpy; bts;sk; te;jijg;gw;wpa[k;/ ,jw;Fr; brg;gdpl 1000 Typfs; epakpf;fg;gl;L xt;bthUtUf;Fk; 12 nfhy; epyk; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wpa[k; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. kw;iwa fy;btl;Lf;fs; tpsf;fpw;F/ gpuhkz cztpw;F/ mgpnlfj;jpw;Fg; bghd;/ epyk;/ gRf;fs;/ Fl';fs; Kjypad bfhLf;fg;gl;lijj; bjhptpf;fpd;wd.

82. jpUCwy; 82. jpUCwy; 82. jpUCwy; 82. jpUCwy; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;. ,j;jyk; jf;nfhyk; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. ,uapy; epyak; cs;sJ. fh";rpg[uj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. ee;jpnjtuJ thapdpd;Wk; ePh; Rug;gjhYk;/ ,iwtdJ jpUtoapdpd;Wk; ePh; Rug;gjhYk; Cwy; vd;W tH';Ftjhapw;W. rk;th;j;jKdpth; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;wjyk;. ,f;nfhapiyaLj;J kjpnyhuj;jpd; fpHf;nf cs;s f';fhjuh; re;epjpapy; nkw;Fg; gpuhfhuj;jpy; tpU#gthapypUe;J mnfhuhj;uk; jPh;j;jk; tUtJ !;jy kfpikia tpsf;Fk;. ,iwtd; ckhgjPRtuh;/ Iy ehnjRtuh;/ ,iwtp cikak;ik. jPh;j;jk; ghh;tjp jPh;j;jk;/ tpraefu murh;fshy; ee;jPjPh;j;jk; vd;wiHf;fg;gl;lJ. jf;nfhyk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J fpHf;nf 1.5 fp.kP bjhiytpy; ,j;jyk; cs;sJ.

41

epyj;ij ca;af;bfhz;lhd; tsehl;oy; ,Ukug[e;J}a bgUkhs; rJh;ntjp k';fj;jpy; mspj;jhd;. tpf;fpuk ghz;oad; rhe;jptpHh vd;w xd;W tpf;fpuk ghz;oad; fhyj;jpy; bfhz;lhlg;bgw;wjhf mwptpf;fpwJ. rpwg;gpy; rpwg;ghf ehyhtJ gpuhfhuj;jpYs;s \fhk;gpifgplhhp/ nahfpUe;j gunk!;thp vd tH';fg;bgWfpwhh;. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; tpsf;fPl;Lf;fhf murDk; murpa[k; epyKk;/ bghd;Dk;/ MLk; mspj;jik mwptpg;gd.

29. jpUmd;gpyhye;Jiw29. jpUmd;gpyhye;Jiw29. jpUmd;gpyhye;Jiw29. jpUmd;gpyhye;Jiw nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F mUnf yhy;Fof;Ff; fpHf;nf 5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; bfhs;splj;jpd; tlfiuapy; cs;sJ. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp/ yhy;Fo Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. jykuk; Mykuk;. md;gpy; vd;gJ jyg;bgah; Mye;Jiw vd;gJ nfhapy; bgah;/ gpuknjth;/ thfPr Kdpth; Kjypnahh; g{rpj;j jyk;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jg; bgUkhd; ,j;jyj;bjGe;jUspapUe;jnghJ/ bfhs;splk; ePh;g;bgUf;fha; ,Ue;jjhft[k;/ ,f;fiuapy; ,Ue;nj ghoajhft[k;/ ,iwtd; Mizapd;tz;zk; tpehafh; fhijr; rha;j;Jf; nfl;ljhft[k; xU fh;zguk;giur; bra;jpa[z;L. mjw;nfw;g jytpehafh; jpUt[Utk; Korha;j;Jr; brtp rha;j;Jf; nfl;fpd;w ghtidapy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. ,iwtd;bgah; rj;athfPrh;. ,iwtpapd;bgah; brse;juehafp/ rj;jpanyhfthrpahfpa gpukDk;/ thfPrUk; g{rpj;jikahy; rj;jpathfPrh; vd;w bgah; nghYk;. jPh;j;jk; bfhs;splejp. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh; Mfpa ,Uth; gjpf';fs; ,j;jyj;Jf;F cs;sd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg; gw;wpadthf 1902 -,y; gobaLf;fg;gl;lit gjpd;\d;W fy;btl;Lf;fSk;/ 1938 -,y; vLf;fg;gl;lit MWk; cs;sd. mtw;wpy; VG fy;btl;Lf;fs; jpUkhy; nfhapypy; cs;sit. Vidait rj;jpathfPriug; gw;wpad. fy;btl;Lf;fspy; ,iwtd;bgah; gpukg[hPRtuh; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. khwth;kd; Fynrfughz;oad;/ \d;whk; ,uhn$e;jpu nrhHd;/ bQha;rs tPuuhkehjnjth;/ kJiubfhz;l gunfrhpth;kd;/ ,uh$huh$njtd; Kjypath;fs;

42

fhyj;jdthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itbay;yhk; bgUk;ghYk; epge;jk; mspf;fg;bgw;wikia mwptpf;fpd;wd.

30. jpUitahW 30. jpUitahW 30. jpUitahW 30. jpUitahW nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. j";rht{h; Fk;gnfhzk; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;J ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. ,j;jyk; IahW/ g";rejk;/ g{nyhffapyhak; vd tH';fg;bgWk;. Ie;J bja;tPf MWfs; jk;Kl; fyg;gjhy; te;j bgah; vd;W E}y;fs; TWk;. Ie;J MWfshtd; Nhpag[#;fhpzp/ re;jpug[#;fhpzp/ f';if/ ghyhW/ ee;jptha;Eiu vd;Dk; ee;jp jPh;;j;jk; vd;gd. Re;juh;/ nrukhd; bgUkhs; ehadhUld; fhtphp tHptpl;L epw;f te;J jhprpj;j bgUika[ilaJ. nfhapYf;Ff; fhtphpf;nfhl;lk; vd;gJ jpUKiwfspy; tH';Fk; bgah;. fhtphpf;nfhl;lj;J IahWila mofnsh vd;gJ mjw;Fg; gpukhzk;. ,jw;Ff; fhtphpf;fiuf; fz;zjhfpa IahW vdg; bghUs;fhz;ghUk; csh;. Rthkp/ mk;kd; re;epjpfs; fpHf;Fg;ghh;j;jit. nrhkh!; fe;jh; nfhapy; jdpahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. Ingrk; vd;Dk; Kf;jpkz;lgk;/ E}w;Wf;fhy; kz;lgk;/ cw;rt kz;lgk; Kjypa rpwe;j kz;lg';fs; cs;sd. Myak; jUik MjPd mUshl;rpf;F cl;gl;lJ. jpUg;gzpfs; epiwt[w;W 2014-y; FlKGf;Fg; bgUtpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgw;wJ. ,iwtd; bgah; Iahwg;gh;/ brk;bghw;nrhjPRtuh; vd;gJ jpUKiwfspy; tH';Fk; bgah;. ,d;Wk; IahWila mofs;/ Iahw;wpd; bgUkhd; vdt[k; mit tH';Ffpd;wd. g[uhzj;jpy; ifyhaehjh;/ Ingrh;/ gpuzjhh;j;jpQuh; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWth;. ,iwtpbgah; mwk;tsh;j;jehafp/ jphpg[uRe;jhp/ jUkhk;gpif/ jUkrk;th;j;jpdp vd tH';Fk; ty;yigtpehafh;/ Xykpl;l tpehafh;/ Mjptpehafh; Kjyhd tpehaf tot';fSk;/ tpy;nts;ehadhh; vd;w tpy;nye;jpa Rg;gpukzpah; totKk; cs;sd. ,';Fs;s jl;rpzh\h;j;jpj; jpUt[Utk; jdpr;rpwg;g[ilaJ. jpUtoapy; Mikia kpjpj;jpUg;gJ mwpe;J ,d;g[Wjw;FhpaJ. ,tUf;F mhpFU rptnahf jl;rpzh\h;j;jp vd;gJ bgah;. Ml;bfhz;lhh; re;epjp kpf tpnr#khdJ. vg;nghJk; F';Fypag;g[if fkH;e;J bfhz;nlapUf;Fk;. XJth \h;j;jpfs; vg;nghJk; njthug; gz;fis ,irj;Jf; bfhz;nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mg;gz;zpirg; gpw;fhyj;jpy; m';F thH;e;j jpahfuhr RthkpfSf;F fUehlf ,iria tsh;f;f monfhypd.

63

fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L nfhnehpd;ikbfhz;lhd; jdJ vl;lhk; Ml;rpahz;oy; g[#;gtndRtuh; nfhapYf;F epyk; tH';fpdhd;. Fynrfunjtd; jdJ 25-Mk; Ml;rpahz;oy; jpde;njhWk; ntj ghuhaz";bra;a 1008 gpuhkzh;fSf;F cztpw;fhf epyk; mspj;jhd;. xU brg;ngL uh$bfk;gPu rJh;ntjp k';fy rigf;F 25 fhRfs; tH';fpaij mwptpf;fpwJ.

