Water Availability Assessment for Integrated River Basin Management Planning in Afghanistan.
Panj‐e‐Amu Basin in the Upper Panj area (Panj River)
Prepared by: Fayezurahman “Azizi”
National Hydrologist Specialist, WRD, Ministry
of Energy and Water
M.E: Watershed Design and IFRM
Date: 2016/11/24
International Conference: Asia Pacific Policy Dialogue on Water, Energy and Food Security for Poverty Alleviation in Dryland Regions
Introductionoverview Total area of 652,000
Km2 or 65,200,000 ha. arid/semi‐arid climate
Afghanistan is divided to five major basin
Over 80% percent of the population relies directly on the natural resources of the River basins.
four major river basin are state share (Trans‐boundary)
The restructuring of river basins was started in 2011
The IWRM concept in the river basins is to promote a decentralization of water resource management and water planning into river basin‐level and sub‐basin level management.
Afghanistan is characterised by its rugged mountainous with snow‐covered peak of high altitude, up to 7,500 meter.
Brief Information of Irrigation, water for drinking in Afghanistan
Sources of Water for Agriculture
87%
8% 4% 1%
Surface WaterKarezSpringWells
Sources of Water for Drinking
40%
9%3%
48%
SurfaceWaterKarez
Spring
Wells
In the normal year 85% of food productionin Afghanistan are produced from irrigatedland,Without supplementary irrigation there isno stable production in the rain fed areas ofthe country.
Categories of irrigation systems
90%
10%
TraditionalsystemsModernsystem
Main River Basins Characteristics
River Basin Annual Water Volume in
BCUM
Present UsageBCUM
% Usage
Amu Darya 22.00 5.3 24Harirod-Murghab 3.06 1.3 48
Helmand 9.30 5.4 58Kabul 20.76 5.2 25Northern 1.88 1.88 100
• Total annual renewable volume of water is 75 billion cm• Unfortunately less than 30% of it can be used in the
country.• Out of 7,9 million ha of arable land only 1.8 million ha can
get proper water.• From more than 23 thousand MW of the available
potential of hydroelectric in the country, only 270 MW is installed.
It is important to know/Water Availability of Afghanistan
For the Watershed Design sustainability, development of integrated Water management planningaspects, data collection is the most important factor. Be able to analyze and control flood disaster to reduce the economic damages Be able to allocate water balance of the basin for prospective planning Be able to assess the river basin characteristics and ability Dams Constructions Bridge design ,Chanel ,Irrigations .etc..
Hydro‐Meteorological Networks for Water Balance Assessment
Main characteristics of River Basins /Afghanistan
1412
41
12 11 10
2320
31
11
15
13
8
55
11
23
0
29
35
21
42
0
14
35
28
8
13
1
33
93
22 22
39
2
48
22
9
3 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Amu Darya Kabul (Indus) Helmand Harirud-Murghab Northern Non Drainage Area
Àrea % Irrigated land % Intermittently Cultivated % Rainfed Land % Population % Density (ppskm) River Flow (bcm)
Main Problems and issues Lack of Water Resources planning throughout the River Basin Environmental degradation
Extreme flood disaster and erosion problems
Demand for water needs has dramatically increased
Darqad
Darqad
Sheberghan BalkhSamangan
Kunduz
Takhar
The most Vulnerable cities along Amu River
Taloqan River
Kokcha River
Kunduz River
Darqad Dashti‐Qala
KaldarHairatan
A O
E D
Dashti‐Qala
Inadequate Water infrastructure and equipment
reduction of ground water, as well as lack of groundwater resource assessments
Lack of economic mechanisms and investments for irrigation, water supply, sanitary systems and hydropower generation.
Mostly Donors are focused on emergency projects.
Access to drinking water and sanitation.
Avalanches/Snow Slide
Rainfall Loss with Effective Rainfall Rate & direct runoff coefficient analysisSummary Results
Drainage Area (Sq.km)
Discharge (Mm3)
Precipitation(mm)
Rainfall loss (mm)
Water losses(Mm3)
Effective Rainfall(mm)
Totall 33434.16 10325.19 4897.24 33892.47 14.25Average 1238.30 382.41 181.38 1255.28 0.53
percentage (%) 49.66 67.83 32.17 50.3496800
503.
