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The Role of Energy Storage in
Renewable Power IntegrationEmily Fertig
Sharon Wagner
Carnegie Mellon University
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Energy storage can facilitate renewable
energy integration
Source: http://www.environment-green.com Source: http://technorati.com/
Source: http://www.celgard.com/
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Key energy storage research areas include:
Technology-specific issues
Mechanical storage
Electrical storage
Thermal storage
Valuation of energy storage
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Mechanical storage options include:
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
Pumped hydroelectric storage
Flywheels
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CAES can enable wind to supply quick,
reliable energy
Source: http://www.shpegs.org/cawegs.html5
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CAES has been operating for over 20 years:
Huntorf, Germany: 290 MW (1978)
McIntosh, Alabama: 110 MW (1991)
Iowa Stored Energy Park: 2700 MW (2011)
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CAES has many benefits for renewables
Large storage: smoothes daily variability
Ramps quickly: smoothes hourly variability
More cost-effective that batteries at GWh
scale
Many locations with suitable geology in U.S.
Key research area:
The economic effect of integrating CAES in differentelectricity markets and varying levels of renewable
energy penetration
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Pumped hydro is limited by location
Source: http://www.tva.gov/power/pumpstorart.htm
Key research area:Run-of-river hydro storage (all aspects)
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Flywheels can help with grid angular stability
and voltage support
Produce 100-2000 kW for 5-
50 seconds
Best for high-power, low
energy applications
Source: http://www.powergenworldwide.com/
Key research areas:
Materials development
Cost reduction
Improved manufacture techniques
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Key energy storage research areas include:
Technology-specific issues
Mechanical storage
Electrical storage
Thermal storage
Valuation of energy storage
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Batteries are wonderful for renewables,
but expensive
Store and release power
across a broad range of time
scales
Smooth rapid fluctuations
Mitigate daily variability
Key research areas:
Large-scale demonstration projects
Cost reduction
Source: http://www.greencarreports.com/blog/
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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles could act as
distributed grid storage
Source: http://keetsa.com/
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Daily load leveling
Frequency regulation
Reserve Large-scale use: reduce battery
costs through competition and
mass production
Key research areas:
Quantify the public and private benefit of usingPHEVs for arbitrage
Identify policy incentives necessary to align
consumer behavior with maximum social welfare
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Key energy storage research areas include:
Technology-specific issues
Mechanical storage
Electrical storage
Thermal storage
Valuation of energy storage
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Thermal storage can be hot or cold
Source:
http://www.kelcroft.com.hk/news/ice_storage2004103
0.htm
Source:
http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=20
1948
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Demand-side hot storage is usually used
with solar collectors
Store heat energy in hot
water for later use
Reduce electricity demand
for hot water
Source:
http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/uploads/solar%20water
%20heating.gif
Key research areas:
Quantify potential decrease in electricity demand
from wide-spread useDetermine optimum system size for max
economic returns
ID policy initiatives to encourage more
deployment
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A cold storage system generates ice to
chill water for air conditioning
Shift electricity demand forair conditioning from day to
night
Key research areas:
Quantify potential shift in electricity demand
from wide-spread useDetermine optimum system size for max
economic returns
ID policy initiatives to encourage more
deployment
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Source:
http://www.solarthermalmagazine.com/2010/04/1
2/storing-thermal-energy-a-cool-new-way/
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On the supply-side, storage is usually
coupled with CSP
Source: http://www.volker-quaschning.de/articles/fundamentals2/index.php
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CSP-TES has been operating commercially
for 2 years
Smoothes hourly variation from
clouds Extends plant operation into
nighttime peak demand hours
Source:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-to-
use-solar-energy-at-night
Andasol 1 in Spain: 50 MW (2008)Key research areas:
Reduce costs
Quantify long-term effect of TES in CSP O&M
costs
Evaluate the profitability of different configurations
Evaluate the effect of different policy initiatives on
decision to use TES with CSP
Compare economic & environmental implications
of TES for different CSP technologies
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Key energy storage research areas include:
Technology-specific issues
Mechanical storage
Electrical storage
Thermal storage
Valuation of energy storage
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An accurate valuation of energy storage
should consider:
Air quality and economic benefits of offset generation
capacity
Firming of renewable power to help fulfill RPS requirements
Avoided construction of new transmission capacity andtransmission congestion relief from renewables
Relief of ramping requirements for base-load generators
Overall reduction in cost of ancillary services
Deferral of substation upgrades
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Overall, we recommend that the
Renewelec Project should:
Quantify storage potential, costs and benefits
for different energy storage technologies
Identify how grid and power plant operatorsneed to adapt to support storage
Examine market and regulatory strategies
needed to support storage implementation
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Emily Fertig: [email protected]
Sharon Wagner: [email protected]
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mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]