51. jpUkhw;ngW 51. jpUkhw;ngW 51. jpUkhw;ngW 51. jpUkhw;ngW bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk; fh";rpg[uk; - muf;nfhzk; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; ,uapy; epyak;. fh";rpg[uj;jpypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,Jnt vspjhdJ. ,j;jyk; Qhprf;ug[uk; vdt[k; tH';Fk; jpUkhy; jjPrpKdptUld; nghh;bra;a mth; rf;fuk; tha;koe;J nghapw;W/ rye;juidf; bfhd;w rf;fuk; r';fudplj;jpUg;gijawpe;j jpUkhy; ,j;jyj;jpw;Fte;J ,iwtid Mapue;jhkiu bfhz;L mh;r;rpf;f/ ,iwtd; xU ehs; xU kyiu kiwj;Jtpl;lhh;. jpUkhy; mjw;Fg;gjpyhfj; jk; fz;izaple;J mh;r;rpf;f/ Rjhprdk; vd;Dk; rf;fuj;ij <e;jhh;. fz; ,le;J mh;r;rpj;jikf;fhfg; gJkh&d; vd;Dk; bgaiua[k; bfhLj;jhh;. nrhkDk ;g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. ,r;bra;jp "kd;dp khbyhL nrhkd; gzpbra[k; kd;Dkhw; ngw;wofis" vd;Dk; njthuj;jhDk; "bgUkhw;wpd; gilntz;o ew;g{k;g[dy; tUkhw;wpd; kyh; bfhz;L tHpgLk; fUkhw;fpd;dUs; bra;jtd;" vd;Dk; jpUf;FWe;bjhif ahDk; mwpag;gLk;. ,iwtd; bgah; khy;tz';fPrh;/ kzpfz;nlrh;/ ,iwtp fUizehafp/ m";rdh&pak;ik. jPh;j;jk; ghyhW. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L Ia';bfhz;l nrhHkz;lyj;jpYs;s fhkf;nfhl;lj;jpd; gFjpahd ty;y ehl;oYs;s jpUkhw;ngW vd;W ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; jphpg[tdr;rf;futh;j;jp Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd;fhyj;jpy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtd; bgah; fy;btl;Lf;fspy; jpUkhw;ngWilahh;/ MSilahh;/ cj;jk nrhHPRtuKilahh;. mtp\f;jPRtuKilahh; vd;W tH';fg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jyj;jpy; mf;fpdPRtuh; nfhapy; xd;W jdpna ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. ,f;nfhapYf;Ff; fz;luhjpj;jdhy; Ik;bgU';FG Vw;gLj;jp epy';fisf; ftdpf;ft[k;/ gilaYf;F bey;bfhLf;ft[k; Vw;ghL

62

ehadhUila mtjhu!;jyk;. jPh;j;jk; gpukjPh;j;jk; Kjy; 16 jPh;j;j';fs; cs;sd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L gunfrhpth;kdhd Kjyhk; ,uh$uh$d;/ kJiu bfhz;l Kjw;gunfrhpth;kd;/ Re;jughz;oanjtd;/ brhf;fg;gehaf;fd;/ brhf;fyp';fehaf;fd;/ ikNh; fpU#;zuh$ cilahh; Kjypa murh;fspd; fy;btl;Lf;fs; ,';Ff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;why; mwpag;gLtd bgUk;ghyhdit me;jzh;fSf;F md;dKk;/ ahj;jPhpfh;fSf;F czt[k;/ tpsf;fpw;F bea;a[k; mspf;fg;bgw;w epge;j';fnsahFk;. 192 Kjy; 194 tiuapYs;s fy;btl;Lf;fs; Rg;gpukzpag; gps;isahh; nfhapiyg;w;wp mwptpf;fpd;wd. fp.gp 1660 Kjy; 1682 tiu murhz;l tp!;tehj brhf;fyp';fh; fhrptpRntrh; nfhapiya[k; nfhg[uj;ija['; fl;odhh;.

50. jpUg;g{tzk; 50. jpUg;g{tzk; 50. jpUg;g{tzk; 50. jpUg;g{tzk; ghz;oaehl;Lj; jyk;. kJiuf;Ff; fpHf;nf itifapd; bjd;fiuapy; 18 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,j;jyk; ,Uf;fpwJ. kJiuapypUe;J ngUe;Jfs; cs;sd. ,J gpukd; g{rpj;j jyk;. "ehd;kiwnahd; fHny brd;Wngzp Vj;j epd;w njth;gpuhd; ,lkhk;" vd;gJ rk;ge;jh; njthuk;. bghd;didahs; vd;Dk; jhrpf;fhfr; brhf;fyp';fg; bgUkhd; rpj;jh;tothf vGe;jUsp urthjk; bra;J nrhkh!;fe;jh; jpUt[Utj;ij mikf;f mUs; bra;jdh; vd;gJ jpUtpis ahlw;g[uhzj;Jl; fhzg;gLk; tuyhW. ,j;jyk; jkpH;ehl;L \nte;jh;fSk; xU';F To tHpgl;l jykhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gjid "Kd;nrh; bjd;dh; nruh;nrhHh;fs; jhk; tz';Fk; jpUg;g{tzk;" vd;Dk; rk;ge;j Rthkpfs; thf;fhYk;/ "cjpaUld; td;bwhz;lh; jhkpUe;j ,l';bfGkp tstdhh;kPdtdhh; tsk;bgUf kw;wtnuhLk; mstshtpa tpUg;ghy; mkh;e;J fye;J ,dpjpUe;jhh;" vd;Dk; nrf;fpHhh; jpUthf;fhYk; mwpayhk;. ,iwtd; g{tzehjh;/ ,iwtp kpd;dk;ik/ kpd;didahsk;ik vd;W tH';FtJKz;L tpUl;rk; gyh. jPh;j;jk; itif. rptbf';if rk!;jhdj;Jf; nfhapy;.

43

jPh;j;j';fs; fhtphp/ re;jpug[#;fhpzp/ Nhpag[#;fhpzp/ njdhkph;j jPh;j;jk;/ ee;jpjPh;j;jk; Kjypad. jytpUl;rk; tpy;tk;. Iahwg;gh; Mjpirtntle;jh';fpj; jd;idna g{rpj;Jf; bfhz;lhh;. ,jidj;jpUthrfk; "Iahwjdpw; irtdhfpa[k;" vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,jid Mj;kg{i$ vd;gh;. jpUee;jpnjth; rpyhj Kdpth;f;F kfdhf mtjhpj;j jyk;. mfj;jpah; g{rpj;Jf; fapiy bgw;w jyk;. frhpjd; vd;Dk; me;jzr; rpWtd; ,Wjpbaa;jhj tz;zk; ,iwtd; Ml;bfhz;lhh;; jpUnkdpjh';fpf; fhj;jdh;. Kjd;Kjy; gphpatpUjd; jpUg;gzpbra;jhd;. mLj;Jf; fhpfhyd; jpUg;gzp bra;jhd;. mLj;J nt';fpehl;L tpkyhjpj;jd; ,jidg; g[Jf;fpdhd;. Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; kidtp cj;jufapyhaj;ijg; g[Jf;fp xnyhfkhnjtPr;ruk; vdj; jd;bgaiu ,l;lhs;. rpj;jpiuapy; jpUtpHh eilbgWfpwJ. mjpy; 5-Mk; jpUehs; Mj;kg{i$ rpj;jpiug; g{h;zpikapy; rg;j!;jhdj; jpUtpHh elf;Fk;. ee;jpa[k; - mth; kidtpahd Rak;gpufhr mk;ikahUld; vGe;jUSth;. tlfapiyapy; mg;gh; Rthkpfs; \H;fp Iahw;Wj; bjd; fapiyapy; vGe;jUspa Fsf;fiuapy; Mz;L njhWk; Mo mkhthirad;W mg;gh; fapyhaf; fhl;rp tpHh rpwg;ghf eilbgWk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L ,f;nfhapy; Kjd;Kjy; gy;ytfhyg; gilg;ghf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gJ Jthughyfh;/ bfhL';if/ J}z; ,tw;iwf;bfhz;L Jzpfpd;wdh;. \d;whk; gpuhfhuj;Jf; fPHf;nfhg[uk; tpf;uk nrhHd; jpUg;gzp. fp.gp 1381-,y; bre;jiyf; fUg;g{h; fr;rptPug;bgUkhd; kfdhy; nfhapy; jpUkjpy; kz;lgk; rPh;j;jpUj;jg;bgw;wd. nkyf; nfhg[uk;/ Kjy; gpuhfhuj;Jj; jpUkhspifg;gj;jp/ \d;whk; gpuhfhuj;Jj; bjw;Ff; nfhg[uk;/ ,ilkUJ}h; Midag;g gps;isahYk;/ mth; jk;gp itj;aehj mz;zd; vd;gtuhYk; vLg;gpf;fg;bgw;wd. fhtphp g{rg;goj;Jiw fl;oath;fSk; ,th;fns. goj;Jiwf;F mth;fs; itj;j bgah; fy;ahz rpe;J vd;gjhFk;. VVVV====h; tpHh (jpUitahW rg;jj;jhd tpHh) h; tpHh (jpUitahW rg;jj;jhd tpHh) h; tpHh (jpUitahW rg;jj;jhd tpHh) h; tpHh (jpUitahW rg;jj;jhd tpHh) jpUitahW/ jpUg;gHdk;/ jpUr;nrhw;Wj;Jiw/ jpUntjpFo/ jpUf;fz;oa{h;/ jpUg;g{e;JUj;jp/ jpUbea;j;jhdk; Mfpa jy';fspy; rpj;jpiu epiwepyh ehspy; ,iwtd; cyhtUk; tpHh rg;jj;jhd tpHh

44

vdg;gLk;. jpUe;ejpbak;bgUkhd; Rak; gpufhirak;iknahL btl;onth;r; rptpifapYk;/ mwk; tsh;j;j ehafpahnuhL Iahwg;gh; my';fhpf;fg;gl;l fz;zhog; gy;yf;fpYk; nkw;fz;l xt;bthU CUf;Fk; Kiwna brd;W mt;tj;jy \h;j;jpfnshL vGe;jUsp cgrhu';fis Vw;W kWehl;fhiy jpUf;nfhapiy milth;. mk;ik bgah; jpUf;fhkf;nfhl;lj;J MSila ehr;rpahh;/ cyFila ehr;rpahh; vd;gd. ,j;jyk; Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;J ,uhn$e;jpu rp';f tsehl;Lg; bgha;ifehl;Lj; jpUitahW vdt[k;/ \d;wh'; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpy; g[tdKGJilahd; tsehl;Lg; bgha;if ehl;ilr; nrh;e;jjhft[k; rlhth;kd; Re;jughz;oad; fhyj;J/ ,uh$uh$ tsehl;Lg; bgha;ifehl;ilr; nrh;e;jjhft[k; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. ,J ,d;d Tw;wj;ijr; rhh;e;jJ vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgwhikapd; jdpa{uhf ,Uf;fyhk; vdj; bjhpfpwJ.

