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March, 2006 Fuji Photo Film 1
Basis of Clinical Chemistry
To understanding for clinicalbiochemistry test.
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March, 2006 Fuji Photo Film 2
Sample
BloodSerum; without fibrinogensupernatant after coagulation
Plasma; with fibrinogensupernatant with anticoagulant
Blood cells; RBC, WBC, Platelet,
Lymphocytes
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March, 2006 Fuji Photo Film 3
Constituents of blood
Hematocrit;Ratio of Blood cells/volume
Plasma(with Fibrinogen)
Blood cells
Hematocrit(uncoagulated)
Blood cellsBlood cells+Fibrin
Serum(without Fibrinogen)
Blood cells
(coagulated)
Without
anticoagulants
With
anticoagulants
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Various parameters in blood
Major biochemical parameters
Chemical substrates,Proteins,Electrolytes,Enzymes
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Glucose (GLU)
Blood sugarGlucose increase after meal.
Unit; mg/dL,
mmol/L
Nutrient
IncreaseDiabetes
DecreaseHypoglycemiaIt is very dangerous.
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Blood Urea Nitrogen BUN) Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Metabolite of amino acids.
Urea is synthesized by liver.Urea is excreted to urine from kidney.
Urea is not poisonous.
DecreaseLiver failure
IncreaseRenal failure
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Creatinine (CRE)
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Dehydrates of creatineCreatine is sysnthesized from amino
acid by liver and kidney.Creatine is nutrient in muscle.Creatinine is excreted to urine fromkidney.
Creatinine is not poisonous.
IncreaseRenal failure
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Ammonia (NH3)
Unit; mg/dL (nitrogen) (mmol/L)
Ammonia is very poisonous to brain.
Ammonia causes;low body temperature, weak pulse,coma
IncreaseHeavy Liver failure
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Uric acid (UA)
Metabolite of nucleic acid or purinebody. Both are included in food.
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Uric acid is excreted to urine fromkidney.Uric acid is quite unsoluble in water.
Increasegout (only human)
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Total cholesterol (TCHO)
A kind of lipids in body.Ester form which is combined with fattyacid. The another form is free cholesterol.
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L) Basic constituent of cell membrane.
Raw material of steroid hormone or bileacid.
Increase; Meal, Diabetes, Hypothyroidism,Cussings syndrome
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Triglycerides (TG)
LipidNutrient
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Increase; Meal, Diabetes
Decrease; Starvation, Hypothyroidism,Acute pancreatitis
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Total bilirubin (TBIL)Direct bilirubin (DBIL)
Yellow dye in bileBilirubin is made from red blood cell.
a-bil; unconjugatedb-bil; monoconjugatedg-bil; diconjugated directd-bil; combines with albumin
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Increase; Jaundice
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Calcium (Ca)
Bone, teeth
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Important for neurotransmittance Free calcium and combined with
albumin
Increase; Lymphoma
Decrease; Hypoparathyroidism, Renalfailure
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Inorganic phosphorus (IP)
Mediator of acid-base balance
Unit; mg/dL (mmol/L)
Increase; Hypoparathyroidism, Renalfailure
Decrease; Malignant tumor, Diabetes,Hyperparathyroidism
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Total Protein (TP)Albumin (ALB)
Unit; g/dL (g/L)
Various proteins in blood.
Albumin, Globulin etc. Albumin is nutrient.
Globulin is not simple protein.Many kind of Globulins. a, b, g
Globulin is carrier of iron or lipid,anti-body for immunity, coagulation
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Sodium (Na)
Modulator of osmotic pressure inbody.
Unit; mEq/L (mmol/L) Increase; Diabetes insipidus,
Diabetes mellitus, Dehydration
Decrease; Diarrhea, Vomiting,Diabetes mellitus
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g-Glutamic transpeptidase (GGT)
Marker of hepatobiliary disease.
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)
1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L Increase; Cholestatic hepatitis (liver
disease)
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Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase/Aspartate aminotransferase (GOT/AST)
Marker of hepatitis, muscle disease
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)
1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L Increase; Hepatocyte necrosis,
Muscle necrosis, haemolysis
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Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase/Alanine aminotransferase (GPT/ALT)
Marker of hepatitis
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)
1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L Increase; Hepatocyte damage or
necrosis
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Creatine phosphokinase (CPK)Creatine kinase
Marker of muscle disease, centralnervous system.
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L
Increase; Muscle damage or necrosis,Central nervous damage
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Alkaline phophatase (ALP)
Marker of hepatobiliary disease.
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)
1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L Increase; Cholestatic hepatitis (liver
disease), Adrenocortical hormoneliver damage, Bone growth
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Amylase (AMYL)
Marker of pancreas.
Unit; U/L (mkat/L)1 U/L = 0.0167 mkat/L
Increase; Pancreatic inflammationand necrosis, Pancreatic ductobstruction, Decreased renal
excretion, Uremia, Increasedabsorption due to upper intestinalinflammation
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Potassium (K)
Major cation intracellular fluid.Concentration is not so high as Na.
Unit; mEq/L (mmol/L) Increase; Renal failure, Acidosis,
Release from red blood cell.
Decrease; Diarrhea, Vomiting,Diuretic, Alkalosis
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Chloride (Cl)
Highest concentration anion in blood.Usually, concentration of Cl changeswith Na.
Unit; mEq/L (mmol/L)
Increase; Dehydration, Renal tubularacidosis
Decrease; Vomiting, Metabolicacidosis
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You must be tired.Thank you.
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