Yearly lesson plan (Biology F4).doc

8/10/2019 Yearly lesson plan (Biology F4).doc

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THEME: INTRODUCING BIOLOGY form 4 2015LEARNING AREA: 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

Week Ler!"!#O$%e&'"(e)

*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)

Ler!"!# O+'&ome) No'e) -o&$+r/

1 1.1Understandingthe study ofBiology

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) what is the study ofBiology?b) the importance of Biologywith respect to the study ofliving things, environment,interaction between livingthings and the environment.

Construct a concept mapbased on informationgathered on the differentfields of study and careersrelated to Biology.

mall group discussion onthe importance of thefollowing:a) ac!uiring scientific s"ills,b) scientific method,c) practising scientificattitudes and noble values.

# student is able to:

? state what the study of Biology

is,

? e$plain the importance of

Biology,

? list the different fields of study

in Biology,

? list the careers related to

Biology,

? state various ways of studying

Biology,

fields %bidang

career %kerjaya


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1.pplyingscientificinvestigation

'bserve a situation andidentify all the variables.uggest a !uestion that issuitable for a scientificinvestigation. (iscuss to:

a) form a hypothesis,b) plan the method ofinvestigationincluding selection ofapparatus and wor"procedures.

Carry out an e$periment:a) to collect and tabulatedata,b) present data in a suitable

form,c) interpret the data and drawconclusion,d) write a complete report.Carry out an e$periment onthe ma"ing of bread usingyeast in the absence andpresence of sugar.

ecord the time ta"en for thedough to double its si*e. +or

further investigations, salt isused. (uring investigation,highlight the need to practisescientific attitudes and noblevalues such as honestyand accuracy in recordingand verifying data.


? identify variables in a given

situation,

? identify the relationship

between two variables to form ahypothesis,

? design and carry out a simple

e$periment to test thehypothesis,

? record and present data in a

suitable form,

? interpret data to draw

conclusions,

? write a report on an

e$periment,

? practise scientific attitudes and

noble values.

his activityhelps theteacher toassessstudents-

capabilities tocarry out ascientificinvestigation.heseattitudes andvalues shouldbe observedin allinvestigationsin other

learningareas.

scientificinvestigation%penyiasatansaintifik

scientificattitudes %sikapsaintifik

noble values% nilai murni


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THEME: IN-E*TIGATING THE CELL A* A BA*IC UNIT O LI-ING THING*LEARNING AREA: 1.0 CELL *TRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANI*ATION

Week Ler!"!#O$%e&'"(e)

*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


& 1.1Understandingcell structureand function

repare and study slides tocompare the epidermal cellsof onion or cells of Hydrillaleaf with human chee" cells.'bserve, draw and labeldiagrams of an animal celland a plant cell as seenthrough a light microscope.

tudy electron micrographsof animal cells and plant cellsto identify cellularcomponents of cell:a) plasma membrane andcell wall,b) cytoplasm,c) organelles:/i) nucleus: nucleolus,chromosomes, nucleoplasmand nuclear membrane,/ii) rough and smoothendoplasmic reticulum,/iii) mitochondria,/iv) 0olgi apparatus,/v) lysosomes,/vi) ribosomes,/vii) chloroplasts,/viii) centrioles,/i$) vacuoles.


? draw and label an animal cell,

? draw and label a plant cell,

? identify the cellular

components of an animal cell,

? identify the cellular

components of a plant cell,

he structureof theorganelles isnot re!uired.

cellularcomponents %komponen-komponen


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animals and plants.

Construct models of tissues,organs and systems inhuman, animals and plants.

Conduct a discussion on thefollowing:a) the meaning of internalenvironment,b) factors affecting theinternal environmentincluding temperature, p4,osmotic pressure andglucose level.c) it is important that the

organism-s cells alwayse$perience conditions whichpermit efficient functioning,the involvement of varioussystems in maintainingoptimal internal environment.

? state the meaning of internalenvironment,

? identify factors affecting the

internal environment,

? e$plain the necessity to

maintain optimal internal

environment,

? describe the involvement of

various systems in maintainingoptimal internal environment.

# simplee$planation

1.5#ppreciatingthe uni!uenessof the cell

(iscuss and predict the cellcondition without a particularcellular component.

Conduct a role2play activityto show that cells becomeadapted for differentfunctions.


? predict the state of certain cells

without a particular cellularcomponent,

? illustrate that most cells are

specialised for the 6ob that theyperform.

uni!ueness %keunikan


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LEARNING AREA: 2.0 MO-EMENT O *UB*TANCE* ACRO** THE LA*MA MEMBRANE

(#7 Ler!"!#O$%e&'"(e)

*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


&.1#nalysing theof movement ofsubstancesacross theplasmamembrane

(iscuss the following:a) substances that arere!uired by cells,b) substances to beeliminated from cells,c) the necessity formovement of substancesacross the plasmamembrane.

(iscuss the structure of theplasma membrane ascomprising the phospholipidbilayer, carrier proteinand pores.

Conduct an e$periment,using starch suspension andglucose solution, to study themovement of substancesacross egg membraneor 8is"ing tubing.

(iscuss the properties of theplasma membrane as asemipermeable membrane.

(iscuss the movement ofsoluble substances acrossthe plasma membranethrough simple diffusionand facilitated diffusion.


? state the substances re!uired

by living cells,

? state the substances that have

to be eliminated from cells,

? e$plain the necessity for

movement of substances acrossthe plasma membrane,

? describe the structure of the

plasma membrane,

? describe the permeability of the

plasma membrane,

? e$plain the movement of

soluble substances across theplasma membrane through theprocess of passive transport,

'nly a briefaccountof thestructure ofthe plasmamembrane isre!uired.

permeability 2ketelapan

simplediffusion %resapanringkasfacilitateddiffusion %resapanberbantu

passivetransport %pengangkutan pasif


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Carry out an activity to showosmosis using a simpleosmometer.

