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ARTILLERY lVL\.P I~E.ADING

AND

ELE~lENT.AltY GUNNEItY

}\[j\.DE EA.SY.



AR"rII~LERY

MAP RE.f~DINGAND

~I~l~Ml~N'l'A]{Y GUNNEI~Y

nl.f~DJ~ EASY

BY

4' GUNL.AYEI~" AND "CONTOUI~"

FULLY ILLUSTRATED

LONDON: GALE & POLDEN, LTD.

2, AMEN CORNER .. PATERNOSTER ROW" E.C.

WELLINGTON WORKS .. ALDERSHOT

AND

NELSON HOUSE .. PORTSMOUTH

OBTAINABLE Ot' ALL BOOKSELLERS.

THREE-AND-SIX (Net)



P.3.374.

ALDERSIIOT:

PRINTED BY GALE & POLDEN. LTD'

WELLINGTON WORKS.

1916.

(Copyright under th6 Act 0/ 19 J 1)-



PHEFACE

This book has been written with a VIew to providing

in a, handy form knowledge of artillery map reading and

gunnery sufficient. to furnish an adequate working b~sis

for both officers and non-commissioned officers. \Vhile

embracing principles that have always formed a recog.

nised part of artillery work, it is directed pre-eminently

for pre&ent-d~y purposes, and is largely based on facts.

arising out of the present. war.

JrU(j,



CONTENTS

PAGB'

CHAP'fER I.-LOCATION OF POSITIONS ON SQUARED l\!ApE..

Division of Maps into Squares-Location of PointR-To obtainApproximate Rang-es-Protractor for Locating PositionR ...

CHAPTR:H H.-TRUE AND MAGNETIC SORTH.

Mag-netic Variation-Bearing's 4

CHAPTER III.--8UEEl' LINE EUROB.

True MeridlanR-To Find Sheet Line Error 6.

CHAPTER IV.-SCALES.

Representative Fraction-Statement in Words-Scale Line-VOtnparative Scales ... ... ... ... ..• ... •.. 8.

CHAPTER V.-IIn.L FEATURES.

Contours-Verticlli Interval-Horizontal Equivalent-Con-cave and Convex Slopes-Spurs and Re.Kntrant~ ... ... It

CIIAPTEH VI.-l\IUTUAL VISIBILITY.

To Draw a S.ection-Proportional Rise or Fall of E)'e.Line-. Skeleton Section-Comparison of E)'e-Line and Ground-Ang-le of Sight Method ... ... ... ... ... ... 19'

CHAPTKU VrI.-BASIS 0[<' GUSNKRY RULES.

Triangle of Ueference-Gradient 25

CIIApTEU VIlI.-TuE ANGLE OJ.<'SIGHT.

To Obtain Angle of Sigh IIfrom a Map-By Means of DirectorR .0, and 4)-BO-OT Formula-Two Short Methods-So. 3Director-Clearing the Crest... ... ... ••• ... ••. 3(}

CHAPTEH IX.-TIIR: PRISMATIC CO':UPASS.

TT Take a Beari ng-- I nft uence of Metal-Care of Compass-O'I'eBtaCompaHs-Uses ... ... ... ... ... •.. :16.

CHAPTER X.-SETTING OR ORIENTING .A. MAP.

Methods of Orienting-To Find Approximate True Sorth 40

CHAPTlm XL-To Fnm POSITION ON ~IAP.

By a Single Bearing-Rellection-Alignment-Adjustment 45.



-viii. COI\TENTS

PAGE

CHAPTER XII.-DllUWTOR8 AND LINKS 01.<' }i'IRE.

To Measure IIorizontaJ An/orles-To Obtain Approxima.teRa.n~e-To goive Battery Angole from Distant Observing~tatlOn-To U8e Hattery Angolewhen Observer is Visible-To Obtain Line of Pire from a Map-To Obtain Line of Firefrom Map when Aiming Point is off Map-To Obtain Lineof :Fire when given MaJ1:netic Bearing or Target-To giveLine of :Fire wtth Compass from Distant Observing' Stationfrom whicn Battery is not ViRible-Switches-To measureSwitch Angle when 0 can BeeBattery-To give Inc.ividualLines of }<'ire-To goive Individual Lines of Fire with aCompass ... <.. 50

CHAPfER XIII.-ApEx OR DISPLACEMEST A~GLES.

"The Apex: Anllie-To find Length of nO-To find True\Vorking Base... •.• ... ... ... ...... 67

CHAPTER XIV.-PARALLELISM.

A.P. in Line of Guns-In Front-In Rear-To EstimateDistribution or Concentration-Varied Gun Intervals 71

CHAPTER XV.-DISTRIBU'fION 01" FIRE.

'1'0 find Distribution or Concentration-Constant 72-Constant9J-Varied Gun Intervals-~weeping 7G

CHAPTEU. XVI.

FOREIGN CONVKNTIONAL SIGNS 82

CHAPTEH XVII.

PANORA~IIC SKETCHISG 86

CHAPTER XVIII.'TERMS-MAP READISG-GUNNERY... 8H

CUAPTER XIX.

SOTES A~D RULES-AIDS TO RECONNAISSANCE 94

CHAPTER XX.

SUMMARY OF RULES

EXUIPLE8 .0. 101

lllulJtrattd leitlt 4.1 lJi'lgrams, 3 Plates of PoreifJn Convmtiorwl

Sig1/11 and Colulll'ed .Mop.



-K

. ..,_---,,6

-- ..,I

1'0 filet "tUJI! 1.

--..--.......

---

Fig. 1.

-- -

I



B

ARTILLERY MAP READING

AND

ELEMENTARY GUNNERY

---"" ....,.-..---CHAPTER I.

LOCATION OF POSITIONS ON SQUARED

MAPS.

1. DIVISION OF :MAPS INTO SQUARES.

}. Maps are first divided into large square.s by means oflleavy red lines caned "sheet lines." These squares arede:tt.ered with block letters A, TI, C, etc. They are

blVlded by thinner sheet lines into smaller squares num-d?f?<! 1, 2, 3, etc. Each of the~ numbered squares isf IVlded into 4, and lettered, with small letters reading

rom left to right, a, b, c, d. (See Fig. 1.)

2. LOCATION OF POINTS.

l~o~ition of x is centre of square D. 7.d. \Vheu'POSItIons-are to be located other than in the centre of

these small let,tered squares, e.g., y, one must considero~h line of the square to be divided into 10 pa,rts, assown fOf D.6.a,., that is, the square is divided into 10C

Smaller ones.RULE.-Start from the lcft'-hand bottom corner of the

s~uare and estimate the number of tenths along the sheethne until bene,ath the position, then estimate the numberof t~nths up the square. Thus P is a point at the inter-s~chon of the 9th line along the square and the 7t~1~ne up, and its position is D. 6. a. 9. 7. Similarly Y IS

.7.c.2.2.The following positions should be car{>fully noted:-

1\1= D.5.d.0.5.N = D.8.a.5.0.

A.M.R.



2

D~1I~~~~l~:%r'or simply D.2.'V=D.6.d.5.5., or simply D.6.d.Great a.ccuracy cannot be obtained in loca,ting K by

this way t .sin.<te,it, j~ i1,o~ at the interooction of linesforming 'th},lsr4a.Il It is in the centre of one ofthe squares. This little difflculty may be olveroome byusing! squares.

e.g. K=D.8.b.7!.6Z.

Ll::: 1f'B!c.3Z.4.:~ ],'1; . '.~~ OII;=,p.,3.c.8.3Z'u .. . J ,".J '1i ..., r t

3. TO OBTAIN AP~!t~XIMATE, RANGES .

. Ull th~ qT'oln-O', ~'Uh'O'., ~\I}\l Tulou Illl1pS of Hel-GlUm now Iln use' tlie 'Smallest squares marked on themap a~~)50Q ;yar~~,:squar.el ,t¥e numbered squares are

1,Oqqy~r,d~"sq\l(~r~.' ,O~p~g l~O inclement weather, ormap"be,ing'ln case, it :may not be convenient to use the

, gra4'~i~te(L~5al~'~in~;;at, P.?t~9~ of the map to ob.tainthe:ra~lg:1J " I~~~,th~.~ppro~~~~,te range can be obtamedby. ID,eansb( thersCJ,uares, i I.

Th'~'s'i'~nge J~n = 1,550. 'yards.' '.Range AIB1'ma.y'be o,lJtained by marking thiS!distance

by means of a piece of'pap,ell, strihg, or straw, -c,tc., and

layi.ng. it along, ~11eQhcct )ines ,~,5lI A2B2. Thus A2B2 orA lpl 2 750')'ard ..~t'l, ';' ... . r.

• ; 'J . J'I;) ,J... l.~ rlf;,f) '\);1 hI I.,,}

4.: ',;PHOTRACrOH ,EOR, LOCATING IlOSITTONS.

Ti1€l"Ji'6tf.'L~~tor~.l~sf 'n1~riltd'd,Il"it,a f,quare' correspond.. "tl ti,'l"l I":U.I'I'\, '~i ,),"lIjl." '11'1 .'1 •III~' 0 t k ;J V ) arOli s(\lIal'O 'cm ~o'~'lJ'U' mapH, and lli

di,-:~de~}~~ ~OO ,~,r,r;fL~l,~~r~i', If t;h~ square Oill the, pro'-

tra.~0~}sN~?~, t,?,<;prnc~~Q W~.~~~I ~is~uare on the map a,naccur;\te locatIOn can be oMamcd.'It'cciN'als6Jb6)b's~d 'fo'r' thell;~I~llrriJ maps by counting

eacli',' il~~,~id!11 j~)1lt Pl~ 'sqha\e~~~, ,~he:.protractor a,s two.

tenths m~tc~d of 6r'1e-tenth., :~,I," " ,:N'oTE.~'Vhcn sending' 'pooitions"ldf points over the

tel~phql~q ~a~e; sh~~ld ahva~ys,rhe tn'~en to distinguishbetween such letters as t.d., m.n., 6.(1., etc. Call letter

