YEAR 11

SPELLING,

PUNCTUATION

AND GRAMMAR

REVISION

CAPITAL LETTERS

Always use a capital letter for the following:

1. Peoples names— John , Sandra Ms Smith, Mr Jenkins

2. The beginning of a sentence—The man walked straight out of the shop.

3. Place names (towns, countries, continents, rivers or lakes—Paris, Coven-try, River Trent, Windermere. ) You do not need capitals for the points of the compass : north, south, east or west; unless it is part of a place name: South Pole, North America

4. Names of streets, roads and buildings: Princethorpe Way, London Road,

Coventry Cathedral , Carrow Road.

5. Titles for books, plays, programmes, songs, newspapers, magazines, films, poems etc.

The Eighteenth Emergency, Coventry Evening Telegraph, Top Gear.

6. Days of the week, months of the year and special days: Wednesday, Sep-

tember, Good Friday, Christmas.

However, you do not need capitals for the seasons spring, summer, au-

tumn, winter.

7. A capital letter is used for titles: The Prince of Wales, Lady Godiva, Prime

Minister.

8. The word I is always a capital: I think I will try really hard.

9. Capitals are always used to begin each new line of an address:

Mr R. U. Smelly

The Cedars,

Landforth Street,

Elmslea,

Surrey

Exercise

at christmas harriet and tom brown went to london to stay with their uncle

william their uncle was an admiral-of-the-fleet in the royal navy while the chil-

dren were staying he had a party, to which he invited the prime minister and a

fomous author form the usa

15 capital letters 5 full stops marks /20

spring easter mr jenkins mary north january south america mil-

ton keynes treasure island rickley lane king henry bbc wednesday

debenhams

marks /20

a. fiona and helen have gone to aberdeen today.

b. last wednesday inspector sims talked to our class.

c. william defeated Harold at the battle of hastings in 1066.

d. after a fierce battle the english were beaten by the french.

e. the two countries signed a treaty of friendship.

f. the european community began with the treaty of rome in 1956.

g. nairobi is the capital city of kenya.

h. my favourite programmes are neighbours and home and away.

i. mark said he enjoyed charlie and the chocolate factory.

j. I am angry because mrs morris has just driven her dirty old rover over my

foot.

34 capital letters mark /34

total mark /76

Paragraphs

Begin a new paragraph—next line down and a thumb’s width from the

margin for each change in time, place, subject or speaker.

If you forget, when you proof-read your examination script write N/P

exactly after the full stop where you should have started a new

paragraph.

Apostrophe for Omission

You use an apostrophe to show that you have left out a letter or letters. Place

an apostrophe where the letter(s) are missing.

Only use this when you are showing how a character speaks in a piece of crea-

tive writing. It is not correct to use shortened words in any formal writing.

O’clock is the only exception.

“’e ‘it ‘im on ‘is ‘ead wiv a ‘eavy ‘ammer; ‘e was not very ‘appy.”

not isn’t, don’t, doesn’t, hasn’t, haven’t, hadn’t, didn’t, wasn’t,

weren’t, shouldn’t wouldn’t, couldn’t, can’t, ( WARNING: A VERY COMMON

MISTAKE, where not is shortened, is to use the apostrophe ito show where the

two words are joined, e.g. didn't THIS IS WRONG. The apostrophe shows

where the letter is missing; e.g. didn’t)

is it’s, he’s, she’s, that’s, there’s, where’s, why’s, how’s, who’s,

what’s whens, (and after many other words, e.g. the bucket’s leaking).

are you’re, we’re, they’re, ( DO NOT CONFUSE WITH THEIR AND

THERE).

am I’m

us let’s

will I’ll, you’ll, he’ll she’ll, it’ll, we’ll, they’ll.

would I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, we’d, they’d.

have I’ve, you’ve, we’ve, they’ve.

has he’s, she’s, (and like is, after many other words, e.g. the light’s

gone out).

had I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, we’d, they’d.

of the ten o’clock

Apostrophe to show ownership or possession

A word ends ‘s or s’ to show it is ownership of whatever imme-diately follows it For example: The dog’s collar. The Headteacher’s office. The boy’s behaviour. Take care to ask yourself exactly who the owner is and to place the apostrophe immediately after the owner. An hour’s work. Six hours’ work. The boy’s bag (one boy) The boys’ bags (more that one boy) The child’s toy (one child) The children's toys (more than one child) Take particular care with possessives that do not have an apostrophe: Its means belongs to but you do not have an apostrophe. You could write ‘The cat’s food is in the cupboard.’ Or It’s food is in the cupboard’ It’s always means it is or it has. Their-possessive. Do not confuse with they’re—short for they are. Whose-possessive. Do not confuse with who’s—short for who is or who has. Your-possessive. do not confuse with you’re– short for you are.