(iscuss the movement ofsubstances across theplasma membrane throughactive transport.Conduct a simulation activityto show the movement ofsubstances across theplasma membranethrough passive transportand active transport.

Use computer simulation toshow the movement ofsubstances across theplasma membrane.

(iscuss the processes ofpassive transport and activetransport in living organisms:a) gaseous e$change in thealveoli and blood capillaries/simple diffusion),

b) absorption of digestedfood in the villus /facilitateddiffusion),c) absorption of water by roothairs of a plant /osmosis),d) ion inta"e by root hairs ofa plant /active transport).

? e$plain the movement of water

molecules across the plasmamembrane by osmosis,

? e$plain the movement of

substances across the plasmamembrane through the processof active transport,

? e$plain the process of passive

transport in living organismsusing e$amples,

? e$plain the process of activetransport in living organismsusing e$amples,

? compare and contrast passive

transport and active transport.

'nly a basice$planation ofthe activetransportprocess isre!uired.

activetransport 2pengangkutan aktif


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Construct a concept map onthe movement of substancesacross the plasmamembrane.

Use a graphic organiser tocompare and contrastpassive transport and activetransport.

&.&Understandingthe movementof substancesacross theplasma

membrane ineveryday life

Carry out activities to studythe effects of hypotonic andhypertonic solutions on plantand animal cells:a) plasmolysis anddeplasmolysis in plant cells,

b) haemolysis and crenationin red blood cells.

(iscuss the following:a) hypotonic, hypertonic andisotonic solutions,b) plasmolysis,deplasmolysis, haemolysisand crenation,c) flaccidity and turgidity ofplant cells.

Carry out an investigationusing various concentrationsof salt or sugar solutions todetermine the concentrationof e$ternal solution which isisotonic to the cell sap ofplant tissues.


? e$plain what hypotonic,

hypertonic and isotonic solutionsare,

? e$plain the effects of

hypotonic, hypertonic andisotonic solutions on plant celland animal cell,

? e$plain plasmolysis,

deplasmolysis, haemolysis andcrenation,

? design an e$periment to

determine the concentration ofe$ternal solution which isisotonic to cell sap,

he use ofhuman bloodisdiscouraged.

heconcentrationof thee$ternalsolutionwhich isisotonic tothe cell sap isdeterminedfrom the

plotted graph.

effects 2kesan

turgidity 2

kesegahan


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(iscuss and ma"e aninference on theconcentration of cell sap inplant tissues which ise!uivalent to the

concentration of isotonicsolution.

(iscuss and correlate themovement of substancesacross the plasmamembrane with thedifference in concentration ofthe e$ternal solution and thatof the cell sap.

(iscuss the following:a) wilting of plants caused bythe e$cessive use ofchemical fertilisers,b) preservation of food usingsalt or sugar.

? ma"e an inference on the

concentration of cell sap in planttissues,

? relate the movement of

substances across plasmamembrane with concentrationgradient,

? e$plain the phenomenon of

wilting in plants using e$amples,

? e$plain the preservation of food

using e$amples.

(iscussionshould bebased on theconcepts ofosmosis and

plasmolysis.

wilting % layu

preservation 2pengawetan

&.5#ppreciatingthe movementof substances

across theplasmamembrane

Compose poems toappreciate the movement ofsubstances across theplasma membrane.


? e$plain the necessity of

movement of substances acrossthe plasma membrane whichoccurs in a continuous andcontrolled manner for survival ofa cell.


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brea"down ofdisaccharides, such asmaltose, sucrose andlactose,d) the formation and

brea"down ofpolysaccharides, such asstarch, glycogen andcellulose.

Conduct an activity todifferentiate betweenreducing and nonreducingsugars.

polysaccharides. reducingsugar % gulapenurun

non2reducing

sugar % gulabukanpenurun

5.5

Understandingproteins

Carry out small group

discussion on the followingand present the findings:a) elements in protein, suchas carbon, hydrogen,o$ygen, sulphur, nitrogenand phosphorus,b) dipeptides andpolypeptides,c) the formation andbrea"down of dipeptides andpolypeptides,

d) essential amino acids andnonessential amino acids.

Use charts to illustrate thevarious protein structures,i.e. primary, secondary,tertiary and !uaternary.


? state the elements in proteins,

? state the various structures of

proteins,

? e$plain the formation and

brea"down of dipeptides andpolypeptides,

? e$plain the meaning ofessential amino acids and non2essential amino acids.

# detailedmolecularstructure is notre!uired.

# brief accountofcondensationand hydrolysis

reactionsis re!uired.


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5.9Understandinglipids

ist the main types of lipids:a) fat,b) oil,c) wa$,d) phospholipids,

e) steroids, such ascholesterol, testosterone,oestrogen, andprogesterone.

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present thefindings:a) elements in lipids,b) components of fats and

oils,c) formation and brea"downof fats and oils.

Use a graphic organiser tocompare saturated fats andunsaturated fats.


? state the elements in lipids,

?state the main types of lipids,

? state the components of fats

and oils.

? e$plain the formation and

brea"down of fats and oils,

? compare and contrast

saturated fats and unsaturatedfats.

# detailedmolecular

structure is notre!uired.

# brief accountofcondensationand hydrolysisreactions

is re!uired.

saturated fats% lemak tepu

unsaturatedfats % lemaktak tepu

5.;Understandingen*ymes

(iscuss on the following:a) what en*ymes are,b) en*yme re!uirement in

the living process,c) general characteristics ofen*yme,d) naming of en*yme basedon the substrate,e) sites of en*yme synthesis,f) intracellular ande$tracellular en*ymes ande$amples.


