TextilesDefinitionA broad term referring to any material (fibres, filaments, yarns) capable of being converted into fabrics and the fabric itself.
The word 'textile' is derived from the Latin term textilis, which means 'to weave'.
FibresDefinition
Hair like substances capable of being converted into yarns and made into fabrics.
Generally, people connected with textile trade define textile fibres, as ‘hair-like materials having length thousand times their diameter or width’, which can be spun into yarn or made into a fabric.
Category of Natural FibresPlant Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral
Fibres
Seed-Fibres:Cotton, Kapok, and Coir
Leaf Fibres: Sisal, Pineapple, and Banana
Bast Fibres: Jute, Flax, Ramie, and Hemp
Sheep: woolGoat: Mohair, Cashmere, and PashminaRabbit: AngoraCamel: Alpaca, Llama, Guanaco, and VicunaAntelope:ShahtooshSilkworm: Silk
Asbestos
Plant FibersCotton
Comprises of about one-half of the world fiber production.Most widely used natural fiber.
Jute, Flax & Ramie - are extracted from stem of the plants
Flax fibers are spun to make linen fabric
Animal FibersWool Providing Animals
Sheep (wool)Goat (cashmere, pashmina, mohair)Camel (alpaca llama)Rabbit (angora)
SilkComes from silk worms, silkworm to cocoon, one cocoon produces 600- 2000 meters of silkSilk varietiesMulberry silkTussah silkEri silkMuga silk
Man-Made FibresCellulosic (Regenerated)
Non-Cellulosic (Synthetic)
Cellulosic: Viscose CuprammoniumPolynosic (Modal), Lyocell
Easter Cellulosic:Acetate, Tri-acetate
Polymeric:Polyamide (nylon), Polyester, Polyacronitrile(acrylic), Polypropylene, Elastromeric (spandex)
Cellulosic Fibers
Rayon fibersFirst man made fiberComposed of regenerated cellulose (wood pulp)
Lyocell fibersTrade name ‘Tencel’
Synthetic FibresNylon (fiber or filament)Polyester (fiber or filament)Acrylic (fiber or filament)Spandex (filament)Polypropylene (filament)Micro-fibres (filament)
Man-Made Fibre ProductionWet Spinning (Spinning Liquid in coagulating bath)-Viscose RayonMelt Spinning (Themo-plastic granule are melted and forced through the holes of spinneret-cooled by stream of air)-Nylon. PolyesterDry Spinning (Suitable solution of fibre forming polymer extruded into warm air)
TexturisingA process by which we modify the surface characteristics of filament yarns
Twist-set-UntwistFalse twist (Pin-type spindle, Friction twisting)Air TexturisingStuffer BoxEdge CrimpingKnit-de-knitGear Crimping
Identification of textile fibresMicroscopically
StructureBurning test
Shrink, melt and smellSolubility Test
Solvents (Acetone, Meta-cresol, Formic Acid, Sulphuric Acid and Caustic Soda)
Staining testShirlastain A (Cotton-Pale, Silk-dark brown)
Required Properties of FibresLength (Staple Length or 2.5% Span Length)
Fineness (Wt/Unit Length-micron air,denier or Diametric-inches, microns)Strength (Bundle strength in gms./denier-’Tenacity’)
Other useful propertiesExtensibility and elasticity, Softness, Lustre, Abrasion resistance, Moisture absorption, Affinity towards dyes, Resistance to deterioration