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HANDBOOK OFANDROLOGY
Second Edition
The American Society of Andrology
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Copyright March 2010, by The American Society of AndrologyPrinted by Allen Press, Inc.; 1041 New Hampshire Street, Lawrence, KS 66044
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Handbook of Andrology List of Contributors
VI
Richard J. Sherins, M.D.*
Columbia Fertility Associates
2440 M Street North West, # 401Washington, DC 20037
USA
David W. Silversides, Ph.D.
Department of Veterinary
BiomedicineUniversity of Montreal
St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6
Canada
Niels E. Skakkebk, M.D.
Rigshospitalet, Department of
Growth & Reproduction
GR 5064, Blegdamsvej 9
DK-2100 Copenhagen
Denmark
Ronald S. Swerdloff, M.D.*
Division of Endocrinology
Department of Medicine
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
and Los Angeles Biomedical
Research Center
1000 W. Carson Street
Torrance, CA 90509
USA
J. Lisa Tenover, M.D., Ph.D.*
Division of Geriatric Medicine
Wesley Woods Health Center
1841 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30329-5102
USA
I.M. Thompson, M.D.
Department of Urology
The University of Texas Health
Science Ctr at San Antonio
7703 Floyd Curl Drive
San Antonio, TX 78229
USA
Jacquetta M. Trasler, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pediatrics
McGill University, MCH MUHC-RI2300 rue Tupper
Montral, QC H3H 1P3
Canada
Robert S. Viger, Ph.D.
Laval University
Dept. of Ob/Gyn2705 Laurier boulevard, T1-49
Centre de recherche CHUQ-CHUL
Quebec, QC G1V 4G2
Canada
Thomas J. Walsh, M.D.
Department of Urology
University of Washington School
of Medicine
1959 NE Pacific Street, # Bb667
Seattle, WA 98195-0001
USA
Christina Wang, M.D.*
Division of Endocrinology
Department of Medicine
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and
Los Angeles Biomedical
Research Center
1000 W. Carson Street
Torrance, CA 90509USA
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Handbook of Andrology List of Contributors
VII
Selma F. Witchel, M.D.
Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh
Division of EndocrinologyPittsburgh, PA 15213
USA
William W. Wright, Ph.D.
Division of Reproductive Biology
Department of Biochemistry andMolecular Biology
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21205
USA
Barry R. Zirkin, Ph.D.*
Division of Reproductive Biology
Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
Bloomberg School of Public Health
Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21205
USA
*Past President, American Society of Andrology
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X
Handbook of Andrology
Contents
PREFACE
B. Robaire and P. Chan
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD
P. Troen
1. What are the components of the male reproductive system?
CNS, pituitary, testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicles, scrotum,
penis
K.P. Roberts
2. What is the relationship among the various endocrine components
of the male reproductive system?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis, feedback loops
R. Swerdloff
3. How are communication signals read in the male reproductive
system?
Receptors for gonadotropins and androgens
I. Huhtaniemi
4. What compounds mediate communication within the testis? Where
and how are male-associated hormones produced?Integration of the hypothalamus, pituitary and testis
B.R. Zirkin
5. How is the synthesis of testosterone regulated?
V. Papadopoulos
6. How are germ cells produced and what factors control their
production?
M. Nagano
7. What unique chromosomal events lead to the formation of a
haploid male germ cell?
M.A. Handel
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XI
8. How is the production of spermatozoa regulated?
Hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis: role of androgens
and FSHR.I. McLachlan
9. Are there epigenetic events associated with male germ cell
formation? What is the role of genomic imprinting in male germ
cells?
Imprinting, DNA methylation
J.M. Trasler
10. What does the epididymis do and how does it do it?
B.T. Hinton
11. What is the prostate and what are its functions?
G.S. Prins
12. How does semen analysis assist in understanding the reproductive
status of the male?
C. Wang
13. How is sperm chromatin structure assessed? What is the value of
doing such assessments?
Range of methods that assess sperm chromatin quality
B. Robaire
14. What is sperm banking? When and how is it (or should it be) used
in humans? Animals?