? state what en*ymes are,

? e$plain why en*ymes are

needed in life processes,

? list the general characteristics

of en*ymes,

? relate the name of en*yme to

substrate,

? state sites where en*ymes are

synthesised,

? state the meaning ofintracellular


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Conduct a role2play activityto show the involvement ofribosomes, endoplasmicreticulum, and 0olgi body in

the production ofe$tracellular en*yme.

Conduct e$periments tostudy the effects of p4 andtemperature on the activitiesof amylase and pepsin.

(iscuss the effects ofen*yme concentration andsubstrate concentration on

en*yme activity.(iscuss the mechanism ofen*yme action using the


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5.>ealising theimportance ofthe chemical

composition incells

Conduct a role play or storytelling session to predict theconse!uences of deficiencyin one of the chemical

components in the cell.

? predict the conse!uences of

deficiency in carbohydrates,protein, lipids or en*ymes in thecell.

deficiency 2kekurangan

LEARNING AREA: 4.0 CELL DI-I*ION

DATE Ler!"!#O$%e&'"(e)

*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


9.1Understandingmitosis

Conduct a brainstormingsession on the following:a) the need for production ofnew cells in organisms,b) the need for production ofnew cells identical to parentcells.

(erive the meaning andsignificance of mitosis fromthe brainstorming session.tudy charts to identify thevarious phases of the cellcycle.

a"e models to demonstratemitosis and cyto"inesis.

repare and observe a slideof onion root tip to identifydifferent stages of mitosis.

tudy the process of


? state the necessity for the

production of new cells inorganisms,

? e$plain the necessity for the

production of new cells identicalto parent cells,

? state the significance of

mitosis,

? identify the phases in the cellcycle,

? e$plain the process of mitosis

and cyto"inesis,

? arrange the various stages of

mitosis in the correct se!uence,

identical 2seiras

significance 2kepentingan


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maybe harmful.

THEME: IN-E*TIGATING THE HY*IOLOGY O LI-ING THING*LEARNING AREA: 1.0 NUTRITION

DATE Ler!"!#

O$%e&'"(e)

*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#

A&'"("'"e)


1.1Understandingtypes of nutrition

'bserve and identify typesof nutrition in variousorganisms.

(iscuss autotrophic andheterotrophic nutrition withreference tochemosynthesis,photosynthesis, holo*oicnutrition, saprophytism, and

parasitism.

Use a graphic organiser toshow the types of nutrition.

Conduct an activity toclassify various organismsaccording to types ofnutrition.


? state the types of nutrition,

? e$plain autotrophic nutrition,

? e$plain heterotrophic

nutrition,

? classify organisms accordingto the types of nutrition.

1.&

#pplying theconcept ofbalanced diet

Carry out small group

discussion on the followingand present the findings:a) re!uirements of abalanced diet,b) factors affecting the dailyenergy re!uirement such asage, se$, body weight andoccupation.Conduct an activity to


? e$plain the necessity for a

balanced diet,

? e$plain the factors affecting

thedaily energy re!uirement of thehuman body,

The unit forenergy usedis Joule.

balanced diet %gizi seimbang


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determine the energy valuein food samples.

(esign activities to test forthe presence of starch,

reducing sugar, non2reducing sugar, protein andlipid in food samples.

Conduct an e$periment todetermine the 8itamin Ccontent in various fruit6uices.

atch the vitamins withtheir sources, functions and

effects of deficiency.atch the minerals withtheir sources, functions andeffects of deficiency.

(iscuss the sources,functions and deficiency ofroughage.

(iscuss the sources andfunctions of water in the

body.

Carry out a groupdiscussion to formulate and6ustify an appropriate dietmenu based on a nutrientchart for the following targetgroups:a) pregnant mothers,

? determine the energy value

in food samples,

? determine the nutrient

content in different foodsamples,

? e$plain the functions and

sources of vitamins in a diet tomaintain health,


sources of minerals in a diet tomaintain health,


sources of roughage 3 dietaryfibre in a diet,

? e$plain the functions of water

in the body,

?6ustify the selection of an

appropriate balanced diet for atarget group.

roughage 3 dietaryfibre %pelawas

target group %kumpulansasaran


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b) infants,c) children,d) teenagers,e) athletes,f) people with specific

diseases,g) the aged,h) vegetarians.

1.5Understandingmalnutrition

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) meaning of malnutrition,b) effects of deficiency inproteins, vitamins, minerals,on health,

c) effects of e$cessiveinta"e of carbohydrates,lipids, vitamins andminerals on health,d) a diet low in saturatedfats help reduce the chanceof contractingcardiovascular disease,e) ways to reduce the ris"of high blood pressure,diabetes mellitus and

osteoporosis.


? e$plain what malnutrition is,


malnutrition using e$amples,

? describe ways to reduce the

chance of contracting certainhealth problems due to one-sdiet,

? describe ways to reduce the

effects of certain healthproblems.

1.9#nalysing fooddigestion

(iscuss the following:a) glucose, amino acids andlipids are always re!uiredby the cell to carry outmetabolic processes,b) comple$ substances li"ecarbohydrates, proteins and



by the cell to carry outmetabolic processes,

? list the comple$ substances

that need to be digested,

? e$plain the necessity for

metabolicprocesses %proses metabolik


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lipids need to be digested.

(raw and label parts of thehuman digestive system.

(iscuss the functions ofdigestive 6uices, includingsaliva, gastric 6uice,pancreatic 6uice, intestinal6uice and other substances,i.e. hydrochloric acid andbile that aid the process ofdigestion.

(iscuss the digestion ofcarbohydrates, proteins and

fats on the followingaspects:a) specific location of eachdigestive process,b) chewing of food,c) movement of food,d) glands involved,e) digestive en*ymes,f) suitable p4 for eachen*yme action,g) substrates and products.

=dentify the parts ofdigestivesystem in ruminants androdents.(iscuss the digestion ofcellulose in ruminants /eg.cow) and rodents /rabbit).