xnyhfkhnjtPr;ruk;; ,J cj;juifyhrk; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. ,jidf;fl;oath; Kjyhk; ,uh$uh$dJ kidtpahuhfpa je;jprj;jptpl';fpahuhd xnyhfkhnjtpahh;. Mjyhy; ,f;nfhapy; fp.gp 1006-,y; fl;lg;bgw;wpUf;fyhk;. ,';Fs;s nrhkh!;fe;jh;f;F xnyhf tPjp tpl';fh; vdg;bgah;. ,jpy; rp;j;jpiug; bgUtpHh/ rjatpHh bfhz;lhlg;bgw;wd. bjd;fapyhak;- ,jidj; jpUg;gzpbra;jth; Kjyhk; ,uhn$e;jpud; kidtpahd g";rtd;khnjtpahh;. ,iwtd; bgah; g";rejpthzd;. ,iwtp m";riy. guhe;jfd; I tpsf;Fg;gy ,l;Ltut[k; bghd;/ bts;sp tpsf;Ff;fs; itf;ft[k;/ epge;j';fs; mspj;jhd;/ ,uh$uh$d; I/ ,uhn$e;jpud; I/ ,uh$hjpuh$d; I/ gunfrhp ,uhn$e;jpud;/ ,th;fs; jUk';fSk; gy cs;sd.

31. jpUg;gida{h;31. jpUg;gida{h;31. jpUg;gida{h;31. jpUg;gida{h; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. ngusk; - jpUth+h; ngUe;J tHpapy; rd;dhey;Y}iu mLj;Js;sJ. "jpUg;gida{hpy; tpUg;gdhfpa[k;" vd;gJ kzpthrfh; thf;F.

61

tp$auhakfhuhad; kfSk;/ ghz;oa bgUkhs; njtdpd; kidtpa[khfpa byl;rk;khs;$pMap vd;gts; jpdrhp Ie;J I';fkh;fSf;F cztspf;f epyk; tH';fpdhs;. fhfjPa murdhd gpujhgUj;jpunjt kfhuh$h; fhyj;jpy; mtDila Kjy; ke;jphp cr;rpf;fhy tHpghl;ow;fhf fkehl;oy; epyk; tH';fpapUf;fpwhh;. Idkhjh kz;lgj;jpw;fUfpy; xU nfhapiya[k; fl;oapUf;fpwhh;. md;dg;gIad; vd;gtd; ky;ypfhh;Rdnjth;f;Fk; gpukuhk;gh njtpf;Fk; ientj;jpa epge;j';fis mspj;jnjhL Kfkz;lg';fl;Ltpj;jhd;. bjd;dz;ilkjpy; gpuhfhuj;ijg; gGJghh;j;jhd;. ,Uk;g[j; J}z;fis epWj;jpj; bjw;Ff; nfhg[uj;ija[k; gGJghh;j;jhd;. gapuhfp!e;jfp vd;gtd; jd; kidtpapd; bgauhy; g{e;njhl;lj;jpw;F epyk; mspj;Js;shd;. ,itad;wp ee;jpehjh;/ gpU';fpehjh; Kjypath;fis tHpgLfpwth;fSf;F tPLfs; fl;o mspj;j bra;jpa[k;/ br';ifad; vd;ghh; re;jdf;fy; itj;jJk; mwpag;bgWfpd;wd. gpujhd f';iff;F ,uz;lhk; tpjhpfudpd; kidtpahd flk;gtpj;jyk;gh gof;fl;L fl;odhs;/ tpj;jnyRtuUf;F xU cUtr;rpiy tH';fpdhs;/ ,e;jj; jUk';fisr; bra;a ,iwtd; mtSf;Ff; fdtpy;te;J mUspajhff; Fwpg;gpLfpwhs;. nkYk; re;jpunrfud; tPugj;jpu njth; nfhg[uj;ija[k; J}z;fisa[k;/ bghw;fyr';fisa[k; mikj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. cjafphp mg;gida';fhU ee;jpj; J}zpypUe;J Jh;f;fhnjtpnfhapy; tiuapy; gof;fl;Lfisf; fl;Ltpj;jhd;. bfhz;lgl;o vd;gtd; nfhapy; KGika[k; g[Jg;gpj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,itad;wpg; gy md;gh;fs; bghw;W}z;fs; mikj;Jk;/ gof;fl;likj;Jk;/ Kfkz;lg';fl;oa[k; gzpbra;jhh;fs; vd;W bjhpfpwJ.

49. 49. 49. 49. jpUf;bfhokhlr; br';Fd;W}h;jpUf;bfhokhlr; br';Fd;W}h;jpUf;bfhokhlr; br';Fd;W}h;jpUf;bfhokhlr; br';Fd;W}h; bfh';Fehl;Lj; jyk;. ,j;jyk; r';ffphpJh;f;fk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J fpHf;nf 9 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. <nuhl;oypUe;Jk; ehkf;fy;/ nryk; Mfpa Ch;fspypUe;Jk; ngUe;J \ykhft[k; ,j;jyj;ij milayhk;. kiynky; nfhapy; tiu bry;yg; ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; jpUr;br';nfhL/ jpUr;br';Fd;W}h; ehfhryk; vd tH';fg;bgWk; nkytPjpapypUe;J ghh;j;jhy; kiy. ehfk; nghy; njhd;Wtjhy; ehffphp vdg;bgw;wJ. Rg;gpukzpa Rthkp re;epjp jdpna mike;Js;sJ. Rthkp re;epjp nkw;Fg; ghh;j;jJ. KUfd; re;epjp fpHf;Fg;ghh;j;jJ. tp#;qt[f;F Mjpnfrtg; bgUkhs; vd;W bgah;. mh;j;jehhPRtuh; ghjj;jpy; xU rpW Cw;W ,Uf;fpwJ. ,J tpwy;kpz;l

60

thztpj;jpahju uh$d; vd;fpw thzuhad; tpsf;fpw;F bea;apl 25 fH";R bghd; tH';fpdhd;. tprafz;l nfhghynjtd; \d;whkhz;oy; mHfpa gy;ytd; fhyj;J 3-Mk; ,uh$uh$d; epykzpaf;fhuh;1. 16 ghfthpiaa[k; 1.5 ghR thpiaa[k; js;spaik bjhpfpwJ. uh#;ouFg;j mnkhfth;#dd; kUkfd; fhyj;J bghw;bfhy;yd; xUtd; nfhapYf;F epyk; jhdk; bra;jhd;.

48. jpUg;gUg;gjk;48. jpUg;gUg;gjk;48. jpUg;gUg;gjk;48. jpUg;gUg;gjk; (_iryk;)(_iryk;)(_iryk;)(_iryk;) Me;jpu khepyj;jpYs;sJ. tlehl;Lj;jyk; Ie;jDs; xd;W brd;idapypUe;J ee;jpahy; tiu g[iftz;oapy; brd;W Mj;kTh; tHpahfg; ngUe;jpy; bry;yyhk;. brd;idapypUe;J Me;jpu khepyg; ngUe;J nenu _iryk; (jpUg;gUg;gjk;) bry;fpwJ. ,j;jyk; gd;dpU nrhjph;yp';fj; jy';fspy; xd;W ky;ypfhh;r;Rdk; vdg; bgah; bgWtJ. ,j;jyk; jpUg;gUg;gjk; vdt[k;/ _iryk; vdt[k; tH';Fk; mUr;Rdn&j;jpu';fs; \d;wDs; ,J xd;W. jpUee;jpnjth; ,iwtidj; jh';f kiya[Uthfj; jt";bra;j jyk;. ,j;jyj;jpw;Fr; bry;Yk;tHp kpff; fodkhdJ. ,jidr; Re;ju\h;j;jp njthuk; "bry;yy; cwthpa rPgUg;gjkiy" vd;W vLj;Jf; fhl;LfpwJ. Rthkp gUg;gj ehafh;. ,iwtp gUg;gj ehafp. jPh;j;jk; gh;tjjPh;j;jk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L tp$aefu murdhd tPug;gpujhg tPueurp';fuhad; ,';F te;J tHpgl;oUf;fpwhd;. xU gUtijad; vd;ghDk; mtd; kidtpa[k; ,';Fte;J rpj;jg[uk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; xU Fsk; btl;o ee;jtdk; mikj;jdh;. fpU#;znjtuhaDila ke;jphpahd re;jpunrfu mkhj;ah vd;gtd; fy;ahz kz;lgj;ijf; fl;og; bghw;fyrk; !;jhgpj;jhd;. ky;ypfhh;r;Rd nfhapYf;F Kd; g[wj;jpy; xUkz;lg'; fl;odhd;. ee;jPRtuj;jpw;Fk;/ gpU';fPRtuj;jpw;Fk; bghd;dhnyna jpUt[U mikj;Jf; bfhLj;jhd;. me;j kz;lgj;jpy; jkuhrh vd;gtd; fpU#;znjtuhah; re;jpunrfu mkhj;ah ,th;fSila fw;rpiyfis mikj;jhd;. nfhapy; bryt[fSf;fhfr; rptg[uk; vd;Dk; Ciuj; jhdkhf tH';fpdhd;. bghw;fpz;zKk;/ bts;spg;gPlKk; mspj;jhd;. ee;jpiag; gpujp#;il bra;J mjw;F Kd;gf;fj;jpy; bghw;W}z; xd;iw epWtpdhd;. tPug;gpujhg mr;Rjuhad; fhyj;jpy; ky;yg;geha[L vd;gtd; gpukuhk;gh mk;ikf;F xU kzpa[k; rhpifahila[k; mspj;jhd;.