~~ ~

" J , •

~~~ "

~





4

CHAPTER II.

TRUE AND MACNETIC NORTH.

The earth may be considered asa great magnet. It

has its magnetic poles, which are near the poles of rota-

tion. The north magnetic pole lies about L.at. 700

N.

and Long. 96

0

'V. (roughly, north of Hudson nay).This attracts the delicate needle of the compas1s, and

thus compass readings are also called magnetic readings.

1. ~IAGNETIC VARIATION.

The angle between the diredion of a magnetic needle

and the direction of the north pole (i.e., true north) is

called tho variation of the compass.

This variation is not, co.nstmlt. It ha,s a slight annualchange, and also differs according to one's position-

Greenwich, 150 21' 'V.; Ypres, 130 45' "V.; Maubeuge,130 10' 'V. This variation is shown on military ma,ps by

a conventional sign. (See map.)

2. nEARINGS.

The compass is marked up to 360

0

in a clockwisedirection, and a.t first it is advisable to read all ooarings

from the map in a clockwise direction. The Service Pro-

tractor is graduated from 10 to 1800, a,nd from 1800 to

3600, the latter numbers being used when the ohject or

ta,rget is left of true north.A magnetic bearing is greater than a true bearing

when taken in a clockwise direction.

VARIATION 'VEST.

The magnetic north lies west of true north.

Thus, given variation 150 west, a bearing 70° right

of true north is the same as a bearing of 850

right of

magnetic north sinee the variation is added, beoause a

greater angle must be formed with the magnetic line,

which is 15° 'V. of true north.0



5

~gain a bea,ring from the map is read 3550

, which is

e-qulVa,lentto a magnetic bearing of 3700

or 100

•

VARIATION E,AST.

b M~gnetic north lies east of true north. A magnetic

learlll~ is less than a true bearing when taken in a

OCkwlse direction. Given variation 100

east, then

10° right of t,rue north is the same as 600

right of

ragnetic nort~. Aga}n,?o right of tr~e north is 50

eft of ma,gnet'lc, or 3,500 nght of magnehc north .

. To take a bearing from the map, place the J.>ro-tractor so that the centre x, Fig. 2, is on your positIOn,

r.nd the edge of the protractor parallel to a vertical sheet

1ne. Alwayg read from the 00 at the north. Th.e

a.ngle required will be where the line joining your POSI-

bon and, say, the target, cuts the edge of the protrado1r.

EXAMPLE I.-See map.

You are standing at N.E. corner of Ba,rwell Farm

~.1~.C.2.9~, and by means of the protractor take the

ea,nng to right-hand corner of Jail Farm B.9.c.6.0.

. T;ue bea,ring is 670, and therefore the magnetic bear-

Ing 18 82°.

EXAMPLE 2.From A.16.c.0.8. you take the bearing to St. John's

8hu:cl~E.3.,a.5.2. Since this is left of true north read

]8 lllslde numbers on the protractor.. True bearing is 225°; that is, the magnetic bearing

IS 2400

h T~u~ up to this point all bearings have been right

be.ar~ngs, a,nd the variation has been added to a true

d'~anng to. co]]v~,rt i~ into a magnetic bearing. But the

lre~to~s and dIal slghts are marked to 1800

left and

:80 flght. Thus bea,rings over 1800

must be sub-

-racted from 3600 and ordered left.3 For e.xample, a bca,ring of 2350 magnetic is the same as

GO° 2350 1250 ldt of magnetic north.Again, 1850 right= 1750 left of magnetic north.

J In !~xample 2 above, the magnetic bearing is 2400

•

tlns had to be ordered for a line of fire for the

flreetor it would have to be given as 3600

2400 = 120

0

eft.

~

- = ~

-



6

CHAPTER III.

SHEET LINE ERROR.

1. TRUE MERIDIANS.

True meridians are marked on the top and bottom

margins of the map, and in some caoos the corresponding

marks are joined by a faint black line. (Belgium

'u~uu maps).

If the sheet lines a,nd these meridians were pa,ranel, a

line drawn making an angle equal to the magnetic

variation left or right of a vertical sheet line 'would be

an accurate magnetic meridian. When the slH)et lines

and the true meridia,ns a,re not pa,ra.llel the discrepancy

must be ascertained and allowance a.lwa,ys made.

2. TO FIND SHEET LINE ERROR.

(Boo map.)

Measure the distance in yards from sheet, line AB to

the meridian at the top of the map, and again a,t the

bottom. The difference between these dist.a,nces, 100

yds. 40 yds.

=60 yds., gives the distance the sheet line

has fallen away from the true meridian (in this CUiSe left

of the meridian).

To change this error into minutes mUltiply the 60

yds. by 3438 and divide by the range across the map

from top to bottom. (See p. 27.)

r ., 60 x 3438 3H'

-

==== ~



7

Since the shee1t line has fallen to the left of the true

lneridia,n the error is "left." To draw a magneticm ']"e~l( lall from one of the sheet lines la.v (Iff an all~le e,f

5 21' (t'he variation) less 34!' 14° 46!' left.

Similarly if the error ha,d be,en, say, 39' right, to geta.1~a.gne,tic melridian from a shoot line layoff an angle of

5 21'+39'= 16° left.:.:;j(JL' b .)rf)'~ /~

d.H the true meridian cuts a ver4ic,!1,she'e~!,line.\.tbe

t l&tance.from the vertica,l line a,t the ~9P must be. added;~:o~.istance at the bottom to obtain .~J~?~o~a,~jstance

s Th~ rough rules given on pp. 30Iana /69 will giveUffiClenily accurate results.

IJ. j: ',.". ( ; [ I,

1Tl1e top and bottom margins of SOIDo- ,foreign ImapsSlOW the meridians marked in two form~.)~ rtr:'l?-r;q',

I, Se 'I 't VIl'it :i.1I .-.il:I xagC&lma, unl s. "1)'(,' "'f" ""1'11

60 seconds (60") 1 minu'te,.J- r., . ".('Jli;ll

60 minutes (60') = 1 d:gree;,,,. 'I' n J~

90 degrees (90°) = 1 rIght ~?!!le, ...:. ry,.•It' lInk_Il.,] I.

2. Centesimal units. '~n;n 'Jd b[lHI'lI

100 minutes (l00") = 1 grade: J:'j''',', ,:f2 C"i'i

100 seconds (l00') 1 minute.lle ,'Ji.,.lW': d100 grades (100 II) = 1 right 'anglt' ,rh ;ll (

, 'lo ; Jj~!nnl~

l~flJJ,n 1n ,'"

",;!';d J,

,: t .' I;'::

-"

=

__

~~

j

= ~

=



8

CHAPTER IV.

SCALES.

A scale denot.es the proportion which a dist,a,nce be-

tween any two points on a map bea,rs to the horizont.aldistance between the same two po,ints on the ground.

Scales are shown in throe ways:-

1. A REPRESENTAT'IVE FRACTION.

A Representative Fraction (R.F.). Thus ~n-!TIlf

or 1 :!O.OOO mealJS 1 unit of length on the map

represents 20,000 similar unit,s on the ground.This unit may be an inch. Then 1 inch on the maprepresents 20,000 inches on the ground (roughly ! of amile). .

A R.F. enables one to construct a scale for any ma,p.A Russian map with a scale reading versts and sagcneswquld be rarely intelligible to English troops, but if italso showed a R.F., say, 4n-&n-n-. a,n E,nglish scaJe maybe made, since any English unit may be' assumed. Thus1 inch on the map may represent 40,000 inches on theground; or 1 foot on the map may represent 40,000feet of country.

2. A STATEMENT IN 'VORDS.

A statement in words, as 3 inches to a mile,2 miles to an inch, etc. A R.I". may be quickly con-verted into a statement of inches to a mile by dividingits denominator into 63,360 (inche,g in one mile). Thus

"fO~(f(f 20000 63360'

2-=-- 0'3:160

=



9

d' ~r.a R.F. may be converted into miles to an inch by

1V1dmg the denominator by 63,360. T'husTn-!rrn- 63360)40000'00('63 miles to an inch.

38016 °1984 00

.~ 190080

The .fonowing R.F.'s and their corresponding stare-

lllent.s III words should be readily recognised :-In-!n-n-= 3'16 inches to a mile, or '3 miles to an inch.

Tl}!on- = 1'58 inches to a mile, or '6 miles to an inch

lrn-~n-n- '79 inches to a mile, or 1'2 miles to an inch.

Trru1rron-= '63 inches to a mile, or 1'58 miles to an inch.

3. BY A GRADUATED SCALE LINE.

fBy a Gradua,t,ed Scale Line.-See scale line at the foot

0, map.

To CONSTRUCT A SCALE.

If Given R.F •. Tll-&mr construct a scale to read 5,000lllet.res." (1 met.re= 40 inches approx.)

Note what the scale is to read. In this case metres.

One inch on t.he map represents 40,000 inches on theground, or

One inch on the map represents 1,000 metres on thegrolllnd.

now many inches will be requhed to represent 5,000~()ILres As ma,ny inches will be required as the num-

'('i1' of times 5,000 contains 1,000.

Thus a 5-inch line represents 5,000 metres,

=

=



c:)C)

Q C)

c:)

"'"() ......()

u.:1

0\)

0....

, .

~

~



11

th This line, if divided into five equal parts, will read

10o~sands of metres. Sub--divide the first division into

equal parts, each of which will represent 100 metres.

thThe greatest care must be taken in the selection of()l 11 b7'7 um ers represented by tho parts of a scale line.

di"~ 8crt!e must be a handy one; that is, one from which

ti~ances may be read very easily and without calcula-

})i 11:. Such numbers as 275, 125, etc., must 00 avoided.

of ~lSlO?S should show 1,000, 500, 100, 50, 10. Sketches

10 ort.Ifications should be provided with scales to rrod'1 I yards" while an art,illery sca.!e line should show

di~~~drods," and if po~sjble fifties," in the first largoIglon of tho line.

su[~~ ~eale line shown in Fig. 3 may be divided and

tCl1UlvIded with an ordinary ruler showing inches and

dCl . IS of an inch, but occasions arise frequently that

.11a.nd a more difficult operation."C'yard;:;,t'll It (j'. T"{)~"{)"{) construct n. scale to read ;',000

Pro hIna m t e R.F. one ma,y state that 1 yard on thes~trepresents 40,000 ya,rds on the ground. Con-

tha~e~ntly 5,000 will be represented by k of a yard;, IS, 4'5 inches.

th~~ra,w. a ~ine 4.5 inches in length and bear in mindYO~ }tIllS lme (~ever mind its length, 4'5 inches, once

divisi1ave drawn it) represents 5,000 yards, and suitable

aolld tns must be made. Let the line read thousandslundreds of yards.

'1'}1i ]"". .}I

I\l'1I11 (1\'181011 may be performed in the .usnal, way wIth

011' drillers. If the protractor alone IS available, set

lill/ll IIllgle (Of abollt 20 degrees) from both ends of the

Cn '(p~f theRe /lng-Ies arc made exactly the E'ame AB andII', jIg. 4) will be parallel. Along these lines, starting

lel~/}~ tl/(~ (,17d.~ of tlie s('ale line, mark off five equal

latg )hs (preferably inches since tenths will be required

l'hcr , alia then connect them as shown in Fig. 4.

pa:t:~ connecting lines cut the scale line into five equal

"

~





13

Of?~obtain the sub-division for hundreds of yards, mark

tion,el~ths of an inch (or 10 equal paris) on the construc-8truct~nels .(note very carefully which parts of the con-" T~on hnes a,re selected), and proceed as before. .

the V,Ot houses are 3 inches apart on a map. By ~acmgIt l!~ Me found to be 2,400 pa,ces apart. \Vhat IS the

I)a' . of the map Construct a scale to read 5,000

,C<..'tg" (A .. . pace= 30 lllches.)

R l~'.= Map 3 inches 3 indIes

Uround 2,400 paces :!,4UO x 30 inches.

:.RF.= _I_O-

F24,0 O.

~rom tho~' 'IS R.F. 1 inch represents 800 paces .

. 0,000" 800 = 6'25 inches will be required to show 5,000 paces.

tllThis line should be divided into five parts to read,'ousad ..into l'~ S, and the first division should be SUb-dlVlde<l'1' 0 pa.rts to read hundreds of paces.

the he numbering of the divisions of a scale line is ofis greta,test importance. A well constructed scale line

Nor~nd~re~ worse than useless when badly numbered.be . e,vIahon should be made from the method of num-

ze,:~~ a.s shown in Figs. 3 and 4 and on the map. ~h.a

sian s ust appear a,t the right end of the first large dlVl-rig] t a that la,rge numbers (thousands) are read to theT1 a,nd sub-multiples (hundreds, etc.) to the left.

Con~dread 2,400 yards from Fig. 4 one has simply toze,r~I er tho " 2" of the thousands to the right of

, and the" 4 " of the hundreds to the left of zero.

4. COMPARATIVE, SCALES.

COllipa t' d .0u. . (,ra, Ive Scales are scaJes drawn to rea van-s Un t f

fOol' tl Iso lengtoh, but depend upon the same R.F.'1'1 10 le'ngth of the scale line.

one lt li two sca.le line8 may he made, R.I? ~n-hn- tho

r>a,rati read ya,rds and the other to read metres. Com-map.' vo scales to read yards and metres appear on the

~ = _

,

'



14

CHAPTER V.

HILL FEATURES.

1. CONTOURS.

On milita.ry ma.ps hill features a.re most commonly

represented by contours.

• A contour is an imagina.ry line of level dra,wn throughpoints that are the same vertical height ahove sea IEWel

or other convenient level. A contour thus forms the

irregular boundary of a horizontal pla,ne a.t a fixed height "above datum level.

In Fig. 5, A and B are the same vedical height (10

metres) above datum level, a,nd consequently stand on

the same contour. Again, since the figure shows twodetached hills, C is the same height als H, and stands

on a contour, also numbeved 10. From the section

shown in Fig. 5 it is se,en tha.t nand C are points oneither side o,fa saddle or col.

2. VERTICAL INTERVAL (V.I.) OR CONTOUR

INTERVAL.

V.l. is the vertica1 dista,nce between one contour

level and the next. It may be given in fc'et, metres,

etc. On the maps at present in use the vertical interval

is given in metres, either 1 mehe or 5 me,ke's. In J!"ig.5 it is 5 metres.

3. HORIZONTAL EQUIVALENT (ILE.).

ILE. is the distance in pla,n between two points.

In Fig. 6, An represents a sloping road from A to n,

and ne (equal to four times the V.I.) shows t.he differ-

ence in level between A and B. An is the dista,nce ono

would have to walk along the road to get from A level

to n level. AC is the distance as it would appea.I' on

the map; that is, the horizonta1 equivalent for the road



15.



16



17

I[~,f C?urse, it will a,t once be noticed that AC, the..... , IS not exadly equal to AD, the actual distance

~n ~he ground, but the difference is so slight that it may

'0 Ignored in slopes up to about 15°.By' d . .F' a companson of the contours an section III

a1g: 5, it, will be seen that the closer the contoursUppe,a,r au tlhe map the steeper must be the slo~ef ley represent. In FiO'. 5 the distance from D to E ISiar lle.ss t?an t,hat from

b

G to II, and yet the differences~, c,vel IS 5 metre,s in each case. Consequently t,heope from D to E is steepe'r than that from II to G.

4. CONCAVE AND CONVEX SLOPES.

G ~n Fig. 5 the slope A to K is COllC(we; that from Z tols C01/vr,:c.

I It is~,f the, greate,st, importance th~t these slopes should~olre'adIly recogniscd on a, contoured map. It would Leee at first, to adheore closely to the following rule.

toOrnrnence at the bottom of the slope and travel to the''P. Then:

a,n~' If the slope is first gentle (contours well apart),

(cthen a.s the top is reached the slope becomes steeper

ontour I t I .c oser oget leI') the slope IS concave.

tl 2. If. the slope is steep first and then more gentle asl(l top IS rea,ohed it is convex.

gXAM I'LE I.-See map.

Fro St['11 meyne House A.3.a. to Cross Roads on Steyno1 A.4.d. is a concave slope.

p",XAMPLE 2.

Slo~::le Road, from R4.d.2.2. to E.8.d.2.0. is a convex

.1 From this it will he seen tha,t siQ11aIIinO'may be con-lluete 1 f b b-' ( rom the foot to the top of (l, concave slope.

sl Again a, ba.tt,ery can be hidden from view by a convexwfNe

l, a.nd generally the lower part of a convex slope)e Included in the dead ground.A.M.n. C



18

5. SPURS AND RE-ENTRANT'S .

.A t first difficulty is often experienced in distinguish-

ing spurs and re--entrants as sh0'wn on a contoured map,

and until one can reany imagine tha,t the oontours,

me,rely require pulling up or out as a concertina, the

fo~lowing might well be observed.

(1) A Spur, Sanent, or Bluff.-Sta,nd oln the

higher ground and look towa,rds the lower. If the con-t.ours go out from you the feature is a s.pur.

rig. 7

-50

pos itionOJ]

I/(r;f)er Ground

(2) A Re-entrant or Valley.-Again stand all the

higher grOUnd.and look towa.rds the lower. II the cen-ltours come tOWQ1'ds you the feature is a re-ent'rant.

Ftg 8. Poslhon on. Ilty/iC?P Ground

_70~V,l.~?"

______ 50

For definitions for basin, base, brow, cresit, col, defile,

.

~



19

CHAPTER VI.

MUTUAL VISIBILITY.

, It is neicesisarytha,t o,ne should by an examination of,}, COI t "I' II"loured map be able to select smtab e sIgna. mg

and ,b .' ..1'] C servatlOll stations and battery PO~HtlO11S.IOUO'] • • th\v'u b I In some cases obstacles not shown III e map

UI be found to obstruct the view, the correct part ofdIe. C()~llltirywill ha,ve been selected, and only a slighteVIaholl from the original point will be required.

w,~enCirally, a spur, salient, or bluff, or a convex slopeq~' . obstruct a view, and with practice these can be

in(~ck~yl'c'Cognised. On the other hand, genU} undula~-i b gl?'und often pres(mts difficulty. 'Vhen III doubt Itt~ advisahle' to dra,w a section of the ground lying be-.veell tIl t .. ., {)wo pomts III questIon.

1. TO DRA \V A SECTION.

1'a;4:Y a pi,ece of paper along the line, say, Observer toI'U' get: (If po'ssible use ruled paper, and. place tl~eov.Cd hnes pa,ra.]].elwith the line aT. Squared paper ISdrOll. more useful. This will obviate the necessity ofaWIng pa,rallellines.)

(\a~ow travel along the line aT and mark and numbercontour cut by the ooge of the paper.

re_N'ote carefully where the line aT crosses spurs andth entrants. Lot the horizontal parallel lines represent

Voe1:'cont:ours, and the spaces between the lines the5 ~lca.] Intervals .. Since the vertical interval is onlya'll .otres, which would be represented by about T~lr ofex Inch when the scale is 7J"l}~1fO' it is necessary tol'tggerate the V.I. to make the section practicable.li~~:xaggeration may be, say, 20: 1; but as a rule the

should be ahout t of a,n inch apart. (In anyonec 2

' '



20

section the lines must be e,ractly the sam,e distance apart.)

Number these lines a,t either end, the numbers ranging

from the lowest to the highest of the contours involved.

Now drop perpendiculars from the marks o~ the edge

of the pape1r to their corresponding llO'rizolntaJ lines.

The points at which these p€lfpel11dicubrs meet the hori~

zontal lines give the position of the contours: on the sec~

tion. Connect up these point,s, noting that hills ha,ve a-crest above the topmost contour shown, and re-entrants

are slightly deeper than the lowest contour.It will now be evident wheHler 0 and T a,ro visible or

not.

EB represents the oog-e of the paper put against

A.14.b.3.6 and Park Inn E.8.b.2.2. The po~nts a,t

which the contours cut the edge of the paper have heetn

marked, and spurs and va.lleys indicated by + and .

Once the section is drawn, t.he following points ma,y

be decided:-

1. By wha,t verlica1 he,ight the ta,rget is visible or in~

visible, and consequently height of object. which may be

used as an observation station. Allowance should be

made for intervening buildings and trees.

2. How far in line of sight one would ha,v€' to walk to

seo a dista,nt object.

3. 'Vhat ground would be invisible to t,he enemy.

4. General nature of the ground for an advance.

Tho following methods may be uood, and with practice

very accurate results may be obtained.

2. PROPORTION AL RISE OR PALL OF EYE

LINE.

Select a crest or rising ground beit,ween posit,ions of,

say, Observer and Targett, such that, it will be visiblo

from 0, but may so raisel the eye line that it will pass

above T. (The selection of this point at first pres,ents

some difflculty, and consequently draws much from tho

-



21

•'0.

It)

-~- ------- - _._- - _. -----

.~.- - - - - - - -- - - - - --

-

---~---- - -- - -- - - - - - - -_ ..

.~--------------'------- -11:1 --

10

.g--------------------- -- -- --

.:::}-------------------- -- -- --

-S}----------------- ---- --

.~-._._-----------------

CD

l~)~

o-It)

,,-~

J~

_



22

Having found the int.ervening point, measure the

range to it from 0, and not.e the riso or fan in the level

of tho eye linel to this point.

Now measure the tota.! dista,nce from 0 to T, a,nd find,

by means of a proportion sum, what, the, eye line would

rise or fall in this total distance.

The fonowing examples taken from the, map show the

working of this method.

(1) Rise of Eye Line.

Can an observer at E.2.b.5~.1. see Jail Farm

B.9.c.5~.O ?

Intervening cres.t~spur (55 ro.) at A.16.c.O.5.

Height at O's posit.ion 40 m.

Height of spur 55 m.

Range between these two point,s = 1,400 yds.

:.eye line rises 15 metres in 1,400 yds.

'Vhat would it rise in total distance 2,900 yds. ?

_ 15 x 2000 _ :~1 metre~.1400

It rises 31 m. above O's position, i.e., 40 m. + 31 m.

=71 m.

Bllt the foot of Jail Farm iH abont 58 m. :. it is in-

visible unless the farm is at least 13 m. high.

(2) Fall of Eye Line.

Can Cross Roads E.1.d.0.7 be seen from spurA.12.d.1.6 ?

Intervening crest is knoll in A.15.c.

Height of spur= 70 m.

Height of crest = 55 m.

Distance=1,700 yds.

= =





24

5. ANGLE OF SIGHT METHOD.

Calculat.e the angle of sight from A (say Observer) tothe intervening crest, and also from the crest to B (say

Target). If the first angle is greater than the second in

elevat.ion, then the line A-crest-B is convex, and con-

wquently A and B are mutually invisiblo.

In the case of depression it will be just the opposite..-if

t1u first angle is smaller than the second, the two points

will 00 mutually invisible.

EXAMPLE.

Can a man on the Road at R2.a,A.7, with glasse,s,see the top of Beacon Hill in B.7.c.2.2~

Intervening crest is edge of knoll in A.15.c.

Angle of sight from Cross Roa,ds to Crest = 60' E.Angle of sight from Crest to Beacon Hill (63 m.)=7' E.

111ereforc the two points are mutually invisible.

In thew examples particular care must be ttlken in

selecting the crest that breaks the eye line botween thetwo points.



25

CHAPTER VII.

BASIS OF CUNNERY RULES.

r' The majority of rough rules for artillery work are de-

a1ved from the circle. At the centre of any circle theretoO 3600 subt,ended hy the circumference. The circum-ercnc'Oequals 11" times the diameter D.

(22)

11" 3'1416 or 7" approx.

cI'

57-3

D{ J!I~A

Thus 7r n subtends 360°.

:. D subtends 360 360 1,260 114'5454°.7r 2~ 11

7"

=

= = =



26

But the diameter D twice the radius It.

i,e.,D=2H.

:. :l H 8ubtends 114'5454°.i.e., R subtends 57'2727°.

Or 57'3".

Draw a circle of any radius. Measure the radius round

the circumference AB. The a,ngle BCA is caned a

radian, An arc equal to the. radius subtends 57'3° "at

the centre. This is true for any circle.

Imagine a circle of 57'3 yds. radius; then the arc AB

would be 57'3 yds. and the angle subtended would be

57'3°. Thus every yard in the arc will subtend 10 at

the centre of the circle. Make AD equal 1 yd. JoinDC.

1. TRIANGLE OP REFERENCE.

The triangle CAD is called theC C

T'ria,ngle ofReference. I,If the student constructs a triangle with II (i.e., DA)

one inch, and AC 57'3 inches, he will see what a slope

(CD) of 1° really is, To make the triangle practicable,

the angle at C in Fig. 12 has be,en exaggerated.

c57 .5 j/d s.

LJ

].IYdA

"

Now consider AD as a height II (ydB.), and CA as a

T:1.11ge R.

Thus H. for an angle of 10

and II of 1 yd. 57'3 ydB.

10 ydB. 57'3 x 10

100 ydB. 57'3 x 100

2° 100 yds. 57'3 x 100

=

= " = " =

=



27

Now 100 yards=H and 2°=D degrees.

£17'3Thus R=Hx

Dor D x It II x f>7'3 (60 used for rough rules).

r H x 60 D x RfhenD=---and H

H. 60

If the angle is required in minutes.

60 mins. 1 degree.

:. M x R=II x 3438 (Le., 60 x 57'3, or 3600 approx.).

This formula is uS€d in ca1culatinO' sheet line error(Chap. III). 0

1£ height is in feet--h. (ft.).

h=31I

Then D x H=h x H)'l( i.e., of 57'3. )

Again, if minutes are required-

M x R= h x 1146 (i.e., 60 x 19'1, or 1200 approx.).

N .13.-1 0 is subtended by 1 yd. at distance of 57'3

