A Textile Association (India)-PHC Presentation

An Overview ofTextile Fibres

TextilesDefinitionA broad term referring to any material (fibres, filaments, yarns) capable of being converted into fabrics and the fabric itself.

The word 'textile' is derived from the Latin term textilis, which means 'to weave'.

FibresDefinition

Hair like substances capable of being converted into yarns and made into fabrics.

Generally, people connected with textile trade define textile fibres, as ‘hair-like materials having length thousand times their diameter or width’, which can be spun into yarn or made into a fabric.

Classification of Textile Fibres

Sources of Textile Fibres

Category of Natural FibresPlant Fibres Animal Fibres Mineral

Fibres

Seed-Fibres:Cotton, Kapok, and Coir

Leaf Fibres: Sisal, Pineapple, and Banana

Bast Fibres: Jute, Flax, Ramie, and Hemp

Sheep: woolGoat: Mohair, Cashmere, and PashminaRabbit: AngoraCamel: Alpaca, Llama, Guanaco, and VicunaAntelope:ShahtooshSilkworm: Silk

Asbestos

Plant FibersCotton

Comprises of about one-half of the world fiber production.Most widely used natural fiber.

Jute, Flax & Ramie - are extracted from stem of the plants

Flax fibers are spun to make linen fabric

Animal FibersWool Providing Animals

Sheep (wool)Goat (cashmere, pashmina, mohair)Camel (alpaca llama)Rabbit (angora)

SilkComes from silk worms, silkworm to cocoon, one cocoon produces 600- 2000 meters of silkSilk varietiesMulberry silkTussah silkEri silkMuga silk

Man-Made FibresCellulosic (Regenerated)

Non-Cellulosic (Synthetic)

Cellulosic: Viscose CuprammoniumPolynosic (Modal), Lyocell

Easter Cellulosic:Acetate, Tri-acetate

Polymeric:Polyamide (nylon), Polyester, Polyacronitrile(acrylic), Polypropylene, Elastromeric (spandex)

Cellulosic Fibers

Rayon fibersFirst man made fiberComposed of regenerated cellulose (wood pulp)

Lyocell fibersTrade name ‘Tencel’

Synthetic FibresNylon (fiber or filament)Polyester (fiber or filament)Acrylic (fiber or filament)Spandex (filament)Polypropylene (filament)Micro-fibres (filament)

Man-Made Fibre ProductionWet Spinning (Spinning Liquid in coagulating bath)-Viscose RayonMelt Spinning (Themo-plastic granule are melted and forced through the holes of spinneret-cooled by stream of air)-Nylon. PolyesterDry Spinning (Suitable solution of fibre forming polymer extruded into warm air)

TexturisingA process by which we modify the surface characteristics of filament yarns

Twist-set-UntwistFalse twist (Pin-type spindle, Friction twisting)Air TexturisingStuffer BoxEdge CrimpingKnit-de-knitGear Crimping

Textured Yarns

Identification of textile fibresMicroscopically

StructureBurning test

Shrink, melt and smellSolubility Test

Solvents (Acetone, Meta-cresol, Formic Acid, Sulphuric Acid and Caustic Soda)

Staining testShirlastain A (Cotton-Pale, Silk-dark brown)

Required Properties of FibresLength (Staple Length or 2.5% Span Length)

Fineness (Wt/Unit Length-micron air,denier or Diametric-inches, microns)Strength (Bundle strength in gms./denier-’Tenacity’)

Other useful propertiesExtensibility and elasticity, Softness, Lustre, Abrasion resistance, Moisture absorption, Affinity towards dyes, Resistance to deterioration

Thank You

The End