Bellwork: Copy the prefixes.
Arthr- joint
Carp- wrist
Costo- ribs
Duc- move
Flex- bend
Myelo- bone marrow
Osteo- bone
Pod- foot
Tars- ankle
Meta- beyond
The
Skeletal
System
Standards
11) Outline the gross normal structure and function of all body systems and summarize appropriate medical texts in order to relate sign and symptoms of common diseases and disorders associated with each.
(the urinary system)
12) Relate a therapeutic procedure or treatment to a specific body system. Create a digital or written artifact explaining anatomy involved with the treatment, reason for treatment, health care professionals assisting or performing treatment and patient education, including precautions that should occur prior to the treatment or procedure.
13) Demonstrate concepts and skills of the following clinical/lab setting:
a. Patient Positioning
b. Transfers and Ambulation
(including injury prevention and body mechanics)
Objectives
Identify the structures and functions of
the skeletal system
Label the axial and appendicular bones
Discuss possible diseases and disorders of
the skeletal system and their treatments
Practice ROM exercises
Functions of the Skeletal System
Support
Structural support
Framework for attachment
Discuss: Based on other body systems
we have studied, what does the skeleton
support?
Name specific examples.
Storage
Calcium reserve
Energy reserves (lipids in yellow marrow)
Functions of the Skeletal System
Blood Cell Production
AKA hemopoiesis (formation of blood’s
cellular components)
RBC and WBC produced in red marrow
Protection
Surrounds soft tissues and organs
Leverage for Movement
Change magnitude and direction of forces
generated by skeletal muscles
Structures of the Skeletal System:
Types of Bones Long Bones
Longer than they are wide
Ex: humerus, femur
Short Bones
Roughly equal length and width
Ex: carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
Thin and broad
Ex: ribs
Irregular Bones
Complex shapes
Ex: pelvic girdle, vertebrae
The Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton is blueand includes the:
skull
vertebral column
sternum
ribs
hyoid bone (or laryngeal)
The Skull
Lateral
View
The
Vertebral
Column
(The
Spinal
Column)
Draw and
label
Activity
(turn to page 316 in the new book)
Draw and describe the following conditions
related to the spine:
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Sternum and Rib Cage
12 sets of
Ribs
True,
False,
Floating
What body cavity do the ribs protect?
The Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is beigeand includes
shoulder girdles
arms
wrists
hands
pelvic girdle
legs
ankles
feet.
The Shoulder Girdle
The Arm
Upper Arm Lower Arm
The Hand
The Pelvic Girdle
Why do you think the shape of the pelvis
Is different between males and females?
Leg bones
Upper Leg Lower Leg
------Patella
Ankle
and
Foot
Activity
Go back to your diagram and give the everyday
“layman’s” terms to as many bones as possible. (For
example: jaw for mandible.)
Explain why it is important to know the layman’s terms as
well as the correct medical terminology. When would
you use each?
Connective Bone Tissue
Tendons:
From our previous lesson, what do tendons connect together? What do they resemble?
Ligaments:
tough, whitish bands that connect from bone to boneand can withstand heavy stress.
Cartilage:
Acts as cushion between bones; articular cartilage
located on ends of bones and acts as shock
absorber, preventing ends from grinding together
when you move.
Moveable
Bone Joints
-Saddle
-Ball and Socket
-Pivot
-Hinge
-Ellipsoidal/
Condyloid
-Gliding
Immoveable Joints
A fixed joint
between bones
connected by
fibrous tissue (for
example, the
sutures of the skull). At what time did these bones
need to be able to move?
Cartilaginous Joint: the joint space is covered in dense connective tissue
In males this may
shift slightly at
times.
In females this joint
is vital to provide
room during
vaginal childbirth.
ARTHRITIS: ARTHR/O=JOINT ITIS=INFLAMMATION
Signs and symptoms may include: Pain, Stiffness, Swelling, Redness, and Decreased range of motion
Osteoarthritis OSTEO=JOINT
The most common type, wear-and-tear damage to your joint's cartilage — the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones. Enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement.
Rheumatoid arthritis
The body's immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining, known as the synovial membrane, becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.
Compare
the types: Treatments
Analgesics (pain meds)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Counterirritants (menthol type creams)
Corticosteroids (suppresses immune system)Physical Therapy
Surgery
OSTEOPOROSIS Oste/o=bone por/ous= pores in the bone
osis=process/condition
…causes bones to become weak and brittle — so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses like bending over or coughing can cause a fracture.
Your bones are in a constant state of renewal — new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created.
OSTEOPOROSIS TREATMENT
Bisphosphonates (increases bone density)
Drugs that promote bone growth
Hormone-related therapy (estrogen especially in women after menopause)
Increase of vitamins, calcium
Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty(process of injected bone cement into the vertebral bodies to increase height, also this reduces pain from the bone grinding together. (This procedure can be done in surgery or better yet Interventional Radiology)!!!!
A FRACTURE IN THE SPINAL COLUNN
IS CALLED A COMPRESSION FRACTURE
Fractures open fracture-breaks through skin
closed fracture-does NOT break through skin
Which is better?? To have an open fracture or closed fracture?? Why??
Fractures seen on x-ray!!!
Can you identify
each bone that is
broken?
Treatment:
Depending on age, location, and severity:
cast or surgery, followed by physical therapy.
Are there
any bones
that heal on
their own?
Bone Cancer
Uncommon, usually
an error in DNA cell.
Tests and Treatments for Bone Cancer
X-ray, Cat Scan, MRI, bone scan, PET scan
Treatment:
Chemotherapy- chemicals injected into the body to kill cancer
cells.
Radiation therapy- radiation (x-ray) emitted over the patients body,
targeting certain areas.
Surgery to remove tumors and replace bone with good bone,
remove parts of bone, or complete bone removal (especially in the
limbs).
Prosthetics in certain bones (femur, humerus) can be attached.
Activity
Go to class website and choose the Range of Motion (ROM) Activity
Make sure to define ALL of the terms including:
The FOUR main types, and
The SIXTEEN movements
Then practice directing and assisting these movements with a partner.
Directed Reading Activity In your group of three choose one of the following
directed reading from the website:
Care Considerations with Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries
Total Knee Replacement and Imaging
Computed Tomography of Facial Fractures
Each person in your group will choose a different
directed reading. You may not do the same one.
After you answer the questions, then go to the Extended
Learning Assignments tab on the class website.
Complete the task for the corresponding professional
journal.
Extended Learning!?!?
Research the carpals and tarsals.
They each have specific names.
What are they?
Label each on the hand and foot.