Use graphic organiser to

digestion of comple$substances,

? draw and label the human

digestive system,

? state the digestive 6uices and

substances that aid in theprocess of digestion in human,

? describe the functions of the

digestive 6uices andsubstances,

? e$plain the digestion of

carbohydrates, proteins andlipids in the human body,

? identify parts of digestive

system in ruminants androdents involved in thedigestion of cellulose,

? describe the digestion of

cellulose in ruminants androdents,

? compare and contrast the

digestive process in humans,ruminants and rodents,

digestive 6uices %juspencernaan

bile 2 hempedu


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compare and contrast theprocess of cellulosedigestion in humans,ruminants and rodents.

lan and conducte$periments to study theen*yme actions on starchand protein food samples.

Collect information anddiscuss problems related tofood digestion:b) incomplete digestion offood,c) bile stones preventing

the flow of bile, reducedproduction of specificdigestive en*yme.

? design e$periments to studythe digestion of starch andproteins in food samples,

? describe problems related to

food digestion.

1.;Understandingthe processesof absorptionandassimilation ofdigested food

7$amine models ordiagrams of the digestivesystem and cross2section ofthe small intestine. ithreference to the models ordiagrams discuss thefollowing:

a) adaptation of the smallintestine,b) absorption process ofamino acids, glucose, fattyacids, glycerol, vitaminsand minerals in the villus.

Carry out an activity tostudy the movement of


? identify the parts of the

digestive system involved inabsorption of digested food,

? e$plain the adaptive

characteristic of the digestivesystem related to absorption,

? draw and label the structure

of a villus,

? e$plain the process of

absorption in the villus,

adaptivecharacteristic %ciri-ciripenyesuaian

absorption 2

penyerapan

small intestine %usus kecil


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substances through the8is"ing tubing.

Based on the above activitycorrelate the movement of

food substances throughthe 8is"ing tubing withnutrient absorption in thesmall intestine.

(iscuss the absorption ofwater and minerals in thecolon.

Using diagrams, charts orcomputerised animation

discuss:a) the transport of aminoacids, glucose, watersoluble vitamins andminerals by the circulatorysystemi) from the small intestine tothe liver through the hepaticportal vein,ii) from the liver to the bodycells,

b) transport of lipids and fatsoluble vitamins.

a"e a schematic diagramto show the transport ofnutrients from the intestineto the body cells.

(iscuss the following

? ma"e an analogy on the

process of absorption in thesmall intestine,

? e$plain the absorption of

waterand minerals in the colon,

?describe the transport ofnutrients by the circulatory

system for assimilation,

? e$plain the main functions of

the liver,

? describe the process of

transport %pengangkutan

circulatory system

% sistemperedaran

liver % hati

assimilation 2assimilasi


23/48

functions of the liver:a) storage of nutrients,b) processing the productsofdigestion i.e. e$cess

glucoseand amino acids,c) deto$ification.

(iscuss the process ofassimilation by the bodycells.

assimilation.

1.>Understandingthe formation of

faeces anddefecation

ith reference to diagrams,charts or model of thedigestive system, identify

the colon and rectum.

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) the formation of faeces,b) the role ofmicroorganisms in thecolon,c) effects of antibiotics onthe microorganisms in the

colon,d) what defecation is,e) the importance ofdefecation,f) importance of high fibrediets,g) defecation relatedproblems,i.e. constipation,colon cancer and


? identify the part of the

digestive

system where the formation offaeces ta"es place,

? describe the formation of

faeces,

? e$plain the role of

microorganisms in the colonandthe effect of antibiotics onthem,

? e$plain what defecation is,

?e$plain the importance ofdefecation,


highfibre diets,

? describe the problems

related to defecation.

defecation %penyahtinjaan

faeces % tinja

constipation %sembelit

haemorrhoids 2buasir


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25/48

micronutrientsin plants

re!uired by plants based onthe amount needed:/i) macronutrientsconsistingof carbon, hydrogen,

o$ygen, nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,calcium, magnesium andsulphur,/ii) micronutrients consistingof boron, molybdenum,*inc,manganese, copper andferum.

lan and conduct an

e$periment on plants tostudy the effects ofmacronutrient deficiency i.e.nitrogen, phosphorus,potassium, calcium,magnesium and sulphur.

(iscuss and correlate theeffects of macronutrientdeficiency with the functionof the macronutrients based

on the results of thee$periment.

Collect and interpret datafrom various sources suchas the =nternet on thefunction of eachmacronutrient in plants.

plants based on the amountneeded,


study the effects of

macronutrientdeficiency in plants,

? relate the effects of

macronutrient deficiency withthe function of macronutrients,

? e$plain the function of each

macronutrient in plants,

? state the function of

micronutrients in plants,


26/48

(iscuss the function ofmirconutrients and effectsof micronutrient deficiencyin plants.

? state the effects of

micronutrient deficiency inplants.

1.1Understandingphotosynthesis

tudents read about thediscovery of photosynthesisand e$tract important factsfrom it.

tudy a cross2sectionalmodel of a leaf. (raw andlabel it.

(iscuss the following:a) functions of the parts of aleaf,b) adaptation of the leaf foroptimal photosynthesis.

Carry out an activity toinvestigate the adaptationof plants such as hibiscus,water lily, Hydrilla andcactus with respect to:

a) distribution of stomata,b) distribution ofchloroplasts.


? describe the development

thatleads to the discovery ofphotosynthesis,


for photosynthesis,

? state the substances

produced from photosynthesis,

? draw and label the cross2

section of a leaf,

? state the function of each

part of the leaf with respect tophotosynthesis,

? e$plain leaf adaptation to

optimise photosynthesis,

? e$plain how plants from

different habitats are adapted

to carry out photosynthesis.

adaptation 2penyesuaian

1.11Understandingthe mechanismofphotosynthesis

ith reference to thestructure of chloroplastdiscuss the light and dar"reactions of photosynthesiswith respect to:


? identify the parts of

chloroplast related tophotosynthesis,

(etailedstructure ofchloroplast is


27/48

a) substances re!uired.b) location of reaction.c) products of reaction.

