목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-1
Chapter 5. Conductors, Dielectrics, and Capacitance
1. Current and Current Density• Current(A) : a rate of movement of charge passing a
given reference point (or crossing a reference plane).
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-2
2. Continuity of Current• The principle of conservation of charge: charges
can be neither created nor destroyed.
• The current, or charge per second, diverging from a small closed surface per unit volume is equal to the time rate of decrease of charges per unit volume at every point.
• A numerical example: p. 123
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-3
3. Metallic Conductors
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-4
EJ tyconductivi :The point form of Ohm’s law
Isotropic: same properties in every direction
Anisotropic: not isotropic
Resistivity: reciprocal of the conductivity
Superconductivity: the resistivity drops abruptly to zero at a few kelvin
Higher temperature→greater crystalline lattice vibration→lower drift velocity →lower mobility →lower conductivity →higher resistivity
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-5
4. Conductor Properties and Boundary Conditions
• Suppose that there suddenly appear electrons in the interior of a conductor→Electric fields by these electrons →The electrons begin to accelerate away from each other →The electrons reach the surface of the conductor
• Good conductor: zero charge density within a conductor and a surface charge density resides on the exterior surface
No charge, no electric field within a conducting material
Relate external fields to the charge on the surface of the conductor• The external electric field intensity is decomposed into tangential comp
onent and normal component to the conductor surface.• Static condition: tangential one may be zero. If not, there will result in
a movement of electrons.
목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-6
Guass’s law: The electric flux leaving a small increment of surface must be equal to the charge residing on that incremental surface.
• The flux must leave the surface normally!
• The flux density per square meter leaving the surface normally is equal to the surface charge density per square meter
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-7
Boundary conditions for the conductor-free space boundary in electrostatics
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Summary: p. 132
5. The Method of Images
• The dipole field: the infinite plane at zero potential that exists midway between the two charges.
Remove conducting plane and locating a negative charge (image)
목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-8
6. Semiconductors• Current carriers: electrons (conduction band), holes (valence band)
• Temperature↑: mobility↓, charge density ↑(more rapidly) Conductivity ↑
• Doping • Donors: additional electrons, n-type• Acceptors: extra holes, p-type
(holes) , ),(electrons , he ee hhe e-
목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-9
7. The Nature of Dielectric Materials
• Bound charges: bound in place by atomic and molecular forces. Only shift positions slightly in response to external fields.
• Dielectric materials can store electric energy (a shift in the relative positions of the internal, bound positive and negative charges against the normal molecular and atomic forces)
• Polar molecule: random dipole → alignment• Nonpolar molecule: dipole arrangement after a field is applied
• Define: Polarization as the dipole moment per unit volume
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-10
The net increase in the bound charge within the closed surface
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-11
• Generalize the definition of electric flux density
• Isotropic material: linear relationship between E and P
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-12
8. Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectric Materials
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-13
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-14
The boundary conditions at the interface between a conductor and a dielectric
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-15
9. Capacitance
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The capacitance is a function only of the physical dimensions of the system of conductors and of the permittivity of the homogeneous dielectric.
목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-16
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-17
10. Several Capacitance Examples
A coaxial capacitor (inner radius a, outer radius b)
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-18
Coating this sphere with a different dielectric material
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목원대학교 전자정보통신공학부 전자기학 5-19
11. Capacitance of a Two-Wire Line
120
210
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