1Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
77QC toolsQC tools
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2Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Pareto Diagram
Check Sheet
Cause and Effect Diagram
Graph and Control Chart
Scatter Diagram
Stratification
Histogram
Seven QC ToolsSeven QC Tools
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3Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Sl.No Tools
Scatter Diagram To see relation between two sets of data
Function
1
2
3
5
6
7
Histogram To see the distribution pattern compared against the standard values.
Stratification To segregate data according to contributing sources.(Suppliers,machines,operators etc)
Presentation of data in a pictorial form for better understanding and see if the process is under stable conditions.
Graph and Control Chart
Cause and Effect Diagram
To reorganise the factors (causes) which are influencing the problem
4
Check Sheet / Data Sheet
To Collect the data in a simple manner and to prevent omitting the checks
To pick up the important few problems from the trivial many. Pareto Daigram
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4Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Take reading of temperature nearest to degree.Time Temp (0C) Time Temp (0C)0800 60 1300 610900 62 1400 581000 59 1500 631100 58 1600 631200 59 1700 59
Note : Power failure from 12.00 to 12.15 Hours
Solder Bath TemperatureChecked by : Raised by :
Check SheetCheck Sheet
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5Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
What is Check Sheet ?What is Check Sheet ?A Check sheet is a paper form on which item to be
checked have been printed already so that data can be collected easily and concisely. Its main purposes are two-fold :1) To make data-gathering easy ;2) To arrange data automatically so that they can be used easily later on
Two Types of Data :Two Types of Data :1. Measurement data or Variable data.2. Attribute data.
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6Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Check sheets are of following types :Check sheets are of following types :
a) Check sheet for production process distribution.
b) Defective item check sheet.
c) Defect location check sheet.
d) Defect cause check sheet.
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7Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
-10-9
Specification -8-7-6-5 1-4 2-3 4-2 6-1 9
8.300 0 111 82 73 34 25 16 17
Specification 8910
55
Frequency5 10 15 20
Total
ChecksDeviation
Check Sheet for Production Process Distribution::
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8Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Type SubtotalSurface scars I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 17
Cracks I I I I I I I I I 11
Incomplete I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 26
Mishappen I I I 3
Others I I I I 5
62
Total rejects 42
Total :
Checks
Product :
Manufacturing stage: Final inspection
Type of defect: Scar,incomplete
crack,misshapen.
Total no.inspected : 1525
Remarks : All items inspected.
Date :
Section :
Inspector’s name :
Lot no :
Order no :
Defective Item Check Sheet:Defective Item Check Sheet:
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9Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
A B C D
1
2
3
4
Defect Location Check SheetDefect Location Check Sheet
Defect Location Matrix For Blowholes (50 Defective Components)Defect Location Matrix For Blowholes (50 Defective Components)
1 2 3 4
A 1
B 12 15
C 10 11
D 1
From the location matrix it is
clear that most of the blow holes
are occupied in the segment B2,B3,C2 & C3.
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10Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
o Damage x Blowhole Poor finish Crack Others
Defect Cause Check Sheet.Defect Cause Check Sheet.
AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM AM PM
Fri SatEquipment Operator
Mon Tue Wed Thu
1
2
A
B
1
2
oxx ooooo xx
oooxxx
xx ooxx
oo xxxx oo
oo
oo
xx
xxx
oo xx
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11Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Points to remembered while making check sheetsPoints to remembered while making check sheets
v Easy to use and understand.
v Information should be true and accurate.
v Decide objective by involving all the members.
v Use 5W and 1H principle.
v Who will collect the data ?
v When will the data be collected ?
v Where will the data be collected ?
v How will data be collected ?
v Check sheets should be displayed on visible area.
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12Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Benefits of Check SheetsBenefits of Check SheetsData Collection have the following benefits :
• Right decision can be made.
• Errors due to subjective feeling or personal bias are avoided.
• Agreement on decisions necessary rather than different or
subjective opinion.
• Measurement understandable to all.
• Assessments of magnitude of improvements.
• Discovery of causes affecting quality and productivity.
