13
1 Ⱥɭɛɟɤɟɪɨɜ Ȼ.ɀ., ɋɚɥɚ Ɋ., ɇɢɝɦɚɬɨɜɚ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ⱦɟɨɦ ɀ.-Ɇ., Ƚɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ɉɬɪɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ // Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ: ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ KazNU 20-22 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2006. Almaty: “Kazakh Universiteti”, қ006, ɋ. 18-29. Ɋɟɧɚɬɨ ɋɚɥɚ, Ȼɨɥɚɬ Ⱥɭɛɟɤɟɪɨɜ, ɀɚɧ-ɦɚɪɤ Ⱦɟɨɦ Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ Ƚɟɨɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɢ, Цɟɧɬɪ Ƚɟɨɥɨɝɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɆɈɇ ɊɄ ȽȿОɆОɊФОɅОȽɂə, ȽȿОɅОȽɂə, ɄɅɂɆȺɌ ɂ ȽɂȾɊОɅОȽɂə ОɌɊȺɊɋɄОȽО ОȺɁɂɋȺ ABSTRACT: “Geomorphology, geology, climate and hydrology of the Otrar oasis. This article is dedicated to the ecological features explaining the uniqueness of the Otrar oasis where converge 3 main geological systems: fluvial valleys (Syrdarya, Arys, Bogun rivers), mountains (Big Karatau at NE) and desert (Kyzylkum at SW). The climate, reconstructed during the last 2000 years, explain the formation of the modern phases of aridization and the historical stages of the oasis. The groundwater table supported the water level in the irrigation canals and controlled the repeated phases of salinization. KEYWORDS: paleoenvironment, hydrogeology, irrigation devices, Middle Age, South Kazakhstan ȺɇɇɈɌȺɐɂə: "Ƚɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ɉɬɪɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ". ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ Ɉɬɪɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ 3 ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɪɟɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɢɧ - ɋɵɪɞɚɪɶɹ, Ⱥɪɵɫɶ, Ȼɨɝɭɧɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɪɚɦɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ Ʉɚɪɚɬɚɭ ɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɨ-ɜɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɭɫɬɵɧɢ Ʉɵɡɵɥɤɭɦ ɫ ɸɝɨ-ɡɚɩɚɞɚ. Ⱦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ қ000 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ ɚɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞ ɜ ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɡɚɫɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇȿȽІɁȾȿɆȿ: «Ɉɬɵɪɚɪ ɨɚɡɢɫіɧің ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹɫɵ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɫɵ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬɵ ɠɷɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹɫɵ». ɋɵɪɞɚɪɢɹ, Ⱥɪɵɫ, Ȼөɝɟɧ - 3 ɧɟɝіɡɝі өɡɟɧ ɚңғɚɪɥɚɪɵ ɠԛɣɟɫіɦɟɧ ɠɷɧɟ ɫɨɥɬԛɫɬіɤ- ɲɵғɵɫɬɚ Ԛɥɤɟɧ Ԕɚɪɚɬɚɭ ɠɨɬɚɫɵ ɚɥ ɨңɬԛɫɬіɤ-ɛɚɬɵɫɬɚ Ԕɵɡɵɥԕԛɦ ɲөɥі ɚɪɚɫɵɧɞɚ ɨɚɡɢɫɬɵң ɨɪɧɚɥɚɫɭɵɦɟɧ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ. ɋɨңғɵ Қ00 ɠɵɥ іɲіɧɞɟɝі ɤԛɧ-ɪɚɣɵɧɵң өɡɝɟɪɭі ɛɟɪіɥɟɞі ɠɷɧɟ ɚɹɫɵɧɞɚ ɨɚɡɢɫ ɬɚɪɢɯɵ өɬɟɬіɧ ɛԛɝіɧɝі ɮɚɡɚɧɵң ɚɪɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹɫɵ ɚɧɵԕɬɚɥɚɞɵ. Ыɡɚ ɫɭɥɚɪɵɧɵң ɞɟңɝɟɣі ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɹ ɠԛɣɟɫіɧɞɟɝі ɫɭɥɚɪɞɵң ɞɟңɝɟɣіɧ ұɫɬɚɩ ɬԛɪɭғɚ ɷɫɟɪ ɟɬіɩ ɠɷɧɟ ԕɚɣɬɚɥɚɧɚɬɵɧ ɬұɡɞɚɧɭ ɮɚɡɚɥɚɪɵɧ ɛɚԕɵɥɚɩ ɬұɪғɚɧ». ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ қ000 ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɨɚɡɢɫɚ Ɉɬɪɚɪ, ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɷɪɵ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɪɪɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɝɟɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ, ɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɟɥ ɪɟɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ; ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɤ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ; ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɞ; ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɪɭɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ.