(raw a simple schematic

diagram of the light anddar" reactions inphotosynthesis.

(iscuss the following:a) compare and contrastthe light reaction and dar"reaction in photosynthesis,b) correlate light reactionwith dar" reaction inphotosynthesis.

rite an e!uation torepresent the overallprocess of photosynthesis.

? e$plain the light reaction of

photosynthesis,

? e$plain the dar" reaction of

photosynthesis,

? compare and contrast light

reaction and dar" reaction inphotosynthesis,

? relate light reaction with dar"

reaction in photosynthesis,

? write an e!uation to

representthe process of photosynthesis.

not re!uired.

(etailedpathwaysfor light and

dar"reactions arenotre!uired.

light reaction %tindakbalascahaya

dar" reaction %

tindakbalasgelap

1.1&ynthesisingfactorsaffectingphotosynthesis

Conduct a brainstormingsession to identify thefactors affecting the rate ofphotosynthesis i.e.concentration of carbondio$ide, light intensity and

temperature.

lan and carry out ane$periment to study theeffect of light intensity onthe rate of photosynthesis.

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the effects of


? identify the factors affecting

therate of photosynthesis,


investigate the effect of lightintensity on the rate ofphotosynthesis,

? identify the factor that limits

the rate of photosynthesis atdifferent light intensity,


temperature and concentrationof carbon dio$ide on the rate of

light intensity %keamatancahaya

limiting factor2faktor


28/48

light intensity, temperatureand concentration of carbondio$ide on the rate ofphotosynthesis.

lan a strategy based onfactors affecting the rate ofphotosynthesis to ensurecrop production throughoutthe year in countries withfour seasons.

photosynthesis,

? e$plain the difference in the

rate of photosynthesis in plantsthroughout the day based onthe changes in light intensity

and temperature,? identify some ways to meet

the need of increasing theproductivity of crops based onfactors affecting the rate ofphotosynthesis.

penghad

crops 2 tanaman

1.15ractising acaring attitudetowards plants

Compose a poem or lyric ofa song to show appreciationof the role ofphotosynthesis in ensuring

the perpetuation of life.

Conduct a planting pro6ectin the science resourcegarden or schoolcompound.


? tell why we need to ta"e

good care of plants,

? identify cases of mishandling

or destruction of plants.

1.19Understandingthe technologyused in food

production

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) the !uantity of food

needed for the present andfuture population of thecountry,b) the need for improvingthe !uality and !uantity offood for the country in linewith the national foodproduction policy,c) effort by various


? e$plain the need for

improving the !uality and

!uantity of food,

? e$plain the effort to diversify

food production,

? e$plain ways to improve the

!uality and !uantity of foodproduction in the country.

improving 2

menambahbaikkan

diversify 2mempelbagaikan


29/48

agencies to diversify foodproduction,d) methods used to improvethe !uality and !uantity offood production through the

following:/i) direct seeding for rice,/ii) hydroponics andaeroponics,/iii) breeding,/iv) tissue culture,/v) genetic engineering/vi) soil management,/vii) biological control.

Conduct a field trip to

relevant agencies such asthe =nstitute of #griculturalesearch and (evelopmentof alaysia /#(=),#griculture (epartment and+ishery (epartment.

Carry out a vegetableplanting pro6ect.

1.1;

7valuating thetechnologicaldevelopment infood processing

(iscuss the need for food

processing based on thefollowing:a) overcoming the factorscausing spoilage of foodsuch as the action ofmicroorganisms ando$idation,b) e$tending the lifespan offood,


? e$plain the necessity for foodprocessing,

? describe the development of

food processing technology,

food processing %pemprosesanmakanan

development 2perkembangan

food spoilage %kerosakan


30/48

c) avoiding food wastage,d) diversifying the uses offood li"e mil" and dairyproducts,e) ensuring sufficient food

supply.

repare a portfolio on thetechnological developmentof food processing from theearly days till the present.

Correlate the following foodprocessing methods withfactors causing foodspoilage:

i. coo"ing,ii. using salt, sugar andvinegar,iii. fermentation process,iv. drying,v. pasteuri*ation,vi. canning,vii. refrigeration.

Conduct a forum entitledDhe effects of processed

food on health.E

? relate food processing

methods with factors causingfood spoilage,

? assess the methods of food

processing to 6ustify the choiceof consuming certainprocessed food.

makanan


31/48

LEARNING AREA: 2.0 RE*IRATION


*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


&.1Understandingthe respiratoryprocess inenergyproduction

(iscuss the following:a) living processes re!uireenergy,b) the main substrate forrespiration, that is glucose, isobtained from the following:/i) the digestion ofcarbohydrates in human andanimals,/ii) the process ofphotosynthesis in plants.

Carry out a discussion on thetypes of respiration.

Carry out an activity to showaerobic respiration.

(iscuss the energyproduction in aerobicrespiration.

Conduct an e$periment toinvestigate anaerobicrespiration in yeast.

(iscuss the following:a) condition leading toanaerobic respiration in cells,b) the process of anaerobicrespiration in human


? state that all living processes

re!uire energy,

? identify the main substrate for

producing energy,

? state the two types of

respiration,

? e$plain what cell respiration is,

? e$plain the energy production

from glucose during the processof aerobic respiration,

? state the conditions leading to

anaerobic respiration in cells,


anaerobic respiration in yeast,


anaerobic respiration in humanmuscles,

? write the chemical e!uations

livingprocesses %prosesproseskehidupan


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33/48

Construct or use a modelthat can be manipulated toe$plain the breathingmechanism in human.