yds. (60), i.e., 1 min. is subtended by 1 yd. at rangeof 3600 (3438), or 1 min. is 8ubtended by 1 in. at range

of 100 yds.

This forms the basis of some of the rules used for

estimating deflection.

2. GRADIENT.

From the triangle of reference it will be seen th~t fora slope o~ 10 there is a riso of 1 yd. in <II ~istance. 01 ?7'3yds. ThIS way of expressinO' a slope, VIZ., a rIse 1ll alc~rt~in distar.ce, is called a g~adicnt. It may be written

III 07'3 (1 in 6,0 approx.), or -a'J.(j'

= = --

=

~



28

Now 1 yd. is the II or V.I. and 60 is the R or H.E.

Th d. G V.I. Hus gra lCnt ILK or ]:

N.B.-The numerator and denominator must be of thesame denOln1'nation and the numerator a.Iways 1.

To Find a Cradient. Se-o Map.

From Cross Roads EA.d.2.3 to E.8.b.2.4.

Height of EA.d.2.3 = 52 metres.

Height of E.8.b.2.4. 72 metres.

:. the rise or height 20 met,res.

-40 "

30

20

10

A

A

I

I

I

• I

10 :

~jI,I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

=

= =



29

"

"

"

"

The range between these places = 4'00 ~etres.

20 1:.G= 400=20.

\Vhen giving Ule< gradient of a road for military pur-pa,sies it is obvious that the gradient of the steepest

pa,rt must be known.

, For example, supposing the road to ascend a concave

slopo as in Fig. 13.

T1~en the gradient of the part CB is the gradientr~qulred, since en is the steepest part of AB (contours

c oser together).

J)(-!Jrees.-From the triangle of reference it will beSeen that to convert a slope in degrees into a, gradient

Wo must multiply by l(J'

10 slope correRponds to G of60

2 160 or 30

5 160 or 12.

The range is shortened. by increase of slope.

Again to convert a gradient into a slope in degrees wemust multiply by 60.

G d. t f 1 60 (' d' f 1 6°ra len 0 _=_=-,4 . .Jra lent 0 .

15 15 10

. Tn exam pIe Iibove grad ien twas -i(J' therefore the slope

111 degrees would Le {-~ or 3°.

~

° -=



30

CHAPT'ER VIII.

THE ANCLE OF SICHT.

J. TO OBTAIN ANGLE OF SIGHT I"ROM MAP.

(See definition, p. 91.)

Consider Fig. 14 a,s a section of the ground frombattery to ta.rget.

BT is the line of sight and TnX is the angle ofsight.

K r .

B ~(jO.YdS'

40Yds ~OyYh.'

];'19' j/l

TX=the difference ill height of B a,nd T, which is60 40 yus. 20 yds.

nT=Uange=4,OOO yds.

From formula in Chap. VII-

~l x It II x :UWO .

. ~[ H x _~,GOO.. • It.

. If' 1 20 x :U-;OoThus in above example the ang e lJ !)lg it -wo-U-'

From this we see that the hundreds in t.he COlista,nt

- =

= =

=



31

t RULE.-Reduce difference in height of battery and

arge1tto'inches a,nd divide by the hundreds of yards in

ra,nge Th" . I t' d .' IS gIves mmutes e eva Ion or epresslOn

bove example 18' E. Consider 1 metre ~O ins.

Example. Se,amap.

Battery E.7.d.2.&. Target B.ll.d.O.O.

Measure the range 4,800 yds.

lIe1ight of battery 60 metres.

Height of ta,rget= 39 metres.

Difi'erence= 21 metres.

7 5

Angle of sio'Tht ~L>!' :10= 35 17 Js-' Depression..

)!J2

Order 15' D.

N.H.-Always be ca.reful to state whether E or J)

The a,ngle of sight is put on tho guns to 5 minutes.

't SUpposing an angle of sight worked out to be 18' E,

1 . would be o'rdered as 20' E' but if it were 18' D it

Wouldbo ordered 15' D. '

1 It is generally advisable to over-estimate this angle forc eva,tion, and under-estimate for depression, in order to

g'et high bursts, and to ensure tha,t the shots go well

over when firinO' aO'ainst trenches owing to tho oftenVe~ 0 0

J nn,rrow spa,ce bet,ween our trenches- and those of the

onemy.

2. DIRECTORS.

(a) Nos. 1 AND 4 DIRECTORS.

a1 X no a2 X oT+or ---nr +or --nT

+ el~vlltioll.

depres~ioll.

= =

= =

= = ~~ ~

_

- -

= - =



o

32

Observer can measure aB by sub~base, or r~nge find~er,or rough estimat.e by amount of telephone Wll'e, maklllgan allowance for obstacles.

Range aT is found by range finder, and BT by meansof the plotter. .

Fig.1S.

B

al

angle of sight from B to a.a2

angle of sight from a to T.

The angle of sight is taken from 0 to B, a.ild thereforeits sign must 00 changed to obta.in angle from Il to 0,

since angle of elevation is equal to angle of depression.

Angle of sight from a to n=3° D.

Angle of sight from °to T= 1° 30' D.Find angle of sight from n to T.

Angle from a to B=3°D, ... anglo from n to 0(Le. at) 3° E.

It will be found simpler to work in minutes and keepthe sarno denominator for both fractions.

From the formula we get:-

:!O

. + ( ....I~~ x 5~0) + ( ~0 x 345~ )f~;0~1 0~;00 I

4 4

100 345_ -245'_6P'D 10 ()+4 4 -4-- 4 , say .

= =

=

-

-- - -



T\VO SHORT METHODS.

(i) Estimate what fraction no upon BT is-say

500 13600 '7 approx.

Take + of al } of 30=25'.

Now OT . . II TI f I h 1iT IS practIca y 1. Iere ore eave t e aug e

a2alone. Now write these two as in formula.

25' 10 30' _10 5', say 10

D.

tl (ii) Find tlle apex angle at T and multiply it bytIle d~grees in the angle of sight from 0 to B. Changeate Lng? and call the product minutes, and add it,ge raIcally, to the angle of sight from 0 to T.

Apex angle=8}o. (See page 69.)

Angle of sight 0 to B 30 D.

3 l( 8}= 25' E.25' E + ( 90') 65' D.

tl NOTE.-This rule is used to calculate the difference inB~ angles of sight of flank guns of a battery on a slope.b . corresponds to the battery front, and slope of

attery is a1•

(ll) No.3 DIRECTOR.

To set up the Director.

1. See that the deO'ree scale plate with its micro-meter I d d b d' h . . tlea , an the clinometer in ex WIt Its mlcrome er

lead, are at zero. (The micrometer head reads minutes.)hI'2., Mak~ t~,e two pairs of arrows on ~he carrier andackets cOlllcIde by means of ~he levelhng screws.

3. The bubbles on the degree scale plate must be

lllade cent,ral by adjusting the legs of the director.A.M.R. I>

= =

_ =

= - =



34

'1'0 J[t!asw'e the .A ngle of Sty/tt.

1. Lay closely in the direction of T and clamp thecarrier, using the lower levelling screw for elevation and

the slow traversing sCtrew finally for line to get crose

hair lines of the telescope on T. The plane of the

degree scale plate is now depressed or elevated for theline 0'1'.

2. Measure tho horizonta,J angl'e TOll, laying onB for elevation with the upper levelling screw (do nottouch the lower) and for line with the micrometer head

of the degree scale plate. The plane of the degree scaleplate is now depressed for tile Z,ine DB.

3. Swing tho eye piece towards the battery past zeroto the extent of the a,pe,x angle BTO.

NOTE.-Two lower screws for T, and two upper screwsfor B.

4. Now level the bubble of the sight clinometer forthe angle of sight B to T.

Reasons for the abo1'e procedure.

a. \Vhen the telescope is swung from the line aTto the line on the difference in slope 01' and OB,

that is, the slope from Target to Battery, is recorded.b. By swinging past zero to the extent of the ape~

angle the telescope is placed in a line parallel with the

line B to T and the clinometer C C holds," though not

shown on the scale, the reading for the angle of sightT to B.

c. By bringing the clinometer bubble back to its

central position the telescope is brought from the line'1'13 into the horizontal plane.

3. CLEARING CREST Ii'HOM MAP.

EXAMPLE 1.

Hattery A.1.a.8.4. Target n.15.c.5.5.



35

On obtain this, the quadrant angle that would be puta. I 0 gun to hit T must be known, and also quadrantUng 0 to tho crest. The quadrant angle is composed of

10 angle,s of sight and elevation.

Angle of sight to '1 ' 40' D.

Range 4,[lOO yds.

or angle of clevation say 9° 10'

:. quadrant angle t$0 30' E.

Angle of sight to crest 50 E.

Range 600 yds.or angle of elevation 45'

:. quadrant angle 5° 45'

. O'rThereforo, since the quadrant angle on the gun istl e~terthan that required to clear th'J crest, it followsla, the trajedory will clear this crest.

p",XAMPLE 2.(IU

fOil' 4 ange to a target 4000 yards. Angle of elevation800 000 :rds. is 8° 10'. Angle of sight to target 2° 30' D., batt.~ds. III front of battery is a crest 200 ~t. higher th~ntho /Y: Angle of elevation for 800 yds. IS 1°1'. 'VIII

,ra'Jeetory clea,r the crest 7

To clea,r crest:-

Angle of sigbt = 5° E.Angle of elevation = 1° I'Quadrant anglo 6° l'

Anglo on gun:-

Angle of sight 2° 30' D.Angle of elevation 8° 10'

Quadrant angle = 5° 40'Therefore trajectory will not clear crest.

1

D 2

~~

= =

= =

= =

= = =

•



36

CHAPTER IX.

THE PRISMATIC COMPASS.

1. TO TAKE A DEARING.

Hold the compass by means of the ring, let it resthorizontally on the backs of the fingers and bring the

prism quite close to the eye. Looking through the

prism, move until the hair line is on the object. The

prism may be moved up and down in its slot and thuS

be focussed. The numbers on the dial will be observed

to be oscillating. If the dial plate is swinging toO

freely, check very gently by means of the check stop.'Vhen still, read the number indicated by a prolong~'

tion of the hair line, e.g., 50. Then the object is saId

to have a oompass bearing of 50°, that is, it is 50° rightof the magnetic north.

'Vhen using a dry compass, difficulty will aJwayS

be experienced in getting the dial stationa,ry, and

really satisfactory results a.re obtained only whell

the compass is resting on, say, a plane table, a gate pos~'etc., provided no iron be nea,r. This disadvantage 1S

obviated by the liquid compass. Since the dial is set in

oil there is little oscilla,tion, and conS€quently greater

accuracy is obtained with little loss of time.

2. INFLUENCE OF ME,TAL.

Ca,re should be taken to soo that no iron or steel be

near the compass when it is in use. Keys, pocket knives,

etc., are sufficient to ca,use deflection. Keep at least

10 yards from the guns. Do not st.and near railway,

tramway, iron fencing, bridges, ete. Troops witJh side

arms will affect compass. for a considerable diM:.anC8.

Do not take a bearing standing near anorther parBOIl



37

.3. CARE OF COMPASS.

ce~se the check stop very gently and wait until the

dial rehof the oscillation is rea,ched. Always clamp thelifts 7 en .not in use, by means of the locking stop. This

leath he dIal off the pivot. If the stud is in front of theVenter C~lse,place the glass window to the back to pre-

Po,sslble breakincr of the glass when fastening stud.

tn~;ob1d the glass be broken an emergency hair linehOle e o~tained by passing a horse hair through the

S provIded in the lid of the compass.

4. TO TEST A COMPASS.It .

~hoUl~seJttremely important that the error of a compassaccu be known. Take a bea,ring off the map veryCon ratel>, to a weU defined object that can be recognised.erroVert It to a ma,gnetic bearing and allow for sheet linecomr. Then take the bearing with the compass and

baa I?a,re. The difference will give the error. Three,fInO'<> t 1noted o~ a .ea,st should be taken an~ t~e mean errortin . A pleoe of paper gummed wlthm the rubberPla~ at the ba,ck of the compass would form a suitable

on which to record the error.

5. USES OF THE CaMP ASS.

(1) To obtain direction of N. and S., etc.

(2) To take a bearing to target, or aiming point, et.c.

(3) To SAetor orient the map. (Soo Chap. X.).

Xr(4) To find ~ne'8 position on the map. (See Chap ..).

?n~~led:nserting places on the m.ap that are not already

a. t;ake a compass bearing to the object and convert it totna,k~ereading. Place the protractor on your position,and ~g sure the edge of it is parallel to the sheet linesOn th~a,~ forward ray. The object must be somewherethis IS Ime. Now, from your position, mark off along

ray the ra,nge to the dista.nt object.



38

If the rango is not known, walk to another position

and again take the bearing of the distant obje'Ct. Set

this ray off on the map, and whero the two rays interwct

will be the position. The value of a third line will be~een from Chap. XI.

,\ .

(6) To give a line of fire from magnetic north, using

the compass in oonjunction with No. 1 Director. (SeeChap. XII.).

(7) To give angle to a t~rget from an aiming point notmarked on the map.

e.g. !fag. bearing of AP 1400 R.

l\Iag. beaTing of T < ,900 R.

Angle from Aiming Point to Targ,et = 500 L.

(8) Day and nig7~t mrtrching.-Suppose a compass:bearing of 120

0is required. Release the milled edge and,

turn it round until the metal indicator is opposite 12"

that is 1200. Take care to notice that the index bar on

the glass coincides with the metal indicator, since the glass'

of the compass sometimes becomes loose. Lay the corn~

pass down and open lid out flat. Turn it round until the

needle is beneath the index bar. Then the line of ma,reh

is shown by the hair line, or by the line from the centre

of the dial a,nd over the two luminous patches in the

compass lid. In order to march in this line it will beadvisable to pick up some prominent star, if possible,

about 200 to 300 a,bove eye level. Owing to the move-

ment of the stars, the direction should be asce,rtained

every 20 to 30 minutes and another star chosen on which.

to march.

(9) To find approximate rallge.-Ta,ke a compasS

bearing or the object a.saCCttrately as possible. vYalk 100

yards to . right or left and take a,nother bea,ring~

Difference of bearings will give apex angle.

e.g., 1st bearing 1120



39

J1 x 60. 100 x 60Now R I.e., -_~~_-

D :!A

6,000 ~tholls:lnds.:!} 2~

2~ thollsands.5

2,400 yds.

a '1'11118 when the base i~ 100 yards the rule is-divide the

pex angle into 6 and tho answer is ill thOllSJ.lld8 of yards.

r .T~() g~ea.test care in reading to fradions of a degree is

eqUlred to obtain anything approaching the true range.

= ---

= =

= =



40

CHAPTER X.

SETTINC OR ORIENTINC A MAP.

Setting or ori.enting a map means placing it in such a

position that it corresponds with the a.ctua.lground, Le.,

the north lines on the map point to true north.

It ena.bles one to identify objects, buildings, a.ndfeatures around, a.nd to locat-othem on the map withgreater easo and a.ccuracy.

1. METHODS OF ORIENTING.

(1) With Compass.a. Open tho compass out flat and place it on the con-

ventional sign for true and magnetic north, so tha.t the

hair line of the glass lid a,nd the notch on the ring a,re

directly over the magnetic line. Now turn the map round

until the arrow and compass needle are pointing in thesame direction.

b. A more accurate and convenient method is as

follows :-'Vith protractor, set off a ray from a vertica.!

sheet line, making an angle equal to the va.riaHon, ha,ving

a.lIowed for sheet line error This is Ule,n a ma,gneJticnorth line. Proceed as a.bove.

c. 'Vhen a protractor is not available, and map isfolded in a case. Note the variation, Bay 130 W. Open

the CQmpassout flat and place it on one of the verticalsheet lines (or, better still, on a meridian, then no sheet

line error need be allowed for), so that the hair line and

notch on the ring are directly over it. Then turn map

until the needle is pointing 130 'V. of the sheet line.

(2) Without Compass.





42

Turn the figure XII to the sun, and hisect the angle

made with the hour hand by the line from the centre tothe figure XII.

N.D.-The minute hand is not required. Sun is sout,h

in northern hemisphere, and north in southern hemi-sphere, from posit.iona outside the tropics.

Difficulty may occur in pointing the hand exa.etly tothe sun. Hold a match upright, in the cenke of the

glass. This will cast a shadow which should be a. pro-longation of the hour ha.nd.

Fig. 17.J '

8

a, the hour hand; and c, the sh&dowof t,he ma,toh b,should form one straight line.

(2) By Night.



43

si.rnila,rla,titudes. Since an stars revolve round an in-

~Isible point (~he Pole) it ~oll()w5that twice. in everyhours Polans must cometmto the same vertIcal plane

WIth it.

"*

I

I

III

¥t1 .' ~f':-: ....... 1'of~1

I

I

~Jt

. Fig. 18 shows the relative positions of the stars form-

Ing tho Great Bea,r, or the Plough.

\Vhen Zeta (second sta.r in tail) is vertically above or

he,low Polaris, then the Pole Star is true north. At

other times Poh.ris is approximately true north, a.nd canho recognised by aid of the "pointers," as in diagram.

In tho southern homispher') the constellation known

as tho C C Southern Cross" must be recognised.

~

~



4t

Consider it a.s a laJ"gekite. If the ma.j.ora.xis.Depr~duced 4~ times in the direction of the taIl, a pomt WIllbe reached almost over the south pole.

Fig 19

Or hold a piece of }J'<L~rup, and note where the head

and tail stars cut the edge of t,he paper. Bisect this

line, and make altogether nine such divisions a,s in

diagram. The ninth will be a,pproximately over thesouth pole.

N.B.-These methods should not be used to determinet,he variation.



CHAPTER XI.

TO FIND POSITION ON MAP.

~e!ore starting operations it is necessa.ry to fix one'spo~nbon on a map. This can very often he done roughly

by recognising the relative pOlSitionwith regard to sur-

rounding count,ry as compared with the map; near cross

roads, on a spur, to right of a wood, hut to left of a

quarry, ete. For a,ccura.te work an accurate starting

point is essential.

1. BY A SINGLE BEARING.

If the observer is near some hedge or road which he

can recognise, select an object, e.g., church, windmill,

btc.,. which can also be recognised on map. Take theearmg with a Prismatic Compass, say 100°. Since

~N. 7.No.

8S.

Fig. 20.

Ot; r"tion. 01'

Observer.found ..

*'. ,

J80.

rs.

this bearing must be plotted on the map, subtract the

variation, say, 15°. The true bearing is then 85°.

Place the knot of the protractor on the object, and make

tl:e protr:actor run true north and south, that is parallelwIth the sheet lines. Mark the direction of 85

0

• Join



46

this point with the object (church o~ windmill) and

continue the line back until it cuts the road. Wherethe ray cuts the road will be ithe position.

N.D.-The error of the compass and the shoot lineerror should be allowed for.

This may also 00 done by a single raJ if a range finderis present. :Mark off the range along the line from theobject, and this will give position.

2. RESEC1.'I ON.If the observer is in very open country, e.g., marsh,

heath, it will be seen from the previous method that oneray is insufficient. Two objects at least must he recog-nised and their bearings taken. Where the two baderays intersect will 00 the position. It is always advisa,bleto take three bearings where possible, the third ray drawn

being a check on the accuracy of the work.Example:

•. ....}J. j'l9'

A, TI, and C are three buildings recognised on the map,0:



:47

B 220 ; c 780• The variation, say 15', is deducted

. from -each leaving true bearinO's of 3000

; 70

; 63°.

Place. the 'protra.etor on A and 0m.ark the point 300°.StartIng from this point, draw a hne back th.rough A.

Proc~ed similarly for Band C. \Vhere the hnes meetat x IS the required position. It frequently ha,ppens that

s~an triangle occurs, as in Fig. 21, known as the

trIangle of error."

It may be due to inaccurate working, or to an error in

the compass not a.Ilowed for.

C.

tl In Fig. 22, showing the error exaggerated, supposeIe error in the compass is right. Then the position

, ~:nnot be on the right of the lines A, D, and C. Thus

. Ck~lUot be in 2. or 4, looking towards A; or 3, 4, or 5,.~ lUg towa,rds n; or 4, or 6, looking towards C. Thus

1 can only he in l.

n ~i~ilarly, if the compass error is left, the pooition can-

hr~"' .'0 on the left of the lines A, B, and C, a"ld thus its

l'VlOltIon can only be in 4.

~ =

~

~



48

The correct position in 1 or 4 would be 3J position

whose distance from the three rays is proportional to thelengths of the three rays.

A simple rule, and fairly a,ccura.te, is as follows:-If

the triangle of error is large, work again; if small, takethe centre of it.

The following example is worked on the map:-

Compass bearings 0'£-

1. Reunion House, B. 6.c. = 305°

2. Chaw's Farm, B.6. b. = 358°

3. Destructor, B.8.a. 68° ! f

Position found is B.ll.a.5.9.

3. RESECTION BY ALIGNMENT.

Set the map as accurately as possible and identify onthe map two or three objects that can be seen in the

distance. Place a pin to mark one of these objects and

another in line with this pin and the object itself. With

these two pins as guide a line drawn back from thedistant object will pass through your position on the

map. The intersection of lines similarly drawn will give

the required position. (Always look past the lower partof the pins when placing them in line.)

4. ADJUSTMENT.

Three positions or objects must be recognised. Set up

the director at zero with the sight rule or telescope on

the first object, say A. Swing from A to TI, and read

the angle recorded on the director-49° ; then swing toC and read the angle-125°.

Now take a piece of tracing paper a,nd rule any line

=



49

Ma.rk any point P in this line to represent your position,an ,se,toff from it the two angles as in Fig. 23.

th Now a,?just this piece of tracing paper to t.he map soa.t the hnes A, B, a,nd C pass through the obJects A, B,

F~.23

c

a,n~ on map. Then P, the point selected, wiIl be thePOsItIon on tho map. This method is very accurate, and

Ca,n bo very quickly performed.

A M.H.E

~



50.

CHAPTER XII.

DIRECTORS AND LINES OF FIRE.

Since the No. 1 Din~dor is g€nera.ny ava,ilahle, and

forms a good introduction to the use of others, it ma,ybe

advisa,ble to give a short description of this insrtrument

and its uses. Severa] old methods of obt.aining require,dangles are detailed below since the present war a,ffords

such varying conditions of Artillery work that, both oldand new methods should be known.

The No. 1 Director consists of a gradua,ted brass

plate reading to 1800 right a,nd 1800 left. Above this

plate are two movable plates which can be clamped in.

dependently by means of screws. The uppe,r of thesetwo plates supports a sight rule. An index a,rrow ismark€d on the lower plate.

To Set Up the Director.-Spread out the legs of theDirector well to give the inst,rument good support, and

seo that the graduated plate is horizonta.I. Pla,ee' 180.

towards the target so tha,t, zero will t,hus be brought

under the eye. The arrow should be clamped a,t ze~o,and the upper screw loosed.

\Vith No. 1 Director the index arrow is movahle so

that right of zero is (l right" and left of zero is " left."

\Vith No. 3 Director the short white index mark or

(l reader" is stationary, while the gradua,ted plate its:eIf

revolves, making readings right of zero (l left.," a,nd

readings left of zero " right." \Vhen using this inst,ru.ment remember " white is right" j that is, white leUe,rson black enamel.

\Vith No. 4 Director the degrees are marked left orright, e.g. 40 L.

USES.

1. To Measure an Angle between two Distant



51

(a) \Vith No.1 Director.

h~Vith a,ITOWclamped at zero lay on one of t.he distanto ~oct~ and then clamp this line by means of the upper

:crew. Loosen the lower screw, and swing on to the

t~cond objed. The reading shown on the plate will give

'le angle beltween the two points.

(b) 'Vith No.4 Director.

Cd~Vith the arrow clamped at zero.by means. of the milledtlbe SCl'eIWla.y on one of the dIstant obJocts through

'Ie telescope,. Clamp the thumb-screw and lay on

se:ond object by loosening the milled edge screw. TheR1row th . . l' t.__ : ..en m~lca,tes the angle bet,\\"een t 1e t.wo pom s.

2.. To Obtain Approximate Range.

1'lTwo men 0 and B axe a measured distance apart.

othey lay on the taxget at zero, and then lay on each

'cr. Th.e ancrles TOB" and" TBO" are thus 1'a-