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13Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Pareto DiagramPareto Diagram
156
105
20 16 9
85.2891.53 96.75 100
50.98
0
50
100
150
200
250
Coldshut
oil shot Damage Chip off Bad app0
20
40
60
80
100
No
of C
ompo
nent
s
% C
umul
ativ
e
Types of Defects
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14Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
What is Pareto Diagram ?What is Pareto Diagram ?Pareto diagrams are presentation technique used to
show facts and they help us to separate the “vital few”.
Pareto diagram was first thought out by an Italian economist,
Pareto (1848 - 1923), when he used it as a method for national
income analysis to show that a large proportion of the wealth
was centered around a small minority of people.
After that, an American Quality Control Authority, Mr.Juran used
it in the field of Quality Control.
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15Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Steps to make the pareto diagrams :Steps to make the pareto diagrams :
1) Decide what problems are to be investigated and how to collect the
data.
2) Design a data tally sheet listing the items,with space to record their
totals.
3) Fill out the tally sheet and calculate the totals (Example-1)
4) Make the pareto diagram data sheet listing the items, their individual
totals,cumulative totals,percentages of overall total, and cumulative
percentages (Example-2)
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16Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Steps to make the pareto diagrams (contd.) :Steps to make the pareto diagrams (contd.) :
1) Draw two vertical axes and a horizontal axis.
2) Construct a bar diagram.
3) Draw the cumulative curve (Pareto curve).
4) Write any necessary items on the diagram.
a) Items concerning the diagram.
b) Items concerning the data.
5) Arrange the items in the order of quantity,and fill out the data sheet.
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17Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Type of Defect Total
Crack I I I I I I I I 10
Scratch I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I …………. I I I I I I 42
Stain I I I I I 6
Strain I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 104
Gap I I I I 4
Pinhole I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 20
Others I I I I I I I I I I I I 14
Total 200
Tally
……………………….
Data Tally Sheet Data Tally Sheet -- Example Example --11
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18Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Strain 104 104 52 52
Scratch 42 146 21 73
Pinhole 20 166 10 83
Crack 10 176 5 88
Stain 6 182 3 91
Gap 4 186 2 93
Others 14 200 7 100
Total 200 - 100 -
Cumulative Percentage
Type of Defect
Number of Defect
Cumulative Total
Percentage of Overall Total
Data Sheet for Pareto Diagram Data Sheet for Pareto Diagram -- Example Example -- 22
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19Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
4220
10 6 4 14
104
52
100939188
8373
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
D B F A C E Others0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Parteo Diagram by Defective Items:Parteo Diagram by Defective Items:
A :Crack, B: Scratch, C: Stain, D: Strain, E: Gap, F: Pinhole.
No
of D
efec
tive
Uni
tsN
o of
Def
ectiv
e U
nits
Cum
ulat
ive
Per
cent
age
Cum
ulat
ive
Per
cent
age
April 1 - June 30
(Number of Units Investigated : 5,000)(Number of Units Investigated : 5,000)
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20Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Cause and Effect DiagramCause and Effect Diagram
Material
Man Machine
Method
Characteristics
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21Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
What is Cause and Effect Diagram ?What is Cause and Effect Diagram ?Any defect in a component, a product or service could be
due to one or more causes.To find out the relationship between
the causes and effect, a diagram is drawn systematically by
mapping out all the probable causes influencing the effect.
This is called a “Cause and Effect Diagram”
Cause and effect diagram was introduced by “Dr.K.Ishikawa”.
He used it in Kawasaki Iron Works in 1943.
Since final diagram looks like a fish bone it is also called as
Fish Bone Diagram.
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22Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Main Cause Main Cause A
Level 2Cause
Level 1Cause
Characteristics
Main Cause Main Cause
Level 3Cause
Format of a Cause and Effect DiagramFormat of a Cause and Effect Diagram
Above diagram depicts the basic format of Cause and Effect diagram. There is a hierarchical relationship of the effect to the main causes and their subsequent relationship to the sub-causes.
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23Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
1) Determine the quality characteristics.
2) Choose one quality characteristics and write it on the right-
hand side of a sheet of paper, draw in the backbone form
left to right, and enclose the characteristic in a square. Next,
write the primary causes which affect the quality characteristics
as big bones also enclosed by squares.
Procedure for Making CauseProcedure for Making Cause--andand--effect Diagrams effect Diagrams for Identifying Causes:for Identifying Causes:
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24Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Procedure for Making CauseProcedure for Making Cause--andand--effect Diagrams effect Diagrams for Identifying Causes for Identifying Causes –– (contd):(contd):
3) Write the causes (Secondary causes) which affect the big
bones (primary causes) as medium-sized bones and write the
causes (tertiary causes) which affect the medium-sized bones
as small bones.
4) Assign an importance to each factor and mark the particularly
important factor that seem to have a significant effect on the
quality characteristics.
5) Record any necessary information.
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25Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Defeat in aDefeat in asports matchsports match
SpiritSpiritHealthHealth
Rest
Quantity
Nutrition Calories
Meal
Relaxation
Amusement
Time
Sleep
Depth
EncouragementPride
Fighting spirit
DevotionCalmness
Composure
Confidence
Patience
Carefulness
Concentration
TechniqueTechnique
InformationStudy ofopponent
Analysis
ObservationJudgement of situation
Experience of matches
Commonsense
Planning
Theory
Rules
StrategyStrategy
Power
MotionSpeed
CooperationTeamwork
Function
Schedule
ExerciseQuality
QuantityAdvice
Form
Model Repetition
Example of CauseExample of Cause--andand--Effect Diagram :Effect Diagram :
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26Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Valve Plate Projecting out of cyl.head in 94 dia cylinder head assembly WHY?
MAN
METHOD MATERIAL
Hole location not taken during assembly
Valve plate outerdimension oversize
Improper blanking
MACHINE
Wrong assembly
New operator
Gap less at suction side
Hole position shifted
In adequateFixture design
Milling Depth under size
High variation in the process
Example of CauseExample of Cause--andand--Effect Diagram :Effect Diagram :
M/c condition not ok
Importance not known to operator
No Poka yoke
In adequatedesign
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27Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Points to remembered.Points to remembered.
1) Once Cause and Effect diagram is made, check for its
completeness. If required get reviewed from the experts.
2) A good Cause and Effect diagram gives an excellent
understanding of a complex problem in a simple way.
3) Cause and Effect diagram is not an answer of the problem.
4) Main cause to be found out by collecting data or on collective
experience.
5) Less educated persons and with poor knowledge about process
can be benefited by this.
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28Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Graph and Control ChartGraph and Control ChartUCLC/LLCL
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29Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Graph is a pictorial representation of data which is easily
understandable at a glance. It is a visual representation of
data made up of points, lines, letters, words, numbers,
shades etc.
What is Graph :What is Graph :
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30Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Types of Graphs :Types of Graphs :
1) Line graph2) Bar chart / graph3) Pie chart or Circle graph4) Radar chart5) Compound graphs - bar and line6) Gantt chart
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31Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
709
662
330273
376
275250
400
550
700
Jan'03 Feb Mar Apr May June
Month
Qty
Pro
duce
d
Production details
Line Graph :Line Graph :
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32Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
3.4 34
6.3
4
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jan'01 Feb'01 Mar'01 Apr'01 May'01 Jun'01
Hrs
Bar Chart / Graph :Bar Chart / Graph :
HMC Machine BreakdownHMC Machine Breakdown
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33Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Damage & Broken - 340Tags removed - 334
Unwanted - 61Tags removed - 59 Leakage - 845
Tags removed - 825
Missing - 385Tags removed - 380
Loose - 393Tags removed - 390
Electrical - 332Tags removed - 325
Easy to CLI - 855Tags removed - 850
Pie chart or Circle graph :Pie chart or Circle graph :
Classification of abnormality tags.Classification of abnormality tags.
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34Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Radar chartRadar chart
0.85
60%
100%
80%
90%
0%
50%
100%unit1
unit2
unit3unit4
unit5
Plant performance : 2001-2002
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35Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
3 34
7
4
7
3.5
4.75
8.759.25
54.75
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jan'01 Feb'01 Mar'01 Apr'01 May'01 Jun'01
Frequency
Hours
Compound graph Compound graph -- Bar and LineBar and Line
HMC Machine BreakdownHMC Machine Breakdown
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36Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Gantt chartGantt chart
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37Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
What is Control Chart :What is Control Chart :
1) Control chart is a graphical device to aid in process control.
2) It consist of a graph with a central line denoting the target value
control limit” and “Limit control limit” and two limit lines on either side
of the central line called “Upper
3) Quality measured periodically is plotted on the chart and status of
control assessed.
4) The control chart was first proposed by Dr.Walter A Shewhart, an
engineer in the Bell Telephone Laboratories,USA with a view
to eliminate abnormal variation.
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38Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Two Types of Variations :Two Types of Variations :
1. Chance Causes.
2. Assignable Causes.
1. Chance Causes :
Which are uncontrollable and comprising very small
differences in raw materials in the same batch or machines,
actual conditions etc.
2. Assignable Causes :
Such as different settings of a machine, different raw
material batches, changes in operators, operator errors etc.
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39Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Characteristic Value Name
x - R Chart (average value and range)
x chart (measured value)
pn chart (number of defective units)
p chart (fraction defective)
c chart (number of defects)
u chart (number of defects per unit)
Discrete value
Continuous value
Types of Control ChartTypes of Control Chart
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40Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
x - R Chart
Types of Control Chart :Types of Control Chart :
1) It is used for controlling and analyzing a process using
continuous values of product quality such as length, weight or
concentration and this provides the larger amount of information on the
process.
2) x represents an average value of a subgroup and R represents the
range of the subgroup.
3) An R chart is used usually in combination with an x chart to
control the variation within a subgroup.
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41Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Procedure to make control charts :Procedure to make control charts :
x = x1 + x2 +……+ xk
k
1) Collect the data.
2) Calculate x
n - Size of a sub groupx = x1 + x2 +……+ xn
n
k - Number of subgroups
3) Calculate x
x - R Chart
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42Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
R = (Maximum value in a subgroup) -(Minimum Value in a subgroup)
x - R Chart
Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :
4) Calculate R
R = Rx1 + Rx2 +……+ Rn
k
5) Calculate R
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43Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
6) Calculate the control linesx - R Chart
Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :
x Chartx Chart
Central line :
CL = x
Upper control limit :
UCL = x + A2R.
Lower control limit :
UCL = x - A2R
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44Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
7) Calculate the control linesx - R Chart
Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :Procedure to make control charts (contd.) :
R ChartR Chart
Central line :
CL = R
Upper control limit :
UCL = D4R.
Lower control limit :
LCL = D3R
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45Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Size of Subgroup x Chartn A2 D3 D4 d2
2 1.88 --- 3.267 1.128
3 1.023 --- 2.575 1.693
4 0.729 --- 2.282 2.059
5 0.577 --- 2.115 2.326
6 0.483 --- 2.004 2.534
R Chart
Procedure to make control charts(contd.) :Procedure to make control charts(contd.) :8) List of Coefficients for x - R Chart.
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46Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
x - R Chart
Procedure to make control charts(contd.) :Procedure to make control charts(contd.) :
9) Plot the points.
10) Draw the control lines.
11) Write the necessary items.
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47Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Examples of Control Chart :Examples of Control Chart :
UCL
C / L
LCL
UCL
C / L
LCL
Control Chart for Uncontrolled State
Control Chart for Controlled State
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48Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Average chart (X)
52.031
52.035
52.039
52.043
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
Samples
Rea
ding
s
READINGS
USL
LSL
Xdbar
UCL XBAR
LCL XBAR
Examples of Control Chart :Examples of Control Chart :
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49Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
How to Read Control Charts :How to Read Control Charts :
1) Out of control limits.
2) Run. SevenSeven--point length ofpoint length ofrun is abnormal.run is abnormal.
Ten out of 11 consecutiveTen out of 11 consecutivepoints occurring on onepoints occurring on oneside is abnormal.side is abnormal.
