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Zhihua (Tina) Fan
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences InstituteSponsored by RWJMS-UMDNJ and Rutgers University
Piscataway, NJ
NUATRC Air Toxics Workshop II
Spatial Variation of Air Toxics in a “Hot Spot”: Camden in New Jersey
June 12-13, 2007
Gaps in Understanding Health Effects of Air Toxics
Exposure to air toxics and associated health risks in “hot spots” may be under-estimated based on routine ambient air monitoring program.
Limited ambient concentration and personal exposure data of air toxics in community level
Limited spatial variation data of air toxics.
Objectives of the Main Study
To characterize local ambient and personal concentrations of air toxics in a suspected “hotspot” - the Village of Waterfront South (WFS) neighborhood in Camden, NJ.
To assess the impact of local industrial and mobile sources on measured neighborhood ambient concentrations and personal exposures in the WFS.
Background Information about the WFS
Mixed Sources of Air Toxics and high density of local emission sources
High asthma incidence rate
High carcinogenic risk predicted by NATA
Low socioeconomic-status residents
Local Emission Sources of Air Pollutants
Industrial sources A total of 26 industrial and manufacturing facilities, e.g.
Camden sewage treatment plant, recycling factory, St. Lawrence Cement Company, Camden Iron and Metal, etc.
Mobile sources Local diesel truck traffic: >100,000 trucks/year travel
through this community. HYW 676 and major roads
Urban SourcesPhiladelphia (~ 20 miles west of WFS)
Industrial Facilities in WFS
HWY 676 (Left) and Sewage Treatment Plants (right)
WFS (60 subjects)
winter summer
weekday weekendweekday weekend
CDS (40 subjects)
winter summer
weekday weekendweekday weekend
Neighborhood Ambient and Personal Measurements
24-h outdoor and personal samplesFour types of air toxic substances ( small particles, Volatile Organic Compounds, carbonyls, & Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (soot)) Baseline and Activity questionnaires and Time/Activity DiariesModeling approach
Main Study Design
Study Areas in Camden, NJ
: the fixed sampling sites
CDS - Reference area
WFS – Hot Spot
Objectives of the Spatial Variation Study
To characterize the spatial variation of air toxics in WFS and CDS.
To conduct accurate assessment of the impact of local sources on ambient neighborhood levels of and personal exposure to air toxics.
To identify the major sources of air toxics in the
WFS.
“Saturation Sampling”-Detailed Spatial Measurements of
Air Toxics Outdoors
A total of 38 locations were selected as sampling sites for the “saturation sampling” study.
22 in the WFS and 16 in the CDS
Sampling duration: 24 and 48 hours
Two summer and one winter sampling campaigns
Target compounds • VOCs (3M OVM badge)• Carbonyls (PAKS)
VOCs Aldehydes
1,3-Butadiene Formaldehyde
Benzene Acetaldehyde
Carbon tetrachloride Acrolein
Chloroform
Ethyl benzene
Methyl-tert-butyl-ether (MTBE)
Styrene
Toluene
Styrene
Xylenes
Target Compounds
“Saturation Sampling” Sites
Fixed SiteFixed Site
VOC and Carbonyl Samplers Placed at the “Saturation Sampling” Sites
Spatial Distribution of Toluene (g/m3) (Aug. 17-18, 2005)
PINTO BROTHERS RECYCLING. Inc.
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
site-19 site-20 site-13 site-14 site-15
Sampling site in the WFS
To
luen
e c
on
cen
trati
on
(µg
/m³)
wind direction
Toluene Concentration Downwind of
the Facility (Aug. 17-18, 2005)
y = 51.535e-0.0052x
R2 = 0.9609
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Distance to W-19 (m)
To
luen
e co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
ug
/m3)
Spatial Distribution of Toluene (g/m3) (07/20-22 and 12/21-23, 2005)
Outdoor Toluene Levels Obtained from Main Study (g/m3)
Spatial Distribution of MTBE (g/m3)
Outdoor MTBE Levels Obtained from Main Study (g/m3)
CDS
WFS
Spatial Distribution of Benzene (g/m3)
Location Compound 07/20-22 08/17-18 12/21-23 CDS MTBE-Benzene 0.75 0.61 0.81 MTBE-Toluene 0.75 0.77 0.91 MTBE-Ethylbenzene 0.73 0.85 0.88 MTBE-Xylenes 0.74 0.85 0.86 WFS MTBE-Benzene 0.85 0.68 0.43 MTBE-Toluene 0.10 0.00 0.01 MTBE-Ethylbenzene 0.46 0.07 0.38 MTBE-Xylenes 0.53 0.11 0.51
Correlation Coefficients (R2) between MTBE and BETX
Spatial Distribution of Formaldehyde (g/m3)
Summary
Hot spots for MTBE and aromatic VOCs were observed in WFS, indicating the contribution of local stationary sources of these compounds to the ambient neighborhood air pollution.
The major impact of emissions from the stationary sources was observed downwind but within 300 m of the facility.
Summary-cont’d
Formaldehyde levels were found high in both areas, indicating significant impact of diesel emissions on the ambient formaldehyde air pollution in both WFS and CDS.
The small spatial variation of all the target compounds and high correlation between MTBE and BETX indicated mobile sources are the contributors to ambient air pollution in CDS.
Implications
For Air Toxic problems, “saturation sampling” and/or personal monitoring are recommended for examining the impact of industrial or other major local sources on community air pollution and potential personal exposure.
The spatial variation study can Better define the population at high exposure risks in
hot spot areas.
Identify the major air toxics sources of concerns.
Aid in developing effective controlling strategies to reduce community exposure to air toxics.
Acknowledgments
Investigators at EOHSI: P. Lioy, S.W. Wang, P.
Georgopoulos, J. Zhang, and P. Ohman-Strickland
Staff and students at EOHSI: X. Zhu, X. Wu, Q.
Meng, J. Herrington, KH. Jung, X. Tang, and M.
Rodriguez.
Collaborator at the NJ DEP: L. Bonanno
This study is supported solely by the Health
Effects Institute (HEI Agreement Number: 4703-
RFA03-1/03-15 ).