~~~ded. 'The a~gle at T, the apex angle, will then be'rh .0, lesiS the sum of the angles" TOB and" TBO."

e approxima.te ra,nge may now be found by means of

the formula D (See Chapter VII.). It.

3.To Cive the Battery Angle from a Distant

Observing Station when 0 (Observation Officer)

can see B (Battery).

E 2

" "

= ~



52

B

---x

The angle required IS Target~Da.ttery-Observer, theangle TBO. ,

(a) Measure the exterior angle TOX. \Vith No. 1

Director lay first on T, and then clamp the line aT.

Loosen the lower plate and lay on D with the sight rule

the reverse way; that is, foresight next the eye. The

foresight in this operation passes from T to X, thusrecording the angle TOX.

Now, since the exterior a,ngle T'OX is equal to the

sum of the interior angles at T MId D, the lla,ttery Angle

is equal to the angle TOX less t.he apex angle. (S€leChap. XIII.)

(b) The Battery Angle may bo obtained without

laying on D foresight next the eye-an inconvenient

operation with No.3 Director. Measure tho a,ngle TOB.

Since the three angles of a triangle together equa.1

1800, the Battery Angle will be equal to 1800 l<lsSthe

sum of the apex angle and the a,ngle TOB.

(c ) \Vith No.4 Director lay on T a,t zero, and then

swing round ou to D. The blob (on opposite side to the





54

T

B

Fr.!!. 25

A

may now prooeed as in 5 a,hove, since t,he a,ngle ABTcan be taken from the map with an ordina.ry protractor.

(b) The following method obviates the neoossity foractually drawing the ray from 13 towards A. Tako theTrue bearing of the line 13T from the map and convertit into a, l\Iagnetic bearing. The diff-eronce between thel\Iagnetic bearing of A and that of T will be the a,ngle

from aiming point to targ€t.

The following examples show varying positions of Aand T. Variation is ta,ken as 15° \V. :_

(1) True bearing of T 163°, and compass hearing ofA 80° right.

Magnetic bearing of T 163° + 15° 1780.

j:?>

= = =



55

(2) True hearing of T is 127u, and compass hearing

of A is 239°.

Magnetic bearing of T will be 127

0

+ 15° 142°.Angle from A to T is 239° _142° = 97° left.

(3) T is 40° left of true North, and compass bearingof A is 50° (right, or clockwise, since takenwith a compass). T is 40°_15°=25° left of

magnetic North.

Angle from A to T is 250 +50° 75° left.

7. To Obtain Line of Fire when given the Magnetic

Bearing of T •.

(i) a. With Prismatic Compass and No.1 Director.-Place 180° towards the Target to avoid unnecessarylllovement of the sight rule, clamp the lower plate at zero

and loooen the upper screw. Place the compass at theend of the sight rule with the ring over the backsight,~o th:at by looking through the prism, the hair line onhe lId of the compass and the sight vane of the foresight~~e.seen in line. N ow turn the rule round until the':,cslred bearing can be read through the prism, andf1amp. the upper plate. This fixes the line of fire. Bythosenmg the lower screw and laying on an aiming point

i.e angle from A to T is obtained. Knowing the

(lrection of the Target one has merely to look to A,and angles left will be to targetB on the left, and viceversa. Or, the Director itself indicates whether theangle .is right or left. ('Vith No. 1 readings left of~{?wIll be left. 'Vith No.3" white is right," that is,

ute letters on black enamel.)

P b. The ahove result may also be obtained as follows.

lace the angle given, right or left, on the Directorat once. Clamp the lower plate, loosen the upper.Place the prismatic compass on the sight rule so thatwhen seen through the prism the hair line on the lid ~>f

i~hecompass, and the sight vane of the foresight are In

Ine. Now turn the sight rule until 3600 is read through

=

=



56

the prism. The sight rule will then be' pointing ma,g-

netic north. Clamp this line by mea,ns, of the upperscrew, remove the compass, loosen t,he lower plate, a,nd

swing ba.ck to ze,ro to obtain tihe line of fire. By swing-

ing from magnetic north directly on to an a,iming pointthe angle from A to T is obtained.

(ii) With No.3 Director.-A trough compass is fitte~.

See that the " notched" end of the oompass needle IS

away from the eye piece of the telescope. Plaoe theangle given right or left on the director ,at once, and

loosen the clamping lever. Turn the Director head until

the needle is central, that is, pointing to magnetic north,

and then clamp. Swing back to zero by pressing the

micrometer head of the degree scale plate outwards.

The telescope now gives the line of fire, which may be

marked by aiming posts, and individual lines of fire may

be given (see Section 11 of this chapter) or the a.ngle

from A to T may be obtained by swinging from magneticnorth directly on to an aiming point.

NOTE.-Unless the teeth of the micrometer head

are properly engaged with thOBe of the degree

sca.le plate the la.tter is apt to slip. To prevent

this, when placing an angle on the No.3 Director

it is well to put on a degree more (or less) thanthat required, making the exact adjustment bymeans of the micrometer head.

(iii) 'Vith No. 4 Director. Unclamp the small

trough compass as indicated on side of compass box, andproceed as with No.3 Director.

8. To give Line of Fire with Compass from a

Distant ObserVing Station from which BatteryIs not' Visible.

(i) When Battery is on tile LEFT of OT.

Take the bearing of T (a clocKw1'se angle always).

Estimate the apex angle, and add it to t,he first he'a,ring



51

X T

y\ ,,\,

F~!J.26 '\

\\\

\

B

NOTE.-If, as in Fig. 26, the bearing of T from 0is 3550, and apex angle BTO is 15°, the sum

will be 3550 + 15° = 370°, which is 10° right of

magnetic north.

o ~he angle ZOT, that is, magnetic bearing of T from

, IS measured clockwise.

~



YB and TO are paraJIel.

:. Clockwise angle XBY Clockwise a.ngle ZOT, a.ndapex angle BTO=angle YBT.

:. Clockwise angle ZOT + Apex angle BTO Clockwiseangle XBY + angle YBT= a complet.e circle+ Bearing ofT from B.

(ii) When B is on the RIGHT of OT

yI

II

\ E'i!. 27

\

I

I

Ta.ke the clockwise bea.ring of T from 0, a.nd from itdeduct the apex a.ngle. Gives bearing of T from B.

NOTE.-Fig. 27, when apex angle is greater than bear-ing of T from O. The angle OTE the angle TBY.And angle ZOT angle XBY. Angle ZOT-angle OTn angle ZOT angle TRY.

=angle ZOT- angle XBY -angle XBT.angle XBT.

a negative angle, that is, lelt of

= =

= =

= -

= -

=



59

Put shortly, when the battery is on the Left of the

ohserver Add; when the battery is on the Right of the

observer Deduct-LARD.

9. Switches.

. From a distant ohserving station, when 0 can 1300 B,

It is gene,rally be,tter to m€,asuretIle new ba.t.tery angle in

the ordinary way, and then the difference between this

ne~ ba,ttery a,ngle and the old battery angle gives the

sWItchangle.

W"hen switchmg to a }lew tlir1ret which necessitates acl a' ,.., (h ld

I nge 111 range, order parallellines.of fire on 1\ t eo.:arget) .before engaging'!' 2 (the new target). since the con-

~elltra.tlOn or distribution required at one range is suitable

rOf that range only. Then measure the necessary switch

or a. flank gun and give all guns the same switch. The

gUllS will now be firing on '1'2 with p:uallellinea of fire, flndcOllcPlltration or distribution may be given as required.

\Vhen both T 1 and T2 are marked on tho map it is

merely neoessary to measure with a protractor at B, the

a,nglo from '1'1 to T2, to obtain the extent of the switch.

10. To Measure Switch Angle when 0 can see B

without Re-plottlng Battery Angle.

1.'he requireJ angle is '1\ BT2•

The observer measures the angle T 10'1'2 and calculatE's

~otl:, ~pex ltngles at T 1 and at '1'2' To obtain switch angle

11,12:-

)' (i.) "If the new target ltlHl 0 are on the sflmt side of the

,:lIe lll\," that is. both to the right or both to the left,de1luet the old apex angle from the sum .of angle T 1OT~

arid the new apex angle."

(ii.) "If '1'2 and'O are on d~!ferent sides of the line BT~,

"'}dd the old apex angle to the difference between T 1OT2 and

t Ie. new apex nn~le."

I

-



\

B

60

-72I!

/1

/ I

/ I

/ I/ I

/ I/ I

/ I J:r0.28.

/ I

/.l" II I/ I

I I

I Io

To prove this consider the triangles T 1 nx and T20Xin Fig. 28.

The angle T1XB angle T2XO.

:. Angle T 1 + angle n = angle T2+ angle O.

:. Angle B angle 0 + angle T2 angle T l'

Again, if T2 and 0 are all opposite sides of TITI, thenangle T2 + angle B angle T 1 + angle O. Suppose theangles have these vallle8 T2 5°, T 1 4°, and 0 2°.

Then B (0 .:..T2) + T 1 (2° 50) + 4°= 3°+ 4°= 1°.

11. To Clve Individual Lines of Fire.

(Often necessary-Aiming point not available, as on

= = -

== = =

== = - _



61

(i) With No.1 Director.(a) Director in front of BaUery.

f Having ~ot the direction of T (magnetic bearing givenCom the map) plant two ainlillg posts to fix this line of fire.

8 arry the director forward from position D1 to position D2•

o to 100 yards in front of the battery. Lay on the aiming

Dirl'ctiono/Target

I II II I

I II II I

I I, I I

I I fig. 29

I I

I I

I

I a

OtRCcrOP

posts wi h director clamped at zero, 180° towards T, and

iheu clamp the upper plate. With foresight next the ("!Ie

ay on the dial sight of No. 1 Gun, and then read off the~nglerecorded, Bay 25°. If No.1 Gun is to the right of the.

~le D2and the aiming posts the angle will be 25° right.

I o. 1 Gun will now place 25° right on dial sight, and

fly on D2•

D The. angles for the remaining guns are gi ven similarly by

2 laymg on the guns in turn.



62

(b) Director in rear of Battery.

Aiming posts are planterl as above. The directoris then taken from D1 to D3• clamped at zero, 180° towardsthe 'I' and laid al l the aiming JlOlStS. Clamp the top plate.

Afir~Tl/orT

With fores~q1Lt next the eye lay al l tIle dial l.iight of No.1Gnll and read the angle recorded, say 175°. This will bothe angle for No. 1 (;un which will lay on DB"

(ii) W"ith Directors fitted with telescopes looking fore-sight--backsight should be a.voided. The open s-ights ofthe No.3 Director give less accura,te resung, and naces.sitate the removal of the trough compass.

Nos. 3 and 4. Directors.-The roade'r points to zero

I



63

\

I

I,I

I

II

I

''''/,5 J1!'

F' 31z:J

Ail:?ing Posts, as in Fig. 29, laying over the posts in the

lifdIna:y way (i.e., ba,cksight-foresight), adjusting for

I no wIth lower clamping lever, or, thumb-screw. Now

ay on guns in turn, and the nece6Sary angles will bo

recorded.

f To pIa,nt posts in rea,r (&ee Fig. 30), aft,er getting line

1: fire, swing telescope through 1800and plant poots in

Ine. Keeping reader a,t 1800 take Director beyond

EOS1:s, a,nd lay o~ guns in turn. Angles required will

o 1 ecorded on Dlrector.

No'n.-If a gun is on the ri{Yht of the line of fire, asWa}rked l~y the j~imillg Posts, itO

requires an angle righ~.

bleu Director 18 in front of batter v a small ano(yle 18

().t . u

Ulned. 'Vhen 10 rear the angle will he near 1800

•

12. To give Individual Lines of Fire with a Compass.

(a) COMPASS IN FRONT OF BATTERY.

'»irectio71/ of" T

310;\ AP

I •

I I, ,

: AP\ I

"

" "

"



64

NOTE.-To turn a forwa.rd be'8ring into a ba,ck bear-

ing :-" (i) If forward bearing is le.s.~ than 1800 add

1800to it. (ii) If forwa.rd bearing is more than 180

deduct 1800

from it." Thus a forward bearing of 20'"

becomes 200'" when conve.rted into a ba,ck bearing i a,nd a

forward bearing of 3400 becom€8 a ba,ck bearing of160°.

Given the clockwise magnetic b€aring of T, aiming

posts are planted to mark the line of fire. The R.C. then

walks forward to the nea,rer post, about 100 ya,rds fromthe battery, and turns a,bout, that is, through 1800, so

that the forward bearing of T has now become a back

bearing. He now lays on to the dial sights of the gunsin turn.

The difference betwe€n the bea,rings of the guns and

the back b€aring of T will be the angles r€quired. The

guns will Ia.yon the nearer aiming post. If a gun is tothe right of the line marked by the posts, the a,ngle willbe right, and vice ver:sa.

In Fig. 32, the forwa,rd hooring o,f T is 310° .. backbearing is 310° -180° = 1300•

Bearing of No.1 Gun is 115°.

:. Angle for No. 1 Gun is 1300 -115° 15° right.

NOTE.-Given bearing of T, 1900 ]\fagnetic.

Back bearing of T= 190° -1800 10°.

Given bearing of No.1 Gun, 3550•

Difference 355° -100 = 345°.Since the dial.sight is gradua,ted 1800 right and

1800left, take 3450 from 3600 and ord€'r 15°.

(b) CoMPASS IN REAR OFBATTERY.

