ZOOL 2003 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I Course Instructor: Dr. Martin Huss Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

ZOOL 2003 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Course Instructor: Course Instructor: Dr. Martin Huss Dr. Martin Huss

Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Introduction to Introduction to Human Anatomy Human Anatomy and Physiology.and Physiology.

Overview of Human Overview of Human Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology

Anatomy – the study of the Anatomy – the study of the structurestructure of the body of the body and the relationships of the various parts of the and the relationships of the various parts of the bodybody Gross or macroscopic (visible structures)Gross or macroscopic (visible structures) Microscopic (cytology, histology)Microscopic (cytology, histology) Developmental – structural changes over time Developmental – structural changes over time

(embryology)(embryology) Physiology – the study of the Physiology – the study of the functionsfunctions of the of the

parts of the body, includes specific organ systems parts of the body, includes specific organ systems and molecular and cellular levels and molecular and cellular levels (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, (neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, electrophysiology)electrophysiology)

Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

Chemical – atoms combine to form Chemical – atoms combine to form moleculesmolecules

Cellular – molecules interact to make up cellsCellular – molecules interact to make up cells

Tissue – cells are grouped into tissueTissue – cells are grouped into tissue

Organ – tissues compose organsOrgan – tissues compose organs

Organ system – organs function together to Organ system – organs function together to form organ systemsform organ systems

Organism (individual) – made up of the organ Organism (individual) – made up of the organ systemssystems

Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

Basic Structures of Basic Structures of the Human Bodythe Human Body

Tissue – A group of similar cells that Tissue – A group of similar cells that performs a specific functionperforms a specific function

Organ – A structure consisting of a Organ – A structure consisting of a group of tissues with a specialized group of tissues with a specialized functionfunction

Organ System – Organs working Organ System – Organs working together to allow the body to perform together to allow the body to perform a function.a function.

Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Integumentary systemIntegumentary system Forms the external body coveringForms the external body covering Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil Composed of skin, sweat glands, oil

glands, hair, and nailsglands, hair, and nails Protects deep tissues from injury and Protects deep tissues from injury and

synthesizes vitamin Dsynthesizes vitamin D

Organ Systems of the Organ Systems of the BodyBody

Skeletal systemSkeletal system Composed of bone, cartilage, and Composed of bone, cartilage, and

ligamentsligaments Protects and supports body organsProtects and supports body organs Provides the framework for musclesProvides the framework for muscles Site of blood cell formationSite of blood cell formation Stores mineralsStores minerals


Muscular systemMuscular system Composed of muscles and tendonsComposed of muscles and tendons Allows manipulation of the environment, Allows manipulation of the environment,

locomotion, and facial expressionlocomotion, and facial expression Maintains postureMaintains posture Produces heatProduces heat


Nervous systemNervous system Integrates and coordinates body functionsIntegrates and coordinates body functions Composed of the brain, spinal column, and Composed of the brain, spinal column, and

nervesnerves Is the fast-acting control system of the bodyIs the fast-acting control system of the body Responds to stimuli by activating muscles Responds to stimuli by activating muscles

and glandsand glands


Endocrine SystemEndocrine System Integrates and coordinates body functionsIntegrates and coordinates body functions Includes all glands that secrete chemical Includes all glands that secrete chemical

messengers, also called hormonesmessengers, also called hormones Hormones alter the metabolism of target Hormones alter the metabolism of target

cellscells Examples of organs of the ES are the Examples of organs of the ES are the

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus glandgland, and thymus gland


Cardiovascular systemCardiovascular system Composed of the heart and blood vesselsComposed of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps bloodThe heart pumps blood The blood vessels transport blood The blood vessels transport blood

throughout the bodythroughout the body


Lymphatic systemLymphatic system Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, Composed of red bone marrow, thymus,

spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vesselsspleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and

returns it to bloodreturns it to blood Disposes of debris in the lymphatic streamDisposes of debris in the lymphatic stream Houses white blood cells involved with Houses white blood cells involved with

immunityimmunity


Respiratory systemRespiratory system Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx,

trachea, bronchi, and lungstrachea, bronchi, and lungs Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and

removes carbon dioxideremoves carbon dioxide


Digestive systemDigestive system Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liverrectum, anus, and liver

Breaks down food into absorbable units Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the bloodthat enter the blood

Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as fecesEliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces


Urinary systemUrinary system Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary

bladder, and urethrabladder, and urethra Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the

bodybody Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH

balance of the bloodbalance of the blood


Male reproductive systemMale reproductive system Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes,

scrotum, and ductus deferensscrotum, and ductus deferens Main function is the production of offspringMain function is the production of offspring Testes produce sperm and male sex Testes produce sperm and male sex

hormoneshormones Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the

female reproductive tractfemale reproductive tract


Female reproductive systemFemale reproductive system Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, Composed of mammary glands, ovaries,

uterine tubes, uterus, and vaginauterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Main function is the production of offspringMain function is the production of offspring Ovaries produce eggs and female sex Ovaries produce eggs and female sex

hormoneshormones Remaining structures serve as sites for Remaining structures serve as sites for

fertilization and development of the fetusfertilization and development of the fetus Mammary glands produce milk to nourish Mammary glands produce milk to nourish

the newbornthe newborn

Organ System Organ System InterrelationshipsInterrelationships

The integumentary system protects the The integumentary system protects the body from the external environmentbody from the external environment

Digestive and respiratory systems, in Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygentake in nutrients and oxygen

Organ System Organ System InterrelationshipsInterrelationships

Nutrients and Nutrients and oxygen are oxygen are distributed by distributed by the bloodthe blood

Metabolic Metabolic wastes are wastes are eliminated by eliminated by the urinary and the urinary and respiratory respiratory systems systems

Necessary Life Functions Necessary Life Functions II

Maintaining boundariesMaintaining boundaries – the internal – the internal environment remains distinct from the environment remains distinct from the external external Cellular level – accomplished by plasma Cellular level – accomplished by plasma

membranesmembranes Organism level – accomplished by the skinOrganism level – accomplished by the skin

MovementMovement – locomotion, propulsion – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility (peristalsis), and contractility

ResponsivenessResponsiveness – ability to sense changes in – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to themthe environment and respond to them

DigestionDigestion – breakdown of ingested food – breakdown of ingested food

Necessary Life Functions Necessary Life Functions IIII

MetabolismMetabolism – all the chemical reactions that – all the chemical reactions that occur in the bodyoccur in the body

ExcretionExcretion – removal of wastes from the body – removal of wastes from the body ReproductionReproduction – cellular and organism levels – cellular and organism levels

Cellular – an original cell divides and Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cellsproduces two identical daughter cells

Organism – sperm and egg unite Organism – sperm and egg unite (fertilization) make possible the formation of (fertilization) make possible the formation of a new persona new person

GrowthGrowth – increase in size of a body part or of – increase in size of a body part or of the organismthe organism

MetabolismMetabolism

Metabolism: A broad term used for all the A broad term used for all the chemical reactions that occur within cells of chemical reactions that occur within cells of the bodythe body Catabolism - breaking down substances

into simpler components Anabolism – synthesizing more complex

substances or structures from simpler substances

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to Homeostasis is the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environmentmaintain a relatively stable internal environment

The internal environment of the body is in a The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium (internal conditions dynamic state of equilibrium (internal conditions vary, but within relatively narrow limits)vary, but within relatively narrow limits)

A wide variety of chemical, thermal, and neural A wide variety of chemical, thermal, and neural factors act and interact in complex ways to factors act and interact in complex ways to maintain homeostasismaintain homeostasis

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Variable – the factor or event being Variable – the factor or event being regulatedregulated

Receptor monitors the environment and Receptor monitors the environment and responds to changes (stimuli)responds to changes (stimuli)

Control center determines the set point at Control center determines the set point at which the variable is maintainedwhich the variable is maintained

Effector provides the means to respond to Effector provides the means to respond to the stimulusthe stimulus

Homeostatic Control Homeostatic Control MechanismsMechanisms

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback In negative In negative

feedback feedback systems, the systems, the output “turns output “turns down” or down” or “shuts off” the “shuts off” the original original stimulusstimulus

Example: Example: Regulation of Regulation of blood glucose blood glucose levels levels

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

In positive In positive feedback feedback systems, the systems, the output enhances output enhances or “turns up” the or “turns up” the original stimulusoriginal stimulus

Examples: Examples: Regulation of Regulation of blood clotting, blood clotting, Uterine Uterine contractions contractions during labor.during labor.