(iscuss the breathingmechanism of otherorganisms such as proto*oa,insects, fish and amphibians.

Use graphic organiser tocompare and contrast thehuman respiratory systemwith that of other organisms.

? describe the breathing

mechanism in human and otherorganisms,


human respiratory system withthat of other organisms.

breathingmechanism %mekanismapernafasan

&.5Understandingthe concept ofgaseouse$change acrossthe respiratorysurfaces andtransport ofgases in human

Using a diagram, discuss theprocess of gaseouse$change across the surfaceof the alveolus and bloodcapillaries in the lungs inrelation to:a) the difference in partialpressure of respiratory gasesin the air of the alveolus andblood capillaries in the lungs,i.e:

/i) partial pressure of o$ygenis higher in the air of thealveolus compared to thepartial pressure of o$ygenin the blood capillaries,/ii) partial pressure of carbondio$ide is lower in the airof the alveolus comparedto the partial pressure of


? describe the process of

gaseous e$change across thesurface of the alveolus andblood capillaries in the lungs,

gaseouse$change %pertukarangas

bloodcapillaries %kapilaridarah

partial

pressure %tekanansepara


34/48

carbon dio$ide in the bloodcapillaries.b) the difference in partialpressure of o$ygen andcarbon dio$ide in the blood

entering the alveolus with theblood leaving the alveolusi.e.:/i) partial pressure of o$ygenis lower in the bloodentering the alveoluscompared to the partialpressure of o$ygen in theblood leaving the alveolus./ii) partial pressure of carbondio$ide is higher in the

blood entering the alveoluscompared to the partialpressure of carbon dio$idein the blood leaving thealveolus.

(iscuss the following:a) the transport of respiratorygases in human,b) the e$change ofrespiratory gases between

the blood and body cells.

Use schematic diagram toe$plain the e$change andtransport of respiratory gasesin human.

Conduct an e$periment toinvestigate the differences

? e$plain the transport of

respiratory gases,

? e$plain the process of gaseous

e$change between the blood

and body cells,

? distinguish the composition of

inhaled and e$haled air.

Caution:4andle thefollowingsolutions withcare:

#l"alinepyrogallateandconcentratedpotassiumhydro$ide.

inhaled air %udarasedutan

e$haled air %udarahembusan


35/48


36/48

c) fear.

&.;ealising theimportance ofmaintaining a

healthyrespiratorysystem

(iscuss the habits to becultivated or avoided toensure the efficient functionof the respiratory organs.

Conduct an e$periment toshow the effects of cigarettesmo"e on white cotton wooland draw an analogybetween the lungs and thewhite cotton wool.

how photographs ofdamaged lungs /cancer) dueto smo"ing.


? care and maintain efficient

function of the respiratory

organs.

efficient %berkesan

&.>Understandingrespiration inplants

(iscuss the following:a) the lower energyre!uirement of plantscompared to animals forliving processes,b) the inta"e of o$ygen byplants for respiration.

(raw a diagram to show theinta"e of o$ygen in plants.

(iscuss the anaerobicrespiration carried out by riceplants in a paddy field orother plants in certainsituations li"e flooding.

Use a graphic organiser tocompare the process of


? describe the energy

re!uirement in plants,

? e$plain the inta"e of o$ygen for

respiration,

? e$plain aerobic respiration in

plants,

? e$plain anaerobic respiration in

plants under certain conditions,


# diagram ofthe cross2

section of aleaf isre!uired.

energyre!uirement %keperluantenaga


37/48

respiration with the processof photosynthesis in plants.

(iscuss the following:a) meaning of compensation

point,b) correlate light intensitywith compensation point fromgraph.

8isualise and describe theeffect on living things whenthe rate of photosynthesisand rate of respirationremains at compensationpoint.

process of photosynthesis andrespiration,

? e$plain what compensation

point is,

? relate light intensity with the

attainment of compensationpoint,

? predict the situation when the

rate of photosynthesis and rateof respiration remains atcompensation point.

compensationpoint % titikpampasan

light intensity% keamatancahaya

THEME: IN-E*TIGATING THE RELATION*HI BETWEEN LI-ING THING* AND THE EN-IRONMENTLEARNING AREA: 1.0 DYNAMIC ECO*Y*TEM


*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


1.1Understandingthe abiotic andbiotic

components ofthe environment

Conduct a field study to:a) identify the abioticcomponents including p4,temperature, light

intensity, humidity,topography, and themicroclimate of anecosystem,b) identify the bioticcomponents of anecosystem,c) investigate the feedingrelationships of the biotic


? identify the abiotic

componentsof an ecosystem,

? identify the biotic components

of an ecosystem,

? classify biotic components

intotrophic levels,

7mphasis is onfield study forthe students toreinforce their

understandingin this area.

abioticcomponents %komponen

abiotik

bioticcomponents %komponenbiotik

trophic levels %aras trof


38/48

components to construct thefood chains and food webs,and classify the bioticcomponents into trophiclevels,

d) investigate the interactionbetween biotic componentsas follows:/i) symbiosis among plantsand animals encompassingthe following:2 commensalism,2 parasitism,2 mutualism,/ii) saprophytism,/iii) predator 2 prey

interaction./e) investigate theinteractionbetween biotic componentsin relation to competition,which are:/i) intraspecific competition,/ii) interspecific competition.

Conduct an e$periment tostudy the intraspecific

competition andinterspecific competition ofplants,e.g. mai*e and rice.

Collect and interpret data tostudy intraspecificcompetition andinterspecific competition

? e$plain the interactions

between biotic components inrelation to feeding, usinge$amples,

? e$plain the interaction

betweenbiotic components in relation tocompetition, using e$amples.

predator %

pemangsa

prey 2 mangsa

competition 2persaingan


39/48

involving aramecium, fore$ample arameciumaurelia and arameciumcaudatum.