Given the clockwise b€aring of T from magnetic north,

plant aiming posta if desired. Walk aborut 100yards to the rear of the battery and look towa,rds the

battery. There is no neCoC'ssityet to introduce a back

= =

=



65

~a.ke t,he bearing of the dial sight of No. 1 Gun and find'6 dZ,lference between this b€a,ring and that of the

D irectlQI'V or T

fi£#

fi:J.32.00 -1

I, :

~:'ll

\. N? 1CurC/

target. Since No. 1 Gun will lay on B.C.'s compass (ora post ma,rking its position), that is, in an opposite

A.M.n. F



66

direction to that of the target, the back 'bearing is hereinvolved. Consequently the angle required for No. 1

Gun will be the difference between 180° and the differ.

enoo a.Iready found a,bove.

In Fig. 32. Bearing of T 10° magnetic and bearing

of No.1 Gun= 25°.

Difference 15°.

:. Angle for No.1 Gun= 180° _15° 1650

and since tllis gun is on the right of the line of posts

the angle is 165° right.

NOTE.-Given bearing of T, 350° Ma,gnetic.

Bearing of No.1 Gun, 5° Magnetic.

Difference 345°.

:.Angle for No.1 Gun=345°-1800=165°.

= =

=

=



67

CHAPT'E,R XIII.

APEX OR DISPLACEMENT ANCLES.

II A person standing at GI measures the angle AGI T

e mOvesto G4,

and measures the angle AG4,

T.l'here will be a difference between the two angles measured

and the difference will be equal to the angle at T.

"

z:... on

-!~ 1:J. J-J.

:/}-----

w' Tl~eexterior angle AGIT is equal to the sum of the angles

ItllIn the triangle at T and G4,'

i.e" Angle AGIT==allgle T+angle G,

:. Angle AUI'!' angle G' ==angle T.

l'his angle at T is known 1l,S the displacement ang-Ie orapex angle. J t is an angle aubtended by the line GIG,.

-



68

Now replace the letters used in Fig. 33 by TOB, and

Fig. 34 may be considered, where T is the target, B thebattery, and 0 an observe,r who can see II and T. .Aknoll lies between Band T. Now a is required to give

the battery the battery angle TBa. By referring toChap. XII., section 3, it will be S€€u tha,t the baUery

angle TBa is equal to the exterior angle T'OX, lessthe apex angle at T which must be calcula,ted.

x----

If the angle TOB is from 800 to 1000 , tha,t is roughlya right angle, the triangle may be considered as a rough

triangle of reference, and the formulru

D=H x 60B.

may be employed to find the angle a,t T. The line BOcorresponds to II, the vertical height of the triangle of





70

(2) If flag is 25 yards to rear of B, then angle BoF

divided into TO o of 25, that is 15 gives the line BO in

hundreds of yards. BOF 3° then II 5 hundreds 500yards.

3. To Find a True Working Base.

If the angle TOB is not from 80° to 100°, a working

base must be found. (;/",.-.,IT~

For as many tens of degrees that the angle TOB falls

belo~, 80;° or exce-eds)O.OQ,deduct tenths from the li~eBO. Thus if DO is' 500 ya,rds and the angle TOB IS

130°, the working base (by which to caIeula,te the a,pex.

angle) will be 500 yardi less llr of 500, since the angle

130° exceeds 100° by 30°. T'his leaves jTTr of 500 yards,

or 350 yards. .

An alternative method of finding this working ba.se IS

as follows:-

(1) 'Vhen angle TaB elXceeds100°.

Given base DO=500 yds. a,nd T'OB=130°.

Strike off the cipher, leaving 13. Then talke

13 from 20, le,aving 7. The working bas'ewill be

-10 of BO, tha,t is, 350 yds.

(2) 'Vhen angle TOB is less than 80° ;

Given DO is 400 yds. and TOB is 60°.

Strike off cipher, lea,ving 6. Add 2.Thus the working base is 1.8~ of 400 yds.

= 320 yds.

F£g 3G 0

Fig. 36 shows (a) Triangle TOB with angle TOB 60°.

'Vorking hase OX=,;. of BO. .

(b) Triangle TaDI' with angle. TOBI 120°. Working

base OX 1.~~ of Bt O.

------------~--

=- == =

= =

==



71

CHAPTER XIV.

PARALLELISM.

It is of grea,t importance that no overlapping should,

f.ccur when a ha,ttery is firing on an allotted front. The

llI~es of fire of the ha,ttery should be parallel when first

aId out. '

1. A. P. In Line of Cuns.

I.If an aiming p:oint. be selected in p~olongation of. theIno of guns as III FIg. 37, parallel hnes of fire wIll be

T

Fig3?

.A.I?

oht,ained by giving the a,ngle from A. P. to T for each

gun, and no distribution or concentration is necessary.

2. A. P. In Front .

. \Vhen A. P. is in front of the battery, the lines of



72

fire tend to oonverge as shown in Fig. 38, and distr,i.bution must be ordered to counterad this tendency, and

to open out the lines of fire and make them pa,raHeI.

Lr

Zr,,I,

Z:l,I,,

II

I

I

II,

I,,I•••

I

'---

z,,,,,,

,, ,I I, ,, I

, I

, I, -r-:..-; -- ..-~..>-

Fig. 38.

GI and G2 are positions of Nos. 1 and 2 guns. L1and

L2, lines of fire required by these guns.

Let AGI LI and AG2Z he equal angles from an aimingpoint.

The angle AXLI ili greater than AGI Lu and therefore

greater than the angle AG2Z. COllsequently the lines GILl

and G2Z will tend to converge as they approach the target,

and distribution (that is to the line G2L

2) wiII be required to

obtain parallel lines of tire.

3. A. P. In Rear.

'Vhen A. P. is in rear of ba,ttery t,he lines offire tendto diverge, and concentrat1:on must be ordered.

If in Fig. 39 the same angles from A.P., AGIL

lland

AG2Z are taken for NOH. 1 and 2 guns, the angle XO I A wiIIbe greater than the interior and opposite angle XG

2

A.



73

.'r

Fig. 3D.

I;,.,

~ \~ .., Z ,,\ I

\, \

\ \

\ \\, ,

\

\ I

CJ ~i-11'~2-l .~.","- ... ::::::-- - ... - .....

--::-=--~::-:::...."-~-=-~~::::~"'

':::-_::::'~""""--.4.P

Therefore the angle XGl Ll will be less than the angle

~G2Z. That is, the line G2Z teuds to diverge from the

hne G L1 l'

4. To Estimate Distribution or Concentration.

The triangle AG1G4may be considered as a TOB triangle

where the angle at A.P. is a displacement or apex angle, sub-

tended by the battery at the A.P. This apex angle may be

-----A.P

\

\

\ \

-





15

In the example above a=lO and 2x=20.

No.2 gun 20 yards from No l~ 10', ~x ~O

more left.No 3 gun, 60 yards from No. l~ =~=30'~x 20

more left.

No.4 gun, 90 yards from 'No. l-~ =~=45':.!X :.!O

more left.

An Aiming Point shouldbe

as fine as poosible-eo

n

sequently, the farther from t,he battery the better.

' =~ =

-





77

A front of 75 yards will measure = ~ of this, that. 100 4

Is, ! of 2° 10

30'.

1. To find Distribution or Concentration.

EOCAMPLE 1.

T A .4-gun battery (20 ya,rds intervals) is to cover a

, wIdth 3°, and range 3,000 yards.

The battery should lay within both the margins ofthe T to the extent of k of the width of the T. Thust should be deducted from the 3°, leaving! of 3° 21°b 135' to be oovered. \Vith parallel lines of fire the

attery will cover

60 x 60 72'.It 3,000

Ethat 135' -72' 63' must be covered by distribution.

,a?h gun will have to distribute to the extent of 63'diVided. by 3-gun intervals, that is 6di

=:H' from the

named gun.

EXAMPLE 2.

A 4-gun battery (25 yards intervals) has to cover 10

at 3,000 yards range.

th 100 yards front at 3,000 yards measures 4 2°, soat 75 yards front measures -ll~ of 2°=1!0=90

f

•

T to be oovered, allowing k off at each end i of 10

==45', so that the 'guns must concentrate 90-45=45'.l'hu8 each gUll mllst ('O IJ(:('lltrate \" U)' Oil the

named gun.

2. Constant 72. Field Artillery.

For gun inteJrVals of 20 yards.

EXAMPLE 3.

o A 4-gun battery (20 yards intervals) has to cover T of

4 at 5,000 yards.

~ =

=

~= = =

= =

=



A

78

Bule.-Divide T in minutes by the number of guns,

and deduct 72 divided by the number of thousands ofyards in R. This gives minutes, distribution, or con-centration.

240 72Thus 60 15 45' distribution.

4 5

EXAMPLE 4.

A 4-gun battery (20 yards intervals) is to enga,ge asingle enemy gun, range 3,000 ya,rds.

Find concentration.

In this case width of T can be taken as nil.

Then Q 72 24'. Order 2:5'concentration.4 3

N.B.-A positive answer, as in Example 3, mea,na

distribution, and a negative answell", as in Example 4,means concentration.

Beason for the use of Constant 72.

Let A = a,ngle in degrees covered by Z guns (a,t 20yards intervals) and 'y' the number of thousa,nds ofyards in range.

There are Z -1 intervals of 20 ya,rda.

i.e" Z 1 hundreds of yards.

5

Z-lx6-5-' 6(Z-l)

Y 5,).

Let X = width of target.

- - - = - =

-= -

-

~



79

Amount to distribute = X AZ

X )60 (X-:z-A

Z-lmins.

Substituting value of A-

_60X(y)Z-l

60(Z-1)6

5 Y (Z 1)

60 X 72=-Z- Y

It will he ohserved that the full target width ispla,oed over the number of guns. The formula makes

allowance for the eiO'hth within the flanks of the target

tha,t the guns are laid. and for what the guns cover with

paranel lines of fire.

3. Constant 90. Heavy Artillery.

For g~n intervals of 25 yards.

Rule.-Divido T in minutes by the numoor of gUllS

and deduct 90 divIded by the numhcr of thousands of

yards in range. This gives minutes distribution or con-

centration.

EXAMPLE 5.

A 4-gun battery (25 yards intervals) has to cover a

front of 50 a;t 5,000 yards range.

300 90 75 18 57'

4 5

Order 55' distribution.

- ~ -

- -

-

_ _ =



80

The reason fur this constant may be shown as in the

proof of Constant 72.

4. Varied Cun Intervals.

(i) Regular Intervals other than 20 yards and 25yards.

. . 7 New IntervalObtam a new constant by multIplymg 2 by --')-0--'

90 b New Interval ...or y 25 .

A 4-gun battery intervals 30 yards. Give necessary dis-tribution to' cover a 4° target at 3,000 yards.

(a) Constant is 72 x 30 (or 90 x 30) 108.20 25

Then 240 108 60 36 24' distribution.4 3

Or (h). After deducting .~ from either eud target 3°.'Vith parallel lines the battery covers 90 yards llJ

Oo

iYof

100 yards at 3,000 yards -t'rJ of 2° ="~ 1° 48'. 'rhis leaves3° 1° 48' 1° 12' to be covered by distribution. Dividing1° 12' by 3 (gun intervals) distribution required is 24'.

(ii) Irregular Intervals.

A 4-gun battery has obtained parallel lines of firewith No.1 gun on a 20 ta.rget a,t 3,600 ya,rds. Int,erva.ls-Nos. 1-2, 20 yds.; Nos. 2-3, 40 ydSl.; Nos. 3-4,50 yds. Distribute the fire equaHy over the ta,rge1tfront.

Conve,rt the target width into yards.

H D x It 2 x 3,600 120 i(the target in yards) 60- 60 yart s.

No. 1 gun has laid .~ within the target fla.nk. If thefire is to be eqnally distributed the shells mnst fall

Target = ~ 30 yards apart.

= _ = _ =

= =

= - =

= = -

=



81

With parallel lines of fire, No. 2 gun would drop a~ehell 20 yards from that of No.1, and therefore requires

ee 10, yaros" more left. To convert this into minutes,olrtng the diff~rence. to inches and divide by the hundreds

yards in the range."

• N 10 x 36 I I fo. 2 36= 10 more e t.

:N".:N"o. 3 gun. sihould strike the t~get 2 x 30 yards fr?m:N"o. 1, and IS thus correct for hne when parallel wIth

0'. 1 gun.

No.4 gun (110 90) x 36 20' . ht---36---= more rIg .

5. Sweeping.

t' Sweeping is adopted when T cannot be covered effec

Ively by distribution.

th ~ach gun has t of T allotted to it, which is taken ah lrd a,t a time; tha,t is, y1

2of T in degrees for each

S .ell, or ee 5 times T in degrees = amount of sweep inInlllutes, for a 4-gun hattery"; "10 times T in degrees::::amount of sweep in minutes for a section."

II M IIQ

-



82

CHAPTER XVI.

FOREleN CONVENTIONAL SleNS.

RAILWAYS:-Chemin de fer

!~.n.np'

K3 3 Kllometrea from termlnu8

ROADS

~oute Nat/onal.

Route lie Menln

1~~\:84~B4 1st Class Road

.r,. p~, ""-"'-. ........•,.,••.•• 8 'NIt"

•••••••• .P.C!CZ':_s.uJ1.ace-........... ..~ .

...... ...... .B4, B".4, B4. Borne 4 4 kllometre. 'rom

nearest town.

Borne -limIt, boundary atone kllom ..tr" stone

or

Ct•.Engllsh milestone •.

"::=:~, ~I~=+=I =+:1=+:1~IHI=+=I::;IHI=+='~Ii=;.

Road. wIth TramwaYli

Boutldar1ea. • •

• /I :

or + + + + + +

-

-

-- _

_

~



83

RIVERS

.. g.... Hale.g ••••• o .•••• o ••... o

HO°tl° •••

"Ulftlllllllll

.~araia. ""111'""11" Ma

ttllttlllltfHl" Marsh

II11I//i1/WIII

o 2

~



84

BUILDINGS, E'l'c

L Cabt•

Cabaret J Inn (commonly knownAubge• Auberge I as Estaminet).,..--- ....,:1..1: Ch&u, Chateau Country House (large).. ....... -'

.--. - ... -o. ~.-rFme. Ferme Farm._____..:

..I.,Tie. Tuilerie Tile Kiln.,.JBriqie. Briqueterie Brickfield.

As shown in towns.

Gas Works.

Foundry.

Paper Factory.Hefinery.

Sugar Works.

Glass VV orks.

Powder Works.

A 'Vayside Shrine.

Chapel or Church.

Usine 'Yorks, manu-

factory.Usine-a. gflZ

Frie. Fonderie

I>apie Papeterie

Hafle.. Raffinerie

Suc'e. Sucrerie

Vie. Verrerie

Poudie. Poudriere

Brasserie Brewery.

Huilerie Oil Factory.

Eglise Church

Croi x or Cal vaire

Chap)'" ChapelJeo(5+

Mn. Moulin

(or Molen)Moulin it eall

Scieric

'Moulin a. vent

:Mil!.Watermill.

Sawmill.

'Vindmill.

o I>uits 'VeIl or Shaft.

Sablonniore

ro.

Sand Pit, Gravel Pit

-

~ ... _ ...







87

If an angle be made hy two lines running from thecentre bottom of the paper to the ends 0.£ the eye line(horizon) of the sketch, and measured, another means

of checking the a,ccuracy of reference poin.ts is obtain~.~easure this angle, and note how many tImes greater It

IS tha,~ the angular width of the view. Say ~ve. .Th~nan otbJed, that is 6° from the left of the VIeWWIll heon a line 5 x 6°, tha,t is, 30° from the line joining thecent.re bottom and the left of the eye line of the sketch.

4. Having estahlished several reference points other

prominent points ma~ be inserted. Leave detail until

lash.

Finishing the Sketch •

. 1. Hedges give a good impression of the shape of

hIlls .. ~. 'York very lightly-a rubber should not be usedIf It can be possibly avoided. It is easy to add lines.

h 3.. Do not show much detail when depicting trees,ooUses,et,c. Impressions are required. The foreground~~olUld be bold and dark, the distance faint and

sketchy."

The Marginal Notes•

. 1. Below the sketch make a plan of the countryV'I6';6d. Insert your pooition on the plan, as well asstatmg it according to the squares on the map, and insert

a north line .. 2. Above, point out and name prominent points, giv-

Ing ranges and magnetic hearings.

Possible targets--possible battery po:;itions and ob-ser~a~ion stations, cross roads, railway junctions; large

bUIldmgs are important ..NOTE.-To prevent smudging, the sketch mAy be

sprayed with a solution of shellac.



88

CHAPTER XVIII.

TECHNICAL TERMS.

1. :MAP READING.

The refNences are to the map, a,nd the example,s givenshould be carefully studied so that a contoured map may,

after a short time, give a.s clea,r an impression of hillfeatures as a carefully made relief.

Basin.-A small area of fairly level country sur-rounded, or nearly surrounded, by higher ground. The

area drained by a river and its tributa,ries is known as ariver basin.

Base.-A carefully la,id down starrting line, or refer-

ence line, of a sket.ch. The lowest port,ion, or foot, ofa mountain. ,

Bearing.-(a) Alagnetic Bearing.-The angle made

by a line drawn towards magnetic north, and a line

drawn from the centre of the compass towa,rds a distantobject. .

(h) True Bearing.-The angle between a true northline and a line drawn to a distant object.

Back RaY.-A line drawn from a dista,nt pointtowards one's position.

Brow.-See Crest.

BluH.-See Spur.

Cardinal PointS.-The four principal points of thecompa,ss--Norlh , South, East, 'Vest.

Contour.-A line of level, any point on which is 'thesame vertical height above datum level.

Crest.-The summit, or highe,st point of a hill. The

point at which a steep ascent changes to a gentle one.

B.12. b.4. 7; E.8.b.0.4.



89

Col.-A neck of ground connecting two heights .. A '

pa,rtia,}break in a ridge. From a col the ground rIses

on two sides and falls on the other two sides.A.15.c.6.9.

Datum Level.-The level (not necessarily sea level)

from which all heights are reckoned.

Defile.-Anything tha,t necessitates a reduction of

front. Narrow valleys, gorges, bridges, fords, roads

a,crossswamps, streets, etc.

Forward Ray.-A line drawn from one's position toa distant point.

Cradient.-A slope expressed as a fraction. Thus

-lIT ~ean3 a rise (or fall) of 1 foot in 10 feet measuredhOrIzontally; or 1 metre in 10 metres. This gradient

. would he spoken of a,s1 in 10. (See Chap. VII.)

