2.3 From Policy to Action
Learning objective: become acquainted with regulations and how to interpret them and translate them into local action
Who should decide what is
permitted?
On what grounds?
Top-down vs. Bottom-up
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
Policies = stating aims and ideals
• ’No water body is to be degraded’
• ’High protection of human health and ecosystems’
• ’Cost recovery’
• ’Pro-poor policies’
• ’Water for All’ and ’Water is a human right’
• ’Sanitation by All?’
• ’No open defecation’
• ’Recirculation of nutrients and zero emissions’, etc.
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping University, Sweden
The policy should be SMART = Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic/resource-related/result-oriented, and Time-bound.
Governance guided by principles • Outcome-based regulation: The regulation is not prescriptive
about the technology or process itself, but about the overall environmental outcomes of the process.
• Precautionary principle: Where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty is enough reason for postponement of the activity.
• Deal with pollution at the source: If a pollution situation is identified, the source of pollution should be addressed rather than the end-of-pipe result.
• Polluter pays: The polluter should in general bear the cost of pollution prevention, control and remediation.
• Recirculation: Recycling of waste products
• Risk assessment: A risk assessment of the pressure and impacts guide the actions to be taken and to be monitored
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
Strategies connect policy with resources
• Do the right thing – effective (address problems of the chemical society)
• Do the thing right - efficient (focus on man-made wastewater, not end-of-pipe)
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
Good governance is always helpful
Some ongoing strategic shifts
Operation, maintenance
Emphasis on hardware and infrastructure
Emphasis on software and local resources
Demand-drivenSupply-driven approach
Individual subsidies seen as drivers for change
Market-based solutions
Relatively high-cost tech recommendations
Construction
Local resources
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
Sanitation arrangements from a management point of view
Turn-key management where the utility (private or public) provides the service and the residents just pay the bill
Own-key management where single households or housing associations initiate, build and control, while they put to use available skills, materials, and other local resources
Turn-key Own-key
WC &sewerage
Dry urine-diverting toilet
Dug latrine Aqua privyJan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
The key question is about control, not decentralisation. Two extremes:
Market-based sanitation strategy
’One stop shopping’ display at ring producer: visualising a pour-flush toilet with a septic tank
Courtesy of Jeff Chapin,designer Odeo, USA
Households
Retailers
Wholesalers
Manufacturers (produce cement,
brick, plastic pipes, steel, etc.
ceramic...)
Edu. & Marketing Services (e.g. health
education, info on sanitation products &
suppliers)
Construction Services
Credit Services (formal and informal)
Transportation Services
The Market
Social marketing - nothing strange
Urban exhibition of toilet options in full scale and models in Trichy, India
Plumber’s sanitation shop in Sweden
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
Orangi sanitation project in Karachi, Pakistan
Part of the Orangi area in Karachi
in a flat, flood-prone area
Digging for sewers in Orangi
Ready underground sewer in a lane in Orangi constructed by self-help work under the guidance of the OPP project
Source: Pervaiz, Rahman and Hassan,
2008
Guiding policy of a municipal council
The council shall be generous in granting house connections to the communal water supply
on the condition that the discharge system for wastewater from the premises is of good standard
- all new building plans shall include a clause on urine to be discharged separately in new houses and in houses that are being rehabilitated
- laying a separate urine pipe from the house to the border of the premises is the responsibility of the property owner
- the municipality is responsible for the emptying, storing, and disposal of the urine
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden
Decentralised water supply and sewerage
Jan-Olof Drangert, Linkoping university, Sweden
One policy and two strategies and their impacts in two cities and their rural hinterland
Centralised water and sewerage
Managing sanitation through effective policies, strategies and sustainable arrangements
• Match policies with the level of governance• Coordinate responsibilities for water,
wastewater, stormwater, sanitation and solid waste
• Devolve responsibilities to the lowest level starting with what the household can do
• Make sure the resources are adequate to perform the tasks at the intended level
• Reuse recovered resources (water, urine, faeces, organics, etc.) on soil, not in water
Jan-Olof Drangert. Linköping university, Sweden