45

,';F Re;ju\h;j;jp RthkpfSf;F ,iwtd; eld jhprdk; fhl;oaUspdhh;. guhruKdpth; g{rpj;Jg; ngW bgw;whh; cw;whh; cwtpduhy; ,sk; tajpy; Jd;gk; Vw;glhky; ,Uf;f fhpfhy;tstd; ,';F tsh;e;jhd; vd;Wk;/ mtDf;F tpehafh; Jiz ,Ue;jhh; vd;Wk; brhy;yg;gLfpwJ. gida{h;/ gde;jhs;/ gd';fhl;?h; \d;Wk; gid kuj;ijj; jykukhff; bfhz;l jy';fs;. ,iwtd; bgah; brse;juehjh;. ,iwtp bgah; bghpaehafp. jPh;j;jk; mKjg[#;fhpzp. ,J kfhyl;Rkp jPh;j;jk; vdt[k; tH';Fk; tpehafh; JizapUe;j gps;isahh;. jytpUl;rk; gidkuk;. Mz;/ bgz; gidfs; ,ize;J jhnk tsUk; mw;g[jkhd jyk;. ed;dpyk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J bjd;fpHf;nf fiukhh;f;fkhf xU fp.kP bjhiytpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. 2012-Mk; Mz;L jpUg;gzp epiwt[ bgw;Wf; FlKGf;F ele;njwpaJ.

32. jpUkapyhLJiw 32. jpUkapyhLJiw 32. jpUkapyhLJiw 32. jpUkapyhLJiw nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. rpjk;guk; - Fk;gnfhzk; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;s efuk;. brd;id – jpUr;rp neh;tHp ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; ,uapy; re;jpg;g[ epiyak;/ ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J Myak; fpHf;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. mk;ik kapy; cUf;bfhz;L ,iwtid tHpgl;l jyk;/ ,';F mk;ikapd; ntz;LnfhSf;fhf ,iwtd; kapy; cUf;bfhz;L jhz;ltkhodhh;. ,jw;Ff; bfshPjhz;ltk; vd;W bgah;. jyk; bfshPjhz;ltg[ukhapw;W. ,iwtd; bgah; kha{uehjh;. fy;btl;Lf;fSk; njthuKk; kapyhLJiwahh;/ kapyhLJiwaud; vdf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. ,iwtpapd; bgah; m";ry;ehafp/ mgahk;gpif vd;gd. jPh;j;jk; fhtphpapy; ,lg jPh;j;jj; Jiw tpnrlk;. Jyhkhjk; KGtJk; ,';F ePuhl;L tpHh eilbgWk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpg; gobaLf;fg;gl;ljhfg; gjpdhW fy;btl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. gzpbra;j murh;fs; Fnyhj;J';fs; I/ ,uhrhjpuhrd; II/ Fnyhj;J';fd; III/ ,uh$uh$d; III/ rilath;kd; Re;jughz;oad; ,th;fshth;. ,f;fy;btl;Lf;fshy; epyk;/ bghd;

46

mspf;fg;bgw;wik mwpag;bgWfpd;wd. ,iwtd; jpUkapyhLJiw cilahh; vdt[k; Fwpf;fg;bgWth;. ,f;fy;btl;Lf;fspy; Ie;Jnghf Vidait Iahwg;giug;gw;wpad. ,j;jyj;J Iahwg;gh; nfhapy; jdpna kha{uehjh; nfhapYf;Fj; bjd;nkw;fpy; cs;sJ. ,e;j Iahwg;gh; $a';bfhz;l nrhHtsehl;Lj; jpUtGe;J}h;ehl;L Fnyhj;J';f nrhHd; Fw;whykhfpa jpUitahWilahh; vdf; Fwpf;fg;bgWth;. ,j;jyj;J tpf;fpuknrhHd; jpUklk; vd xd;wpUg;gjhff; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpd;wJ. Kjw; Fnyhj;J';fd; R';fk;jtph;j;j nrhHd; vdg;gLfpd;whd;. Iahwg;gh; nfhapy; Iahwg;giug; gpujp#;il/ bra;jJnghd;w rpwe;j epfH;r;rpfs; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. jpUthtLJiw MjPdf;fl;Lg;ghl;oy; nfhapy; cs;sJ.

33. jpUntl;fsk; 33. jpUntl;fsk; 33. jpUntl;fsk; 33. jpUntl;fsk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;/ rpjk;guj;Jf;F fpHf;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpYs;sJ. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fHfj;jpd; fPH;ghy; cs;sJ. rpjk;guj;jpypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,j;jyk; \';fpy;tdk; vdt[k; Twg;bgWk;/ mh;r;RdDf;Fg; ghRgjk; bfhLj;j jyk;. ghRgjh!;jpuk; Ve;jpa ,iwtd; jpUt[UtKk;/ mh;r;Rdd; jtepiyiaf; fhl;Lk; jpUt[UtKk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,iwtd; ntldhfte;J mh;r;RdDf;F mUs; tH';fpdhh; vd;gJ tuyhW ,jid "ntldhh; ciwntl;fsk;" vd;w mg;gh; thf;Fk; ed;F tpsf;Fk;. ,iwtd; bgah; ghRgnjRtuh;/ ,iwtpapd; bgah; ey;yehafp/ nfhapYf;bfjphpy; jPh;j;jk; cz;L. g[jpa jpUg;gzp/ jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; rpjk;guj;jpy; ,Ug;gjw;F m";rp/ ,j;jyj;jpnyna j';fpr; rpjk;guj;ijj; jhprpj;jhh; vd;gJ bghpa g[uhz tuyhW. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;/ mg;gh; jpUg;gjpf';fs; cs;sd. eluhriuj; jhprpf;f te;j jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; rpjk;guj;jpy; j';Ftjw;F m";rp ,j;jyj;ij j';Fkplkhff; bfhz;L rpjk;guk; brd;W tHpgl;lhh; vd;W bghpa g[uhzk; TWk;. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L rfk; 1488-y; (fp.gp 1556-y;) rpjk;gnuRtu rptfhkp nfhapYf;Fj; jpUntl;fs'; fpuhkj;ij mr;Rjg;gehaf;fh; mspj;j tuyhW mwpag;gLfpwJ.

59

chpikahf;fpaija[k; Fwpf;fpwJ. 4-Mk; Mz;oy; Kjy; ,uh$uh$d; cj;jpnahfj;jdhd <uhaputd; gy;ytuhadhy; ,uh$uhn$!;tuh; fUg;gf;fpufk; fl;lg;bgw;wJ. 2 tpsf;fpw;fhf 2000 FHp epyKk; mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. nfhuh$nfrhpth;kdhd ,uh$knfe;jpud; fhyj;J 2-Mk; Mz;oy; gilj;jiytbdhUtd; jpUty;yk; nguitapypUe;J 800 FHp epyk;bgw;W mijf; nfhapYf;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;. mjd; tpiy 64 fhR (22 fH";R 8 k";rho) Fnyhj;J';fd; 23-Mk; Mz;oy; xU f';fjiytdhy; tPunrhHd; kidtpahd jd;Dila kfSf;F ed;Wz;lhf tpsf;Fg; nghlg;bgw;wJ. \d;whk; Fnyhj;J';fd; 8-Mk; Mz;oy; jphpNyf;fhR nfhapYf; fspf;fg;bgw;wJ. 34-Mk; Mz;oy; f';f murpahd mhpagps;isahy; ,uz:L tpsf;F jhdk; bra;ag;bgw;wd. nfhuh$nfrhpth;kd; 1/ 7-Mk; Mz;oy; ,iwtp jpUt[Utk; bra;at[k; xU tpsf;Ff;Fk; xU gpuhkzdhy; 1700 FHp epyKk; J}a;ehl;oy; ke;jpud; nguitapdpd;Wk ;1700 FHp epyKk; th';fg;bgw;wd. 26-Mk; Mz;oy; 4-Mk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jdplk; 3-Mk; Iarpk;kdplKk; btw;wpbgw;wika[k; nfhapYf;F tpsf;F bghUe;jpaika[k; bjhpfpwJ. 7-Mk; Mz;oy; kJuhe;jf fz;luhjpj;jd; nfhapYf;F te;jika[k; 1000 Fl';fshy; mgpn#fpj;jika[k;/ tUkhdj;ij Muha;e;jika[k; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd. nfhuh$,uh$nfrhpth;kd; - 1/ 16-Mk; mz;oy; 700 FHp epyk; r';funjtDf;F tpw;wika[k; mtd; mijj; jpUita <RtuUf;fspj;jika[k; bjhpfpwJ. nfhuhrnfrhpth;kd; ,uh$uh$njtd; 20-Mk; Mz;oy; 90 MLfs; jhdk;bra;jhd;. 3-Mk; Mz;oy; J}a;ehl;oYs;s Ff;fD}h; fpuhkj;jpd; tUtha;fisj; jpUty;yk; nfhapYf;Ff; bfhLj;jhd;. kfhtyp thzuhadJ bghd;gLFl;lj;jpYs;s rpy epy';fis xUtd; th';fp tpsf;fpw;fhft[k; gilaYf;fhft[k; bfhLj;jhd;. thz tpj;jpahjud; fhyj;J tpsf;bfhpf;f 20 fH";R bghd; bfhLf;fg;bgw;wJ tpf;fpukhjpj;jd; -1/ ntz;Lnfhspd;go \d;W fpuhk';fs; (tpnly; tpLF tpf;fpukhjpj;j rJh;ntjpk';fyk;) jhdk; bra;ag;gl;ld. thzuhadJ rfk; 810-,y; vl;ThpYs;s xU ghh;g;gddhy; fhuehl;oYs;s td;dpg;ngL fpuhkj;jhhplk; 25 fH";R bghd; bfhLf;fg;bgw;W mjd; tl;oapypUe;J tpsf;Fg;nghlg;bgw;wJ. nrhHg{gd; kfdhd tPurk;gd; rfk; 1236 ,y; mh;j;j kz;lgk; "hd\h;j;jp vd;w bgaUila JwtpahYk; gpUjh murdhYk; fl;lg;bgw;wJ. nkYk; fUg;gf;fpUfKk; fl;lg;bgw;wJ. (tPurk;gd; gilj;jiytdh> xUehafdh> Cfpf;f ntz;oa[s;sJ)