Hachuring.-A method of shading hill features by

dra,wingshort lines velitical to, or horizontal to contours.Horizontal Equivalent (H. E.).-The horizontal dis-

tance in which a given rise or fall will occur at a given

degree of slope. (800 Chap. V.)

Intersection.-See Triangulation.

Knoll.-A small eminence or hillock. A.15.c.

S

Meridian-or True Meridfan.-A true North and

outh line.

1. Magnetic Meridian.-A magnetic North and South

me.

North Point.-A diagram on every military sketch tos~ow the true and magnetic meridians of the sketch

WIth the variation.

Or.ienting-or Setting-a Map.-Placing it in ita

relatIve. position to the country it represent8. LinesCo~nectlllg positions on the map will be parallel to or

CTolllcidewith the lines they represent on the ground.he compass needle will coincide with the magnetic

meridian on the map.

Plateau.-An elevated plain.



90

PlotUng.-Laying on paper measurements and bear-ings taken in the field.

Points of the Compass.-The 32 points of the oom-pass card. N.E., N., N.W., etc.

Ravine.-A deep hollow or narrow valley, generally

formed by the action of a stream. Often described asa gorge or mountain cleft.

Re-entrant.-A wateroourse or valley between twoprojecting portions of a hill.

A.8.d.9.0. running \Vest,.

A.3.d.7.0. running South.

Ray.-A straight line representing an imaginary lineconnecting two foints in the field.

Representative Fraction (R. F.).-A fradion show-

ing the proportion between the map and the ground itrepresents. (S.eo Chap. IV.)

Resection.-The method of locating one's position

on a map by the intersection of ba,ck rays. (Soo Chap.XI.) .

Saddle.-A col.

Salient or Spur.-A projecting port,ion of a hill orridge. A.3.d.3.0 running \Vest.

Section.-The outlino of a hill as it would appea,r ifcut away vortically. (See Chap. VI.)

Setting a map.-See ori€nting.

Triangulation.-Fixing forward positions by theintersection of forward rays.

Triangle of Reference.-A right-angl€d tria,ngle.

perpendicular height 1 yard, opposite angle 10 a,nd base57'3 yards. (See Chap. VII.)

Triangle of Error.-The triangle form€d when a,ny

inaccuracy occurs in the drawing of tho three back rays







93

~?rtical movement of the gun on firing, and, for any gun,

lifers acoording to the mounting and the charge used.

. Lateral Deviation.-The dist.ance of the point ofIlllpad of the projectile right or left of the line of fire.

1 Li.ne of Departure.-The direction of the shell on

eavmg the muzzle.

Line of Fire.-A line joining the muzzle of the piece

and the t,a,rget.

. Line of Sight.-A straight line passing through the

SIghts and the point aimed a,t.

.Muzzle Velocity.-The velocity in feet per second

wIth which a shell leaves the muzzle.

t Normal.-A line at right~angles to the fr~:>Dtf thearge,t. In the case of a cIrcle a prolongation of the

radius,

I' Point Blank.-A gun is laid point blank when the

Ine of sight is pa.rallel to its axis .

. Quadrant Angle.-The angle which the axis of the

pIece makes with the horizontal plane. It is termed

f'~adrant eleva,tion or depression according as the gun is

tJ.d ahove or below the horizontal plane. It is, there-o'1'e,the sum or difference of the angle of elevation

:nd t~e angle of sight (see Fig. 41). The angle of

l'Ie,va,tl0nand the quadrant angle are the same when the

me of sight is horizontal.

th Ranl:?e.-The distance to the second intersection of

e tra'Jeetory with the line of sight.

~anging.-Ranging is the process of finding the ele-

va,hon, fuse and line.

, Remaining Veloclty.-The velocity of a shell at any

gIVenpoint of its trajectory.~triking Velocity.-The velocity of a shell at the

POInt 0'£ impact.

fl' Trajectory.-The curve descri~ by the shell in its

Ight. (See Fig. 42.)



94

CHAPTEH XIX.

NOTES AND RULES.-AIDS TO

RECONNAISSANCE.

Accommodation.

IIoRsEs.-Allow 2 yards of frontage for each horse.

lf more than one row of animaJs are to bo accommodated,the shed must be a.t least 8 yards wide.

PARKINGVEHICLEs.-Leave the following spaces infront of vehicles or guns:-

Heavy Gun, 16 yards.

6-Horse Vehicle, 12 yards.4-IIorse Vehicle, 8 yards.

I-Horso or 2-Horse Vehicle, 5 yards.

BRIDGES.-8 feet wide will suffice for infa,ntry in fours

or cavalry in half sectJons; 6 feet for infant.ry in file,cavalry in single file, and field guns passed ove,r by ha,nd.

State. material, length a,nd width of bridg€s. Ifcapable of bearing hea,vy guns, etc.

Fords.-Infantry, on a,n eme.rgency, ca,11ford a river

4 feet deep; cavalry 4 feet deep; wagons with ammuni-tion, 2 feet 4 inches.

Gravelly bottoms aro best. All fords should be very

clearly marked by pickets driven iU1tohe river bed a,bovo

and below the ford.

Riv€rs are generally deepest towards the conca.ve bankat curves.

Measures and Measuring.

Truss of old hay, about 56 Ib8.

Truss of new hay, about 60 Ibs.



•95

Cubic yaId of compressed hay, ahout 225 Ibs.

Cubic ya,rd of hay in stack, about 126 Ibs.

Cubic yard of compressed straw, about 145 Ibs.

Cubic ya,rd of straw i!l stack, ahout 90 Ibs.

To ESl'IMATECONTENTSF RICKS IN CUBICYARDS.

Redangula,r ricks. L x x (II to eaves + ! height

from eaves to ridge).

Circular ricks. FilII height X (circllll1ference)2If>

Measurements in yards.

1 me,tre 39.37 inches (approx. 40 inches).

1 kilometrc 1,100 ya,rds.Ie T'o convert ya,rds into metres, deduct 10% (ilf)."

Thus 1,000 yds. = 1,00n 100 = 900 metres.

" To convert metres into yards, add 10% (.lu)."Thus 1,000 yds. =.-= 1,000 100 900 metres.

1 Verst (Russia) 1,166.6 yards.1 Arshin, (Turkey) 39.37 inches 1 metre.

To MEASURETHERATEOF ASTREAM.-Throw a piece ofwood well out into the stream and time it over a measured

distanoe.'

Mean velo,city = ~.of surface velocity.

'/IJ of mean velocity in feet per second number of

mIle's per hour .

•1 mile per hour-sluggish.

Above 3 miles per hour-rapid.

5 miles per hour-very rapid .

. A faU of 6 inches per mile in a dup and wide river

gIVes a rapid current..

~

= =

-

- = = = =



•96

R

-------------_._-~~-

To MEASURETHEWIDTH OF A STREAM.-Note somepoint on the farlher bank, opposite your positlon. Walk

20 paces. along the river bank a.nd plant a stick S.

Continue in the same direction for another 20 pa,ces, a,nd

then march a;t right angles from the bank until the st~ok

a.nd first point noticed are in line. The distance youhave walked from a. river will be the required width.

Point;

If space is not availahle a person may wa,lk' past S a.

dista.nce equal to half AS only. Turning at right, a,nglesto the river he will reach a point y, where S and oppo-

site point are in line. Then xy will be haH the width ofthe river.

To ESTIMATETHESUPPLYOFWATERFROMA STREAM.-

Find the mean Breadth a,nd Depth in feet, and the mean

Velocity in feet per minute. Then B x D x V x 9,000=

yield in gallons per da,y.

Rates of Marching.

INFANTRY.-100 yards per minute j average of 3 milesan hour, including short halts.

MOUNTEDTRoops.-\Va,}k about 15 minutes to the

mile. Trot about 8 minutes to the mile. Trot a,nd



97

Roads.-Sta,te condition of; whether metalled or not;

any. material a,t hand for temporary repair; slopes;

fencmg; na,ture of adjacent country.

GRADIENTS OF MILITARY HOADS.

I 7J.\r. (3°). Speed of loaded ,,'agons retarded hy one half'f hIll is more than 100 yards in length time must be

allowed to breathe horses. W

lO" (6°) .. A horse can drag one-fourth as great a load Il8

on the level.

{_(7~ 0). E] I b d. 70 :.;xtra. }Orses wi I e require .

~



(Page 31.)

CHAPTER XX.

SUMMARY OF RULES.

Angle of Sight.

1. 'Vi th mn p.D_ifli_e_r_en_c_e_i_n_h_e_i_g_t_o_f_B_an_d_T_re_{_h_lC_e_d_t_o_i_n_s.ins.

Hundreds of yards in range

2. Without map.

a 1 x no a 2 x OT .a) Directon, I and 4: ::l:: .. _-::l::-~-- =mms.BT liT

where al

=angle of sight from B to 0 and a2 angle of sightfrom 0 to T (a

1and a2 in minutes). (Page 31.)

(b) Director No.3. (Page 33.)

Apex Angle.

(a)

(b)

(e)

6 x Hundreds in base d

egrees.Range in thousands

Y~ of the b~se d-~I-,--_---- = eO'rees.Hange in hundreds e.

Base i~~~~~ = minutes.Hange in hundreds

(Page 69.)

(Page 31.)

Displacement.

Same rules as for apex angle.

To convert Yards Into Degrees or Minutes.

(a) D x It H X 60. \Vhere D degrees. H. range.

II yards in base, width of T, battery front, etc.

- __ =

_ =

-------- =

_

= = = =

=



(c)

(d)

99

Yards to inches .ltllltes.

!tange in hundreds

100 yards at any range.() delYrecs.

H:wge in thousands 1:'

(Page 31.)

(l'a~e 76.)

(Page 74.)

Battory Front at any Range. (4 guns).

( )7

a, Interval 20 yarus -degrees.Twice tlHJUS,wds in range

(1/) Interval 25 yards 9 =degree~.Twice thousands in range

(Page 76.)

Correction for Parallelism.

(0) Interval 20 yards.

Angle between A.P. awl line of guns minutes.

Thousands to A. P.

(0) Any interval.

Angle l'ctween A.1). and line of guns x inttrval from

named guc.

TWIce hundreds to A. P.

minutes.

Distribution and Concentration of Fire.(a) Interval-20 yards.

+ T. in minutes 72 minutes.

N umber of guns Thousands in range(Page 78 )

(b) Interval-25 yards.

+ '1'. in minutesNumber of guns

-9-0---- minutes.Thousands in range

(Page 79.)

Sweeping.(a) T. in degrees x 5 sweep in minutes for 4 gU~lS.

(b) T. in degrees x 10=sweep in minutes for sectIOn.(Page HI.)

H2

______________ =

________ =

=

=

=

___ =

=



IOU

Battery Angle.

(a) Exterior angle-apex angle battery angle.(b) (Interior angle + apex angle) from 180° battery angle'

(Page 52.)

Plotter Base-BO.

Tfh of sub-base. 1 d d . n)O------' ' '---------- lUll re s In •Angle subteuded by sub-base

(Page 69.)

True Base.

Angle TOn (or exterior angle at 0) between 800 -100'.l>lotter base is thp True base.

Angle at 0 less than 80° or greater tban IOO° deduct

Ill) from no for every 10' that angle at 0 falls below 80° orexceeds IOOa•

(Page 70.)

Sequence of Orders.

Aiming I>oint.Angle.

. {I>arallelism.DeflectIOn. D' 'b t' f I"

IStrI U 10110 1 Ire.

Angle of Sight.Hanging.

= =

=

_



101

EXAMPLES.

(Take the lllalyneLic meridian as 15- left of any vertical

sheet line.) 0 .

1. On Fig. 1 locate the following:- D.6.a.1.1.;

D.6.a.2.5.; D.6.a.5.2.; D.6.a.9.9.; D.6.a.0.9.;. D.6.a.9.0.;

D.6.a.0.0.; I>.6.a.5.1!.; D.6.a.7.6t.

2. Convert the follo'wing representative fractions into

statements of "miles to an inch," or ., inches to a mile."~O"l • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 • 1 •

~iTo "2"TlfO"' :ntllrO"' T"2"~j"2"O"' lI"3"oTo' "2O"UO"<J' l-<JuO<J'

tl 0"00"0' 10"0"00"0"'

3. Construct a scale suitable for artillery work ~ivcn

It.F. T(J(~mO"'4. With RF. "2"O"bO"a construct a scale to show 6,000

metres.

5. Are the followincr slopes concave lIr convex 7-from

A.6.b.7.G. to A.7.a.4.~. t from B.6.b.5.5. to B.6.a.5.8.; from

F.6.b.7.5. to St. Martin':s Church F.G.d.; from A.14.d,5.~

to A.15.c.:>.9.6. Are the following spurs or re-entrants? Hunning

West from A.7 b.0.8.; running North East from F.5.c.5.5.;

running 'Vest from A.S.d.~.O.; from A.14.d.S 7. toA.14.c.S.6.; from B.l.c.7.6. to B.2.c.5.8.

7. Draw a scction of the ground from He-union D.6.c. to

Cross llds. F.4.b. Could au observer at ltJ-union House

see the Cross J ~ds. 78. Given that the trees in F.3. b. are 20 feet high, could

an obfo;erver at F.6.a.0.2. see an enemy station at. A.15.c.3.6.

If not, about how hicrh would he have to climb into the

chapel at F.6.a.~.2J, 70

9. Could a scout at A.3.d.2.0. sce the forked road~,

E.4.d.2.3 7 'York by as many methods as J'on call and

compare results.10.' Give the average gradient from Steyne Honse

A.3.a. to top of Steyne Hill.

~ ~

\ ~



]02

11. Give the steepest gradient on hill. from K2.a.O.9k.to A.13.c.6.2. .

12. The margin shows the magnetic variation as I :~o45/ 'V. If the sheet line error is 45' l,jt, w hat angle will a

magnetic north line make with a vertical sheet line 1

13. ]f the error in Question 12 were 4f>' r1~gltt, what

angle would a magnetic north line make with a verticalgrid line 1.' .

14. A meridian lies 60 yds. left of a sheet line at the

top of the map and 40 yds. right of the same sheet line at

the bottom. Hange across map 10,000 yds. Find sheetline error.

15. What pOi'Its must be noted when tllking bearingswith a prismatic compass 1

16. Describe the methods by which one can set a map(approx.) without the aid of a compa~s. 'Vhat is the valueof setting It map 1

17. A party lea ves the rail way bridge A.I 1.b. and

marches on a magnetic bearing of 1300 for 2300x, and then0 mag. for 1400 x. What i~ their destination 1

18. .From B.9.a.O.a. give the magnetic bearing' andrange tv (a) Cross ltds . .FA. b.; (0) St. Luke'!:! Church

B.8.d.4.4.; (c ) Gustonia ll.3.d.; (d) Eastel'll comer of copseA.8.b.

19. From the forked roads K4.d. g-ive tile rUllge and

magnetic bearing to (a) left of Barwell .Farm A.16.c.0.8.;

(6) St. John's Church t<;,;J.a.5.3.; (c) 'Western corner of copse.A.~.a.5.3.; (d) Celltre of Yale station E.5.a.

~O. You are standing at the cr088 roads F.l.c. Give themagnetic bearings of the four roads.

21. YOll are to march at night from Purk Inn K8.b.

across country to a patrol waiting at B.I6.b.0.5. Explain

how you would obtain your line of march with the service

(luminous) compass. What other information ddes the

] ~



103

29. (jive angle from aiming point to target, range, and

,angle of sight, if No.4 gun is at E.4.a.0.6. Target, Steyne

Bouse A.3.n..; and A.P. St. John'li Church E.:3a.

30. If the A. P. in Question 29 were 10:) in front of line

,of guns what correction for parallelism would be necessary

{gull intervals :!O yards) .

.31. Battery 1".3 a.5.5. Target Destructor n.S.a.'

GIve magnetic bearing of '1', angle of sight, and nUlge.

32: 'Vlmt would be the switch from T ill Question 31 to

.an enemy observation tltation li.t B.l~.b.4.6.1

22. From your station at A.9.d4.0. JOu observe an

enemy position on the railway. The compa~s hearing is

.55°. Fix the position of this target.23. From your position on the Brackith Hoad the

Pal'.is~ Church B.7.b.8!.1!. is magnetic north. Fix your

posItIOn.

24. An observer fit A.15.c.3.7. finds the bell,ring of a

target to be 3~8° 30' magnetic. It i~ 2000 yards away.

Fix the target.

,,25. You take the cumpass bearing of St. John's Church

h.3.a. from your position 011 Dale !toad EA.d. and find it to

l)e 2880

• Find your exact position.

2~. Find your positi0u, having obtained the following

bearmgs with your compass:-Corner of lla,rwell Farm A.16.c.0.8. 293

0

:\Iag.

St. John's Church K3.a. = 272° Mag.

Park Inn E.8.b. 223'.)Jag.

27. Given these bearings fix your exact position :-

Munster Lodge RIO.c.6.2!. ;iO!-o :\lag.

Parish Church B.7.b.8~.1~. = 358° ~lag.

St. Martin's Church F.7.c.O.3. 231° Mag .

. 28. Fix your position by adjustment fOl' Question 21,

g.Iven that from Munst.er Lodge to the Parish Church is 54°

rIght; and from Munster Lod'Y'e to St. ~lartin'~ Church is

730 left. 0

_ -

=

=



33.

R.5.d.range.

104

Battery-A.15.d.G.2.- rrarget-Hailway I3ridge in:

Give magnetic bearing of 1\ angle of sight, and

34. Battery-.F'.2.d.5.5. Target-Gustollia B.3.d. 1'he

A.P. is not marked on map but is 120° maguetic. 'What is

th~ angle from A.P. to 1\ range, and angle of sight 1

35. Battery F.3.c.5.;"). 1'arget -an enemy observa-tion station at A.16 c.0.5. The A.I'. not marked on

maphas It eompass bearing of 210°. What is the angle A.P.to T, range, and angle of sight 1

36. What correction for parallelism would be necessaryfor the following :-( (1,) A. P. :!Q0 to rear of line of guns and

2,000 yards away (intervals 20 yards or 25 yards); (0 ) A,P.15° in front and ] ,500 yards distaut (intervals 20 yards or-

25 yards); (c ) A.P. 30° in front and 1,500 yards distant(interval.".! 30 yards).

37. BatterY-F.3.a 5.0. Target-Station n. 7.a. 'What

distribution of fire will be uecCi;/Sary after parallel liues offire have been obtained (intervals 20 yards).