Exercise

1. The apostrophe for omission

a. Copy out the sentences putting in all the missing apostrophes:

I don't know. I cant give you an explanation now. It wouldn't be right and I shouldn't feel

right. It doesn't matter anyway.

b. Write this out, correcting any spelling errors and put in apostrophes:

I couldent be sure as I wasent there. Perhaps it dident happen and I shouldn’t be talking

about it. It doesent always pay.

c. Write this out putting in an apostrophes.

He didn’t mean to do it. He hadnt meant to get the toast burnt. He had learnt to make

toast at an early age. His brother shouldnt have left it. Whatever he did these days he

couldnt please his mother.

2. The apostrophe for the possession

a. Write out the following passage putting in any apostrophes:

Grans glasses were on the windowsill. dads gloves were with them. Mums temper was bad

that day. She was really fed up with Grahams

measles. She threw the glasses and gloves into the lodgers waste bin with the papers.

b. Write this out putting in any missing apostrophes:

John Smiths mother was his dads second wife. His first wifes drinking habits were so bad he

divorced her and went to live in Cowes on the Isle of Wight. John Smith liked islands and

boats a lot. John Smiths granny often looked after him there when they let her out of the

old peoples home. But this was only on Saturdays and Sundays.

c. There should only be five apostrophes used in the passage. Copy it out

correctly.

It was a hard day’s work to remove the stone’s. There were heap’s of them and

that say’s a lot for the skill’s of these early warrior’s. Professor Jackson’s orders’

were to work carefully. He did not want any pot’s broken even more. His wife’s

party had been there the day before. They had worked there for fifty day’s at a

time. Jim’s eye’s soon got tired working in the semi-darkness.

The comma used to mark off a term of address

Rule: a term of address is always separated form the rest of the sentence by a

comma.

For example: Philip, you cannot leave the classroom until you have finished your

work.

Good morning, Mr Brown

If the term of address comes in the middle of a sentence you need to place

commas on each side of it

For example: Stop barking, Towser, and lie down.

The comma used to mark off a term of address

Rewrite the sentences below and using the rules from above.

a. What are you doing Jane?

b. Mr President I wish to resign.

c. Darling will you marry me?

d. You told me on Friday Mr Simpson that you would be here on time.

e. I beg your pardon sir.

f. No Mrs Williams I did not say that.

g. Don’t be so silly boy.

h. Mr Chairman ladies and gentlemen it is indeed an honour to speak to you

today.

i. Doctor Livingstone I presume.

j. Today my friends is a great occasion.

Comma placed between items in a list

Use a comma instead of ‘and’ or ‘or’ except for the last two items.

For example: We bought bread, butter, tea, salt and sugar.

The list can be items (nouns), adjectives, verbs or groups of words.

For example: You may watch television only when you have washed up, taken

the dog for a walk, done your homework and tidied you room.

The comma placed between items in a list.

Rewrite the sentences below and using the rules from above.

a. The mother was sobbing over her small thin weak and crying child.

b. The slave was set free because he was honest and loyal because he has never

complained and because he had always worked hard.

c. The house that burnt down was made of wood that was old dry thin and

rotten.

d. My father loves his family is kind to animals helps old ladies across the road

and gives money to beggars.

e. It was a hot sticky stormy and threatening day.

Commas for Sub Clauses

Rule: Pairs of commas are used around words or groups of words words which

must be marked off from the rest of the sentence because they are not absolutely

necessary to the meaning.

For example:

Dad, lying in the bath, got his toe stuck in the tap.

The main clause is: Dad got his toe stuck in the tap.

The sub-clause is: lying in the bath.

A pair of commas to mark off a sub-clause: groups of words

which are not absolutely necessary.

Rewrite the sentences below and using the rules from above.

a. Paris the capital of France is a beautiful city.

b. Mrs Edge our neighbour willingly agreed to feed our cats.

c. The Skylark the oldest boat in the harbour was sunk by the storm.

d. Alan my friend I an excellent shot with an air rifle.

e. I am complaining about today’s school dinner a meal my son found inedible to

the Acting Head Teacher.