58

mspf;fg;bgw;wJ. nkYk; mtdJ Ml;rp 42-Mk; Mz;oy; ntje;J}h; vd;w fpuhkj;ij mk;gh; cjakhh;j;jhz;ld; mspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. nrf;fpHhd;ntshd; jpUtha;f;FyKilahd; vapdpFo fpuhkj;ij mspj;jhd;. Kd;dnu mij mEgtpj;Jte;j fhzpahsiuj; js;sptpl;Lg; g[jpjhfg;gaph; bra;a Vw;ghL bra;jhd;. tpf;fpuknrhHd; fhyj;jpy; (fp.gp 1118 – 35) epykspj;j bra;jp mwpag;bgWfpwJ. rpwg;ghf Ml;bfhz;l ehafida[k; mk;ikiaa[k; nfhapYf;F thh;j;Jf;bfhLj;J. jpUtKJf;F &j;jphpa rpfhkzp tsehl;Lg; gida{{h; ehl;Lr; rpWntY}uhdhd mKjd; jpUr;rpw;wk;gyKilahd; cjakhh;j;jhz;l \nte;j ntshd; epyKkspj;jhd;. mnj mk;ikf;F kw;nwhh; rpWntSh; cilahd; epykspj;jpUf;fpwhd;. ,e;j Ml;bfhz;lehafh; vd;gJ nrhkh!;fe;jhpd; bgah;nghYk; ,tiug;gw;wp tpf;fpuknrhHd; fhyj;Jf; fy;btl;Lk; mwptpf;fpwJ. ,iwtDf;F Kj;Jf; fGj;jzp. ituKo ,tw;iwf; fhhpg[tpadhd nrhHkhuhad; mspj;jhd;. tpf;fpuknrhHd; jpUkhspifg; gj;jpiaf; fl;odhd; kw;Wk; tpsf;fpw;fhft[k;/ tpHhtpw;fhft[k; bghd;Dk;/ epyKk; mspj;j bra;jpia mwptpf;fpd;wd. KJgfth; vd;w nfhapbyhd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ckhgunk!;thp fhsp mk;ikahf ,Uj;jy; ntz;Lk;. ,jid mikj;jtd; tpf;fpuknrhHd;. g{irf;Fk; mKJf;Fkhf epyk; tH';fpapUf;fpd;whd;. ,uhn$e;jpunrhHDk; mf;nfhtpYf;F epyk; tH';fpdhd;.

47. jpUt47. jpUt47. jpUt47. jpUty;yk; y;yk; y;yk; y;yk; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk; ntY}h; Mh;f;fhl;oypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; ,g;bghGJ jpUtyk; vd tH';fg;bgWfpwJ. tpy;thuz;ajyk;/ jPf;fhyp vd;ghd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wikahd; jPf;fhyp ty;yk; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. etf;fpuf';fSk;/ ty;yhsDk; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wdh;. Rthkp ty;yehjh;. ,iwtp ty;yhk;gpif. jPh;j;jk; bfshpjPh;j;jk;. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L nfhg;gunfrhpahd ,uhn$e;jpunrhHd; (fp.gp 1050 – 62) 3-Mk; Mz;oy; cj;jpnahf!;jd; xUtdplkpUe;J 25 fH";R bghd;th';fpj; jPl;rpjhpl'; bfhLj;jhd;. mnjahz;oy; thzg[uj;jpYs;s nguitnahh; r';funjtd; kfdhd itJk;g nrhkehjDf;F 1000 FHp epyk; tpw;wija[k; mth;fs; mijj; jpUita <RtuUf;F

47

34. jpUthH;bfhspg[j;J}h; 34. jpUthH;bfhspg[j;J}h; 34. jpUthH;bfhspg[j;J}h; 34. jpUthH;bfhspg[j;J}h; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. kapyhLJiwapypUe;J ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. ,d;W jpUthsg[j;J}h; vd tH';FfpwJ. njthuj;jpy; thH;bfhspg[j;J}h; vdt[k;/ ths;xspg[w;W}h; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wJ. jpUkhy; khzpf;f yp';fj;ijj; jhgpj;J tHpgl;lhh;. tlbkhHpapy; mujdg[uk; vd tH';Fk;. tz;L/ mUr;Rdd; g{rpj;j jyk;. mh;r;Rdd; bra;j g{irf;F cfe;jbgUkhd; mtd; thisg;g[w;wpy; xspj;Jitj;jpUe;J/ kPz;Lk; mtd; mj;jpdhg[hp jpUk;g[k; nghJ mspj;jhh; vd;gJ tuyhW. ,jdhnyna ths;xspg[w;W}h; Mapw;W vd;gJ g[uhzk;. "cd;fuths; epd;w thifapd; may; g[w;bwhspj;jhd;" vd;gJ jyg[uhzg; ghlw;gFjp. ,iwtd; jpUnkdp khzpf;fkhjypd; ths;xspg[j;J}h; vd;gJ ,';'dbky;yhk; khwpw;nwh vd;W vz;zt[k; ,lKz;L. ths; xsp – kpf;f xsp. jpUg;gzpfs; epiwt[bgw;Wr; rkPgj;jpy; Fk;ghgpnlfk; ele;Js;sJ.

35. jpUg;ghk;g[uk;35. jpUg;ghk;g[uk;35. jpUg;ghk;g[uk;35. jpUg;ghk;g[uk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;/ ngusk; - Fk;gnfhzk;/ ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. ghk;g[ g[uk; vd;gJ ghk;g[uk; vd kUtpaJ. ehfuh$d; g{rpj;j jyk;. MjpnrlDila \ytpf;fpufKk; cw;rt tpf;fpuKk; nfhapypy; cs;sd. ,iwtd; ghk;g[nu!;tuh;. ,iwtp tz;lhh; FHyp. jytpUl;rk; td;dp/ jPh;j;jk; Mjpnr# jPh;j;jk;. ghk;g[ te;J g{rpj;Jr; brd;wjw;F milahskhf mJ fHw;wpbawpe;Jtpl;Lr; brd;w rl;ilia M';fh';nf fhzyhk;. 2002 –k; Mz;L FlKGf;F ele;Js;sJ. mLj;j FlKGf;Ff;fhfr; rhukpl;Lj; jpUg;gzpfs; ele;J bfhz;Ls;sd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 15 cs;sd. mit ,uh$uh$d;/ ,uhn$e;jpud;/ jphpg[tdtPunjtd;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; III/ Re;jughz;oad;/ rungh$p kd;dh;fs; fhyj;jd. ,j;jyk; ca;af;bfhz;lhh; tsehl;Lj; jpUg;ghk;g[uk; vd tH';fg;gLfpwJ. ,iwtd; jpUg;ghk;g[uKilahh; vdt[k; ,iwtp khkiyahl;oahs; vdt[k;/ tpehafg; bgUkhd; ,uh$uh$g;gps;isahh; vdt[k; tH';fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

48

,uh$uh$njtd; fhyj;jpy; nrhHpajiuantshd; jhnkhjiuadhy; nfhapy; 2 –Mk; gpuhfhuj;jpy; kz;lg';fl;lt[k; ,jidg; guhkhpf;ft[k; epykspf;fg;gl;lJ. tre;j kz;lgj;ij rungh$p kd;dDila gpujpepjpahd Rngjhh; uFgz;ojuhad; fl;odhd;. fp.gp 1209-,y; jpUg;ghk;g[uj;jpy; fLk;g";rk; epytpaJ. xU bghw;fhRf;F 3 – go bey; tpw;wJ. g";rj;jhy; thoa xU ntshsd; jd;Dila ,uz;L bgz;fis E}W bghw;fhRf;Ff; nfhapYf;F moikahf tpw;whd;.

36. jpUg;ngqbgUe;Jiw 36. jpUg;ngqbgUe;Jiw 36. jpUg;ngqbgUe;Jiw 36. jpUg;ngqbgUe;Jiw nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk;. Fk;gnfhzk; - fhiuf;fhy; ngUe;J tHapy; ehr;rpahh; nfhapiy mLj;Js;sJ. jyk; jyk; jyk; jyk; ,J jpUg;ge;Jiw vd ,d;W tH';FfpwJ. mk;ik/ KUfd;/ gpukd; ,th;fs; g{rpj;j jyk;. ,iwtd; rpthde;jh;. KUfDf;F Cik eP';fpajhf tuyhW. fy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;Lfy;btl;L murpayhh; 1932-y; gobaLj;j fy;btl;Lfs; Ie;J cs;sd. kJiubfhz;lgunfrhp 22-Mk; Mz;Lf; fy;btl;oy; jpUeiwa{h;ehl;Lf; fpuhkkhd ngqbgUe;Jiw vdt[k;/ ,iwtd; bgah; ngqbgUe;Jiw kfhnjth; vdt[k; Fwpf;fg;bgw;Ws;sd. ,uh$uh$d; Ml;rp 14-Mk; Mz;oy; ghz;oa Fyhrdptsehl;L Mh;f;fhl;Lf; Tw;wj;J miuNuhs; xUj;jpahy; mkhthirapy; Rthkp mk;kd; bghpanjth; m!;jpunjth; tPjp cyhnghft[k;/ mhprpyhw;wpy; jPh;j;j';bfhLf;ft[k; epykspj;jhs;. tPughz;oad; Ml;rp 6-Mk; Mz;oy;/ ey;Yilahd; tGJuhdhy; Rthkp gokk; bra;J bfhLf;fg;bgw;wJ.