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

Body erect, Body erect,

feet slightly apart, feet slightly apart,

palms facing palms facing forward, forward,

thumbs point away thumbs point away

from the bodyfrom the body

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Superior (Cranial) and Inferior (Caudal) – Superior (Cranial) and Inferior (Caudal) – toward and away from the head or upper part toward and away from the head or upper part of a structure - above and below-of a structure - above and below-

Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal) – Anterior (Ventral) and Posterior (Dorsal) – toward the front and back of the body toward the front and back of the body - in front of and behind- - in front of and behind-

Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate – toward Medial, Lateral, and Intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structurebetween a more medial and lateral structure




Proximal and Distal – closer to and Proximal and Distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limbor the point of attachment of a limb

Superficial (External) and Deep Superficial (External) and Deep (Internal) – toward and away from the (Internal) – toward and away from the body surfacebody surface


Regional TermsRegional Terms

Axial – head, neck, Axial – head, neck, and trunkand trunk

Appendicular – Appendicular – appendages or appendages or limbslimbs

Specific regional Specific regional terminologyterminology

Regional TermsRegional Terms

Body PlanesBody Planes

Body PlanesBody Planes Sagittal and Medial – divides the Sagittal and Medial – divides the

body into right and left partsbody into right and left parts Midsagittal – sagittal plane that Midsagittal – sagittal plane that

lies on the midlinelies on the midline Frontal or Coronal – divides the Frontal or Coronal – divides the

body into anterior and posterior body into anterior and posterior partsparts

Transverse or horizontal (cross Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into section) – divides the body into superior and inferior partssuperior and inferior parts

Oblique section – cuts made Oblique section – cuts made diagonallydiagonally

Body PlanesBody Planes

←Transverse Plane

← Sagittal Plane

Frontal or Coronal Plane

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisionsand is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases

the brainthe brain Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral

column and encases the spinal cordcolumn and encases the spinal cord Ventral cavity houses the internal organs Ventral cavity houses the internal organs

(viscera), and is divided into two (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvicsubdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic



Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavitythe mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lungPleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity,

and surrounds the remaining thoracic organsand surrounds the remaining thoracic organs Pericardial – encloses the heartPericardial – encloses the heart


The abdominopelvic cavity is separated The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmdome-shaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisionsIt is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver, and other organsintestines, spleen, liver, and other organs Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and

contains the bladder, reproductive contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectumorgans, and rectum


Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities

Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organsthe digestive organs

Nasal –located within and posterior to the Nasal –located within and posterior to the nosenose

Orbital – house the eyesOrbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that

transmit sound vibrationstransmit sound vibrations Synovial – joint cavitiesSynovial – joint cavities

Serosa – Serous Serosa – Serous MembraneMembrane

Serosa (serous membrane)- a thin membrane (mesothelium and irregular fibroelastic connective tissue) lining the closed cavities of the body; has two layers with a space between that is filled with serous fluid

Serum – a clear, watery fluid - the fluid portion of the blood obtained after removal of the fibrin clot and blood cells

Serous - relating to, containing, or producing serum - or a substance having a watery consistency

Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity MembranesMembranes

Parietal serosa Parietal serosa covering the covering the body wallsbody walls

Visceral serosa Visceral serosa covering the covering the internal organsinternal organs

Serous fluid Serous fluid separates the separates the serosaeserosae

Nomenclature for Serous Nomenclature for Serous MembranesMembranes

Pleura - the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest

Peritoneum – the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the viscera

Endocardium - the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves

Pericardium - a double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the heart

Visceral Pericardium (epicardium) - the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium

Parietal Pericardium - the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum

Parietal Pleura - pleura lining the inner chest walls and covering the diaphragm

Visceral Pleura - pleura covering the lungs

Ventral Body Cavity Ventral Body Cavity MembranesMembranes

Peritoneum – the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the viscera

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

UmbilicalUmbilical EpigastricEpigastric HypogastricHypogastric Right and left iliac Right and left iliac

or inguinalor inguinal Right and left Right and left

lumbarlumbar Right and left Right and left

hypochondriachypochondriac

Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic QuadrantsQuadrants

Right Right upperupper

Left upperLeft upper Right Right

lowerlower Left lowerLeft lower

Life Span ChangesLife Span Changes

Aging starts at conception and persists until Aging starts at conception and persists until death of the human body.death of the human body.