Commas in Addresses

Rule: A comma is used after the house number and after each line of the address

except the last line that has a full stop.

For example:

Miss E.N. Jenkins 21, Willow Place, Basildon Essex.

In Letters: A comma is used after Dear _____, and after the final greeting: Yours _____,

In Dates: A comma is placed between the day of the week, the day of the month , and the year. For example : Tuesday, 4th May, 2012

In Numbers: A comma is used if there are more than three figures in a number. Place a comma before every group of three figures starting from the right. For example: 27,389,441

Commas in a letter

Rewrite the letter below and using the rules from above.

27 Brown Lane Hampton Yorkshire 19th October 2012

Dear Jim

I should be very pleased if you could do as we agreed at our meeting yesterday and provide the refreshments for my daughter’s wedding on Saturday 5th December 2012. There will be about 1200 guests at the wedding so I shall leave you to calculate how much food and drink we will need. I expect we shall drink at least 2000 glasses of champagne! Yours Sincerely Peter Mills

Commas

Groups of words beginning with: when, after, before, until, while, since, if, although, though and because are usually marked off with commas when they come at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example: If you buy me a new dress, I will come to the party. She said that, if he bought her a new dress, she would go to the party. No commas are used if the group of words comes at the end of a sentence. For example: I will come to the party if you buy me a new dress.

a. If you feel ill you must stay in bed.

b. He says that if he is found guilty he will not pay the fine.

c. All our friends came to our new house when we celebrated our house

move.

d. The family went away for a fortnight when the harvest was finished.

e. When the harvest was finished the family went on the holiday.

f. Tom went to the shops although he had been told to go straight

home.

g. She thought that after she had finished her work she would go for a

walk.

h. Unless you stop it I shall tell my father.

i. I shall tell my father unless you stop it.

j. Although he was short and fat Elizabeth loved him dearly.

Semi Colon;

A semi colon can be used to separate two groups of words which are closely linked in meaning.

For example: The soldiers surrendered; they had suffered enough.

Usually the second group of words tell the reader more about the first half. Both groups of words could be separated with a full stop and stand as individual sentences.

A second use of the semi-colon is to separate long and

complicated items in a list where commas are being used as sub-clauses.

For example: The school was closed for these reasons; the roof, was damaged in a fire, had to be replaced; the water

supply, only recently restored, was polluted; and the heating system had broken down once again.

Semi Colon Test

1. She threw away the socks they were full of holes.

2. Paul and Richard watched the television they had finished their

homework

3. Martin hardly spoke at the interview he did not get the job.

4. Jane got the good looks from her father she got her intelligence

from her mother.

5. The dog was starving its ribs could be seen through its fur.

6. John’s clothes were clean and smart his manners were terrible.

Question Mark ?

A question mark at the end of a sentence shows that a question has been asked.

The rule is:

You must use a question mark after a question. A question mark is like a full stop

and must be followed by a capital letter.

Be careful with sentences that sound like questions but are not.

For example: The player asked the referee how much time there was left to play.

“How much time left?” asked the player.

Exclamation Mark !

You use an exclamation mark after an exclamation to show that someone is sur-

prised or angry. An exclamation mark should be treated as a full stop and there-

fore it is followed by a capital letter. Do not use more that a single exclamation

mark to indicate shock or surprise.

Exercise : Copy the sentences below adding a question mark or a exclamation

mark where you think necessary.

a. Can you touch your toes without bending your knees b. The duck pecked Sophie's finger when she gave it some bread c. Where can we park our caravan d. Why are you using such an ugly colour of nail varnish e. The boat rocked wildly in the heavy swell f. I like school food better than the food we have at home g. Did you have a good holiday h. Please tell me the time i. How hot it was yesterday j. How hot was it yesterday k. I do like chocolate l. What big teeth you have grandmother m. How clever of Miss Richards to remember my birthday n. How clever is Miss Richards o. Abdul is such a good worker p. What a clumsy mistake q. What a clumsy girl you are r. What have you broken now

SPEECH MARKS “ ……..”

1. Speech marks surround the actual words spoken in direct speech. They

are always used in pairs. The first speech marks come at the beginning of

the speech and the second marks come at the end of the speech.

2. A capital letter is used inside the opening speech marks. There is one ex-

ception to this. See 4c

3. There is always a punctuation mark inside closing speech marks. e.g.

,” .” ?” !”