37. 37. 37. 37. jpUf;fw;Fo jpUf;fw;Fo jpUf;fw;Fo jpUf;fw;Fo ,j;jyk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj; jyk;/ jpUr;rpuhg; gs;spf;F mUfpy; nkw;wpirapy; cs;sJ. efug; ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. ,d;W ca;af;bfhz;lhd; kiybad tH';FfpwJ. ee;jpth;k gy;ytdhy; jpUg;gzp bra;tpf;fg;bgw;wikapd; ee;jpth;k k';fyk; vdf;

57

,iwtd; bgah; ntjg[hPRtuh; vdt[k;/ xj;J}h; cilaehadhh; vdt[k; tH';Fk;. nfhapy;tHpghl;ow;Fk; epntjdj;jpw;Fk;/ mh;r;rfh;f;Fk; epykspj;j bra;jpfSk;/ g{e;njhl;lj;jpw;F epykspj;j bra;jpfSk; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. tpsf;fpw;fhfg; gRf;fs; th';fp tplg;bgw;wikiaj; bjhptpf;fpd;wd. rpwg;ghf tpisahl;lhf ntl;ilf;Fr; brd;w xUtd; va;j mk;g[ Fwpjtwp xU kdpjd; nky; gl;Ltpl mjw;fhfj; jpUxj;J}h; rigahiuf; Tl;o/ Fw;wj;ijf; Twp. rig tpjpj;jtz;zk; Fw;wj;jz;lkhff; nfhapYf;F 16 gRf;fis th';fpf;bfhLj;J tpsf;fplr; bra;jhd;. tpf;fpuknrhHd; (fp.gp 1118 – 35) fhyj;J bts;sk;g[Fe;J tpisr;ryHpe;jjhy; FofSf;F thpfl;l Koahky;nghf ,uz;lhapuk; FHp epyj;ij 25 fhrpw;Fk;. 4450 FHp g[d;bra;if 20 fhrpw;Fk; nfhapYf;F tpw;W ,iwapyp bra;jhd;. \d;whk; Fnyhj;J';fd; bghd; Mguz';fs; mspj;jpUf;fpd;whd;. mnjnfhapypy; rpjk;gnuRtu Myak; xd;W ,Ug;gjhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. nfjhhpehjh; klk; vd;w xd;W Fwpg;gplg; bgWfpwJ.

46. jpUmk;gh;khfhsk; 46. jpUmk;gh;khfhsk; 46. jpUmk;gh;khfhsk; 46. jpUmk;gh;khfhsk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk; kapyhLJiw jpUth+h; tHpapy; g{e;njhl;lj;jpypUe;J fhiuf;fhy; bry;Yk; ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,j;jyk; nfhapy; jpUkhfhsk; vd tH';Fk;/ mk;gd;/ mk;ghNud; ,Utiua[k; bfhd;w fhsp/ ghte;jPu ,iwtid ,j;jyj;Jg; g{ir bra;jhs;. khfhshp#pa[k; g{rpj;j jyk;. fhspnfhapy; bjw;Fg; gpufhuj;jpy; cs;sJ. itfhrp khjj;jp;y; nrhkhrpkhwh; ahf cw;rtk; eilbgWk;. rpwpa cUtKila ghzyp';fk; Ftis rhj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,iwtd; fhsfz;nlRtuh;. ,iwtp gl;rehafp. jPh;j;jk; khfhsjPh;j;jk;. nrhkhrpkhwehadhh; ahf";bra;j jyk;. ,j;jyk; ngusk; jpUth+h; khh;f;fj;jpYs;s g{e;njhl;lk; ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J fpHf;nf 3 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; Kjw;Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J ca;af;bfhz;lhh; tsehl;L mk;gh; ehl;L mk;gh; jpUkhfhsk; vd tH';fg;bgw;wJ. ,uh$nfrhpth;kdhd Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J g{ghyFyty;yp tsehl;L mk;gh;ehl;L mk;gh; khfhsk; vdt[k; tH';fg;bgWfpwhh;. nfhapYf;F Kjw;Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J Esk;guhrd; ntz;LnfhSf;fhf khj;J}h; jpUr;rpw;wk; gyee;juhrdhy; g[ut[thp tpshfk; vd;w fpuhkk; nfhapYf;F

56

,t;turh;fs; midtUk; nfhapYf;Fg; bghd;Dk;/ bey;Yk;/ epyKk; mspj;j bra;jp mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. murh;fnsad;wp/ murUila jz;ly; ehafh;fSk;/ murfhhpak; ghh;g;gth;fSk;/ kidtpahh;fSk; mwk; bra;Js;sdh;. ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; \d;whkhz;oy; ciwa{h; cilahd; xUtdhy; nyhfRe;juj; jpUg;gokk; gpujp#;il bra;ag;bgw;wJ. gps;isahh; fzgjp nfhapYf;F tpsf;fPL bra;tpj;jhd;. ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; I (fp.gp 985 – 1013). gpj;jisahy; bra;ag;gl;L bghd;Kyhk; g{rg;bgw;w kj;jsp xd;iwf; fk;gd; kzpadhd tpf;fpukrp';fd; \nte;j ntshsd; vd;ghd; _gyp cgaj;jpw;fhfr; bra;J bfhLj;jhd;. ,f;nfhapypy; KGf;Fo murd; ty;ygnjtd; mu';fkz;lgk; fl;of;bfhLj;jhd;.

45. jpUxj;J}h;45. jpUxj;J}h;45. jpUxj;J}h;45. jpUxj;J}h; bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk;/ tlhh;f;fhL khtl;lk; bra;ahWf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. fh";rpg[uj;jpypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; bry;yyhk;. ,J jpUtj;J}h; vd tH';FfpwJ. ,iwtd; njth;fSf;Fk;/ Kdpth;fSf;Fk; ntjj;ij mUspr;bra;jikahy; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ. rk;ge;jRthkpfs; vGe;jUspanghJ nfhapiyg; guhkhpj;Jte;j rptdoahh; xUth; nfhapy; epy';fspy; giditj;J tsh;j;hh; mit Mz;gidahapd. rkzh;fs; ghpfrpj;jdh;/ mijf;fz;L ,th; tUe;jpr; Rthkpfsplk; tpz;zg;gpj;jhh;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh; gjpfk;gho/ jpUf;filf;fhg;gpy; "FUk;ig Mz;gid <d;Fiy xj;J}h;" vd;W mUspanghJ mit bgz;gidfshapd. Myaj;jpy; gid cUtk; gpujp#;il bra;ag;gl;Lg; g{rpf;fg;bgw;W tUfpwJ. rpthyaj;Js;nsna Mjpnfrtg;bgUkhs; re;epjpa[k; ,Uf;fpwJ. Rthkp ntjehjh; - mk;ik ,sKiyehafp jPh;j;jk; nrahW (ntjjPh;j;jk;) fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 29 cs;sd. mtw;Ws; ,uh$hjpuh$d;/ Fnyhj;J';fd;/ ,uhn$e;jpud;/ bghj;jg;gph; nrhHd;/ ,uh$uh$d; - 1/ 3/ tpf;fpuknrhHd; Mfpa nrhH murh;fs; fhyj;jdt[k;/ Re;jughz;oad;/ tPughz;oad; fhyj;jdt[k;/ nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; fhyj;jdt[k;/ ,uh#;ouTl fd;dunjtd; fhyj;jdt[k; Mf mike;Js;sd.

49

fy;btl;Lf;fs; tH';Ffpd;wd. nkw;Fnehf;fpa re;epjp mk;kd; re;epjpfs; ,uz;L. ,iwtd; bgah; cr;rpehjh;/ Kj;jPrh;/ fw;gfehjh;/ cr;rPtehj Rthkp/ ca;af;bfhz;l ehadhh;/ tpGkpahh;/ Ms;thh; tpGkpa njth;/ tpGkpaehadhh; vdf; fy;btl;Lf;fspYk;/ g[uhz';fspYk; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wd. mk;ik/ m";rdhl;rp. jPh;j;j';fs; bghd;bdhsp Xil/ FlKUl;o/ "hdthyp/ vz; nfhzf; fpzW/ ehw;nfhzf;fpzW vd;gd. khh;f;fz;lh; tHpgl;L mUs; bgw;w jyk;. Kdpth;fl;Ff; FU\h;j;jpahf ,Ue;J bgUkhd; tpGkpa E}y;fis cgnjrpj;j jyk;/ fuDk;/ <Hehl;lurDk; tHpgl;l jyk;. jUik MjPd mUshl;rpapy; tps';FtJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyk; ,uh$uh$d; fhyj;J/ ghz;oa Fyhrdp tsehl;L uh$h!;ua rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jf; fw;Fo vdt[k; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;J ,uh$knfe;jpu tsehl;L ciwa{h;f; Tw;wj;Jg; gpuknjakhd rJh;ntjp k';fyj;Jf; fw;Fo vdt[k; Kjy; ,uhn$e;jpud; fhyj;J nfushe;jf tsehl;L ciua{h;f; Tw;wj;Jf; fw;Fobadt[k; ky;ypfhh;r;Rd kfhuh$h fhyj;J ,uh$fk;gPu tsehl;Lg; gpuknjakhd ca;af; bfhz;lhd; jpUkiybadt[k; tH';fg;bgWfpd;wJ. jUkk; Mw;wpa kd;dh;fs; Kjw;guhe;jfd;/ fz;luhjpj;jd; kidtp/ guhe;jfd; khnjt mofshuhfpa brk;gpad; khnjtpahh;/ cj;jknrhHd;/ ,uh$uh$d; I/ gunfrhp ,uhn$e;jpud; I/ tPu ,uhn$e;jpud;/ Fnyhj;J';fd; I/ ky;ypfhh;r;Rd kfhuh$h/ kapiyj; jpz;zd; Kjypnahh;. ,th;fs; mspj;jd; bgUk;ghYk; tpsf;fpw;fhfg; bghd;Dk;/ MLk; epntjdj;jpw;F epyKk; Mk;.