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Page 1: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

1

. ., ., . ., .- ., , , // : , , .

- KazNU 20-22 2006. Almaty: “Kazakh Universiteti”, қ006, . 18-29.

, , -

, Ц -

,

О О ФО О , О О , О О О О О О

ABSTRACT: “Geomorphology, geology, climate and hydrology of the Otrar oasis”. This article is

dedicated to the ecological features explaining the uniqueness of the Otrar oasis where converge 3 main

geological systems: fluvial valleys (Syrdarya, Arys, Bogun rivers), mountains (Big Karatau at NE) and

desert (Kyzylkum at SW). The climate, reconstructed during the last 2000 years, explain the formation of

the modern phases of aridization and the historical stages of the oasis. The groundwater table supported

the water level in the irrigation canals and controlled the repeated phases of salinization.

KEYWORDS: paleoenvironment, hydrogeology, irrigation devices, Middle Age, South

Kazakhstan

: " , , ". , 3 - , , ,

- - . қ000

, .

.

І : « і ің , , ». , , ө - 3 і і ө ңғ і і -

ғ ң і - ө і ң . ңғ Қ00 і і і - ң ө і і і

ө і і і ң . Ы ң ң і і і ң ң і ұ ғ і ұ

ұ ғ ».

қ000 ,

, ,

. , ( ),

: , , , . .

;

, , ; ; –

, .

Page 2: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

2

, қ

қ .

1 - и и и

6үºҚ4’ / 4қº4Ү’, қ0б30 , 3 = : - , ( ), а

, .

и . 1- , :

; ; - , , .

- Г Ка а а -

, , .

қҚ00 ; ; ,

- 20-30 .

3 , Қ5 .

- (500-ү00 ),

( . 4). - К - ,

- - .

, , 5 - Қ5 .

- ч а а ( . 4.қ), - , ,

Page 3: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

3

,

.

- 0.қ5 1 .

0.5 . -

20x30 , .

0.35 1 . қ50 .

- а а О а а ча

( - -

); ( ); - , , 2 ( -

) ( ), ( ), - ( - )

.

1-Қ.5 Қ000 . 0,

қ-3 . (> 100

) (<Қ00 ) : – , ( Қ0-Қ5 / )

- ;

– (Қ-3 ) , - , ,

; – ( ),

350б350 қ0 ( , .).

2 – и и щ

- Қү9Қ Қ995 , ,

, , 40 - .

1918- Қ9қ4 .

( ) .

– Ққ.6º ( -қ5, + 29.2°). 35, НТЮrЧКХТЭв 12).

– , 1969 – 1994 . –

қ0қ.ү ( - қ9.9, -1.5).

– , -

. – , .

Ү0 . – И қ950 / ( 6ү, 399) ҚҮ.Қ MJ/

2/ ,

. – Ү30 ,

3.6

– 3.Қ ./ ( -қ.қ, -

-3.5-4.0), - .

Page 4: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

4

и . 2.1.1 – ( 2004)

и . 2.1.2 – ( 2004)

- 100 . ;

қ5 % Қ50 қ0қ / , . 3-4, 10-Ққ ,

20-қ5 , . Қүүқ Қ6.үº Қүү4 Қ6.0º.

Қүү5 ү.9º Қ950 9.үº. 40 30 қ0 .

: 1901 (291.5 / ), 1914 (305.1), 1928 (293.9),

Қ969 (30қ.Қ), Қ9үҚ (қ99.ү). Қүү4 (қ.Қ / !), 1890 (55), 1915

(76.3), 1925 (107), 1936 (78.5), 1983 (110.9), 1995 (103.4) ( . қ.қ.Қ . қ.қ.қ)

Page 5: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

5

Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1922

1928

1933

1938

1943

1948

1953

1958

1963

1968

1973

1978

1983

1988

1993

Year

Te

mp

era

ture

(°C

)

и . 2.2.1 – 1891-1995.

- ; - ( ) (Sala, Meseth 2004)

Precipitation in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

8

58

108

158

208

258

308

358

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1922

1928

1933

1938

1943

1948

1953

1958

1963

1968

1973

1978

1983

1988

1993

Year

Pre

cip

itati

on

(m

m/y

ear)

и . 2.2.2 – Қү9Қ-1995.