4. There are three ways of writing direct speech:

a) “We are going to Norwich this summer for a holiday “ said John.

b) John said, “We are going to Norwich this summer for a holiday.”

c) “We are going to Norwich this summer,” said John “for a holiday.” A small

‘f’ is used because’ for’ is still part of the same spoken sentence.

5. A comma is used to separate the saying verb (whispered, said, asked,

replied, shouted, moaned etc.)

6. A new paragraph is started for each change of speaker.

7. If a quotation is used inside direct speech then a single set of quotation

marks should be used inside the double speech marks. eg: Jane declared,

“My mum always says , ‘Don’t be too late’ every time I go out.”

SPEECH MARKS

e.g. “When I arrive,” she said, “we shall have tea.”

Remember:

the spoken words are sometimes interrupted

by the speaker.

Rule: never use a capital letter (except for I of proper

names) to begin the second part of the interrupted speech.

opening speech

marks and capital

letter

comma and closing

speech marks

comma speech marks, but

NO capital letter

full stop and

closing speech marks

Rewrite the following sentences. Put in all the punctuation marks and capital

letters.

1. it is half past two she said so its time to go

2. fishing is a good hobby he said but I prefer to play football

3. theres an elephant at the zoo she said and it sprays water at the crowd

4. when you are sitting still the teacher said I will read the story

5. theres a lorry said the little boy and it has red wheels

6. don’t go swimming now mum said because its dinner time

7. the train will be late the driver said so you have plenty of time

8. you can’t go that way said the policeman because the road is blocked

9. if we miss that bus said sophie we shall be late for school

PUNCTUATING SPEECH

There are specific punctuation rules to be observed when writing

dialogue.

1. The inverted commas enclose the words the person actually says.

2. You must use a new line every time the speaker changes.

3. Start each new sentence inside speech marks with a capital letter.

Speech sentences are sometimes separated by the speaker:

e.g.. “Hurry up,” mum called, “your dinner is nearly cold.”

The person may speak more than one sentence. They are all

enclosed within the speech marks:

e.g. “ I have finished my lunch. Can I go back out to play now?”

Punctuation marks—exclamation, question marks, are enclosed within the speech marks

e.g.. “Are you absolutely certain?” asked Clare

“Yes,” replied Hannah, “I’m absolutely sure!”

Now copy the following exercise into your exercise book and insert the correct speech marks. The new speaker/new line has been done for you so all you need to do is add the inverted commas.

Your quite sure? Mr Coombes said.

Of course I’m sure! she cried. I never forgets a face, least of all when it’s as sly as that! Now where’s them other three?

Mrs Pratchett’s face was glimmering with venom as her eyes travelled beyond me down the line.

There they are! she cried out. ‘im… ‘im and ‘im! They’re all ‘ere, the nasty dirty little pigs! You’ve got their names ‘ave you?

I’ve got their names, Mrs Pratchett, Mr Coombes told her. I’m much obliged to you.

And I’m much obliged to you ‘Edmaster, she answered.

Exercise

There’s a letter for you called her mother, I’ve put it on the table. Amanda rushed down the stairs, tore open the envelope and found, to her delight, it was an invitation.

Hooray? I’ve been invited to James's birthday party she cried.

There was a pause, What am I going to wear?

You’ve got plenty of clothes dear, replied her mother, calmly sipping her tea.

There’s absolutely nothing suitable for James’s party! Amanda replied, it will be very smart.

What’s James like! asked her mother suspiciously.

He’s six feet tall, with brownish short hair, huge brown eyes and a wonderful smile, replied Amanda.

Her mother sighed, I meant what is his personality like? Is he hardworking, trustworthy, kind and clever or is he selfish and mean?

Write a script in which you try to persuade a parent to give you £20.00.

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Grammar—The Parts of Speech

Nouns Words which label a person, thing or idea. There are four types: 1. Common (concrete) noun: train, pizza, dog. 2. Proper noun: China Stephen, Tuesday. 3. Abstract noun: life, sorrow, winter. 4. Collective noun: pride of lions, herd of cattle. Pronouns Words which can be used in place of a noun: they, you, second person us –we collective Personal pronouns are: I, me—first person. my. Verbs A word that tells what someone or something is doing. They show an action or a state: ran, see, eat, think. Adjectives Words that give more information about a noun or pronoun: the unlucky team, he is tall. Adverbs Words that give more information about a verb: he ate noisily. Conjunctions Words used for joining sentences and ideas together: and, but, because, however. Prepositions place or time Words used to show where someone or something is: on, in, under, ahead of, above. Articles Words linked to nouns. Can be definite: the. Can be indefinite: a/an.

Grammar—The Parts of Speech

The cat sat on a mat. Henry, and old grey cat, sat lazily on a dusty brown mat and it deli-cately washed his dusty paws. Subjects and Objects

In a sentence the ‘subject’ controls the verb and the ‘object’ has the verb’s action done to it.

Active Voice

The boy kicked the ball. Passive Voice

The ball was kicked by the boy.

Your Address, Comma at the, End of each line, After a house number. Rd. Full Stop at the end. Mr J. B. Pollard 42, The Beeches, Ulverstone Rd, Ware, Hertfordshire, WA3 2HJ Thursday, 12th March 2012. Dear Mr Pollard, Start a new paragraph for each section. If you have used a title after Dear …… Finish with Yours faithfully, If you have used a name after Dear……. Finish with Yours sincerely, And sign

Letter 1: Dear John: I want a man who knows what love is all about. You are generous, kind, thoughtful. People who are not like you admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me for other men. I yearn for you. I have no feelings whatsoever when we’re apart. I can be forever happy. Will you let me be yours? Gloria Letter 2: Dear John: I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I yearn. For you, I have no feelings whatsoever. When we’re apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be? Yours, Gloria

Homophones

1. stair and stare

2. mourning and morning

3. sweet and suite

4. soul and sole

5. tire and tyre

6. ceiling and sealing

7. weather and whether

8. which and witch

9. aloud and allowed

10. piece and peace

11. muscles and mussels

12. current and currant

13. serial and cereal

14. sort and sought

15. break and brake

16. sale and sail

17. stationary and stationery

18. sent and scent

19. storey and story

20. vain, vein and vane

21. ore, awe, oar, and or

22. right ,write, rite and Wright

23. pair, pear and pare

24. sight, site and cite

25. pour, poor, pore and paw

There, Their and They’re

…….going to……...house over……….

There: place. Open a statement

Their—possessive

They’re—they are

There, Their or They’re

Look at the following sentences carefully and fill in the missing words,

there, their or they’re

………….. were eight men already…………….. when I arrived, polished……………..

swords and rearranging …………………….armour. It was ………….. I had first met

……….. leader, Harold, and although……………….usually withdrawn and silent

men…………...had been a clear indication of………..loyalty to attention and

felt……………eyes fixed on me, I gave them……….message. ………………..was silence

and then ………… spokesmen…………..answered that ……………...decision and un-

changed……………..could be no situation where they would betray ………… glorious

leader. I left …………….sad, knowing that they would soon be dead men.

Word Meaning Example

There A place or direction or introduction to a

statement

Go there for lunch.

There was no time for lunch

Their belonging to them That was their lunch

They’re They are (abbreviation) They’re coming for lunch

There, Their and They’re

Look at the following sentences carefully and fill in the missing words, copy into

your exercise books

there, their or they’re

1. The children put…………...coats and bags in the corner of the room.

2. Ann and Ben had heard ………………. parents talk about Italy and they really

wanted to go …………………..one day.

3. “What do you think ……………………...doing?” Joe asked his sister.

4. Mum said they should have ……………….breakfast before going out.

5. The old man had lived………………..for a very long time.

6. “Has anyone lost …………...purse ?” asked the swimming teacher.

7. …………………is a derelict house on the corner of our street. The people who

used to live in it left some of ………………..furniture in the garden!

8. “……………………coming to tea!” shrieked Susan.

9. I have been ……………….before. so I know all…………….is to know about the

paintings in that museum.

10. “Do you happen to know where …………………...going?” asked mum.

11. The class were told to put ………………………...coats down over………………….and

bring ………………….books with them.

Word Meaning Example

There A place or direction or introduction to a

statement

Go there for lunch.

There was no time for lunch

Their belonging to them That was their lunch

They’re They are (abbreviation) They’re coming for lunch

Confusing Words

Practice and Practise

Some words are just plain nasty. They sound the same, but are not spelt the same. Practise is a verb but Practice is a noun. Its easy to get these two words wrong. Try to remember— when you want a doing word use practise with a ‘s’. When you talk about an event or an exercise, use a practice with a ‘c’. If it’s a thing -it’s a noun -USE PRACTICE Roller hockey is an exercise it’s a noun so use a ‘c’ I go to hockey practice BUT I practise my hockey skills If you can do it it’s a verb use practise

It’s the same as Advice and Advise

A good way of remembering whether to use practice or practise is to think of advice or advise. Exactly the same rule applies to them—use ‘ s’ for a verb, use ‘c’ for a noun.

For Example :Coolio advised Victor not to sit down. That’s an action—Actions are verbs, so it needs an ‘s’ Victor didn't take Coolio’s Advice. Advice is a thing which Victor gets from Coolio - Things are nouns, so you need a ‘c’.

I asked Tom to advise me I don’t want to practise the piano Tom’s advice was useless I hate piano practice.

Advice and advise are easier to remember because they sound different, while

practise and practice sound exactly the same

Don’t ask me why

‘S’ for a verb

‘C’ for a

The trick to remembering practise and practice is to think of

how advice and advise sound.

That’ll help you to remember that you use ‘s’ fir the verb and ‘c’

for the noun.

Confusing Words

Affect/Effect and Passed and past

These are more words that sound alike but look different when written and mean different things. Affect is the Action and Effect is the Result

This one causes loads of mistakes, but it’s really dead simple once you know the rule. The snow didn’t affect the Alpine Ali. Landing head first affected how cool Carl looked. The steep slopes had no effect on Ali’s speed. Carl’s accident had a nasty effect on his elegance. Remember—you use affect to talk about an action, and effect to talk about a result. Passed and past sound exactly alike, but they’re completely different words These are actions…… The waitress passed Kevin a cup of tea. The elephant only just passed through the gap. …..but these aren’t . Sally kept going past the bank She had known him in the past. Past can mean beyond—instead of past, you could say “she kept going beyond the bank.” And it can mean the opposite of future—when you talk about things that happened in the past. The golden rule is—if your talking about an action, it’s passed. If not it’s past.

Try remembering that affect is the action word by thinking that

they both start with the letter a.

Remember passed is the action word by thinking of the verb

pass– verbs are action words.

Affect is an action

it’s a doing word

Effect is the result

of an action

Don’t confuse Passed with Past

In your story writing you; Should…… Put speech inside inverted commas. Put correct punctuation inside inverted commas. Change paragraph for a new speaker.

Writing Tip!

Try to use powerful verbs and adverbs in your stories to give

a personality to your characters.

Speech Rules

Powerful Verbs for Dialogue! (instead of using said)

muttered, whispered, shouted, groaned, moaned, sulked, asked, questioned, demanded, ordered, cried, stuttered, called, smiled, laughed, screamed, spluttered, grumbled, exclaimed, replied, answered, guessed, yelled, suggested, protested, murmured, pleaded.

Adverbs to add information about the verbs

in dialogue!

Remember! Pick the right word to go with the verb.

What more does it tell you about their character?

moodily nastily loudly quietly softly stubbornly thoughtfully honestly hope-fully stupidly cheerfully noisily helpful-ly lazily angrily icily recklessly

Phrases which move time on in a story.

Writing Tip!

Try to collect phrases from your own reading books. Remember to change paragraph when you use these phrases!

A few minutes later…

The next morning….

A short while later….

The following day….

One week later…..

Immediately after….

Next moment…..

Some time later….

That night…..

Common Confusions

Uninterested Sort Disinterested Sought Discreet Break Discrete Brake Practise Past Practice Passed Stationery Drawer Stationary Draw

Common Errors Can you sniff out the error in each of these sentences Write these out as they should be written. Underline the part you have

changed. 1. They like football a lot. 2. John is hi’s friend. 3. Hi shouted Jane. 4. The pea’s were delicious. 5. “Be quite,” said the teacher. 6. I live just passed the supermarket. 7. Whose that woman over there? 8. £500 is to expensive I think. 9. We never go nowhere in the winter. 10. Lucy said she seen the thieves running away. 11. I’m not sure weather to go or not. 12. They cooked the meal theirselves. 13. Do you swimming. 14. The cat licked it’s lips. 15. Tim writes very quick. When you have checked your answer, make sure you learn the correct version—and don’t repeat any mistakes!

Abbreviations

An abbreviation is a shortened word. It might be one letter, two or a

few.