38. jpUg;ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkk; 38. jpUg;ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkk; 38. jpUg;ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkk; 38. jpUg;ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphp tlfiuj;jyk;. jpUr;rp – Krpwp ngUe;J tHpj;jlj;jpy; cs;sJ. ghr;rpy; Tw;wj;J Mr;rpuhkkhjypd;/ ghr;rpyhr;rpuhkk; vd tH';fg;gLfpwJ. fy;btl;Lf;fspy; bfhs;splj;jpd; tlgFjp ghr;rpy; Tw;wk;/ tlfiu kHghoehL/ ,uh$hjpuh$tsehL vdg; gy gFjpfshy; tH';fg;bgw;wjhfj; bjhpfpd;wJ. bfhy;ypkHtd; g[jy;tpf;F cw;w Kayfd; vd;Dk; nehiaj; jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; ePf;fpaUspa

50

jyk;. ,';Fs;s eluh$h; jpUt[UtpYk; Kayfd; cUtk; ,y;yhik mwpaj;jf;fJ. jpUtoapd;fPH; mjw;Fg;gjpy; xU bgUk;ghk;gpUf;fpwJ. Re;ju\h;j;jpRthkpfs; ,tuyhjpy;iynah gpuhd; vd ,fH;e;J ngrpg; bghUs; kpfg; bgw;wjyk;. ,iwtnd xU itrpad; bgz;iz kz";bra;J bfhz;ljyk;.

,iwtnd Re;juUf;Fg; bgw;wbghd;khw;Wf; Fiwtjhy; ciuj;Jf;fhl;oajhy; ,iwtd; bgah; khw;wwptujh;/ rkPtndRtuh; mk;ikapd;bgah; ghybrse;jhp/ jPh;j;jk; md;dkhk; bgha;if/ rpyk;g[ejp. bgha;if/ mk;ghs; nfhapYf;F vjphpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jd;fiuapy; jytpUl;rkhfpa td;dpkuk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. rpyk;g[ejp CUf;F tlf;fpy; XLfpd;wJ. mJ g';FdpahW vd;Wk;/ mkiyahW vd;Wk; brhy;th;. jpU"hdrk;ge;jh;/ Re;juh; ghly;fs; cs;sd. nfhapYf;F vjphpy; kpf cf;fpunjtijfshd njuof; fUg;gz;zrhkpa[k;/ kJiutPud; nfhapYk;/ milf;fy';fhj;jhd; nfhapYk; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ghh;tjp/ gpukd;/ ,yf;Fkp/ mfj;jpah; Kjypnahh; tHpgl;ljyk;/ itfhrp khjk; bgUtpHh elf;Fk;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F ele;njwpa[s;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L 1891-Mk; Mz;oy; vLf;fg;bgw;w 34 vz;qs;s fy;btl;L xd;Ws;sJ. Vida vLf;fg;bgwtpy;iy nghYk;. ,J bQha;!y kd;dd; tPunrhnk!;tud; fhyj;jJ. ,jdhy; ,f;nfhapYf;Fg; gjpdhapu';fyk; mhprp fpilj;jjhfj; bjhpfpd;wJ. ,td; fp.gp 1253-,y; rkag[uj;ijj; jiyefuhff;bfhz;L Mz;L te;jhd;. nrhH murh;fspy; Fnyhj;J';fd; tpsf;F vhpf;f epge;jk; mspj;jpUf;fpwhd;.

39. jpUthy';fhL 39. jpUthy';fhL 39. jpUthy';fhL 39. jpUthy';fhL bjhz;il ehl;Lj;jyk; jpUts;Sh; - muf;nfhzk; ngUe;J tHpapy; cs;sJ. jpUthy';fhL ,uapy; epiyaj;jpypUe;J tlf;nf 5 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; cs;sJ. eluh$g;bgUkhd; eld";bra;a[k; rig Ie;jDs; ,J ,uj;jpdrigahFk;. ,iwtd; fhspia Ch;j;Jt jhz;ltj;jhy; njhw;fr;bra;j jyk;. ,jidj; njthuk; "Modhh; fhspfhz My';fhl;lofshnu" vd;W brhy;Yk;. gj";ryp/ fhh;f;nfhlfd; vd;w bganuhLk;/ tpahf;fpughjh; K";rpnfrh; vd;w bganuhLk; vg;bghGJk;

55

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44. 44. 44. 44. jjjjppppUbeL';fsk; UbeL';fsk; UbeL';fsk; UbeL';fsk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpbjd;fiuj;jyk;. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;Ff; fpHf;nf cs;sJ. ngUe;J trjp cs;sJ. j";ir – jpUr;rp ngUe;J tHpapy; Jthf;Fo te;J/ m';fpUe;J tlf;nf bry;y ntz;Lk;. jpUbel;lhd;Fsk; vd ,f;fhyj;J tH';Fk; t';fpa nrhHd; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;w jyk;. Rthkp epj;jpaRe;juh;/ njtp xg;gpyhehafp/ jPh;j;jk; Re;jujPh;j;jk;. "kiwa[ilaha;" vd;W bjhl';Fk; jpU"hdrk;ge;jhpd; ,lh;fisa[k; gjpfk; bgw;w jpUj;jyk;. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; ,uz;L FlKGf;Ffs; ele;njwpa[s;sd. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;ijg;gw;wpa fy;btl;Lf;fs; 34 cs;sd. ,it Re;jughz;oad; fhyj;jd. \d;Wk; fhpfhyd; fhyj;jJ xd;Wk;/ _ty;yg njtdJ xd;Wk;/ ,uh$nfrhpth;kd; fhyj;jd xd;gJk;/ 3-Mk; ,uh$uh$d; fy;btl;L ,uz;Lk;/ bQha;!s tPuuhkehj njtuJ xd;Wk;/ jphpg[td tPunjtDilad ,uz;Lk;/ gunfrhp th;kbdd;W kl;Lk; Fwpg;gd \d;Wk;/ tp$aefu murh;fSilad Ie;Jk;/ ehaf;f kd;duJ xd;Wk; Vida mwpag;glhjdt[khf mike;jd. ,j;jyk; Re;jughz;oad; fhyj;J ghz;oa Fygjp tlfiuehl;Lj; jpUbeL';fsk; vd;Wk; ,uh$uh$ njtd; III fhyj;J ghz;oaFyhrdp tsehl;L tlfhtphpehl;Lg; gpuknjak; jpahfty;yp rJh;ntjp k';fskhd jpUbeL';fsk; vd;Wk; Fwpf;fg;bgWfpwJ. ,iwtd; jpUbeL';fsKila ehadhh;/ beL';fsKilahh;/ cyfhz;nlRtuKilahh;/ fse;ij ehafh;/ jpUbeL';fsKila jk;gpuhdhh; epHyhh; nrhiy tsKilaehadhh;/ jpUbeL';fsj;J Ms;thh; vd;bwy;yhk; tH';fg;bgWfpwhh;.

54

fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L gobaLj;jd xd;gJ cs;sd. ,uhn$e;jpud; III fhyj;jd \d;W. Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jd ,uz;L ,uh$uh$d; III fhyj;jd ,uz;L. Re;jughz;oad; fhyj;jd ,uz;L. ,j;jyk; mUbkhHpj; njt tsehl;L typtyf; Tw;wj;J cgaFy Rj;jrJh;ntjp k';fykhd typtyk; vd;W tH';fg;gl;lJ. ,iwtd; kdj;Js; njth; vd;nw fy;btl;Lfspy; miHf;fg;gLfpwhh;. cilahh; kdj;Js; ehadhuJ nfhapy; fhhpak; ghh;g;ghh; rpyuhy; njtg;bgUkhd; jpUklj;J vjph; xg;gpyhjhh; nrhkehj njt KjypahUf;F epyk; khw;wpf; bfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jj; jpUklk; kdj;Js; ehadhh; nfhapYf;Fj; bjw;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ. bjd; tpl';fY}h;/ Fnyhj;J';f nrhH ey;Y}h;jphpNyk;/ bghd; nta;e;j bgUkhs; ey;Y}h; Kjypa fpuhk';fs; gy ntW fhhpa';fSf;Fj; jhdkhf mspf;fg;bgw;wik mwpag; bgWfpd;wd. jpU\y njth; jpUklj;jpy; ,Ue;j nfhapy; mh;r;rfh; xUtUf;F epyk; tpw;fg;bgw;wJ vd;gjhy; jpU\ynjth; klk; vd;gJ xd;W ,Ue;jik g[ydhFk;.