1.&Understandingthe processesof colonisationand successionin an ecosystem

Conduct a field study on anecosystem i.e. a mangroveswamp or a pond to:a) identify the niche, habitat,community and population,b) investigate the process ofcolonisation,c) investigate the process ofsuccession,d) identify pioneer species,successor species,

dominant species andclima$ community,e) identify the adaptivecharacteristics of pioneerspecies and subse!uentspecies in the habitat for theprocesses of colonisationand succession.

tudents present theirfindings or ma"e a folio.

tudy the processes ofcoloni*ation and successionthrough video, computersoftware and printedmaterial.

(iscuss and correlate theabiotic component and

# student is able to:? state what an ecosystem is,

? identify the niche, habitat,

community and population ofanecosystem,


colonisation,


succession,

? identify the pioneer species in

an ecosystem,

? identify the successors in an

ecosystem,

? identify the dominant species

in an ecosystem,

? identify the adaptive

characteristics of pioneerspecies,

? identify the adaptive

characteristics of successors,

? e$plain the changes inhabitatcaused by pioneer species,

? e$plain the changes in

habitatcaused by successors at everylevel of succession until aclima$community is reached,

mangroveswamp payabakau

colonisation%pengkolonian

succession %sesaran

successorsspesies

penyesar

adaptivecharacteristics %ciri penyesuaian

pioneer %spesies perintis

clima$community2komunitiklimaks


40/48

biotic component during theprocesses of colonisationand succession in anecosystem.

? relate the abiotic components

with the biotic components inanecosystem during theprocesses

of colonisation and succession.

1.5ynthesisingideas onpopulationecology

(iscuss the appropriatesampling techni!ues tostudy the population si*e ofan organism.

Conduct a field study or usean appropriate analogy to:a) estimate the populationsi*e of animals such as

garden snails and woodlice,b) investigate thedistribution of plants usingthe !uadratsampling techni!ue.

Based on the above studydiscuss the distribution ofan organism in a habitat.(iscuss and correlate the

change in populationdistribution of an organismwith the changes in eachof the abiotic factors.

lan and conduct ane$periment to study therelationship of populationdistribution of an organism


? identify the appropriate

sampling techni!ue to studythepopulation si*e of an organism,

? estimate the population si*e

ofan organism in a habitat,

? determine the distribution of

organisms in a habitat basedonthe density, fre!uency andpercentage coverage of thespecies,

? correlate the change in

population distribution of anorganism with the changes ineach of the abiotic factors,


investigate the effect of achange in any one of theabioticfactors on the population

samplingtechni!ue %teknikpersampelan

distribution %taburan

density %kepadatan

fre!uency %kekerapan

percentage

coverage %peratus litupan

growth ratekadarpertumbuhan


41/48

with changes in any one ofthe abiotic factors such asp4, temperature, lightintensity and humidity.

uggested organisms:leurococcus! "emna

growthrate of an organism.

1.9Understandingthe concept ofbiodiversity

(iscuss the following:a) meaning of biodiversity,b) need for the classificationsystem of organisms.0ather information on thefollowing:a) the five "ingdoms in theclassification of organisms,

which are onera, rotista,+ungi, lantae and#nimalia,b) main characteristics oforganisms in each "ingdom,c) e$amples of organisms ineach "ingdom,

(iscuss the following:a) the hierarchy in theclassification of organisms

from "ingdom to species,b) the method of naming anumber of vertebrates andlocal flowering plants, usingthe innaeus binomialsystem,c) the importance ofbiodiversity.

# student is able to :

? e$plain the meaning of

biodiversity,

? e$plain the need for

classification of organisms,

? state the five "ingdoms used

in the classification oforganisms,

? identify the main

characteristics of organisms ineach "ingdom,

? list e$amples of organisms in

each "ingdom,

? state the hierarchy in theclassification of organisms,using e$amples,

? e$plain through e$amples,

themethod of naming organismsusing the innaeus binomialsystem,

biodiversity %biokepelbagaian

classification %pengelasan


42/48

Conduct a field trip to createawareness of biodiversity ofan ecosystem.


biodiversity.

1.;Understandingthe impact ofmicroorganismson life

Using charts, slides andphotomicrographs, identifyand list various types ofmicroorganismsi.e. proto*oa, algae, fungi,bacteria and virus.

Conduct an e$periment tostudy the effects oftemperature, p4, light

and nutrients on the activityof microorganisms e.g.#acillussubtilis or yeast.

0ather information anddiscuss the role of usefulmicroorganisms in thefollowing:a) decomposition,b) nitrogen cycle,c) alimentary canal of

termite,d) digestive system inhuman.

0ather information anddiscuss the effects ofharmful micro 2organisms:a) causing diseases,b) spoilage of food and


? classify various types of

microorganisms based on theirbasic characteristics,

? state the abiotic components

affecting the activity ofmicroorganisms,

? e$plain the effect of a change

in each abiotic component onthe activity of microorganisms,

? e$plain the role of useful

microorganisms,

? e$plain the effect of harmful

micro2organisms,

# brief accountof the basiccharacteristicsof each type ofmicroorganisms is re!uired.

decomposition 2pereputan

alimentary canal% saluralimentari


43/48

substances.

0ather information andpresent the findings on thefollowing:

a) pathogens, vectors,symptoms, and methods intransmission of diseasessuch as malaria, denguefever, cholera, ringworm,food poisoning, #=(,hepatitis, and #,b) methods to controlpathogens including the useof antibiotics, vaccines,antiseptics and

disinfectants.

0ather information andpresent the uses ofmicroorganisms inbiotechnology, such as:a) production of antibioticsand vaccines,b) cleaning of oil spills,c) waste treatment,d) food processing,

e) production of bioplastic,f) production of energy frombiomass.