The rule is:

Each abbreviated word is followed by a full stop

Exceptions: p for pence

All metric units: cc, km, kg, mm

Abbreviations Test

1. Betty King gives £50 to the RSPCA each year.

2. In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded Britain.

3. Mr V J Walters, 68, Dunkirk Rd , Cambs .

4. The name of her father’s company is: A C Holman Ltd .

5. Dr A Spitz, 1018 Amhurst Ave , Pittsburg, Penn , USA .

6. Why didn’t you weigh the parcel to see if it was more than 2kgs?

7. It is now possible to buy a number of excellent 500 cc motorbikes.

8. Miss P W Tidmarsh, 82 Lime Cres , Pinehampton, Hants .

9. The HMS Ocean Queen sailed form Southampton at precisely 11.18 am

10. Ms H Mills, BA M Ed , 12 Lake Dr , Trowbridge, Wilts .

List of Abbreviations

Mr. (Mister) a.m. (ante meridiem = before noon)

Mrs. (Missis) p.m. (post meridiem = after noon)

Rd. (Road) e.g. (exempli gratia = for example)

St. (Street) i.e. ( id est = that is

Ave. (Avenue) Ltd. (Limited)

U.N. (United Nations) P.L.C. (Public Limited Company)

E.U. (European Union) etc. (et cetera)

B.C. (Before Christ) no. (number)

A.D. (anno domini= after the birth of Christ) lb. (pound in weight)

R.S.P.C.A. (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) oz. (ounce)

B.B.C, (British Broadcasting Company) I.T.V. (Independent Television)

ADDITION

and

also

further (more)

in addition

too

again

the following

and then

what is more

moreover

as well as

as a corollary

to complement

SEQUENCE

initially

first (ly)

then

so far

after (wards)

at last (lastly)

finally

once secondly (etc.)

next

subsequently

meanwhile

at length

in the end

eventually

succeeding

following

since

prior to

previously

later

to begin with

ILLUSTRATION

for example

for instance

such as

as revealed by

thus

to show that

to take the case of

to elucidate

that us to say

in other words

a case in point

an instance

EMPHASIS

above all

in particular

notably

specifically

especially

significantly

more importantly

indeed/explicitly

in fact

CAUSE AND EFFECT

consequently

thus

so hence as a result

because/as

therefore

accordingly

since/until

whenever

as long as

effectively

of course

depending upon

necessarily

eventually

inevitably

it may happen that

in the course of things

PERSUASION

of course

naturally

obviously

clearly

evidently

surely

certainly

decidedly

indeed

virtually

no wonder

strangely enough

oddly enough

luckily

(un )fortunately

admittedly

undoubtedly

CONTRAST AND BALANCE

but however

nevertheless alternatively

to turn to yet

despite this on the contrary

as for the opposite

still instead

on the other hand on the one hand

whereas otherwise although

apart from equally

to balance this compensating for this

all the same

for all that

albeit/though

taking one thing with another

it is doubtful

confuting this/

disputing this

COMPARISON

equally

similarly

compared with (in comparison)

comparatively

an equivalent

in the same way

likewise

as with

to balance (this)

in juxtaposition

by way of contrast

in contrast

RESTRICTION

only if

unless

except (for)

save (for)