136
473
300.
237
401
12.8
313
257
467
379
466
144
30
294
202
268
28
165
54
An average of about 32% rainfall losses are showing in this Basin
An average of approximately 50 % water loss
showing an annual average of around 0.53 mm effective rainfall and a total of about 14.25 mm
No. YearFlood
Duration[days]
Basin Rainfall
(mm)
Peak Discharge[
m3/sec]
Base Flow[m3/s
ec]
Direct Runoff [mm]
Runoff Coefficient
1 2009 5/21/2009 7/20/2009 60 25.25 900 261 34.29 1.36
2 2010 5/31/2010 7/24/2010 54 11.01 642 231 58.28 5.29
3 2011 6/7/2011 7/25/2011 48 3 600 291 26.78 8.93
4 2012 6/13/2012 8/8/2012 56 4.89 648 299 43.24 1.26
5 2013 5/18/2013 6/30/2013 43 9.58 564 165 38.15 0.62
Average 52 10.7 670.8 249.4 40.1 3.49
Max. 60 25.3 900 299 58.3 8.93
Min. 43 3 564 165 26.8 0.62
Peak Discharge (Flood Duration)
shows a large different direct runoff coefficient because of very rare rainfall on peak discharge timing in the dry season
Mean Annual Runoff & River Flow Regime analysis of Panj-e-Amu River Basin
01000200030004000500060007000
Pul‐i‐ C
hugha
Pul‐i‐ B
angi
Pul‐i‐ A
lchin
Char Dara
Pul‐i‐ M
astan
Taqcha
Khana
Near T
aloq
an
Khojaghar
Gerdab
Tangi N
ahrin
Baghlan
Above Kelagai
Doshi
Khen
jan
Pul‐i‐…
Ahangaran
Bamyan
Doab
Dashte ‐i‐…
Pul ‐i‐ Teshkan
Sumdara
Baharak
Near B
aharak
Keshem
Near Jurm
Faiza
bad
Kofab
Taq Archa
Shash Pu
l
Anjuman
Near K
eshe
mMean An
nual Run
off (Mm3)
Hydrological Stations
Mean Annual Runoff Of Panj‐e‐Amu River Basin (2005‐2013)
The mean annual runoff capacity is estimated 40 BCM (Billion Cubic Meter) per year
AWARD World Bank Newdata/WRD
30
35
40
45
50
Total A
nnua
l Run
off(BC
M) Panj‐e‐Amu River Basin ‐Total Annual Runoff
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Parde‐Co
efficient (%
)
Months/2012
River Flow Regime ‐ Hydrograph
Faizabad Khojaghar
Spring
summer
FallWinter
The spring/summer high‐water flow contributes around 79% of the total annual flow discharged into the Basin.
The Khojaghar data presented 77%while Faizabad covered about 82%
Needs & RecommendationsWater is vital for: • Economic needs involving agriculture, power generation, and industrial usage .• Sociological needs involving potable (safe) water and sanitation usage • Ecological needs primarily involving fisheries, forestry, and bio‐diversity. • More accurate adequate validation data of the basin and extension of Hydrological & meteorological networks in upstream are required for the Future water sustainability and Planning.
• Strategic strengthening of the country’s flood and Drought early warning system and forecasting
• Development and implementation of flood Risk assessment management at the basin & community level.
• Improvement of Structure Counter Measurements to reduce Water Related Disasters.
• Dam construction in the river basin to balance water demand for Power ,Agriculture, domestic, environment, industry and feed ground water aquifer.
• Adaptation and mitigation policy in the framework of IWRM can reduce the risk of water stress and water shortage at the basins in considerations on Climate change impact.
• Integrated watershed management should be the priority of the government for water resources development.
• Decentralization and distribution of population based on employment can reduce the risk of water stress.