Sperm banking, consequences of its use in animal and clinicalpractice
S.A. Rothmann
15. How does the sperm make its way to the egg and how does
fertilization take place?
Capacitation, acrosome exocytosis, steps of sperm-egg interaction,
egg activation
J.P. Evans and J.L. Bailey
16. What determines maleness?
Sex determination, testis formation and the development of the male
phenotype
D.W. Silversides and R.S. Viger
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Handbook of Andrology Contents
!"#
37. Should there be hormone replacement therapy for aging men?
J.L. Tenover
38. What is the importance of psychosocial issues, counseling and
psychotherapy in andrology?
N. Hunt and S. McHale
39. What is BPH?
K.T. McVary
40. Are some men more susceptible to prostate cancer than others
and why? What are the treatments and their effectiveness? What
are the possibilities for improvements in therapy?
D.J. Parekh and I.M. Thompson
41. What is the risk of testosterone therapy after prostate cancer?A. Morgentaler
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Handbook of Andrology What are the assisted reproductive technologies for male
infertility?
21-3
routinely treated using IVF/ICSI who would not have naturally fathered children
before. Many doctors believe that specific treatment of male abnormalities
make these advanced reproductive treatments unnecessary, because naturalpregnancy can occur if improved sperm production can be obtained. ICSI has
allowed new groups of men to be treated, including men who require sperm
retrieval because of a lack of sperm in the ejaculate. The outcomes of these
treatments continue to be studied.
Suggested reading
Alukal JP, Lamb DJ. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)--what are the
risks? Urol Clin North Am. 2008; 35: 277-88,
Neri QV, Takeuchi T, Palermo GD. An update of assisted reproductive
technologies results in the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008; 1127:
41-8.Nyboe Andersen A, Carlsen E, Loft A. Trends in the use of intracytoplasmatic
sperm injection marked variability between countries. Hum Reprod
Update. 2008; 14: 593-604.
Sarkar NN. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection: an assisted reproductive
technique and its outcome to overcome infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol.
2007; 27: 347-53.
Schlegel PN. Nonobstructive azoospermia: A revolutionary surgical approach
and results. Semin Reprod Med. 2009; 27: 165-70.
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Handbook of Andrology What are the effects of environmental toxicants and/or
endocrine disruptors on sperm function?
28-5
short history on occupational and environmental exposures and advise their
patients to avoid exposures to known toxicants such as cigarette smoke,
solvents and pesticides.
Suggested reading
Aitken JR, Baker MA. Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2006; 250: 66-9.
Hotchkiss AK, Rider CV, Blystone CR, Wilson VS, Hartig PC, Ankley GT,
Foster PM, Gray CL, Gray LE. Fifteen years after "Wingspread"--
environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health:
where we are today and where we need to go. Toxicol Sci. 2008; 105:
235-59.
Lawson CC, Schnorr TM, Daston GP, Grajewski B, Marcus M, McDiarmid M,
Murono E, Perreault SD, Schrader SM, Shelby M. An occupationalreproductive research agenda for the third millennium. Environ Health
Perspect. 2003; 111: 584-92.
Moline JM, Golden AL, Bar-Chama N, Smith E, Rauch ME, Chapin RE,
Perreault SD, Schrader SM, Suk Wa, Landrigan PJ. Exposure to
hazardous substances and male reproductive health: a research
framework. Environ Health Perspect. 2000; 108: 803-13.
Perreault SD and Cancel AM. 2001. Significance of incorporating measures
of sperm production and function into rat toxicology studies.
Reproduction. 2001; 121: 207-16.
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Handbook of Andrology Can we protect spermatogenesis against testicular insults?
30-5
Meistrich ML, Zhang Z, Porter KL, Bolden-Tiller OU, Shetty G. Prevention of
adverse effects of cancer treatment on the germline. In: Anderson D,
Brinkworth MH, eds. Male-Mediated Developmental Toxicity.Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. 2007;114-23.
Geens M, Goossens E, De Block G, Ning L, Van Saen D, Tournaye H.
Autologous spermatogonial stem cell transplantation in man: current
obstacles for a future clinical application. Hum Reprod Update. 2008;
14: 121-30.
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