38. WOlk Question 37 if intervals are 25 yards.

39. Battery-.F'.3.a.5.0. After getting parallel lines of

fire what concentration will be required to bring a 4-gun

hattery on to the railway bridge B 5.d. 1 Given intervals,.(a) 20 .r:uds; (0) 25 yards; (c) 30 yards.

40. Xo. 1 gun E.3.b.1.~. 1'arget-Cross Hoads FA.b.

Intervals between Nos. 1 and 2-:!5 yards; .1\08. 2 and 3-

35 yards; Nos. 3 and 4-40 Jards. After parallel lines.have heen obtaiued with No.1 gun what correction will benecessary to conceutrate the fire on the Cross Hoads 1

41. 'rork the above CJuestion if the target consists of160 yards of enemy treuche8 running south from the CrossHoads.

42. Giv.en the exterior angle at 0 85°, base BO 400xand range OT 3000x, what ia the battery angle 1

43 (a) A sub-base of 40x subtends 6° at the observingstation; wha t is the length of plotter IJase (nO I 1

(b) A sub-base of 50x suhtends 4° at the oLsErving

-



105

44. The exterior ano'le at 0 is 68', base 500", and range

01' 4400", \Vhat is the true base, and what is the apex

.angle 145. With the following data find the battery angle :-

Sub-base-60" .Angle subtended by S.B. at 0-4f.

Angle TOB-3So.

Hange 01'-4200.

46. Find the battery angle from the following :-

Sub hase-30x•~ngle. subtended _ll~ S.B. at 0_3°.

hxtcnor angle-;>7 .

Range 0'1'-2450.

47. The magnetic bearing of B from 0 is 89°, the

magnetic bearing' of l' from 0 is 15°. If the base no is

500 and range 01' 4000, what is the magnetic bearing of

'1' from B1 (Battery on right of line 01'.)

48. Magnetic bearing of B from 0- 352°.

"of flag, 40X out at It. angles to B._346°,

"of l' from 0_50°.

Gi yen range 01' 3.500. \Vhat is the magnetic

.bearing of l' from B 1 (Battery on left. of line 01'.)

49. 1'he angle of siO'ht from 0 to B i8 40' n, and angle

-of sight from 0 to l' is 1()' D. 130=. 400; BT 3800; 0'1'

3600. \Vhat is the angle of t:light for the battery 1

50. Given a' 10 40' D, and a2 15' D. no 650 ;

BT 5200. 01' 4750. Find angle of sight for the

,battery.

,51. A battery of 4 guns is in action on a slope of 6°, therIght heiug higher than the left. Angle of sight for No, 1

gun 35' D. Hange 2000x• \Vha,t' lUl~le of sight will bo

.ordered 1 Intervals 25 yards.

52. \Vhat will a battery front of 60 yards subtcnd with

llarallel lines at a range of 4500x1

" "

= =

= = = = =



106

53. What will a 4.gun battery with. illterntl8 of 35"subtelld with parallel lines at a range of :3250x.

54. A battery is Lrou?-,ht into Ilction SO yards to the

right of the director. The line of fire marked by director is

for No.1 gun. Angle between A. P. ltuel line of fire is 87° R.What angle should be given to battery 1 Hange 4200yard s. Intervals:! Ox.

5.1. The director is 105 Jal'ds to the right of No. I gun

of a 4-gun batter,)', and the line of fire is marked for centreof target. A.I). is to the right, and angle betweon A. P. and

line of fire is 90° L. nange 3650 yarcb. \Vhat angleshould be given to hattery 1 (Intervals 30x.)

56. Angle of sight to T. is 40' D. Angle of elevation to

T. found to be 7° 3u' E, and angle of elevation to crest55'.E. Angle of sight to top of crest is 6° 30' K 'Will tra.

jectory clear the crest 1

on. One gUll of a battery is 5 yard.'! in front of thegeneral alignment of the guns. An A.P. is taken in pro-

longation of the general alignment and 1,000 yards distant.

'Vill there be any apprpciable error in the line of this

particular gun. if so, how much, and how far off should theA.P. be to make the error inappreeiable 1

58. .Magnetic bearing of a target-350°. Y011 wish to

give individual lines to y-:>ur gunR with your prismatic

compass 100 yards in rear of battery. 'rhe bearing of No.1

gun from this position is :wo, and No. :2 gun 10°. What

order would you give these guns to ohtain parallel lines offire 1



107

ANSWERS.

2. 6 inches .to mile; 3 inches to mi~e; 2 inches to

m~le; 2 miles to inch; I! miles to inch; 3'16 inches. tomIle; 1.58 inches to mile' 1'26 miles to inch; 1.58 miles

to inch. '5. Convex; concave; concave; convex.

G. Spur; spur; re-entrant; spur; re-entrant.7. Yes.8. No. About 50 feet.9. No.

10. :lo' 3°.11. )16, 4-.12. 13° L.13. 14° 30' L.J 4. 35' R.17. B.5.d. Railway Bridge.1~. (a) 131° magnetic, 4,200; (b) 94° magnetic, 3,800 ;

.(c) 72° magnetic, 3,150; (d) 5° magnetic, 1,250.19. (a) 351° magnetic, 1,400; (b), 307°magnetic, 1,450;

{c) 91° magnetic, 3,550; (d) 276° magnetic, 3,200.2~.. 65° magnetic; 162° magnetic; 248° magnetic;

.350 magnetic.22. A.6.d.2.1.23. B.16.a.8.6~.24. A.9.b.4.4.

25. E.4.b.1.2.26. B.13.d.0.4.27. B.16.d.2.7.28. B.16.d.2.7.

29.91°

n.; 4,000; 15'Eo

30. 15' distribution.31. 36 magnetic, 3,300; 15' E.32. 14°more right.33. 59° magnetic, 25' E, 2,800.34. 9~0 30' L, 4,050, 10' E.).35. 92° 30' It, 3,400, 25' E.



10~

36. (a ) 10' concentration; (6) 10' distribution; (c ) 30"distribution.

37. 15' distribution.38. 10' distribution.

39. (a) 25' concentration; (b) 30' conoentration; (c) 35'concen tratioll.

40. No.2, 15' more It; No 3, 40' more It; No. 4, 1.10' more R.

41. No.2, 10' more L; No.3, 15' more L; No.4, 15/

more L.42. 77'" It or L.43. (a) 400; (6) 750.44. 450, 6'".

45. 1350 R or L.4G. 45'" R or L.47. 8 magnetic.48. 55'" 30' magnetic.,(9. 5' deprestlion.50. 25' depression.

51. 35' depression and 25' depression.52. 45'.53. I'" 55'.

i4. 8.5'"R.

55. 87'" 30' L.

5G. No.57. 18'. 6,000 'yards and over.58. 140. R; 1(>0. R.

.l,,'.,

~



Yards7000

I

/

..

..MeLres6oqo

6000I

5000

5000I

4000, ,

JOE

4000

, I

70'£

1: 20000I

3000

= -t =-=- :

Scale

Contour Int.erval 5Netres2000 3000

2000I

J J

II.

\I~I\

II

I'

I'.

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with Plates 1 t5

RECONNOITRING, SCOUTING, &c.

Protection, Advanced, F lank, and RearG uards and O utpost& I W hat to do andHoW to do it I W ith Q uestion~ & Answers.In accordance with the latest Field Service Regula-

tions ...... 0 6Aids to scouting for N .C .O .'s and M en. ByLt ..Gen. Sir R. S. S.Baden.Powell, KC.B., ICC.V.O. 1 0

Training of the Territoria l Scout. OyCapt. P. B. Foot, Scout Officer, lOth Bn. The

D.C.O. (Middlesex Regt.) 1 6

5



Military Books Specially Recommended

Reoonnoltring, Scouting, &C.-contd.

Memorandum for Outposts and OutpostSentries. On untearable linen for head-dres •.Per doz. 9d. ... ... per 100

Soouting by Night. A Sequel to .. The Value ofObservation in War," By Fredk. G. Cooke, Assoc.M. Inst. C.E., M.S.A., Eastbourne Volunteer TrainingCorps. Fully illustrated ...

The Value of Observation in War. Dedicatedto all Scouts in Training. By the Author of .. Scouting

by Night," Fully illustrated ...Scouts' Alphabet of. Notes and Queries.Pocket size, 3 x 2 inches

Officers' Pocket-Book for Peace and ActiveService. By Lt.-Cot. W. Plomer, R. I. Fusiliers.In limp Khaki cover. New Edition, greatly improved,containing in Pocket, Conventional Signs, Envelopesfor Reports. A Service Protractor on UntearableCard and Luminous Card for use at night i on inside

.f cover Scale of Inches and Millimetres, EmeryCloth, Flannel with Pins, Plummet and Cord, etc.,etc.

A Magnetic Compass is fitted to the Book for 11- extra

Refills of Field Message Forms for same ... each

SUbalterns' Hand-Book.-See page 11.

Field Message Book. 6! x .. inches. As ArmyBook 153. Contains Indelible Pencil, Pocket withEnvelopes for Reports, and carbon paper

Refills for ditto ... each

"'.Id Report Book. (Small size Army Book 153.)For writing Orders and Reports of Reconnaissanceand Outpost duties in the Field, etc. i containsconcise directions and carbon paper. In cloth, withPencil. Pocket and Elastic Band ...

Refill for same

Envelopes for. Reports (A.F. C 398) per doz.

per 100Field Report Pad of Message Forma for pocket,with Hints on Writing Reports, etc. Useful toScouts. With carbon paper ... each 4d. per doz.

Field Message Book for Non-Coms. andScouts. Army Book 1538 6d. By po.t

&

I. fl.G 0

1 0

1 0

8 0

o 6

2 IS

1 0

1 0

o 6

o 6

2 &

a 6

o 7



Aiming Card (Christie's Patent), with latestimprovemen ts. An aid to using the sights oft he Rine 0 3

The Giant Aiming Card for MusketryLectures, with Bullseye, Figure. Crossing Fi~ureand Classification Targets.... ... By post 7d. 0 6

Diagram of Charger Loading Lee_EnfieldRifle. ... Per do.. :I 0

MUSKETRY AND SHOOTING.

Military Books SpeciallY Recommended

MILITARY TOPOGRAPHV SKETCHING &0.

Sketching Made Easy (Military), and J. tl.Military Maps Explained. By Colonel H. D.Hutchinson, Indian Army (now Maj..Gen. H. D.Hutchinson, C.S.I., Dir. of Staff Duties), arranged forOfficers preparing for examinations. Revised Edition.Revised by Capt. R. F. Pearson, .. The Buffs It 4 0

SketchinG and Map Reading for N.C.O.'sand Men (Military). By Major R. F. Legge,The Leinster Regiment. Fully Illustrated 1 6

Military Map Reading, with numerous exercises.examination papers, answers, maps, diagrams, etc.,fully illustrated .. , •., •.. .,. .,. .., 1 0

Map Reading for Artillery, etc.-See page 10.

Notes of Lectures on Map Reading andSketching. By Courtney Terrell (2nd.Lieutenant,Inns of Court O.T.C., formerly Private, "Artists"Volunteer Rifles, and Captain, 19th MiddlesexV.R.C.)Fully lIlustrated with 24 Plates of DiagramS .. , 1 0These notes have been prepared to save the time of orficera and others

attendinlll .ny Leotures. They are not intended as an indspendent ...ork.

and deal merely with suoh matters as have had to be explained in a very

short time to a larlte numbsr of persons. It is hoped that thrY may beuseful to Offioers who will deliver Leotures to their Non.Col'ftmi.s

ioned

Officers. The arranltement of the subjeot-matter IS the rnult

. of

eonsiderable experienoe.The Whirt ..

rRetractor. An instrument '~hich

simplifies military sketching, specially useful • in:panorama work and detail sketching. Complete witnBooklet of Instruction, Sketch Block and Pencil, in

strong khaki cloth covers ... :I 6This instrument will simplify milit.ry sketehinlll to those th.t h .. e

not had the traininlt in dr .... in' and perspeotive. .nd is useful for

pano

r

•ma

work. detail sketohinlll. ranllle cards "nd lIIener.1 milit.ry

IIr ....

in

'. When held uP to the eve it at onoe lIIives the anltles .nd rel.

tlve

positions of objeots on. landso.pe. It is simple and c.n be used ...ithout

.I.borate instruotion. For platoon commanders. so<>uts .nd m.chin-

lIIun seetions it will be found invalu.ble. It is sm.ll in sin (for the pocke')

7

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,


rvlusketl1Y and Shooting-conld.

Diagram of Short R ifle M agazine, Lee.. s. d.Enfle ld, M ark III. per doz. 2 0

D iagram of .303-in. V ickers M achine. Gun.

\Vtth list of component rarts in sheet form doz. 3 0How to Instruct in A im ing and Firing.Giving Explanations and Reaions as taught at. the

School of Musketry, Hythe. By Lieut. J. Bostock,K.O. Yorks. L.I. (l\lachine Gun Corps) 0 6

Hvthe M usketry Course M ade Easy. Con-taining Instructions in Care of Arms, I nstruction inFiring, Instruction in Aiming, Judging Distance'and Observation of Fire, with Questions and Answers

and useful hints on the varIous subjects... ... 1 0M achine Gunners' Handy Reference Card,containing: Immediate Action Points to be

attended 'to Jams and Stoppages.- Signals-Semaphore. Compiled by Capt. Peter D. Thomas,6th Bn. \Velsh Regiment... 0 2

(Special price for quantities).G uide for the °303_ln. V ickers M achine G un

(Magazine Rifle Chamber); mounted on TripodMounting, Mark IV; its Mechani3m and Drill, with'Questions and Answers; illustrated with Plates ... 0 6

Handbook of the M axim Gun, its M echan_

iam and Drill. With Questions and Answersand fully illustrated ... 0 6

Notes on Visual Train ing and dUdglng

D iatance In Relation to M usketry. Com.piled by Lieut. J. Bostock,KO. Vorl,s. L.1. (MachineGun Corps). FUIIy illustrated... •••. ••• ... 0 6

Rifle Exercises m ade Easy (Applicable to all

Arms) Containing :-Rifle and Sword Exercises, Careof Arms, Instruction in Aiming, Instruction inFiring, Judging Distance, with Practical Questionsand Answers. Fully Illustrated •.• 0 6

Int&truction and Training for M iniature

R ifle R an ge P ractices. By Capt. W. J. Broad,Brigade Musketry Officer, 66th Infantry Brigade ... 0 3

The M usketry Teacher. A Com plete G uide

for Instructors of M usketry. By Capt. A.Morris, 1. of M., 7th Bn. R. Fus., Instr. of Musketry

to the Falmouth Garrison. Illustrated ... ... 1 0M usketry Lectures for O fficers and Non ..

Oom m issioned Office rs. By Captain Harold.C. Lings, Instructor of l\lusketry, 8th Bn. MachesterRegt. \Vith an introduction by Major.-Gen. W.Douglas, C.B., D.S.O., p.s.c. 1 6

8,

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!!'1ilitary Books Specially Recommended

SIGNALLI NG.M orse A.B.C . learnt in half an hour, and s. d.abbreviated instructions for Flag Signallers. ByMajor A. R \Vi\lis... ... ... . 1 0

M orse A lphabet (m iniature). Printed on un.tearable Ill1cn for the pocket, with diagram and fullinstructions per doz. 1 6er 100 10 0

Sem aphore A lphabet (m iniature). Printedon untearable linen for the pocl,ct per doz. 1 6er 100 10 0

Signaller'S pocket Book of Practical H intsand Notes on Arm y. S ignalling the

., R ight:" and "W rong" ways of S ig-

nalling). By G. \V. "IOwne, 20th Huss 1'5 0 6Sem aphore A lphabet and Num eral ~Ign ••

She~t. I ... Size ;,Oi,~. by 30in., showing senlier'spOSitIOns Front \ lew... ... ... ... ... 0 3Ditto, ditto, ditto, Sheet 11., showing sender'sPositions" Rear" View... ... ... ... ... 0 3

Sem aphoro S im plified, or "How to learn itIn a Few ttours," by means of a pack of 29Cardsprinted with Illustrations of Men, Fl~gs, etc., frornPhotographs specially tal,en, showing sender's

Positions" Front" and" Rear" Views, complete with.. Booklet" of full instructIOns. By a SignallingInstructor ... ... ... ... ... Per set 0 6

MEDiCAL.Things to be Rem em bered by every O fficer

on Fie ld Service. Printed on Linen for thePocket ... per doz. 1 6per 100 8 0

Things to be Rem em bered by every Sold ieron Fie ld Service. Printed on Linen for thepocket ... per doz. 1 6per 100 S 0

Hints to Sold iers proceeding to India. Acommon-sense Health Lecture. By \V. F. Haper,I~te Colour.Sergeant Royal Scots, late of the 1stChinese and 1st \Vest African Regiments and ex.100me:ctor Uganda Armed Constabulary 0 3

G uide to Prom otion for Non-com . O fficers

(corporal to Staff-Sergt.) and M en of theR oyal Arm y M edical C orps, with Appendix onHints to voun~ N .C.O.'s on Clerical and other dutiesin a Milit:ary Hospital. Compiled by Capt. S. T.Begg

8

, M.B., M.D., R.A.l\\.C. (Reserve of Officers).

5th Edition. Hevised to date, with lnde" 3 6

9



Military Books Specially Recommende~

Medical-contd.

Field Sanitation fo .. Te ....ito ..ia l O ffice.... s. d.Hi C. Averill, V.D., M.D., D.P.H., Lieut ..Col.,

R.A.M.C. (T.F.), Sanitary Officer, Welsh Division(T.F.). Compiled from the latest Official Manualsand Text Books on Military Hygiene 1 0

How to Keep II Fit" 0.. the Soldie ..'s Guide

to Health In W a .. and Peace. War Edition.Compiled by Major H. Waite, R.A.M.C. (T.) ... 0 4

Notes on Fi ..st A id fo .. N .C.O .'s and M en.

By an Officer of the 14th (Service) BattalionManchester Regiment ... ... With Diagrams 0 6

.. The ve,.:!' thing /0,. eve,.:! ' man i tt khaki."

MOUNTED SERVICES.