11stst signs of aging are noticeable in one’s signs of aging are noticeable in one’s thirties; including decline in thirties; including decline in ♀ fertility. fertility.

In 40’s & 50’s, adult-onset disorders may In 40’s & 50’s, adult-onset disorders may beginbegin

Skin Changes due to loss of elastin, collagen, Skin Changes due to loss of elastin, collagen, and subcutaneous fat.and subcutaneous fat.

Older people may metabolize certain drugs Older people may metabolize certain drugs at different rates than younger peopleat different rates than younger people

Cells divide a limited number of times.Cells divide a limited number of times. Oxygen free-radical damage produces Oxygen free-radical damage produces

certain pigments. Metabolism slow, and beta certain pigments. Metabolism slow, and beta amyloid protein may build up in the brain => amyloid protein may build up in the brain => linked to Alzheimer disease in some.linked to Alzheimer disease in some.

Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span Changes:Changes:

Bob Denver – Younger & OlderBob Denver – Younger & Older

Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span

Changes:Changes:Russell Johnson – Younger & Russell Johnson – Younger &

OlderOlder

Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span Changes:Changes: Katherine Hepburn – Katherine Hepburn –

Younger & OlderYounger & Older

Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span Changes:Changes: Bill Cosby – Younger Bill Cosby – Younger

& Older& Older

Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span Changes:Changes: Lauren Bacall Lauren Bacall – –


Examples of Life Span Examples of Life Span Changes:Changes: Mickey Rooney – Mickey Rooney –


Medical and Applied Medical and Applied SciencesSciences

Cardiology – study of the heart and Cardiology – study of the heart and vascular systemvascular system

Dermatology – study of the skin Dermatology – study of the skin Endocrinology - study of hormones , Endocrinology - study of hormones ,

hormone-secreting glands, and hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases.associated diseases.

Epidemiology – study of the factors that Epidemiology – study of the factors that contribute to determining the contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-distribution and frequency of health-related conditions.related conditions.


Gastroenterology – study of the Gastroenterology – study of the stomach and intestinesstomach and intestines

Geriatrics – Branch of medicine Geriatrics – Branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and dealing with older individuals and their medical problemstheir medical problems

Gynecology – study of the female Gynecology – study of the female reproductive systemreproductive system

Hematology – study of blood and Hematology – study of blood and blood diseases.blood diseases.


Histology – study of the structure and Histology – study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)anatomy)

Immunology – study of the body’s Immunology – study of the body’s resistance to diseaseresistance to disease

Neonatology – study of newborns and Neonatology – study of newborns and the treatment of their disordersthe treatment of their disorders

Nephrology – study of the structure Nephrology – study of the structure and function of the kidneys and function of the kidneys


Neurology – study of the brain and Neurology – study of the brain and nervous system nervous system

Obstetrics – branch of medicine Obstetrics – branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and dealing with pregnancy and childbirthchildbirth

Oncology – study of cancerOncology – study of cancer Ophthalmology – study of the eye Ophthalmology – study of the eye

and eye diseaseand eye disease Otolaryngology – study of the ear, Otolaryngology – study of the ear,

throat, larynx, and their diseasesthroat, larynx, and their diseases


Pathology – study of structural and Pathology – study of structural and functional changes within the body functional changes within the body associated with diseaseassociated with disease

Pediatrics – branch of medicine dealing Pediatrics – branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseaseswith children and their diseases

Pharmacology – study of drugs and Pharmacology – study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseasetheir uses in the treatment of disease

Podiatry – study of the care and Podiatry – study of the care and treatment of the feettreatment of the feet


Psychiatry – branch of medicine dealing Psychiatry – branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorderswith the mind and its disorders

Radiology – Study of X rays and Radiology – Study of X rays and radioactive substancesradioactive substances

Toxicology – study of poisonous Toxicology – study of poisonous substances and their effects on substances and their effects on physiologyphysiology

Urology – branch of medicine dealing Urology – branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseasessystems and their diseases

Documents

ZOOL 2003 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I Course Instructor: Dr. Martin Huss Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology