Animal adaptationDr. Ohoud Al-Amri

Zoo 571

Meshal Al-Damigh –Ala’a Al-Ruwaisan – Basmah Al-Umrani

King Saud University College of ScienceDepartment of Zoology

Ecology Zoo 571

• Definition of adaptation• The importance of adapting • Division of adaptation …• Biomes of our Earth• What it the adapted of ocean biomes• What it the adapted of Desert

biomes

Objective

• Adaptations – an inherited characteristic that helps an organism to survive long enough to reproduce more successfully in its changing environment.

• the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

Definition of adaptation

1 -Maintain the balance of ecosystems and biodiversity.2 -Organisms that have not been able to adapt to changing environmental conditions that

have become extinct.

3 -When determined to change something in the behavior of living organisms we follow the theory of adaptation.

4 -Simulation.

The importance of adaptation

(England.1809 to 1882 )is a scientists famous nature of English as the owner of Evolution Theory that all kinds of living creatures got out of one. It also

says that the way who take its changes or evolution of living creatures called

Natural Selection "of the fittest who Succeed to adapt to the natural environment .

Charles Darwin's explanation of his theory in his book"On the Origin of Species

Charles Robert Darwin

physical

Behavioral

1. are the body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and to reproduce its species.

2. Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment.

Physical adaptations

1. Behavioral Adaptations allow animals to respond to life needs.

2. Each organism has unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of different actions.

Behavioral Adaptations

LearnedInstinctive These behaviors must be taught.These behaviors happen naturally

Behavioral Adaptations

Determination of adaptation type depends on

Animal needs

Methods of gathering and storing food

Collectting leggs ( honey bee)

Methods of gathering & storing food Camel's hump

Methods of gathering & storing food The frog has a long tongue

Methods of gathering & storing food

Calling – communication between animal

Methods of gathering & storing food The transition between the flowers

Self-defenseThorns

Self-defensePoisons

Self-defenseRelease reek

Self-defenseEscape

Fighting

Self-defense

Self-defenseLiving in a Group

Self-defenseLiving in a Group

Adapt to temperature changesSome reptiles, their bodies covered with

Scales

Adapt to temperature changesPolar Bear Has white fur

Adapt to temperature changesPenguin has thick layer of fats

Migration - seasonal or periodic movement of animals in response to changes in climate or food availability, or to ensure reproduction .

Migration most commonly involves movement from one area to another and then back again

Adapt to temperature changes

Adapt to temperature changes

Hibernation – adaptive winter survival technique where animal becomes inactiveand all body processes slow down .In cold weather most animals must eat large quantities of food to obtain the energy needed to carry on normal body Activities.

Hide under the leaves of plants

Adapt to temperature changes

Question for reflectionIs the next adaptition physical or behaviural?

blending with the environment for protection from predators or to help sneak up on prey.

COLORATION

COLORATION

blending with the environment for protection from predators or to help sneak up on prey.

Example

Peteromyzon

Biomes of our Earth1.Aquatic Biomes2. Terrestrial Biomes

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/coml-august-ocean-habitat?source=relatedvideo

Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic Biomes

Fresh WaterRivers and Streams )Lotic(Lakes and Ponds )Lentic(

MarineOceanEstuary

Fresh Water Biomes

Lakes and Ponds (Lentic)

Rivers and Streams (Lotic)

Location of Freshwater

Marine Estuary

1. area where a river meets an ocean2. mix of salt and freshwater3. located near coastlines, border land4. extremely fertile5. nutrient levels are higher than both salt and

freshwater

Marine Estuary

Life in marina Ocean

Life in marina Ocean

Life in marina Ocean

Did you know that life on planet Earth began in the oceans more than 3 billion years ago?

Covers about 75% of the earth’s surface

Life in marina Ocean

The Four Main Oceans:1. Pacific Ocean2. Atlantic Ocean3. Indian Ocean4. Arctic Ocean

location of Marine

Life in marina Ocean

Pelagic environments

Epipelagic

Mesopelagic

Bathypelagic

Abyssopelagic

Epipelagic Zone

1. The Epipelagic Zone is where most of the plants and animals of the ocean live

2. It is nicknamed the “Sunlight Zone” because it is where most visible light exists

3. Algae is a plant that is found in the Epipelagic Zone4. It provides oxygen for other marine animals5. Algae grows by the process of photosynthesis6. Photosynthesis- a process used by plants and other organisms to covert

light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms’ activities

Example adaptation in marina )Epipelagic Zone(

Clwonfish

1 -clown fish have adapted symbiotic relationships with anemones to protect both the clownfish and the anemone from predation.

2 -being their resistance to sea anemone stings, which allows them to live safely within the anemone's tentacles without being stung.

3 -include their ability to detect the right species of anemone host using olfactory stimuli.

Example adaptation in marina )Epipelagic Zone(

Parrot fishes1. the name "parrot fish" comes from their fused, beak-like front teeth. These

teeth aren't just for show, 2. they're a useful adaptation that allow these fish to eat algae that lives on

coral, and even the coral itself. 3. Prior to going to sleep, some species extrude mucus from their mouths,

forming a protective cocoon that envelops the fish, presumably hiding its scent from potential predators.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsdwuQn_K9k

Example adaptation in marina

1 -Octopuses don’t have claws or teeth that they can use as weapons .

2 -can use its siphon to shoot out a dark substance called ink.3 -The predator usually starts eating the arm and catting , a new

arm grows in to replace the lost arm.4  -live in very cold water. Why!!

Octopuses

Mesopelagic or Twilight Zone

1. The zone below the Sunlight Zone is title the Twilight or Mesopelagic Zone. 2. This zone is 600-3,300 feet.3. The water temperature is cooler than the twilight zone and can get as cold as

41 degrees F.4. Very littlie light reaches this zone so it is relatively cold.5. In this zone we start to see the "twinkling" lights of the bioluminescent

creatures. 6. A variety of unusual creatures can be found in this zone.

1. In the Mesopelagic Zone, fish use bioluminescence to see in the dark waters

2. Bioluminescence - is the production of light by a living organism

Mesopelagic or Twilight Zone

• An enzyme called photoprotein in comb jellies produces light when calcium changes the enzyme's shape, releasing energy.

Example adaptation in marina )Mesopelagic (

Jellyfish

Example adaptation in marina )Mesopelagic (

Whale

EVOLUTION1. When the dinosaurs became extinct about

65 million years ago, the mammals got a chance to flourish and take the dinosaurs' place.

2.  These animals were called Condylarthra. They are considered to be the common ancestors of the modern day whales .

3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cn0kf8mhS4

Bathypelagic or the Dark Zone

1. This next zone is darker, colder, and scarier than the other two. 2. It extends from 1000 meters to 4000 meters deep!!! The only light that is visible is created

by the creatures that live down there.3. Even though the water pressure down there is massive, a surprising amount of sea

animals can be found in this layer.4. Many Sperm Whales dive down to this layer in search for food.5. Many animals that live in this layer are black or red due to the shortage of light. 6. little food can be found here.

Giant Squid• Size 13 m.• the giant squid's large eyes enable it to detect bioluminescent light and

tones of light in deep water. It is also able to detect such predators as the sperm whale from a distance.

• It moves by jet propulsion which consists of collecting the ocean water.• They contain dark ink used to deter predators.

Example adaptation in marina )Bathypelagic)

Abyssopelagic or Abyss Zone

1. The fourth zone is named the Abyssopelagic Zone or the Abyss. 2. It extends from 4000 meters to 6000 meters.3. The name, Abyssopelagic, comes from the Greek word meaning "no

bottom." The water temperature is close to freezing and there is absolutely no light. Not many creatures live in this layer.

4. The few that do live here are invertebrates such as squids.5. Interesting enough the mud that is on this layer is made from the small

skeletons of the sea creatures that used to live here.

brittle starfish

Example adaptation in marina ( Abyssopelagic)

1. they're pretty delicate animals and seem to survive better in the dark.

2. starfish, which needs to have the arms forcibly damaged or pulled off, the brittle stars can drop their arms at will. This is a defensive behavior.

3. If a predator grabs the brittle star by an arm the animal escapes by dropping that arm off.

4. It doesn't even need to lose the whole arm. 5. Notice the arm is divided into dozens of segments.

A comparison of the structure of the fish in saltwater and freshwater

Terrestrial Biomes1. ice cap biome2. Arctic tundra biome 3. Alpine Tundra biomes 4. Taiga biomes.5. temperate forest 6. Rainforest7. Temperate grasslands -

Savannas8. Desert 

Ice cap biome

location of Ice cap biome

Arctic tundra biome( spring)

Arctic tundra biome( Winter )

Alpine Tundra biomes

location of Tundra biomes

Taiga biomes.

location of Taiga biomes

temperate forest

location of temperate forest

Rainforest

location of Rainforest

Temperate grasslands -Savannas

location of Temperate grasslands -Savannas

Desert

location of Desert

Desert biomes

•Deserts are dry places where little rain.• Some deserts get less than 25 mm )1 inch( of precipitation each year. •Other deserts may get up to 250 mm )10 inches( of precipitation.

Deserts of Saudi Arabia

Desert is the most prominent feature of Arabian Peninsula of which Saudi Arabia is the largest country. Considerably, more than half the area of Saudi Arabia is desert.

The country has three major deserts. Rub’ al Khali )The Empty Quarter( extends over much of the southeast and beyond the southern frontier. It is one of the largest sand deserts in the world. Partially unexplored, Rub’ al Khali has an estimated area of about 650,000 sq km )about 250,000 sq mi( with lesser portions in Yemen, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates.

An Nafud or the Great Nafud is an upland desert of red sands covering an area of 64,000 sq km. It lies at an elevation of 3,000 feet )900 meter( in the northern part of Arabian Peninsula. The desert has been a barrier to travel for ages; its frequent sandstorms shape immense dunes and is noted for its sudden violent winds .

Ad Dahna’ is a narrow strip of sandy terrain. This reddish sandy desert is in the central Saudi Arabia, extending about 1,300 km )800 miles( southward from the northeastern edge of An Nafud to the northwestern borders of Rub’ al-Khali..

Desert

During night, desert loses the heat very quickly which it accumulated during the day. It causes a significant drop in temperature during the night.

Dunes are only one of the many forms that wind and water create in the desert. The dunes in Arabian deserts can reach meters in height. Ceaseless winds in some areas of the desert make the dunes shift continuously thus transforming the area. The dunes take on different forms depending on the direction of the winds which ceaselessly shape them.

Sand Dunes

Desert

The metamorphosis in the desert is very interesting. In winter, after a good rain, the low laying lands in the desert accumulates water that stay for a month or so. These waters get dried up by the course of time which does not last more than a couple of months at the most. In a few days, sprouts get out of the rich soil and in another two months the whole area will be covered in lush growth of grass and flowers. These areas are called ‘Rawdath’’

The region has a hot desert climate typical of the larger Arabian Desert. The region is classified as "hyper-arid", with typical annual rainfall of less than 30 millimetres )1.2 in(. Daily maximum temperatures average at 47 °C )117 )°F( and can reach as high as 51 °C )124 °F

Climate

Function Adaptation

Protect against blowing sand and the sun

Two rows of long eyelashes

Keep out blowing sand Nostrils can be closed

Provide warmth during cold desert nights

and insulation against daytime heat

Thick fur and under wool

Animal adaptations -Camels

Help it to survive long periods without food and water

Fat stored in hump(s)

Pads spread out when the camel places

its feet on the ground thus creating

a "snowshoe effect" and preventing

the camel from sinking into the sand

Broad, flat, leathery pads at the bottom of their hooves

Adaptations

Adaptations

-Many of the animals in the desert have become nocturnal because of the extreme heat.

-Both plants and animals have learned to store water, avoid heat by staying underground, and taking water from nearby plants .

Cooler temperatures at night mean less water loss

while carrying out activities.

burrowing and nocturnal lifestyle

help dissipate excessbody heat on hot days in

the desert.large ears (about 15cm)

helps insulate them from the cold desert nights but

also reflects heat ,As well as providing

excellent camouflage.

Thick, sandy fur

Adaptations

The origin of birds

://https . . / ? = 9 5www youtube com watch v FQd TXW SXw

RabbitsRabbits adapt to desert life with camouflage and burrowing. Camouflage means being the same color as where you live so predators that would eat you, can’t see you as easily.God gave rabbits strong legs to jump quickly and to burrow holes. The holes provide a cool place to live and hide from predators.

Desert Birds

Vultures also have sharp talons and beaks.

Xerophytes Are plants that have adapted to arid environments by storing as much of the little water made available and reducing evapotranspiration rates.PhreatophytesAre plants that have adapted to arid environments by growing extremely long roots, allowing them to acquire moisture at or near the water table.

Plant adaptations

OilGeologically, the Empty Quarter is the most oil-rich site in the world. Vast oil reserves have been discovered underneath the sand dunes. at the northeastern edge of the Rub' al Khali, is a major light crude oil-producing site in Saudi Arabia. Ghawar, the largest oil field in the world, extends southward into the northernmost parts of the Empty Quarter

Human impacts

Irrigation

Agriculture Development of cities

1. www.splendidarabia.com2. http://www. education-portal.com3. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/4. http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/11/how_evolution_is_evolving/ 5. Growth or differentiation? Adaptive regeneration in the brittlestar Amphiura filiformishttp://jeb.biologists.org/content/209/19/3873.full 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/ 7. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals8. Marine Ecology: Processes, Systems, and Impacts9. Campbell Biology

10 .http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_releases_for_journalists/120426.html11 .http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2138346/Climate-change-Stone-Age-style-

Satellite-images-arid-Arabian-desert-flowed-lakes-rivers-life.html

References

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