RunRun
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50Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :
3)3) TrendTrend
Seven upward pointsSeven upward points Drastic downward trendDrastic downward trend
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51Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
22--sigma linesigma line33--sigma linesigma line
33--sigma linesigma line22--sigma linesigma line
How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :
4)4) Approach to the control limits (2 out of 3 points)Approach to the control limits (2 out of 3 points)
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52Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
33--sigma linesigma line1.51.5--sigma linesigma line
How to Read Control Charts :How to Read Control Charts :
5)5) Approach to the central line.Approach to the central line.
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53Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :How to Read Control Charts (contd.) :
6)6) PeriodicityPeriodicity
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54Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
4 4
9
34
38
9.9
4.52.5 2.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 3.3 3.35 3.4 3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7
HistogramHistogram
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55Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Histogram is a graphical representation of a
frequency distribution which is a summary of variation
in a product or process.
What is Histogram :What is Histogram :
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56Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Steps to construct the Histogram :Steps to construct the Histogram :1) Collect 100 reading.
2) Find out lowest and highest value of reading row wise.
3) Find out lowest and highest from all the rows.
4) Compute the range . R = Max - Min.
5) Follow standard table for no of classes.
No of Observations No of Classes ( k )< 50 6
51 - 100 7101 - 200 8201 - 500 9
501 - 1000 10
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57Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
01 2 3 4 5 678 10 20 50 200 500 1,000
nn
kk
n - Numbers of Measurements.
Graph to Determine KGraph to Determine K
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58Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Steps to construct the Histogram :Steps to construct the Histogram :1) Calculate the approximate width of class with the help of
formula ( R + W ) / K
Where “ R “ is the range. “ W “ is accuracy in the observation
and “ K “ is no.of classes.Make the frequency table and then
draw the histogram.
-- NoteNote
1) Classes should be continuous.i.e 1-5,5-10,10-15 etc.
2) All classes should have same width.
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59Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Histogram data sheetHistogram data sheet
1 104.1 11 104.5 21 104.4 31 104.4 41 104.6
2 104.4 12 104.3 22 104.5 32 104.3 42 104.4
3 104.3 13 104.4 23 104.4 33 104.4 43 104.6
4 104.5 14 104.5 24 104.3 34 104.7 44 104.7
5 104.4 15 104.4 25 104.2 35 104.2 45 104.3
6 104.3 16 104.5 26 104.4 36 104.4 46 104.5
7 104.2 17 104.2 27 104.6 37 104.3 47 104.2
8 104.5 18 104.4 28 104.4 38 104.5 48 104.5
9 104.3 19 104.3 29 104.3 39 104.4 49 104.4
10 104.5 20 104.4 30 104.1 40 104.3 50 104.3
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60Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Tally Data SheetTally Data Sheet104.1 - //
104.2 - ////
104.3 - //// //// //
104.4 - //// //// //// /
104.5 - //// ////
104.6 - ///
104.7 - //
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61Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
2
5
12
16
10
3 2
0
5
10
15
20
104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.7
in mm
Examples of Histogram :Examples of Histogram :
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62Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
1
2
3
4
5
6
MaximumLimit
MinimumLimit
MaximumLimit
MinimumLimit
Interpretation of HistogramInterpretation of Histogram
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63Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
b) Comb type
c) Positively skew type d) Left–hand precipice type
Types of Histogram :Types of Histogram :
a) General type
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64Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Types of Histogram :Types of Histogram :
e) Plateau type f) Twin–peak type
g) Isolated–peak type
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65Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Uses of Histogram :Uses of Histogram :
1) To know the pattern of variation.
2) To assess states of control
3) To assess conformance to specifications
4) To assess spread or variation with reference to specification.
5) To assess process capability.
6) To get clues for bringing process under control - whether to shift mean or to reduce variation or both.
7) To get clues for possible assignable causes for observed variation -mixture of lots, suppliers, instruments /measurements errors, bias of written results etc.