– ; - (Sala, Meseth 2004)

Continentality Index in Otrar (1891 - 1995)

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1891

1896

1901

1906

1911

1916

1921

1926

1931

1936

1941

1946

1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

и . 2.2.3 - Қү9Қ-1995.

- ; - , 2004)

Page 6: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

6

-

(T , 1.2 ( ) , ү00 . , 1000-

). . VIII

IБ-XIII . БVII қ

.

и . 2.3 –

3200 , . (T) - ; (P) - ; (a) – ; (b) ; (c)

- , 14C

( , Sala, 2003)

- - O

, -

- -A .

қ : - .

3 :

– : rtemisia terrae albae, Salsola rigida);

– : (CХТЦКМШpЭОrК, SКХsШХК, PОЭrШsТЦШЧТК, Atriplex);

– : ( ) (EХКОКЧЮs, PШpЮХЮs) (HКХТЦШНОЧНrШЧ, TКЦКrТб)

қ : ;

Ж : РОrЛШК, , , ,

, , , , , ,

; ; .

Page 7: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

7

3 - и и

O , A o

3 Ka . , A - ,

. . .

- а а , 30Қ9

. - 219 000

462 000 . .

K , . A ,

O . ,

, KК . , - , .

, - - 566 3/ .

KК ( Қ00 ) - 446 3/ , қ0 % , . O 10

, 300-500 , 0.8-0.9 / . ,

- ; - . Қ964 .

ү-Қ0 .

Қ95ү . . +3-4 ,

3-4 ( .

. - .

,

. 4000 - ,

Қ500 . -

. 30 60 (

. O (M )

қ0 , 4-5 .

, .

Page 8: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

8

и . 3.1 – - ,

ққ . A ,

.

ү0бҚ50 , O .

50 ,

Қ5 ү0 2

Қ50 - , 40 . A . , -

, .

K , ( . Қ).

, K

. .

( 1970 . қ,қ 40

3 Қ4 3

, қ3,Ү 3/ (63 % ) .

5 , 3 ( ) TШ Қ9.5 3 Қ4 3, KК ( )

4.03 3 қ.55 3,

( ) 5.4 3 4.4 3

.

Page 9: @Zgžтрар 2006 КазНУ Геофак конф.pdf · 5 Temperature in Otrar (1891 - 1995) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1891 1896 1901 1906 1911 1916 1922 1928 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953

9

и .3.2 – .

O - ,

A .

- A

KК T - , 400

O . 3 : , . A ,

KК . 0.5 , 5-3 Қ ,

30-40 , 0.Ү / . , K ,

9 . .

3-4 Қ0-Ққ . Қ969-1994 . қ3 3/ ( - - 64.5,

- 6.34 3/ , 8 ). 80

3/ ( 1969 .); - 12.0 3/ (1983 .).

3Қү 3/ ( Қ969 .); Қ.46 ( Қ99Қ қ004 .). 10-30 ; Ққ-

6-Қ0 . ,

, .

, ,

, , .

, , 0.2-0.35 / ,

Қү . K ,

- . 3 . :

– 4 , 6-қ . – 1 .

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10

– 3 K : - -Ky ; O

; , O , .

и . 3.3 – O .

. A . 3 (

2002)

и . 3.4 – A . K ,

(1), (2), (3), (4). , (Ф 2002)

.

: БVIII .

A ( )

,

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11

. , қ0 3/ ,

. O , Қ3

. ,

( K ), .

- а Б Ka , - , қ00

- O .

- 30- A қ0 . қ50 , ү , Қ0

1.5-қ , 0.қ / . 3-4 3/ . , .

O A , , .

4- и и

O : -

( KК ); - ( A , ).

KК қ : - 6-Қ0 ,

, . . - .

- , O 350-400 .

и . 4.1 – KК

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12

и . 4.2 - : Қ = <50 3/ ; ҚҚ => ү00 3/ . -

( . . . 1999)

A . .

Қ.5 3 .

.

(Қ93қ), ү-Қ0 . қ-3 / қ0-50 / .

, , .

. , қ.5-

3 .

и

A . ., . , . . . , - . (Қ96ү).

. . - (Қ995) : . (A . ),

Қ, - , .ҚҮ-45.

Қ9үҮ . . , Қ9үҮ.

- . I. . “ ”. , Қ953.

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13

( ) - , .

. . , Қ960. A - - . I.

. “ ”. . , Қ94ү.

. 3. -

. K. , Қ994. , a ,

қҚҮқ4 / қҚ0үҮ. . ., .A., . , . , . , . .

( ). // - . A , « », Қ999, . Қ, .ҚүҚ-196.

.M, M.A. (Қ95ү-59) -K . - .