? e$plain the meaning of

pathogen,

? identify the pathogen, vector

and symptoms of oneparticular disease,

? e$plain how the disease

spreads,

? describe the methods for

controlling pathogen,

? e$plain the use of

microorganisms inbiotechnology, using e$amples.

he scientificnamesof pathogensand life cycle ofvectorsare notre!uired.

pathogen 2

patogen

transmission 2pemindahan

food poisoning% keracunanmakanan

oil spills %tumpahanminyak

waste treatment% rawatan

kumbahan

1.>#ppreciatingbiodiversity

Conduct a forum to discussthe importance ofpreservation andconservation of biodiversity.


?6ustify the importance of

preservation and conservationof biodiversity.

preservation 2pemeliharaan


44/48

Conduct an activity topreserve and conservevarious living things around

us.

? preserve and conserve

various living things aroundhim3her.

conservation %pemuliharaan

LEARNING AREA: 2.0 ENDANGERED ECO*Y*TEM


*+##e)'e, Ler!"!#A&'"("'"e)


&.17valuating4uman activitiesthat endanger an

ecosystem

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) human activities that

threaten the ecosystem,b) the impact of humanactivities on theecosystem,c) the effects of unplanneddevelopment andmismanagement of theecosystem, such as:i. soil erosion,ii. flash flood,iii. landslide,

iv. eutrofication,v. water, air, thermal andnoise pollution,vi. global warming,vii. o*one depletion,viii. climatic change,i$. e$tinction of livingthings,$. deforestation,


? identify human activities that

threaten the ecosystem,

? e$plain the impact of human

activities on the ecosystem,

? evaluate critically the effects

of unplanned developmentand mismanagement of theecosystem,

? describe types of pollution

impact %impak/kesan

threaten 2mengancam

critically %secara kritis

unplannedtidakterancang

mismanagement

salahpengurusan

development 2pembangunan

ecosystem %ekosistem


45/48

d) types of pollution andsources of pollution,e) effects of pollution onthe following:i. human health / diseases

affecting the respiratorysystem, s"in problems,con6unctivitis, cancer andcholera),ii. animal and planthabitats,iii. buildings,iv. agriculture,v. climate.

Conduct an e$periment to

compare solid pollutants inthe air of differentenvironments and ma"e aninference on the sources ofpollution.

Conduct an activity toanalyse data on airpollution inde$ of somecities within and outsidethe country, and ma"e an

inference on the sourcesof pollution.

Conduct an activity toanalyse data on waterpollution, such asBiochemical '$ygen(emand /B'() value andcontent of heavy metals in

and sources of pollution,


pollution on living things and

the environment,

? compare and contrast

pollutants in the air fromdifferent environments,

? state the sources of air

pollution,

? interpret data on the level of

air pollution in some cities,


sources of air pollution insome cities,

? interpret data on the level of

water pollution in some rivers,


sources of water pollution insome rivers,

flash foodbanjir kilat

landslidetanah runtuh

global warming%pemanasanglobal

o*one depletion%penipisan ozon

e$tinction %

kepupusan

deforestation 2penyahutanan

pollution2pencemaran

Biochemical'$ygen(emand

keperluanoksigenbiokimia


46/48

some rivers, and ma"ean inference on thesources of pollution.

Conduct activities to

formulate a strategy toreduce the level of airand water pollution in aparticular location by:a) analysing information onthe population, such as thesi*e of population, socio2economic activities, andlevel of air and waterpollution,b) conducting an activity to

predict the level of air andwater pollution at aparticular location withinthe ne$t ten years,c) preparing an action planconsisting of a strategy toreduce the level of air andwater pollution at thatparticular location withinthe ne$t ten years.

? predict the level of air andwater pollution in a particularlocation within the ne$t tenyears,

? suggest strategies to solve

problems related to air andwater pollution in a particularlocation within the ne$t tenyears.

&.&Understandingthe greenhouseeffect andthinning of theo*one layer.

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) greenhouse effect,including its cause andeffect,b) concentration of carbondio$ide in the atmosphereand correlate it with global

# student is able to:? e$plain what greenhouse

effect is,

? correlate the concentration

of carbon dio$ide in theatmosphere with globalwarming,

? e$plain the thinning of the

o*one layer, he molecular

greenhouseeffect % kesanrumah hijau

global warming%pemanasan


47/48

warming,c) o*one depletion,including its cause andeffect,d) impact of o*one

depletion and globalwarming on theecosystem.

? e$plain the impact of

thinning of the o*one layerand globalwarming on the ecosystem.

structure ofchlorofluorocarbonand e!uations forchemical reactionsare not re!uired.

global

&.5ealising theimportance ofpropermanagement ofdevelopment

activities andthe ecosystem

Conduct a debate on theneed for development toimprove the !uality of lifeand to meet there!uirements of anincreasing population.

(iscuss the effects of anincrease in population onthe ecosystem.

Carry out small groupdiscussion on the followingand present the findings:a) implementation of laws,b) use of technology,c) education on the

management of resources,including the reduce,reuse, and recycle ofresources,d) preservation andconservation of soil, water,flora and fauna of forestsand mangrove swamps,e) practice of biological


?6ustify the need for

development,


increase in population on theecosystem,

? e$plain measures ta"en in

the management ofdevelopment activities andthe ecosystem to ensure abalance of nature ismaintained.

? care for the ecosystem,

balance ofnature %keseimbanganalam

maintain %mengekalkan

biologicalcontrol %kawalanbiologi


48/48

control,f) use of renewable energy,g) efficient use of energy.

Conduct activities to care

for the followingecosystems in school andat home:a) fish ponds,b) gardens.

lan and conduct aprogramme related to themanagement of theecosystem, for e$ample,D7nvironment (ayE.

? participate in activities

related to the management ofthe ecosystem.

renewableenergy % tenagadiperbaharui

Documents

Yearly lesson plan (Biology F4).doc