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66Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B C D E
16%
48%
18%12%
6%Q
ualit
y D
efec
tive
(Nos
)Q
ualit
y D
efec
tive
(Nos
)
Types of DefectTypes of Defect
StratificationStratification
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67Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Stratification is the process of separation of data into
categories. It is normally done for identifying the categories
contributing to the problem tackled.
What is Stratification :What is Stratification :
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68Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Types of Stratification :Types of Stratification :
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B C
16 %
48%
15%
SupplierSupplier
Def
ectiv
e %
Def
ectiv
e %
A.A. Material Based : Material Based :
Defective Quality Defective Quality -- Supplier Wise.Supplier Wise.
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69Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B C D C
Types of Stratification :Types of Stratification :B.B. Quality Based : Quality Based :
Qua
lity
Def
ectiv
e(N
os)
Qua
lity
Def
ectiv
e(N
os)
Type of DefectType of Defect
Defects Data For Each Hour in a ShiftDefects Data For Each Hour in a Shift
16%
48%
18%12%
6%
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70Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
A B C
5%
22%
3%
Types of Stratification :Types of Stratification :C.C. Worker Based :Worker Based :
No
of D
efec
tive
No
of D
efec
tive
WorkerWorker
Defective AssembliesDefective Assemblies
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71Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0102030405060708090
100
A B
43%57%
Types of Stratification :Types of Stratification :D.D. Machine Based :Machine Based :
Prod
uctio
n %
Prod
uctio
n %
MachineMachineProduction Machine WiseProduction Machine Wise
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72Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
10
20
30
40
50
A B C D E
Types of Stratification :Types of Stratification :E.E. Processing Based :Processing Based :
Pow
er C
onsu
mpt
ion
%Po
wer
Con
sum
ptio
n %
Process AreaProcess AreaPower Consumption Process Area WisePower Consumption Process Area Wise
12%
32%25%
5%
26%
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73Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Scatter DiagramScatter Diagram
3.4
3.5
3.63.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.24.3
4.4
4.5
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Ove
rall
ratin
g of
the
Sess
ion
Average Experience of Training Team (in days)
4.0 y axis430 x axis
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74Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
What is Scatter Diagram :What is Scatter Diagram :
Scatter diagram is a graphical representation of
relationship between two variables. It can be between a Cause
and Effect and between causes.
In 1837 J.F.W.Herswchal,an Englishman, used scatter diagram.
In 1950s Dr.K.Ishikawa popularized the use of scatter diagram.
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75Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Steps to draw Scatter Diagram :Steps to draw Scatter Diagram :
1) Collect paired data (x,y)
2) Find the maximum and minimum values forboth the x and y.
3) Plot the data.
4) Enter all necessary items.
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76Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
4.5
4.4
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.0
3.9
3.8
3.7
3.6
3.5150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
Dependent variable (“effect”)
* Looking for relationshipsnot cause & effect
Independent variable (“cause”)
The measurement scales generally increase as you move up
the vertical axis and to the right on the horizontal axis.
The horizontal (x axis) and vertical (y axis) lines of the diagrThe horizontal (x axis) and vertical (y axis) lines of the diagram:am:
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77Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
Ove
rall
ratin
g of
the
Sess
ion
Average Experience of Training Team (in days)
3.43.53.63.73.83.9
44.14.24.34.44.5
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
4.0 y axis430 x axis
Examples of Scatter Diagram :Examples of Scatter Diagram :
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78Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
a. Positive relationship
b. No correlation.
c. Negative correlation.
d. Positive and Negative correlation.
e. Negative and Positive correlation.
Possibilities after plotting the pointsPossibilities after plotting the points
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79Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
0
2
4
6
y
0 2 4 6 x0
2
4
6
y
0 2 4 6 x
n = 30 r = 0.9
Positive Correlation May Be Present
n = 30 r = 0.6
No Correlation
n = 30 r = 0.0
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
n = 30 r = 0.9
0
2
4
6
y
0 2 4 6 x
Negative Correlation May Be Present
0
2
4
6
y
0 2 4 6 x0
2
4
6
y
0 2 4 6 x
n = 30 r = 0.6
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80Slide No.Property of ACT ( ACMA Centre for Technology ) 2007
The Journey is Never Ending
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