OPINION AND

INTERPRETATION

it would seem

one might consider/suggest/propose/

deduce/infer/imagine/conclude

presumably

in the view of

to the best of one’s belief

theoretically

literally

obviously

possibly

maybe

contrary to

improbably

incredibly

SUMMARY

in brief

in short

on the whole

throughout

in all

overall

to sum up

in summary

to recapitulate

in a nutshell

in conclusion

CONCLUSION

to conclude

in conclusion

after all finally

when all is said and done

in the end

ultimately

CONNECTIVES—USEFUL WORDS AND PHRASES

Week 1

scene

scent

science

scissors

disciple

discipline

ascend

descends

scenic

scenery

abscess

sceptic

fascinate

ascending

scientific

crescent

fascination

discerning

reminiscence

miscellaneous

Week 2

common

comma

command

summon

summer

glimmer

immense

grammar

immune

comment

summit

immediate

recommend

commit

committee

committed

commitment

immediately

accommodation

ammunition

Week 3

massive

mission

missile

message

possess

assassin

assault

lesson

assistance

session

necessary

assemble

massage

massacre

obsessed

obsession

possession

assistant

possessed

Week 4

quarrel

quarrelled

question

quotation

quench

frequently

eloquent

vanquish

tranquil

request

equator

delinquent

mosquito

cheque

antique

unique

technique

physique

qualifications

questionnaire

Week 5

collar

beggar

pillar

circular

calendar

vinegar

burglar

grammar

guitar

popular

familiar

similar

similarity

peculiar

regular

regularly

particular

singular

popularity

Week 6

sign

resign

design

align

campaign

gnat

gnome

gnash

gnashed

gnarled

foreign

reign

sovereign

champagne

feign

malign

gnaw

gnawed

alignment

designed

Week 7

business

remember

separate

definite

beginning

independent

peculiar

interesting

weird

probably

surprise

government

environment

disease

character

speech

answered

immediately

a lot

all right

Week 8

allow

bullet

collect

college

balloon

village

valley

shallow

follow

thriller

Intelligent

vanilla

sullen

brilliant

challenge

rebellion

umbrella

illustration

Week 9

affair

coffee

effort

afford

office

offend

traffic

suffer

effect

affect

affection

affectionately

effortless

afflict

affliction

difficult

difficulty

different

suffered

suffocate

Week 10

basic

critic

electric

panic

tactics

tonic

tragic

magic

comic

classic

elastic

economic

fantastic

domestic

gigantic

frantic

scientific

romantic

sarcastic

characteristic

Week 11

accept

success

succeeded

successful

accident

accidentally

occasion

occur

occurrence

occupy

occupation

accurate

eccentric

accomplish

accelerate

impeccable

succulent

accommodate

accommodation

Week 12

primary

secondary

secretary

ordinary

extraordinary

necessary

unnecessary

imaginary

dictionary

temporary

stationary

glossary

commentary

documentary

adversary

anniversary

exemplary

library

preliminary

particularly

Week 13

silence

patience

sentence

audience

difference

violence

absence

evidence

confidence

experience

existence

intelligence

obedience

conference

resilience

conscience

independence

consequence

magnificence

convenience

Week 14

nervous

famous

enormous

dangerous

jealous

generous

ridiculous

fabulous

numerous

humorous

glamorous

perilous

prosperous

ravenous

rigorous

treacherous

tremendous

unanimous

vigorous

marvellous

Week 15

action

education

solution

population

information

election

application

opposition

examination

explanation

impression

conceit

objection

combination

composition

consideration

desperation

destruction

reception

exclamation

determination

exaggeration

Week 16

science

piece

chief

ancient

belief

believe

shield

priest

fierce

niece

briefly

siege

achievement

scientific

retrieve

conscience

deficient

efficient

sufficient

proficient

Week 17

dance

lance

distance

instance

performance

attendance

allowance

importance

tolerance

ignorance

impression

conceit

abundance

fragrance

arrogance

defiance

elegance

assistance

extravagance

brilliance

significance

remembrance

Week 18

obvious

curious

various

cautious

anxious

religious

victorious

mysterious

delicious

vicious

conscious

envious

glorious

gracious

hilarious

industrious

infectious

precarious

rebellious

studious

Week 19

funny

tunnel

cannot

annoy

inner

manners

annual

running

connect

channel

impression

conceit

innocence

innocent

announce

anniversary

connected

connection

funniest

personnel

announcement

questionnaire

Week 20

elephant

assistant

merchant

pleasant

attendant

restaurant

applicant

ignorant

fragrant

sergeant

lieutenant

inhabitant

stimulant

occupant

accountant

defendant

brilliant

arrogant

assailant

emigrant

Week 21

photograph

physical

phonics

pheasant

orphan

sphere

nephew

telephone

prophet

pharaoh

metaphor

pamphlet

atmosphere

emphasis

geography

alphabet

typhoon

pharmacy

catastrophe

catastrophic

Week 22

valuable

usable

breakable

changeable

suitable

comfortable

desirable

enjoyable

remarkable

laughable

favourable

knowledgeable

variable

imaginable

arguable

admirable

deplorable

approachable

considerable

manageable

Week 23

payment

movement

measurement

pavement

punishment

disagreement

instrument

development

argument

tournament

government

environment

investment

amusement

achievement

ornament

commitment

compartment

parliament

supplement

Week 24

height

weigh

neighbour

either

neither

protein

weird

ceiling

receive

receipt

deceive

conceit

seize

leisure

foreign

perceive

reign

vein

reindeer

counterfeit

Week 25

division

vision

session

permission

exclusion

decision

explosion

aggression

admission

discussion

recession

depression

impression

possession

inclusion

conclusion

succession

expression

procession

concession

Use below to write any words you find hard to spell or confusing