43. jpUr;nrhg[uk;43. jpUr;nrhg[uk;43. jpUr;nrhg[uk;43. jpUr;nrhg[uk; eLehl;Lj;jyk; rpjk;guk; - flY}h; ,Ug;g[g;ghijapy; Myg;ghf;fk; ,uapy; epyaj;Jf;Ff; fpHf;nf cs;sJ. ,t;tHpapy; ngUe;JfspYk; Myg;ghf;fk; tuyhk;. Myg;ghf;fj;jpw;Ff; fpHf;nf 2 fp.kP J}uj;jpy; nrhg[uk; cs;sJ. rhiy trjp cs;sJ. ,J ,g;bghGJ jpahfty;yp vd tH';FfpwJ. Kjw;Fnyhj;J';fd; kidtp \tUs; gl;lj;J kidtpahfpa jpahf ty;ypahy; jpUg;gzp bra;ag; bgw;wikapd; ,g;bgah; bgw;wJ nghYk; mf!;jpah; g{rpj;j jyk;. rkPgfhyk; tiuapy; flw;fiu kzyhy; \lg;gl;L nklha; ,Ue;jJ. xU Jwtp fUg;gf; fpUfj;jpd; fy;!;J}gp kzypy; fhzg;glj; njhz;o/ Cuth; cjtpiaf;bfhz;L btspg;gLj;jpdh;. ghpthu';fSld; Myak; KGtJk; kzypypUe;J njhz;lg;gl;lJ. rpy mwpFwpfshy; efunk g[ija[z;oUf;f ntz;Lbkd;W bjhpfpwJ. Rthkpbgah; nrhg[uehjh; mk;ikbgah; nrhg[uehafp jPh;j;jk; guk jPh;j;jk;.

51

eldjhprdk; bra;th;. ifiyf;Fj; jiyahny ele;J brd;w fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;/ vd;Wk; jpUtof;fPH; Mde;j jhz;lt jhprdj;njhL mkh;e;jpUf;fpd;whh;. jpU"hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs;/ mk;ikahh; jiyahny ele;j jybkd;W kpjpj;jw;F m";rpg; g[wk;nghf/ ,iwtd; fdtpy; vk;ikg; ghl kwe;jidnah vd;W nfl;Lg; ghly;bgw;w jyk;. ,';nf thH;e;j ntshsh;fs; giHaD}h; ePypf;Ff;bfhLj;j thf;Fg;go caph; bfhLj;J/ cz;ikia epiy ehl;odhh;fs;. ,jidj; "J";r tUthUk;" vd;Dk; gjpfj;jpy; "hdrk;ge;j Rthkpfs; tpsf;fpa[s;shh;fs;. Rthkpbgah; njturp';fg;bgUkhd;/ Ch;j;Jt jhz;l ntRtuh;/ mk;ikbgah; tz;lhh;FHyp jPh;j;jk; Kj;jpjPh;j;jk; jytpUl;rk; gyh. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L murpayhh; gobaLj;j fy;btl;Lf;fs; 52 cs;sd. ,j;jyk; tlfiu kztpw;nfhl;lj;J nky;khiy giHaD}h; ehl;Lj; jpUthy';fhL vd;Wk;/ b$a';bfhz;l nrhHkz;lyj;J nky;khiyahfpa giHaD}h; ehl;Lj; jpUthy';fhbld;Wk; tH';fg;gLfpd;wJ. bgUkhd; jpUthy';fhL cila ehadhh; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;. ,j;jyj;Js; Vnjh xUkz;lgj;ij \d;whk; Fnyhj;J';fd; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j mk;ikag;gd; gHpa";rpa gy;ytuhad; fl;odhd;. eluh$g;bgUkhd; jpUtu';fpy; mz;lk; cw epkph;e;jUspa ehadhh; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;. ,tUf;F ,j;J}h;ehl;L mUk;ghf;fj;Jf; Fd;wj;J}h;f;nfhl;lj;J mwepiy tprhufd; jpiunyhf;fpa kd;dd; tj;!uh$d; vd;gtd; tpsf;Ff;fhf epykspj;jhd;. mk;ik tz;lhh; FHyp ehr;rpahh; vdt[k;/ gpukuhk;ghs; vdt[k; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhh;. Vida fy;btl;Lf;fs; epyk; tpw;wija[k;/ jz;l ehafUf;F cj;jutpl;lija[k; mwptpg;gd. 477/ 476 vd;w tp$aefu murh; fy;btl;Lf;fs; ,k;ko jh;krpthr;rhhpahh;/ bghd;dk; gy rpthr;rhhpahh;/ mde;jrpthr;rhhpahh;/ ,th;fSf;F tpHh elj;j cj;jput[ mspj;Jg; bghd; bfhLj;jija[k; czh;j;Jfpd;wd. guhe;jfnrhHd; fhyKjy; tp$aefu murh; fhyk; tiua[s;s ,f;fy;btl;Lfshy; ,j;jyj;jpd; bjhd;ikia mwpayhk;.

52

40. jpUtjpif 40. jpUtjpif 40. jpUtjpif 40. jpUtjpif

eLehl;Lj;jyk; flY}h; - brd;id ,Ug;g[g; ghijapy; gz;qUl;o ,uapy; epiyaj;Jf;F mUfpy; cs;sJ. brd;id/ flY}h;/ tpUj;jhryk;/ rpjk;guk; efh;fspypUe;J ngUe;Jfspy; gz;qUl;o tuyhk;. mg;gh; mUs; bgw;w jyk;. ,J ml;l tPul;l';fSs; xd;W Kg;g[u';fis vhpj;j jyk; fUld;/ gpUkd;/ tp#;q/ g";rghz;lth;fs; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wdh;. gy;yt murd; jpeht[f;furiu ePw;wiwapy; ,l;l jyKk; ,Jnt. ,J ,g;nghJ Xilahf ,Uf;fpwJ. rf;fujPh;j;jk; vd tH';FfpwJ. FzgjPr;Ruk; vd;w xU nfhapYk; cz;L. mJ Fzjug; gy;ytdhy; ghlypg[uj;Jf;nfhapiy mHpj;Jf; fl;lg;bgw;wbjd;gJ tuyhW. jpU"hdrk;ge;j RthkpfSf;Fj; jpUel';fhl;oaUspa jyk;. Re;ju\h;j;jp RthkpfSf;Fr; rpj;jtlklj;jpy; jpUto jPl;ir mspj;j ,lKk; ,Jnt. bka;fz;lnjth; khzhf;fuhfpa kdthrf';fle;jhh; cz;ik tpsf;fk; bra;J mUspa jyKk; ,Jnt. ,iwtd; bgah; jpUtjpif tPul;lhndRtuh;/ jphpg[uhe;jnfRtuh;. mk;ik jphpg[uRe;jhp. jPh;j;jk; bfoyk;/ Fyf';if/ rf;fujPh;j;jk; vd;gd. jytpUl;rk; ruf;bfhd;iw. 21-Mk; E}w;whz;oy; xU FlKGf;F tpHh ele;njwpa[s;sJ. fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L fy;btl;L ,j;jyj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl;l fy;btl;Lf;fs; 34. ,tw;wpy; VG fy;btl;Lf;fs; rhuehuhazf; nfhapiyg; gw;wpait/ Vidait jpUtjpif tPul;lhdKilahh; nfhapypy; cs;sit. mtw;Ws;/ bjs;shw;Wg;nghh; vwpe;j ee;jpnghj;jiuad; tpsf;Ff;fhf itj;j epge;jk;/ nfhg;bgU";rp';fd; tpsf;fpw;fhfg; gRt[';fhisa[k; mspj;jik/ gunkRtug; nghj;jiuad; bghd;dspj;jik Mfpa gy;yt guk;giu epfH;r;rpfs; mwptpf;fg;bgWfpd;wd. mt;thnw nrhHh;fspy; Fnyhj;J';fd; I/ II/ III/ ,uhn$re;jpu nrhHd;/ guhe;jfd; ,uh$hjpuh$d; II Kjypa nrhH murh;fSk;/ tpf;fpukghz;oad;/ tPughz;oad; Kjypa ghz;oakd;dh;fSk; fhsp';fuhad;/ fhltuhad;/ f';fgy;ytd; Kjypnahh;fSk; cztpw;fhft[k;/ epntjdj;jpw;fhft[k;/ tpHhtpw;fhft[k; epyk; mspj;jikiaf; fhl;Lk; fy;btl;Lf;fs; gy. rfk; 1235-y; nru murdhd,utpth;k tPuuh$ Fynrfu njtdhy; nfhapy; KGtJk; J}a;ikg;gLj;jg;bgw;w bra;jp bjhpfpwJ. thfPrklk; vd;w bgaUld; xd;W ,j;jyj;jpy; ,Ue;jpUf;f ntz;Lk;. ,jw;Ff; Fnyhj;J';fd; I jd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; epyk; mspj;Js;shd;.

53

41. jpUr;nra;"Y}h;41. jpUr;nra;"Y}h;41. jpUr;nra;"Y}h;41. jpUr;nra;"Y}h;

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42. jpUtyptyk;42. jpUtyptyk;42. jpUtyptyk;42. jpUtyptyk; nrhHehl;Lf; fhtphpj; bjd;fiuj;jyk; jpUth+hpypUe;J ngUe;J trjpfs; cs;sd. ,J typed; g{rpj;j jykhjypd; ,g;bgah;bgw;wJ. typad; vd;gJ fhpf;FUtp/ NhpaDk;/ fhuzhp#pa[k; g{rpj;Jg; ngWbgw;wdh;. Rthkpre;epjp fl;Lkiynky; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. nfhapiyr;Rw;wpf; fpHf;Fg;gf;fe;jtpu mfHp NH;e;jpUf;fpwJ. khlf;nfhapYs; xd;W Re;ju\h;j;jpehadhh;/ jpU"hdrk;ge;jUk; jpUeht[f;furUk; "brhy;ypant brhy;yp Vj;Jfg;ghd;" vd ,Uth; ghly; rpwg;iga[k; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;. Rthkp bgah; kdj;Jizehjh; - mk;ik bgah; khiHa';fz;zp/ jytpUl;rk; g[d;id/ jPh;j;jk; fhuzh; f';if.

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ybkd;bwz;zpj; j';fpdh;. jpUf;fapiyr; rpfubkhd;iwj; bjd ... file1 Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; Kjy; jpUKiwapy; cs;s jy';fspd; tuyhw;Wf; Fwpg;g[f;fs; 1. rPfhHp1