\

F ield Gunne ..'s C ate chism . By Lieut.-ColonelA. T. Anderson, R.F.A. ContentS-Ammunition,etc. Care of Horses Cordite Drill- GuardDuties (N.C.o.'s) -Gun and Carriage, IS-pr. Q.F.-Gunnery-Howitzer 4'5 inch-Knotting Tackles, etc.-Miscellaneous-Morse and Semaphore-Index 1 6

4.5 How itze.. Tables. By Capt. W. A. D.

Edwardes, R.F.A., F.S.I. 4th Charge-1st Charge-Apex AngleS-2nd Charge-Corrections to TrueRange in Yards-3rd Charge-5th Charge-Angles ofSight. Printed on stiff hinged cards, varnished. SizeGin.x 4!in., for the pocket ... 0 6

A. .tille ..¥ M ap ReadirJg and Elem enta ..y

Gunne ..y M ade Easy. By" Gun Layer" and"Contour." Fully Illustrated. Com{'iled particularlywith the phases of Gunnery in the field as produced

~y the present war, and especially for Officers andNon-Commissioned Officers who have to completetheir training without the privileges of the gunneryschool... •.• ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 6

Roll Book fo .. Squad ..on, for pocket. containing~uadron roll. Rolls of specially qualified men.Descriptive return of horses. Numerical roll of arms

and name of soldier in charge. Memoranda, etc. 2 6Roll Book to .. T ..oop, for pocket, containing sameReturns as for Squadron but less number of leaves 1 6

Roya l Ho ..se an d F ield A ..tille ..y II BATTERY"Roll Book ... 2 6

Royal HOl"Se and Field A ..tille ..y" SUB_SECTION Roll Book 1 6

Roya l Ga ....ison A ..tille ..y "SUa-D IV IS ION"Roll Book ... 1 6

10

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~ilitary Books Specially Recommended

M ounted Services -eontd.Handbook for D rivers of the M ounted ,. •.

Services. By an Adjutant 0 4

H ints on Stable M anagem ent. By Major.General M. F. Rimington, C.V.O., C.B., Inspr.-Genl.

of Cavalry (India) ... 1 0The Stablem an's C ourse. A Course of Instruc-tion for Cavalry Recruits in elementary stable duties.By Lieut.-Cot. G. K. Ansell, 5th Dragoon Guards,2nd Edition... ... ... ... •.. ... ... 1 0

Air W ar: How to W age It. \Vith Some

Suggestions for the Defence of Great Cities. ByN. Pemberton.Billing 1 0

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Subaltern 's Hand Book of UsefulInformation. By an Adjutant. Specially usefulto those wishing to become Otlicers ... ... ... 2 6

Lessons from 100 Notes m ade in Peaceand W ar. With Appendices of Notes on Order.,

Communications, Notes for Gallopers, Notes on theWritin~ of Reports, etc., in the Field. Outline of anApprecIation of a Situation and Thoughts and Noteson the Method of Writing Memoirs and Reports. ByLieut.-General E. A. H. Alderson, C.B., CommandingCanadian Expeditionary Force. 2nd Edition 2 0

The M axim s of the Late F ie ld-M arshal

V iscount W olse ley and the A ddresses on

Leadership, Esprit de Corps and M oral.By Lieut.-Col. H. J. Kentish, D.S.O., Royal Irish

Fusiliers, Commandant 3rd Army School of In-struction, France ... ... 1 0

Tips for the Front. W hat to DO and whatto A VO ID on A ctive S ervice. By"Rousillon."Contents-I ntroduction-H ints on Health-Sanitationin Camp or Billets-Personal Hygiene-Hints onCover-Hints for Trench \Varfare-Ruses in theField-Hints on Artillery Fire-A few Final \Vords

of Advice ... ... •.. 0 6

Encam pm ents m ad. Easy. In accordance withCombined Training and Manual of Military Engineer.ing, together with details of pitching and StrikingTents and Marquees. Fully lUustrated with 16 plates 1 0

Hints to Young O fficers. By an Adjutant •.• 1 0

W hen I Join the Ranks. \Vhat to do and Howto do it. By the .. Major." A book that all

"Armlet" \Vearers should have 1 0

11

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M iscei laneous-contd.

o 3t

o 3

o 3!

Hints to Recruits on Discipline, Obedience,

Temperance, Associates, Improper Language, Uniform,Gambling, Equipment, J\hrching Hintii, Smoliing onthe March, Leave, Conduct out of Barracks, Saluting.Folding Leaflet printed on strong paper for the Pocliet

per doz. 1 0; per 100

JI.;em s for Y oung Lance-C orporals. By anAdjutant, on linen card for podet per doz.

eachH ints on E tiquette and D ress for T 'erritO ''Iia l

Offioers .By an Adjutant

\V ritlng C ase•. The" \Vellington Active Service.A nccessity (or every kit. Contains 100 sheets finequality white foreign notepaper, ruled, 50 strongforeign opaque envelopes, blotting, postcards, indeliblepenCIl. Strong stiff khald cloth casc, elastic band.Small, serviceable, complete. Size over all, 8 x 5(when closed) ... 3 0; per post

A System of Free G ym nastics, based O n theSwedish System , inclUding Light Dum b-

bell D rill as practised in the Arm y G ym -.nasia. By Sergeant-Major .1.Betts, Army Gym-nastic Staff.' Hevised and enlarged hy .. An Expert."Fully illustrated ... ... ... ... ... . ..

Section Com m ander's RoU Book (Ter. Force)

Colour-Sergeant's Roll Book (Territoria l

Force), containing 4 of the above Section Holls

bound in one bool,

Rates of Exchange r Francs to EngliSh

Money. A useful linen card for Soldier to carryin his Pay Book (A.n. 64):.. .... ...

(Reduced prices for quantities)

R oll Book for (D ouble C om panY)-lnfantry

,,(P latoon or Section)

Sold ier's N ight G uide for Europe, Am erica,and Northern Asia By" PathHnder." ...

Dy post

Citto ditto for Egypt, Arabia,and India. By .. Pathfinder." 3d. By Post

.. Don't lose your way at night."

s. d. .

7 6

1 6

o

o 6

3 3

1 6

o 6

1 0

o 2

1 0

o 6

12

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M iscelianeouS-colltd.Reg-im ental N icknam es and Traditions of I, d.

the Brit ish Army, containing Brief History,Battle Honours, Crests, etc. Illustrated with 32

Coloured Plates ... ... 2 0Trumpet and Bugle Sounds for the Armywith Words (including Field CallS for Cavalry),also Bugle Marches. Complete and arranged

by a Bandmaster 1 0The "Wellington" Stylograph Pen. \Varranteda Perfect \Vriting Instrument. In polished Vulcanite.

With large Reservoir for Ink. Ready for instant use,without adjustment. Boxed with Filler and Cleaner

complete 4 0The" Imperial Service" Fountain Pen, withtempered gold iridium pointed Nib, chased vu\canitestrong holder, size open 6~in., closed sin. Can besupplied with Broad, J\lcdium or Fine I'ib. Completein box with Filler ... ... ... ... ... ... Ii 0

(WhefJ Qrderinll state Nib requiredl.

Active Service pocket D ictionary and LetterWallet. Giving useful wordliand phrases in E:"GLISH,FRENCH, GERMAN and RUSSIAN, with pronunciation 1 0

English-French Dictionary, The Soldier'.,with pronunciation, ~iving Military and Gcn~ralWords and phrases, Tables of Coinage, \Veights,Measures, &c. Revised Edition... ... per 100 7 6e.ch 0 1

English-German D ictionary, The Soldier'.,

~iving Military and General \Vords and Phrases,Tables of Coinage, \Vcight9 and Measures, &c.Revised Edition per 100 7 &-ach 0 1

4 6

o 6

1 6

1 0

Guide to Squad Drill and Rifle Exercise.,with Illustrations, Explanatory Notes, and Questionsand Answers, in accordance with Infantry -Training.

By an AdjutantDrill Attendance Register and ParadeState. Army Form E S49 in cloth case, small

size for 25 menDitto ditto large size for 100men

Clothing and Equipment Ledger, Ruled,Printed and Bound, with Certificate for ~lembers,

Signature f~r receipt of Equipment13

VOLUNTEER TRAINING CORPS.



PRJCB SIXPENCE EACH NBTIIRJBS 1 TO 12 •

t'GALE &: POLDEN'S LECTURE SERI65j

Compiled by COLONEL H. O'DONNELL. (J.3.C. :

We.t Yorkllhlre Reiliment, ,

Autho,. of .. Cateohl.m on Field Tralnlnll."

.....1. (.) Hint. on Preparing Short Company Lectures. 'I

Preparation 10 be wrillen-Arran&ernelll-lanKuaRe-Duralion_Deliverin& a Jlecluro-To Aronae Inrere" .nd Keep Allenlion-lIIuslrale-P.u.u_Resume, 6u,(~)Addre.s to Young Officers on Joining. ,

Tile Klna'a Commiuion-Duly-The Necessity for Trainina .nd Sludy- .Dlac:lpline and Obedience-The Wellare 01 the Men-DulY 10 Iho Reaiment-Ivclal Dutiea-Duty 10 Youraelf.

2. (.) Th. Training of the Soldier.-A Lecture to]Reoruit ••

Object-The Soldierly Splrit-Coura/le, Cheerfulne.a, Honour, Smart and.eapeelful, Obedience-A FIRhtfna Soldier .nd what It Impllea-Why ahould we 6

J1.ht P-Tbe Colour_BodilY Tr.inlna-G.mu-Drill-M.na:uvre. P,(j) Inter-Communioation and Passing of Orders and

M_.a••••

V.rbal M...... -DellverIDa a Me8llaU-Recelvlna a Measaae-MaIDt.lnln.(AIIIJDUDlc:atloD-R.porl Non-compHanee with Order.-Neaatlve Inlormatlon.

a. Th. U•• of Ground and Advancing Under Fire.}

Orouad .11'1.. Cove. Movemenl Contrallt 10 Surroundlnaa Protective

6dMlmlcry-A".ld a SkyHn_Mo"emenr acro.a Country-Requirement. of Co"er ,

b~~~~:r r~uo;drC~~:~C~~e: v;~~;;CA~~~~~~_R:f:t~on~hr;rb~:~~~ ):l~=.... MoveJD. t-Practical. ,

.. (.) FI... and Formations. }

Permadonl-HandlneH of little Columna-loa. of DIrection-Extended Order-Pormarlou 10 M•• , Caulr, Arrack-Artillery Machine Gun. a. a T.rlet-

Dlreete4 OD Aircraft-Practical. 64(i) QuaJOt:e.. and Sanitation on the March. ,

O.art • ..-I'erm .f Quarter.-Posltlon 0' Varloua Arms-Precaution. alalnar

"bablta." Military Precautlona Blvouaca Sheltera Sanilation on IheMare~r. .f feet-Blister. and Chatea-Cleanllnesa of Feet-Smotfna-Ya"r Dlecl,IID_Halt_Arrlul 10 Camp.

a. (.)D.poJOt:m.nt. )

n.. Pride ., lb. Soldl.r--CleanJllloc-Salutln._ The Realmenl.

Ci) Prot.otlon from Surprise. 6dProtenfoa e. Ita. Marclt-Aduneed Guards-Dutlea 0' Advanced Gu.rds-TheVUI •• rtl-TII. M.... u.rd-Communicalion-Flank Patrols-Flank Guards-AdvUlce4 Otaaru I. a Force Retirin&-Rear Guards-Rear Guarda to a Force."triac. ,

•• The Attack from the Company Officer's pOint)of VI.w. •

<>-let DeeWoca and Action necessary-Inllial Dep!ovment-Protection_ 6d,..... ., Ol!lcerI-Direcrion-Ol>servatfon-Communicotion_Ground andP_.a--Pace-Plre !!lfecl-Ranlle Takers-BuildinR up 0' Firing lines-...... 8IIid •• -Amm.nlrlon-Bntre.china in the Allack-Meetina Counter Attacker CaYaary.

7. PJ-oteotlon when at Rest. }

nee -.4 ., Protect'- frem Surprise-Outposta-General Prlnclples-Poaitlon 6d., ~-How Iihided-Obstaciea-Communlcation_The Piquet-Outpost~P,,"", 8efttrie4t-Dlstance from Piquet-Challenlllna_ Thlnu to be

...... ... b.n P.. rLa Seotriea-Mllxims lor s Sentry on Outpoar Duty

" ,

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Gale & polden's Lecture Series

(cr) A m m unit:ion S ~pply.Care of Ammunition-Number of rounds carrled-Rellmental Ammunition

Reaerve-Brig8de Ammunition Reserve-Arti1lery Brig8de Ammanltioll

Reaer

v

•

_Diviaion81 Ammunition Column-Ammunition Park-Method 01 SlIPph' andReplenishment in Bailie-Method of obtaininll Ammunition Irom Artillerv Bri-lade A.C.-Ballalion Supply-Comp8ny Supply-Supplying the Firinl Lille. 6d(6)Fire Direction and Control. •Pow~r 01 the Rifle-DirectinR Fire-Fire Control-The Ftre Unlf_Appli

C8

tion01 FIre-Duties 01 the Fire Unit Commander-When to Open Fire-What Sortof Fire to Employ-Concentrated and Distributed Fire-EnRl8de Fire-Rapid

fire-RanKe Findine-Fire Discipline-Individual fire-Golden Rulu.

At:t:aok and Defence. A Lect:ure t:o com pany)

Offloera.The Prlnclplea 01 Successful W8rf8re- The Offensive Spirit-No Hard snd

6dP8S! ~ulea In Warfare-Our Presenl Doclrine of V/ar-A Mental Picture-The •IUIl~allve-Orders lor the Allack_FronI8ee-APproachinll the B811lefteld-Poallioo of Comm8ndera-Gener81 Conduct 01 the Action-The fire Fi,h!- The

:::::.~. ."",_ Th. • .... 1<-U... mol"" ","-So<<<"'" ..... ,<-." ...

D. The Defence. I .ctive Defence-Pusive Defence-Del8ylne Action-How fO c:arry •• t anActive Delence-Problems lor the Comm8ndinl Offlcer-Rel8l1ve SlreDl

lh

ofPorce Bmployed: wilh PlenlY of Time; Wilh Lillie Time-Choo

ainla Defenalv. 6d

"oailion-fieid of Fire-Hieh Ground-Extent of Positlon-Deprh and Com.lIIunlc8don-Extensive Positions-Distribution of Troop.-Preparatloa 01 a a

poailioa for Defence_NiKht_Clesrances-cover-Trenchee-Sitlnl 01 Treachea_ObstllClea-Co

verfor Supports-Cover lor I.ocal Reserves-Bulldlnl

sor

Vilia lea 10 a Defensive Poaition-The fiRhl_Decisive Counrer Att.ck-P.ul

ve

Delence-Choo.ine a position. elc.-Delavinl Acrion-Need

for Skillul Leadilli.

,. Reoonnoit:rlng and Scout:lng. Ja) RBCONNOITRtNO.-P. sinl on Information-Inaccurale Informatlon-Re.portioa oa Movements-ReccnnoitrinR patrols_Formation-PrlnciPles for Palroll 6d-Bxamlnlnl Houses and Fsrms_Reconnoitrinl Hills. DeRles. elc._Sesrcbiol I

Wooda-Vlllaaea..) SOOUTINo._Qualiftcationa of a scoul_Trainlnl-Obterulion-Memorr-A

Rovinl Eye-Indications_Deductlons-Necenity for Hidden Obllerutloa.

2. (a) Fighting in C lose Country.Thlnas which Render CountrY Close-Ch8nl:es due to Senoa or Cllmate-Influence on T8crics-Advsntalles to an Allacker-DiuduntuU to the Auack-How to Overcome these DifficultieS-Form8tioDl in "hich fO move-TheDefence la Clole Country-How to Discover the Direction of tbe Enemy'a Mala

Auact. 6d(b) Ent:renohing in t:he P resent W ar. •Ne Illfalllble Rule-Text Books-Hasty Entrenchments-The Pre.

entTrencb-

.. ork-Trenches: fire Trenches, Cover Trenches, Communication Trenche.-Concealment_par8petS-Silinl: a Trench-Ad8ptinl Trenches 10 Ihe Ground-Artifices-De.ie

n01 the Trench-Funclion of a Trench_Loopholes-flank

Protection-Communic8lion Trenches-Overhead Cover-Protected Look.out.

Ma inly A bou t: D iscip lin e.

By Malor R. P. Lelle. Prince of Wales's Leinster Re2t. IBrI28cle.Malor,' hI

_doo Inl8ntry Brillsde). With an introduction by Maior.Gen. Sir Francia Uord.

t.C.B .• C.V.O., D.S.O .• Commandinl London Dist:"ict. Price &d.

M ethod of Trench-M aking by N ight •.Tools_Procedure-Sys,ematic Improvements. DUigramS: Tuveucd Fire Treadl

-Varioul ShlRea 01 the Work_CoOlmunicstiooa and Sanitalion-Repose for thetela-Drdnav,e and forward Trenches. By ao Adjutant. fully lIIultnled wi:ll

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6d.

15,

ABC of the Union Jack'By Cecil H. Crofts. M.A. Fully illustrated in Colours. Tn Stiff Covers,

printed in Colours. Explains clearly with text and numerous Coloured Platesthe History and Making of the Union Jack

The R6yal Artillery and their Daring DeedsA concise and brief history of this famous Corps, from 1716 to present date,

illustrated with 14 Coloured Plates and 12 pages .of Photographic Repro-ductions. including a Roll of V.C. Heroes. In handsome Coloured cover

Our Gallant Guards .The histories of the five Regiments of Foot Guards-Grenadiers. Coldstreams. Scots.

Irish and Welsh-are given in stirring language, the many gallant deeds which have

brought famp to the Guards being vividly described. The book is illustrat'ed 1 'with' a wealth of coloured and photographic pictures and clever pen-and-ink'

s. 'sketches' net

Our Heroic Highlanders. h

The histories of the Five Kilted Highland Regiments-Black Watch and,Seafol\'Gordon. Cameron. and Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders-are given at some ~engt •

the many stirring episodes in their careers beingvivJdly described. The book IS pro-

fusely illustrated with many beautifulcoloured plates and photographs. of 1exceptional interest. and each page bears beside two or more clever thumb- S.nail sketches appertaining to the histories. . . '.';'/:',

The British Army' Post Cards of every Regiment ,-As supplied to Their Majesties The King and Queen. UniformsccHfectly 1 d.'reproduced in Colours, wilh Crest. History and Traditions. The only cards

authofised by the War Office. Th~ Complete Set of 120 Cards. 7/6. each

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